The Republic of Singapore, or Singapore for short, is the Republic of Singapore Southeast Asia An island country, The world's important entrepot and connecting Asia, Europe, Africa, Oceania aviation center. ^[34] locate Malay Peninsula The south end, The Strait of Malacca The entrance and exit is made up of the island of Singapore and 63 nearby islets, of which the island of Singapore accounts for 88.5% of the country's area. Singapore Island is about 50 kilometers east to west, 26 kilometers north to south, It has an area of 735.2 km2 (2023). ^[37]

The political system of Singapore is Parliamentary republic The capital is City of Singapore . ^[1] As of 2022, Singapore has a total population of about 5.64 million, with 4.07 million citizens and permanent residents, with Chinese accounting for about 74%. The main ethnic groups are Chinese, Malay and Indian. ^[14] Singapore has divided the country into five communities (administrative districts) in a manner consistent with urban planning, named Northeast, Southeast, Northwest, Southwest and Central Social Council, and in 2020, these five communities are divided into 31 constituencies, including 14 single-member constituencies and 17 GRCS. ^[14]

Ancient name of Singapore Temasek Formerly known as New Jiapo, Sing Chau or Sing Dao, don't call it the Lion City. 8th-century genus Sri Buddha died Dynasty. 18th - 19th century was Malay Kingdom of Johor Part of it. In 1819, the Englishman Stamford Raffles arrived in Singapore and contracted with the Sultan of Johor to set up a trading post. In 1824, it became a British colony. It was occupied by Japan in 1942. After the surrender of Japan in 1945, the British resumed colonial rule, and the following year it was designated as a direct colony. It became an autonomous state in 1959. In September 1963, Malaya, Sabah and Sarawak formed the Federation of Malaysia. On 9 August 1965, it separated from Malaysia and established the Republic of Singapore. In September of the same year UN member states It joined in October of the same year The British Commonwealth . ^[1]

Singapore for The four Asian Tigers One of them, Urban infrastructure ranks first in the world. ^[20] In 2022, the GDP reached 643.5 billion Singapore dollars (about 467.18 billion US dollars), with a per capita GDP of 114,000 Singapore dollars (about 83,000 US dollars).

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Chinese name: Republic of Singapore
Foreign name: Republic of Singapore ^[1]
Abbreviated form: Singapore ^[1]
continent: Asia
capital: City of Singapore ^[1]
Major city: City of Singapore ^[1]
National Day: August 9, 1965 ^[1]
National song: " Move on, Singapore " ^[3]
Country code: SGP
Official language: English , Chinese , Malay , Tamil ^[1]
currency: Singapore dollar (SGD$)
Time zone: UTC+8
Political system: Parliamentary republic ^[1]
National leader: Shanda Thaman ^[28] (President) , Huang Xuncai ^[39] (Prime Minister)
Population number: About 5.92 million ^[37] (2023)

Population density: 8,357.6 people/km2 ^[9] (2020)
Major nationality: Ethnic Chinese , Malay , Indian
Major religion: Buddhism , Christianity , Islam , Taoism , Hinduism
Land area: 735.2 km² ^[37] (2023)
Water area ratio: 1.44%
Total GDP: About 467.18 billion dollars (2022)
Per capita GDP: About $83,000 (2022)
International telephone area code: 65
International domain name abbreviation: .sg
Road access: Keep to the left
Leading institution: National University of Singapore , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore Management University , Singapore University of Technology and Design Etc. ^[1]
International airport: Singapore Changi International Airport , Seletar Airport
Railway station: Woodlands train crossing
port: Keppel Port, Jurong Port Brazil Banjean Pier
reputation: Garden city

catalogue

Historical evolution

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EDITOR

Early civilization

"Gulong Tooth Gate" is the present day Keppel Port

The history of Singapore can be traced back to the 3rd century, when there was an indigenous settlement, the earliest documentation is the 3rd century Soochow general Safe and sound The book Wu Shi foreign biography According to a Singaporean scholar Xu Yunqiao Research, "Puro Zhong" is the oldest name of Singapore Island, meaning "island at the end of the Malay Peninsula", more than Temasek (Temasek). Ming Dynasty Called Singapore "Temasek") more than 1,000 years earlier. ^[4] ^[13] In the 8th century, it belonged to the Sri Buddha dynasty. ^[1]

In 1320, the Yuan Dynasty sent people to look for elephants at a place called Longyamen, which may refer to the port of Keppel. Around 1330, a Chinese named Wang Dayuan arrived, called the settlement Pancur (meaning dragon head), and said that there were already Chinese living there. The earliest reference to Singapore as Temasek (or Sea City) appears in the Javanese Chronicles of 1365. The island of Singapore came to prominence in the 14th century when Prince Balimisura from Sri Lanka established the Malacca Sultanate in the area. By the end of the 14th century, the Sanskrit name "Singla" (Lion City) had become a common name. ^[4]

In 1613, the Portuguese burned their stronghold at the mouth of the river. There is no historical record of Singapore for the next two centuries. ^[13] In the 18th and 19th centuries, the territory was Malay Kingdom of Johor Part of it. ^[1]

British period

When Singapore first opened its port, the Singapore River was the starting point of prosperity

Singapore's modern history began on January 29, 1819, British Representative of Stanford Raffles British East India Company Landed in Singapore, contracted with the Sultan of Johor and began to set up a new trading post. In 1824, two new treaties made Singapore a British territory, a British entrepot in the Far East and a major military base in Southeast Asia. As a free port, Singapore attracts immigrants from neighboring countries. Singapore quickly developed into a Southeast Asian trading hub with a multi-ethnic Chinese majority, including Malays, Indians, and Europeans. ^[1] ^[13]

In 1821, the first settlers of Chinese sailing ships began Xiamen (in Fujian Province) Arrive in Singapore. By 1836, the Chinese population in Singapore had grown to 13,749. In 1867, Singapore became the Straits Settlements and came under direct British rule. During the period of colonial rule, the colonists implemented a "divide and rule" racial segregation policy for the Singapore ethnic group. During the colonial period, Singapore's ethnic groups had distinct economic and labor boundaries and lived in separate Spaces. The officials, garrisons, and merchants were mainly British, while the Chinese, who made up the vast majority of the population, included wealthy merchants, inland peasants, and laborers. Malays were usually fishermen and boatmen, and served as patrol police. Between 1820 and 1840, Singapore developed rapidly as a port city. Suez Canal After its opening, it has greatly improved its international strategic position. Between 1931 and 1947, the native-born population began to outnumber the immigrant population.

By the end of the 19th century, Singapore enjoyed unprecedented prosperity, when trade increased eightfold. Economic development has also attracted migrants from the region. After World War I, Britain also built a naval base in Singapore, under the then British Prime minister Churchill He also called Singapore the "Gibraltar of the East". Unfortunately, this naval base does not have any warships. ^[13]

Solar invasion period

In December 1941, the British completely underestimated the Japanese fighting power until the Japanese attacked Singapore by surprise. From December 1942, when the Japanese Army occupied Singapore, to 1945, when Japan was defeated and surrendered, it was the Japanese occupation period.

Due to the dense Chinese population in Singapore, it is also the center of anti-Japanese movement for overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia. Chen Jiageng Under the leadership of the "Nanyang Overseas Chinese Association for the Relief of Refugees from the Motherland", 8 million Chinese in Southeast Asia were mobilized to raise a huge amount of foreign exchange of about 400 million yuan to support China's war of resistance.

Singaporeans came to the memorial to mourn the civilian victims (8 photos)

After more than three years of suffering, the Chinese living in Singapore were delighted with the surrender of Japan. According to incomplete statistics, about 20,000 to 50,000 Chinese were killed during the more than three years of Japanese occupation. Singapore massacre ). After the war, the remains of those slaughtered were found in several places. Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce Unwilling to let these remains be scattered in the wilderness, a recovery committee was set up in the same year, responsible for exploration, excavation and burial.

The Singapore Peace Memorial was inaugurated on February 15, 1967, and is held every year on February 15 (the day of the fall) to commemorate the civilian victims. ^[13]

Self-government and independence

Merger of Singapore and Malaysia

The People's Action Party won 43 seats in Singapore's first general election

In September 1945, the British returned to Singapore. ^[13] When martial law ended in March 1946, the Straits Settlements were dissolved. ^[4] On 1 April 1946, Singapore became a British colony. ^[13] In post-war Singapore, the people demanded a say in government. On March 20, 1948, Singapore held its first elections. At the end of 1953, Singapore's constitution was amended to give it greater autonomy. ^[4] In 1955, Singapore held elections, and Marshall became the first Chief Minister of Singapore, led by the Labor Front, as well UMNO and MCA Form a coalition government. ^[13]

In 1959, Singapore further achieved self-government status and became an autonomous state, and the British retained the power of defense, foreign affairs, constitutional amendment, and declaration of emergency. ^[1] The first general election was held in May of that year. On June 5, Singapore's first self-governing government was sworn in, Lee Kuan Yew The first Prime Minister of Singapore. ^[13]

May 1961 - Prime Minister of Malaya Tengku Abdul Rahman Announced plans to bring Singapore, Malaya , Brunei , Sarawak and North Borneo Unite to form a federation. In response, Lee decided to hold a referendum, and 71 percent voted in favor. ^[13]

In September 1963, with Malaya , Sabah , Sarawak co-constitute Federation of Malaysia . ^[1]

Establish a state and become independent

Singapore was successfully merged in 1963, but split two years later

In September 1963, Malaya, Sabah and Sarawak formed the Federation of Malaysia. ^[1] But they split up two years later. After the merger of Singapore and Malaysia, Singapore began to conflict with the federal government, and there were different views on the governance of the country. The first public conflict between the two governments occurred in December 1963. Lee criticized Malaysia's annual budget for not giving enough money to improve social conditions. Bilateral economic tensions escalated in December 1964 when the federal government demanded that Singapore increase its tax contribution to the central government from 40% to 60%. That same month, the federal government announced the closure of Singapore's Bank of China A branch of... ^[1]

On 9 August 1965, Singapore separated from Malaysia and became a sovereign, democratic and independent state. ^[13] He became a member of the United Nations in September and joined the Commonwealth of Nations in October. ^[1] On 22 December, Singapore became a republic, with Isaac as its first president. ^[13]

Singapore was established in 1967 Indonesia , Malaysia , The Philippines and Thailand Make up Association of Southeast Asian Nations (Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN). ^[14]

In order to make up for the shortage of population due to the low birth rate, balance the racial structure and develop high-tech industries, the Singapore government has adopted a national policy of introducing high-quality immigrants on a large scale. Since the 1970s, Singapore has repeatedly come up with plans to attract high-quality labor. In 1977, Singapore introduced a residency program for foreign talents. ^[13]

In 1987, the government implemented a unified source of teaching, the implementation of English as the medium of education, mother tongue as the second language bilingual education policy, and let the only Chinese university - Nanyang University and the University of Singapore merged to become National University of Singapore . ^[13]

On 28 November 1990, Goh Chok Tong became the second Prime Minister of Singapore, succeeding Lee Kuan Yew, who had been in power since 1959.

On August 28, 1993, Singapore held its first popularly elected presidential election. Wang Dingchang As the first democratically elected president. Nathan became Singapore's second democratically elected President on 1 September 1999. ^[4]

Singapore Merlion statue

The Singapore Skyline

Night view of downtown Singapore

Singapore's financial district is located on the north and south sides of the mouth of the Singapore River

The Singapore Skyline

The Singapore River is the mother river of Singaporeans

Chinatown, now known as Chinatown, is one of the busiest areas in the city center

The statue of Raffles is on the Singapore River. This is where he landed

Merlion Park stands a milky white stone "Merlion" statue

The Singapore Flyer

Suntec City "Fountain of Wealth"

National Museum of Singapore

Keppel Bend, Singapore

There is more peace and less trouble here on the Kallang River

Keio Biomedical Park, Singapore

The shipyard in Sembawang is responsible for the maintenance of the ships docked

毛广岛是新加坡重要的化工基地之一

Bishan HDB area

Punggol HDB area

The sunset glow of the Cypress Mountains

Lim Chu Kang beach

The Merritsch Reservoir

Lazarus Island Beach

Umin Island town

Changi Point Ferry Terminal, the bridge connecting the island to Pulau Umin

The stone pits left over from the early quarrying of Umin Island form a verdant mining lake

Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve, located in the northwest of Singapore

Central catchment nature Reserve

Yue Hwa Garden was built on four small islands in Jurong Lake

Raffles Lighthouse

The Seawall was Singapore's first urban center reservoir

Orchard Road is a famous shopping district and commercial avenue in Singapore

Orchard Road is especially charming on Christmas night

Singapore celebrates its 49th anniversary

There are all kinds of celebrations in Chinatown during the Spring Festival

Marina Bay Sands Entertainment Complex in Singapore

Jurong Industrial Area is one of the earliest development zones in Singapore

Singapore

Potung Brazil HDB area

Bukit Panjang HDB block

Ang Mo Kio HDB block

Bishan HDB area

Tiong Bahru is 80 years old

The old 1-room HDB flat has been refurbished with a new look

The old 2-room HDB flat has been refurbished

3 and 4-room HDB flats

5 room old HDB flat

New style of HDB flats

Multi-storey car parks are available for HDB residents to park their vehicles

Private apartment

Private and landed buildings

Geographical environment

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EDITOR

Regional location

Singapore is located in Malay Peninsula The south end, The Strait of Malacca Entrance and exit, north Johor Strait with Malaysia Adjacent, south of each other Singapore Strait with Indonesia Look at each other. by Singapore Island It is composed of 63 small islands, of which the island of Singapore accounts for 88.5% of the country's total area. Singapore Island is about 50 km to the east and 26 km to the south. In the 1960s, Singapore had a land area of 581.5 square kilometers, which has increased by 25% to 733.2 square kilometers (2022) after years of land reclamation. The government plans to reclaim another 100 square kilometers of land by 2030. Singapore is in the Eastern 8 time zone, there is no daylight saving time, and there is no time difference with Beijing. ^[1] ^[11] ^[14]

Singapore

landform

Singapore is low-lying, with an average altitude of 15 meters and a maximum altitude of 163 meters, and a coastline of 193 kilometers. ^[1]

climate

Singapore has a tropical maritime climate, ^[1] It is controlled by the equatorial low pressure belt all the year round, and it is a rainy climate at the equator. The annual temperature difference and daily temperature difference are small, and the annual average temperature is between 23-35 ℃. December is the coldest month of the year, affected by the northeast monsoon and the southward shift of low pressure belt, the average temperature is about 23-24 ℃. From June to September, southwest winds are driest. Singapore has plenty of rainfall, with an average annual rainfall of about 2400 mm, the rainy season from November to March each year, affected by the wetter monsoon, more rain, and the daily average relative humidity between 65% and 90%. ^[11] ^[14]

hydrology

Bayas Reservoir is one of the first reservoirs built in Singapore

There are 32 major rivers in Singapore, the longest being the Kallang River. ^[18]

Natural resources

The central catchment nature reserve assumes the function of "green lung"

Singapore is relatively short of resources, and major industrial raw materials and daily necessities need to be imported. The island retains some of its native flora. Singapore has 17 reservoirs to store fresh water for its citizens. Among them, the Central Catchment Nature Reserve is located in the geographical heart of Singapore and covers about 3,000 hectares. About 23 per cent of Singapore is forested or protected, and urbanization has reduced the size of the rainforest, mainly in the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve and three reserves, the western part and the offshore islands. ^[11] ^[14]

Administrative division

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EDITOR

Map of Singapore

Singapore is a city-state, so there are no provinces and cities, but the country is divided into five communities (administrative districts) in a manner consistent with urban planning, which are governed by the corresponding Community Development Councils (Social Councils). In 2020, the five communities are divided into 31 constituencies, including 14 single-member constituencies and 17 GRCS. ^[14]

National symbol

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EDITOR

Country name

Singapore is a city-state, originally known as the Lion City. According to Malay historical records, around 1150, Sumatra's Sri Buddha Kingdom prince (general + wood) arrived on the island by boat and saw a black beast, which the locals told was a lion, so it was called "Lion City". Singapore is the Sanskrit "lion city" homophonic, because the local residents are deeply influenced by Indian culture, like to use Sanskrit as a place name. The lion has the characteristics of bravery and vigor, so it is very natural to use it as a place name. In the past, overseas Chinese called it "spicy", that is, the Malay language "strait" meaning, but also because of its small and called it Sing Chau, Sing Dao. ^[3]

flag

Flag of Singapore

Flag of Singapore It is composed of two equal horizontal rectangles, the top red and the bottom white, and the ratio of length to width is 3:2. In the upper left corner is a white crescent moon and five white five-pointed stars. Red represents human equality, white symbolizes purity and virtue; The new moon symbolizes the country, and the five stars represent the country's ideas of building democracy, peace, progress, justice and equality. The combination of the new moon and the five stars is tight and orderly, symbolizing the spirit of unity and mutual help among the people of Singapore. ^[3]

National emblem

Coat of arms of Singapore

Coat of arms of Singapore It consists of coat of arms, lions, tigers and other patterns. The red shield is inlaid with a white crescent moon and a five-pointed star, which means the same as the national flag. To the left of the red shield is a lion, which is the symbol of Singapore, which means "lion city" in Malay; On the right is a tiger, symbolizing the historic ties between Singapore and Malaysia. Beneath the red shield are golden palm branches and a blue sash at the bottom reads in Malaysian script, "Forward, Singapore." ^[3]

National anthem

The national anthem of Singapore is" Move on, Singapore ". ^[3]

The national flower

Zhuo Jin Bandelan is the national flower of Singapore

Singapore's national flower is known as Jojin Vandeland The Hu Ji flower is the national flower. In Southeast Asia, orchids are commonly called orchids. Zhuojin Wangdai LAN is cultivated by Ms. Zhuojin. The flowers are beautiful and dignified, and the vitality is very strong. It symbolizes the temperament of Singaporeans and the spirit of hard work, courage and struggle. ^[3]

Population nationality

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EDITOR

population

As of June 2020, Singapore has a total population of 5,685,800, of which 4,044,200 residents (including 3,523,200 citizens and 521,000 permanent residents) and 1,641,600 non-local residents. The population growth rate was -0.3%, the population density was 7,810 people per square kilometer, and the sex ratio was 957 men to 1000 women. The median age was 41.5 years, and 15.2% of the population was 65 years or older. The labor force was 3.713,900, accounting for 65.3% of the total population. Among them, the resident labor population is 2,345,500, and the college or above resident labor force accounts for 39.1% of the total resident labor force. ^[14]

As of 2022, Singapore has a total population of about 5.64 million, with 4.07 million citizens and permanent residents, with Chinese accounting for about 74%.

nation

Singapore is a country of immigrants. In the first half of the 19th century, immigrants from China, India, the Malay Peninsula and the Indonesian archipelago entered Singapore. The Chinese have a high status in Singapore's economy and society, and their business performance is outstanding. There are large-scale and influential chamber of commerce organizations such as the "Chinese General Chamber of Commerce". Most Chinese Singaporeans are descended from southern China, especially Fujian, Guangdong and Hainan provinces, of which 40% are Hokkien, followed by Chaoshan, Guangfu, Putian, Hainanese, Fuzhou, Hakka, and others Baba , Nyonya Let's wait.

As of June 2019, 74.4% of Singapore residents were Chinese, 13.4% Malay, 9.0% Indian and 3.2% other races. ^[11]

As of September 2020, 74.3 per cent of Singapore residents are Chinese, 13.5 per cent are Malay, 9.0 per cent are Indian and 3.2 per cent are other ethnic groups. ^[14]

As of August 2021, about 74% of Singapore's population is Chinese, with the rest being Malays, Indians and other races. ^[1]

political

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EDITOR

regime

The Constitution of Singapore states: to be carried out Parliamentary republic . The President is the head of state. ^[1] In 1992, the National Assembly enacted the Elected President Act, which stipulated that from 1993, the President was elected by the General Assembly to be elected by the people, and the term of office was changed from four to six years. The President appoints the leader of the parliamentary majority as Prime Minister; The president and parliament share legislative power. The president has the power to veto government budgets and public sector appointments; The Government's implementation of the Internal Security Act and the Religious Harmony Act may be reviewed; Authority to investigate corruption cases. The president must seek the advice of the Presidential Advisory Council before exercising his or her powers such as the appointment of key public officials. ^[1]

Political party

There are more than 30 registered political parties in Singapore. The main ones are:

Major political parties in Singapore
Party name	Party information
The People's Action Party (PAP)	The ruling party. It was founded in November 1954 by Lee Kuan Yew and others. It has been the ruling party since 1959. Mr. Lee was the party's longtime secretary-general until Goh Chok Tong took over in 1991. In December 2004, Lee Hsien Loong succeeded Goh Chok Tong as the party's Secretary-General. Current party chairman Wang Ruijie .
The Worker's Party	Founded in November 1957. The impact has expanded in recent years. Since 1981, he has won several seats in general elections. He won 10 seats in the 2020 general election (one resigned later). Current chairman Lin Ruilian , Secretary General Bi Danxing Bi Danxing served as opposition leader in Parliament.
Reference material

dignitaries

The People's Action Party He has been in power for a long time and his position is secure. Lee Kuan Yew He was the first secretary general of the party and the first Prime Minister of Singapore. Born in 1923 in Singapore, Guangdong Province Dapu county . He served as Prime Minister for a long time after independence in 1965, handing over to his second term in 1990 Goh Chok Tong . In 1993, Singapore held the first presidential election after independence, former Deputy Prime Minister, Secretary general of the Singapore Trade Union Federation Wang Dingchang Elected as the first democratically elected president. In August 2004, Lee Hsien Loong He succeeded Goh Chok Tong as Prime Minister and became the third Prime Minister. He was re-elected Prime Minister in May 2006. On 11 September 2015, the People's Action Party (PAP) again won the general election, and Lee Hsien Loong again took over as Prime Minister. ^[1]

Tharman Shanmugaratnam: The President. Born in February 1957, of Indian descent. He holds a Bachelor's degree in Economics from the London School of Economics, a Master's degree in Economics from the University of Cambridge and a Master's degree in Public Administration from Harvard University. Earlier, he worked at the Monetary Authority of Singapore and the Central Bank of Singapore. Since 2002, he has served as Minister of Education, Minister of Finance, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance, Minister of Human Resources, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economic and Social Coordination. Since May 2019, he has been Minister of State Counsellor and Coordinating Minister of Social Policy. In July 2023, he resigned from public office and the party, announcing his candidacy for President of Singapore. In September, he was elected the ninth President of Singapore. ^{[28 to 30]}

Huang Xuncai : The Prime Minister. Born on 18 December 1972, he graduated from Hager Boys' School (now Tanjong Katong Primary School), Tanjong Katong Craft Secondary School (now Tanjong Katong Secondary School) and Victoria Junior College. He later received the Public Service Commission Overseas Merit Award to study in the United States, where he received a Bachelor's degree in Economics from the University of Wisconsin-Madison and a Master's degree in economics from the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. In 2004, he received a Master's degree in Public Administration from Harvard University. In 1997, he joined the Ministry of Trade and Industry as an economist and began his career as a civil servant. After Trade and Industry, he joined the Ministry of Finance. From 2005 to 2008, Wong was appointed Principal Private Secretary to Prime Minister Lee. In 2011, he was elected Member of Parliament for West Coast GRC. In November 2012, he was appointed Acting Minister of Culture, Community and Youth, and in May 2014 he became Minister of the Ministry. In April 2022, it was officially elected as the leader of the fourth generation leadership team ^[40] . He became the fourth Prime Minister of Singapore on 15 May 2024 ^[39] .

constitution

In September 1963, after the incorporation of Singapore into Malaysia, the state Constitution was promulgated. In December 1965, the State Constitution was amended to become the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore and to provide that certain provisions of the Malaysian Constitution apply to Singapore.

The Constitution provides for a parliamentary republic. The President is the head of state. In 1992, the National Assembly enacted the Elected President Act, which stipulated that from 1993, the President was elected by the General Assembly to be elected by the people, and the term of office was changed from four to six years. The President appoints the leader of the parliamentary majority as Prime Minister; The president and parliament share legislative power. The president has the power to veto government budgets and public sector appointments; The Government's implementation of the Internal Security Act and the Religious Harmony Act may be reviewed; Authority to investigate corruption cases. The president must seek the advice of the Presidential Advisory Council before exercising his or her powers such as the appointment of key public officials. In February 2017, the Parliament of Singapore passed the Presidential Election Amendment Bill to amend the elected presidency system and implement the reserved election mechanism, under which if any group of the Chinese, Malay, Indian and other ethnic groups has not been represented as President for five presidential terms, preference will be reserved for that group's candidate in the next presidential election. In September 2017, former Malay Speaker of Parliament Halimah ran for President and was elected as the only eligible candidate, becoming the first president to be elected under the reserved presidential election system. In September 2023, Tharman Shanmugaratnam was elected president. ^[1] ^[37]

Congress

Singapore's 2011 general election/by-election is a fascinating record (41 photos)

It is a unicameral system with a five-year term. Parliament may be dissolved early and a general election must be held within three months of the dissolution of Parliament. Members of Parliament are divided into elected members, non-constituency members and government committee members. The elected members of Parliament are elected by citizens. Non-constituency MPS are appointed from among the unelected candidates of the opposition party with the highest percentage of votes, up to a maximum of 12, thus ensuring representation of non-ruling parties in Parliament. Members of the committee are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the special Selection Committee of the National Assembly for a term of two and a half years to reflect the views of independent and non-party members. The current parliament was elected on July 11, 2020, and currently has 103 members. There are 92 elected MPS, including 83 from the People's Action Party and nine from the Workers' Party. There are also 2 non-constituency members and 9 government committee members. The current Speaker of the National Assembly, Xie Jianping. ^[1] ^{26 [27]}

government

Key members of Singapore's cabinet

The current cabinet was formed on July 25, 2020, and reshuffled twice, on April 23, 2021, and June 6, 2022. Key cabinet members include Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister Wong Sin Choi, Deputy Prime Minister and Coordinating Minister for Economic Policy Heng Swee Keat, and State Counsellor and Coordinating Minister for National Security Teo Chee Hean.

On May 15, 2024, the swearing-in ceremony of the fourth Prime Minister of Singapore, Wong Sam Choi, was held at the ISTana in Singapore. ^[39]

judiciary

Singapore has a Supreme Court and an Attorney-General's Office. The Supreme Court consists of the High Court and the Court of Appeal. In 1994, appeals to the Privy Council were abolished and the Appeal Division of the Supreme Court was established as the Court of Final Appeal. Supreme Court justices are recommended by the Prime Minister and appointed by the President. Chief Justice Mei Tat Soon, Attorney-General Wong Lu Sheng. ^[1]

institution

The Government of Singapore has 16 ministries: Ministry of Communications and Information, Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth, Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry of Law, Ministry of Manpower, Ministry of National Development, Ministry of Social and Family Development, Prime Minister's Office, Ministry of Sustainable Development and Environment, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Ministry of Transport.

In addition, Singapore has 65 statutory bodies, which are quasi-official governing bodies with special functions established by legal process under an act passed by Parliament and administered by various government functions except the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Such as the Ministry of Trade and Industry under the Science and Technology Research Bureau, Economic Development Board, Enterprise Development Board, Jurong Group, Singapore Tourism Board, Competition and Consumer Commission, Energy market Board, Hotel Licensing Board, Sentosa Development Group and other nine statutory bodies, and the Singapore Bureau of Statistics 1 government business bureau. ^[14]

economy

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EDITOR

summarize

It is an economy driven by foreign trade, mainly in electronics, petrochemical, finance, shipping and service industries, and is highly dependent on China, the United States, Japan, Europe and neighboring markets, and its total foreign trade is three times its GDP. The economy grew rapidly for a long time, with an average annual GDP growth of 9% from 1960 to 1984. In 1997, it was hit by the Asian financial crisis, but it was not serious. In 2001, affected by the global economic slowdown, the economy experienced a negative growth of 2%, which was the worst recession since independence. In order to stimulate economic development, the Government proposed to "build a New Singapore", strive to transform to a knowledge-based economy, set up an economic restructuring committee, conduct a comprehensive review of economic development policies, and actively negotiate free trade agreements with major economies in the world. In 2008, affected by the international financial crisis, many industries such as finance, trade, manufacturing and tourism were hit. The Singapore government has taken active measures to strengthen financial market supervision, strive to maintain financial market stability, enhance investor confidence and reduce inflation, and introduced a new round of economic stimulus policies. The economy grew 14.5 percent in 2010. In 2011, due to the negative impact of the European debt crisis, economic growth slowed down again. The economic growth rate between 2012 and 2016 was between 1% and 2%. In February 2017, Singapore's "Committee on the Future Economy" released its economic development strategy for the next decade, proposing the goals of annual economic growth of 2% to 3%, inclusive development, and building a country full of opportunities, and formulated seven development strategies, including in-depth expansion of international ties, promotion and implementation of industrial transformation blueprints, and building an interconnected city. The economic growth rate in 2017, 2018 and 2019 reached 3.5 percent, 3.2 percent and 0.8 percent respectively. The economy will shrink by 5.8% in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Singapore's economy rebounded strongly in 2021, growing 7.6 per cent year on year. In 2022, the GDP growth rate will be revised back to 3.6%. Key economic data for 2023 are as follows:

国内生产总值（2023年）：6733亿新元（约合4879.0亿美元）。

人均国内生产总值（2023年）：11.4万新元（约合8.2万美元）。

国内生产总值增长率（2023年）：1.1%。

货物贸易总额（2023年）：12060亿新元（约合8739.1亿美元）。

服务贸易总额（2023年）：8373亿新元（约合6067.4亿美元）

货币：新加坡元（Singapore Dollar）。

汇率：1美元≈1.38新加坡元。 ^[37]

截至2020年12月31日，新加坡外债规模达2.21万亿新元。其中，外资公司内部贷款3335.8亿新元，占15.1%；短期债务1.5万亿新元（其中1.22万亿新元为现金和存款），占67.8%；长期债务3737.9亿新元，占16.9%。政府未借外债。内债规模为6907.7亿新元。其中，按期限分，1年期内债务954.2亿新元，占13.8%；1年期以上债务5953.5亿新元，占86.2%。按来源分，股票债券6307.7亿新元，占91.3%；短期国库券600亿新元，占8.7%。政府债务占2020年GDP的147.3%。政府无延缓债务偿还或债务重组情况。 ^[14]

农业

新加坡的农业用地占国土总面积1%左右，产值占国民经济不到0.1%，绝大部分粮食、蔬菜从马来西亚、中国、印度尼西亚和澳大利亚进口。 ^[1]

2004年，新加坡蔬菜产量约为1万7200吨，去年达到2万1800吨，增幅近27％。去年新加坡农场共出产4亿3800万个鸡蛋，与10年前的3亿7800万个相比，增加了16％。新加坡的鱼产量则从2004年的5010吨，增加至去年的5860吨，增幅17％。

截至2014年10月，新加坡有50个蔬菜农场、三个鸡蛋农场，以及126个陆地及沿海养鱼场。 ^[15]

工业

综述

新加坡的工业主要包括制造业和建筑业。制造业产品主要包括电子、化学与化工、生物医药、精密机械、交通设备、石油产品、炼油等产品。新加坡是世界第三大炼油中心。 ^[1]

电子工业

电子工业是新加坡传统产业之一，2020年产值1418.6亿新元，占制造业总产值的45.7%。主要产品包括：半导体、计算机设备、数据存储设备、电信及消费电子产品等。 ^[14]

石化工业

裕廊岛建有炼油设施，是重要的化工基地之一

新加坡是世界第三大炼油中心和石油贸易枢纽之一，也是亚洲石油产品定价中心，日原油加工能力超过150万桶。2020年化工行业和精炼石油行业产值分别为409.7亿新元和218亿新元，各占制造业总产值的13.2%和7.0%。石化企业主要聚集在裕廊岛石化工业园区。 ^[14]

精密工程业

2020年，新加坡精密工程业产值约420亿新元。主要产品包括：半导体引线焊接机和球焊机、自动卧式插件机、半导体与工业设备等。 ^[14]

生物医药业

生物医药业是新加坡近年重点培育的战略性新兴产业，2020年产值184.0亿新元，占制造业总产值的5.9%，就业人数2.44万人。 ^[14]

海事工程业

2020年海事工程业产值132.6亿新元，占制造业总值的4.3%，就业人数5.53万人。新加坡主要的海事工程主要产品为造船、石油钻井平台等。 ^[14]

服务业

综述

新加坡服务业包括金融服务、零售与批发贸易、饭店旅游、交通与电讯、商业服务等，系经济增长的龙头。 ^[1]

商业服务业

2020年新加坡商业服务业产值为599.7亿新元，占GDP总额的12.8%。 ^[14]

批发零售业

2020年新加坡批发零售业产值为817.8亿新元，占GDP总额的17.4%。 ^[14]

金融保险业

新加坡是全球第二大财富管理中心（2019年底资产管理规模4万亿新元，约合2.91万亿美元）、亚洲美元市场中心，也是全球第三大离岸人民币中心。

2020年，新加坡金融保险行业GDP为703.0亿新元，占GDP总额的15.0%。据金管局名单显示，有207家银行、1670家证券公司、597家财富管理公司、370家保险公司和429家支付公司，共计3273家金融机构在新加坡持证经营。 ^[14]

运输仓储业

2020年，新加坡运输仓储业产值为239.8亿新元，占GDP总额的5.1%。 ^[14]

资讯通信业

2020年，新加坡资讯通信业产值为228.6亿新元，占GDP总额的4.9%。 ^[14]

旅游业

新加坡各旅游景点 (37张)

外汇主要来源之一。游客主要来自中国、东盟国家、澳大利亚、印度和日本。主要景点有：滨海湾、圣淘沙岛、植物园、夜间动物园等。 ^[1]

2019年，新加坡旅游业收入276.89亿新元，比上年增长2.8%，是外汇主要来源之一。酒店420家，平均入住率84.7%，平均房价每间晚215.6新元。全年到访游客1911万人次，增长3.3%，前5大客源地依次为中国、印度尼西亚、印度、马来西亚和澳大利亚。其中中国游客363万人次，增长6.1%，占外国游客总数的19%，2019年前三季度中国游客消费额（不含观光、娱乐和博彩）占新加坡旅游业收入的16.8%，为新加坡旅游业收入第一大来源国。 ^[11]

2020年，新加坡旅游业受到重创。全年旅游收入仅有48亿新元，暴跌82.6%。酒店410家，平均入住率56.7%，平均房价每间晚152新元。全年到访游客270万人次，减少85.7%，前3大客源地依次为印度尼西亚、中国、澳大利亚。其中，中国游客35.7万人次，减少90%，占外国游客总数的13.2%。2020年中国游客消费额（不含观光、娱乐和博彩）为6.24亿新元，占新加坡旅游业收入的16.1%，为新加坡旅游业收入第一大来源国。 ^[14]

贸易

综述

贸易为国民经济重要支柱。2023年对外货物贸易总额约12060亿新元（约合8739.1亿美元），其中出口约6384亿新元（约合4626.1亿美元），进口5676亿新元（约合4113.0亿美元）。主要进口商品为电子真空管、原油、加工石油产品、办公及数据处理机零件等。主要出口商品为成品油、电子元器件、化工品和工业机械等。主要贸易伙伴为：中国、马来西亚、美国。 ^[1] ^[37]

进出口额

2020年，新加坡货物贸易额9691.1亿新元，下降5.2%。其中，出口额5156.4亿新元，下降3.2%；进口额4534.7亿新元，下降7.4%；贸易顺差621.8亿新元。 ^[14]

产品分类

2020年，新加坡非石油类主要出口商品为：机械及运输装备（占59.8%），化工产品（占15.8%），杂项制品（占10.6%）；主要进口商品为：机械及运输装备（占61.3%），化工产品（占10.0%），杂项制品（占9.9%）等。 ^[14]

投资

对外投资

推行“区域化经济发展战略”，大力向海外投资。截至2022年底，对外直接投资累计达1.95万亿新元（约合1.03亿美元），主要集中在金融服务业和制造业。主要直接投资对象国为中国、印尼、马来西亚、澳大利亚、英国。 ^[37]

吸引外资

截至2022年底，新加坡共吸引海外直接投资2.62万亿新元（约合1.89万亿美元），多集中在金融服务业和制造业。主要直接投资来源国为美国、日本、英国、荷兰、中国。 ^[37]

物价

根据英国《经济学人》发布的《2020年全球生活成本调查报告》，新加坡排名第4。此前，新加坡连续6年排名第1，是生活成本最高的城市之一。新加坡日用消费品齐全，主要依靠进口，中国商品较多。多数消费品价格比中国高。 ^[14]

新加坡主要基本生活用品平均价格（2021年6月）
基本生活用品	平均价格
大米（常规）	10新元/袋（5千克装）
普通白面包	2.4新元/袋（600克装）
猪瘦肉	15新元/千克
猪五花肉	16新元/千克
猪排骨	20新元/千克
牛肉	28新元/千克
羊肉	25新元/千克
鸡肉	6.5元/千克
常规牛奶	3新元/升
鸡蛋	每10粒3新元
食用油	7新元/桶（2升装）
香蕉	2.4新元/千克
西瓜	2.5新元/千克
橙	0.9新元/个
苹果	1新元/个
胡萝卜	2新元/千克
番茄	1.8新元/千克
马铃薯	1.6新元/千克
蔗糖	1.5新元/1千克
装速溶咖啡	6.8新元/200克
瓶装碳酸饮料	3.75新元/6听装
啤酒	14新元/6听装
香烟	13.06新元/20支
参考资料： ^[14]

文化

播报

编辑

语言

新加坡华人祖籍地人数统计图

马来语为国语，英语、华语、马来语、泰米尔语为官方语言，英语为行政用语。 ^[1]

文字

新加坡官方使用与中国大陆一致的 Simplified Chinese characters . However, between 1969 and 1979, it briefly had its own simplified standard for Chinese characters, and the folk used simplified characters mainly but occasionally appeared The traditional Chinese character Mixed use with simplified Chinese characters. The official language of Singapore is English Therefore, official letters, business correspondence and other economic business correspondence are usually mainly in English.

custom

Singapore is a multi-ethnic city-state dominated by Chinese. Although the Chinese, Malay, Indian and other ethnic groups have different customs and habits, they live in friendship and unity with each other. Chinese traditional education is relatively strict, ethical and moral concepts are strong, attach importance to family ancestors, and retain the habit of celebrating Chinese traditional festivals such as the Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival. The Malays have strong religious thoughts, customs and habits are closely related to religion, and the Muslim law and the sultanate system maintain life and unity. As a religious taboo, Malays do not eat pork, do not drink alcoholic beverages, and treat people with their right hand; The head of a child is considered sacred and must not be touched by anyone other than the parents. The Indian life is relatively simple, the culture is also closely related to religion, the temple building is very particular, most of the Indian family has an altar or prayer room; Indians regard the cow as the animal of god, do not eat beef, can not give gifts made of cow leather. ^[14]

Festivals

There are 11 statutory holidays in Singapore. Singapore has a five-day work week, with Saturdays and Sundays as rest days. ^[1] ^[11]

Major festival
Festival name	date
New Year's Day	January 1st
Big Bossen Day	During January and February of the Tamil calendar
Chinese New Year	With the Chinese Spring Festival
Easter	The Sunday after the full moon on March 21
Tamil New Year	Between April and May
International Workers' Day	The first of May
Vesak Day	A full moon in May
National Day	August 9th
Hari Raya	September 12th
Fire Festival	Between October and November
Eid al-Fitr	When the new moon appears in the Islamic month of October
Christmas	December 25th
Reference materials: ^[1] ^[3] ^[11]

religion

Various temples and churches in Singapore (16 photos)

Singapore promotes a spirit of tolerance and tolerance among religions and ethnic groups, and implements a policy of religious freedom, recognizing that Singapore is a multi-religious country. Singapore is indeed a melting pot of religions, with a wide variety of religious buildings, many historic temples listed as national monuments, and different celebrations every year. Religions practiced by Singaporeans include Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Hinduism and Christianity. Buddhism is the largest religion in China, with adherents of Buddhism accounting for 33.19% of the population, Christianity 18.81%, Islam 14.04%, Taoism 9.96%, Hinduism 4.96%, other religions 0.59%, and no religious adherents 18.45% (2015 data). ^[11]

Military affairs

broadcast

EDITOR

The Singapore Armed Forces was formed in 1965. The president is commander in chief. Compulsory military service with a term of 2-3 years. Singapore's armed forces are mainly trained abroad. In 1971, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and Malaysia formed the "Five Power Defense". Attaching importance to national defense education. It is committed to building a third-generation "smart" military. The 2023 defence budget is about S $18 billion (US $13 billion). ^[1] ^[37]

In 2019/2020, Singapore's total military strength is about 72,500, with about 250,000 reservists and about 108,000 paramilitary troops. ^[11]

traffic

broadcast

EDITOR

Singapore has developed transportation and convenient facilities. It is an important entrepot in the world and an aviation center connecting Asia, Europe, Africa and Oceania. ^[1]

railway

High-speed railway

In February 2013, Singapore and Malaysia reached a preliminary agreement to build the Kuala Lumpur-Singapore High Speed Railway, which will start/end at Kuala Lumpur and Singapore Jurong East stations. On July 19, 2016, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed between Singapore and Malaysia, marking the official launch of the New high-speed rail project. The new high-speed railway is planned to have a total length of 350 km (335 km in Malaysia, mainly with elevated sections; 15 km in the new territory, mainly underground tunnels), for the standard double-track double-track electric passenger dedicated line, the design maximum speed of 350 km, direct train journey takes about 90 minutes, is expected to total investment of more than 15 billion US dollars (of which the Singapore section investment of about 5 billion US dollars). In 2018, after Mahathir became Prime Minister, he announced that the new high-speed rail project would be postponed. In September 2018, the two countries reached an agreement that the construction of the high-speed railway between Singapore and Malaysia will be delayed by two years. In May 2020, the two countries agreed to extend the project again until December 31, 2020, and the two sides will continue to negotiate project changes and plans. Singapore says this will be the last extension of the project. On January 1, 2021, Singapore and Malaysia announced their decision to cancel plans to build a high-speed rail link between the two countries. ^[11] ^[25]

rail traffic

Singapore system map

The Singapore Metro has six lines: the East-West Line (Green Line), the North-South Line (Red Line), the Northeast Line (Purple Line), the Circle Line (Orange Line), the Downtown Line (Blue Line), and the Tong Dong Line (brown Line). [2] They cross each other and connect the main traffic arteries leading to the main tourist attractions. The subway usually operates from 5.30am to early morning, with extended hours usually during festivals. ^[12]

Singapore has developed rail transit, with a total length of 232.6 km by 2024. Among them, the subway (MRT) is 203.8 kilometers, with 134 stations (subway conversion stations do not double count), and the light rail (LRT) is 28.8 kilometers, with 43 stations. The Singapore side of the new Johor MRT, which started construction in January 2021 and is expected to open in December 2026, will connect Singapore Woodlands North to Malaysia's Johor Bukit Chaka in just six minutes. The Singapore MRT was built by the Land Transport Authority and offers concessions to profit-making companies SMRT and SBS Transit. ^[14]

highroad

Fifteen percent of Singapore's land area is used for road construction, forming a road network with 10 expressways as main lines. By the end of 2019, the total length of roads in Singapore was 3,520 km, of which 164 km were expressways, accounting for 4.7%. In order to alleviate road congestion, the Singapore government implemented a vehicle quota and vehicle ownership permit bidding system, and began implementing electronic road pricing (ERP) in 1998, with a total of 78 electronic toll gates. ^[14]

By the end of 2019, the number of motor vehicles was 973,000. Since 2011, the number of motor vehicles has been maintained at about 960,000. By the end of 2020, the number of motor vehicles was 974,000. Singapore's road traffic rules are different from China's, with vehicle cockpits located on the right side and vehicles driving on the left. ^[11] ^[14]

Water transport

Keppel Port, Singapore

Singapore is the world's busiest port and one of Asia's major entrepot hubs, the world's largest fuel supply port and the second largest cargo port. More than 200 shipping routes connect more than 600 ports around the world. In 2023, PSA handled a total of 94.8 million TEUs, an increase of 4.3% compared to 2022. Among them, the container terminal in Singapore handled 38.8 million TEUs, 4.8% more than in 2022. ^[37]

According to the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore, as of the end of 2014, Port of Singapore Container throughput rose 4% to 33.9 million TEU, ranking second in the world. In terms of fuel sales, Singapore remains the world's number one refuelling port, with a total of 42.4 million tonnes of fuel sold in 2014 and a record 2.37 billion tonnes of vessels arriving at the port. ^[5]

In 2019, the Port of Singapore carried 626 million tons of cargo and handled 37.2 million TEUs of containers, accounting for 5% of global container throughput. ^[11] In 2020, the Port of Singapore handled 590 million tons of cargo and 36.9 million TEUs of containers. ^[1]

Air freight

Singapore is home to Singapore Airlines and its subsidiary Silkair. Singapore Changi Airport has been named the world's best airport for many years in a row, with 382,000 flights taking off and landing in 2019, handling 68.3 million passengers and 2 million tons of cargo. Due to the impact of the epidemic, the number of flights taking off and landing in 2020 will drop to 125,000, the passenger volume will drop to 11.8 million, and the cargo volume will drop to 1.54 million tons. In 2021, the number of flights will drop to 109,000, the passenger volume will drop to 3.05 million, and the cargo volume will rise to 1.947 million tons. In 2022, it received 32.2 million passengers, equivalent to 47.2% of the pre-COVID-19 number. The number of takeoffs and landings reached 219,000, 57.2% of the pre-epidemic level. In 2023, about 328,000 flights took off and landed at Changi Airport, handling 58.9 million passengers and 1.74 million tonnes of air cargo. ^[37]

Singapore Changi Airport (14 photos)

Since its operation in 1981, Changi Airport has won more than 560 "Best Airport" awards and topped the airport customer satisfaction survey conducted by research firm Skytrax in 2020, the eighth consecutive year that Changi Airport has taken the top spot. In 2020, the number of flights at Changi Airport has been reduced due to the COVID-19 pandemic. ^[14]

Local time on March 19, 2018, Singapore's Parliament Third reading The Aviation (Miscellaneous Amendments) Bill was passed to enable the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore to implement a new airport capacity management plan to deter airlines from abusing the slots allocated by the authorities for flights to take off and land, and to ensure that passenger aircraft take off and land on time, or face fines of up to S $100,000. ^[2]

society

broadcast

EDITOR

education

The Chinese Heritage Hall is a historic building of Nanyang Technological University

Singapore attaches great importance to education, and every child needs more than 10 years of regular education (6 years in primary school and 4 years in secondary school). Singapore's education system emphasizes literacy, numeracy, bilingualism, physical education, moral education, innovation and independent thinking. The bilingual policy requires students to learn English as well as their mother tongue. The Government has launched "Information Technology in Education" to promote computer literacy among students. The vast majority of schools are public, including 186 primary schools, 152 secondary schools, 22 junior colleges and eight polytechnics, as well as six public universities such as the National University of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, University of Management and University of Science and Technology Design, Singapore Polytechnic University and Sunhop University of Social Sciences. In 2018, 97.3% of the population over the age of 15 could read and write. The FY2020 education budget of S $13.28 billion represents 15.9 per cent of total budget expenditure and 2.8 per cent of GDP. University tuition fees in Singapore are generally 7,650-15,300 Singapore dollars/year, law is 11,000-24,000 Singapore dollars/year, medical is 23,000-46,000 Singapore dollars/year, and living expenses are about 500-700 Singapore dollars/month. ^[14]

Science and technology

Singapore attaches great importance to the development of science and technology to enhance the overall competitiveness of the country. Science and technology innovation is an important part of the seven strategies formulated by the Singapore Committee on the Future Economy in early 2017. Singapore leads the world in scientific and technological innovation capabilities and achievements in many fields, including biomedicine, environmental and water technology, interactive and digital media technology, and the total number of scientific researchers reaches 36,000. The Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) under the Ministry of Trade and Industry is primarily responsible for promoting scientific research and nurturing knowledge-based talent to raise the level of science and technology in Singapore.

In December 2020, Singapore launched the "Research, Innovation and Enterprise 2025 Plan" (RIE2025), which plans to invest S $25 billion in five years, an increase of 30% over the previous five years, to strengthen scientific and technological innovation and research and development capabilities, with key support areas including advanced manufacturing technology, biomedicine, digital economy, and for scientific research institutions, enterprises and talent training. ^[14]

In 2022, Singapore is ranked 13th in the overall ranking of International Technology Innovation Centers and among the top three in the Asia-Pacific City Industrial Sustainability Index. ^[23-24]

Medical treatment

National University Hospital Singapore (Cancer Centre)

Singapore citizens enjoy good basic medical services. By the end of 2020, there are 19 general hospitals, nine community hospitals, one psychiatric hospital, 1,107 dental clinics and 259 pharmacies in Singapore, with a total of 31,000 beds and 87,000 healthcare workers. According to World Bank statistics, Singapore's national recurrent health expenditure accounted for 4.46% of GDP in 2018, and the per capita recurrent health expenditure was US $2,823.64 based on purchasing power parity.

In 2020, the average life expectancy in Singapore was 83.9 years. The peak period of dengue fever in Singapore is from June to October each year, with tens of thousands of infections per year.

Singapore's medical security system isa savings fund, mainly through government subsidies and mandatory savings accumulation to meet the medical needs of citizens, its core content is the "3M" plan, namely Medisave, Medishield and Medifund. ^[14]

medium

Television media

New Media Channel 8 "News at Ten" live

It began broadcasting in 1963 and began color programming in 1974. The Singapore Television Corporation owns and operates two channels, one broadcasting in Chinese and the other in English, 24 hours a day. Twelve private television companies operate two channels, one for the Malay and Indian communities and the other for sports and arts. In 1995, the cable television network was launched, and users can receive more than 30 channels and TV programs from more than 10 countries. Satellite television was introduced in 1995 and has 3.87 million subscribers. In May 2001, Channels U and I were officially launched. ^[14]

Broadcast media

It began broadcasting in 1936 in Malay, English, Chinese and Tamil in January 1959. There are now 15 bands broadcasting 1,307 hours per week. Radio Singapore owns and operates 12 domestic stations and three international stations. ^[14]

Newspaper media

By the end of 2020, there are 15 newspapers in Singapore, one of which is free, and 1.2 million are in circulation daily. Major Chinese newspapers include Lianhe Zaobao and Hsin Ming Daily News; Major English-language newspapers are: The Straits Times, Business Times Novaya Gazeta and Today; In Malay and Tamil, the Daily News and Tamil Voice are published respectively. ^[14]

Network media

Online media in Singapore include New Media, The Straits Times, Lianhe Zaobao, Channel News Asia, and 8 Vision. ^[14]

People's livelihood

GDP per capita in 2023 is S $114,000 (~ US $82,000). The government built public housing estates, and the homeownership rate reached 91%. The average life expectancy is 83.0 years, the literacy rate is 97.5% (15 years and above), there are 24 doctors per 10,000 people and 110 private cars per 1,000 people. ^[1] ^[37]

Public security

Singapore's social security situation is generally good, with one of the lowest crime rates in the world. There are no anti-government armed groups in Singapore. Under Singapore law, private ownership of firearms is prohibited. In 2020, the crime rate in Singapore was 658 cases per 100,000 people, an increase of 42 cases from 2019. A total of 307 violent crimes and property crimes were reported throughout the year, double the number in 2019. Commercial crime has also risen in recent years. In 2016, the Singapore police worked with the Indonesian police to foil a terrorist plot by Islamic extremists to bomb Singapore's Marina Bay area, and the risk of Islamic extremist infiltration and extremists using Singapore transit has increased. The Singaporean government and people are highly alert to this, and have arrested and deported some people suspected of Islamic extremist terrorist activities in accordance with domestic laws, and have strengthened anti-terrorism propaganda and exercises in the whole society. In 2021, a 16-year-old boy of Indian origin planned to carry out terrorist attacks on two churches in March, and was discovered and arrested in advance by the authorities. So far, there have been no terrorist attacks or kidnappings directly targeting Chinese companies or citizens. ^[14]

telegraphy

At the end of 2019, Singapore had 1.9058 million fixed-line subscribers and 9.0767 million mobile phone subscribers, of which 7.425,600 were 4G subscribers. There were 12.3093 million broadband users, of which 10.811,200 were wireless broadband users. ^[11]

By the end of 2020, there were 1.892 million fixed-line and 8.428 million mobile phone users in Singapore, including 7.658 million 4G users. There were 11.366 million broadband users, of which 9.849 million were wireless broadband users.

In terms of 5G business, on April 29, 2020, the Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA) issued provisional licenses to telecom operators - a consortium of New Telecom, Star and First Pass (M1) - and formally issued 5G network operating licenses on June 24, following the completion of regulatory procedures by these telecom operators. The telecom operators will launch a national independent 5G network from January 2021. TPG Telecom also applied for and was awarded a specific range of millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum segments to provide 5G regional networks. New Telecom, Star and First Wave have been granted this spectrum segment for the provision of a regional network under their operating licences. New Telecom will negotiate with Ericsson to build the core of the 5G network, while Xinghe and DTI have chosen Nokia as the supplier, but Xinghe and DTI are also exploring other network elements with Chinese companies such as Huawei and ZTE. TPG Telecom will use Huawei's advanced network equipment to build local 5G network services in Singapore. The plan is to provide 5G network coverage to at least half of Singapore by the end of 2022, and to cover about 95% of Singapore by the end of 2025. ^[14]

electricity

Power generation in Singapore is dominated by thermal power, with natural gas accounting for 95.6%, oil for 0.35%, and other energy sources accounting for 4.03%. As of the end of March 2020, the total installed capacity is 12,582 MW. The total annual power generation in 2020 is 53.07 billion KWH. ^[14]

Fertility rate

On February 28, 2024, local time reported that Singapore's fertility rate continued to decline, and the total fertility rate in 2023 was preliminarily estimated at 0.97, falling below 1.0 for the first time in years. In Singapore, Minister in the Prime Minister's Office and Second Minister for Finance and National Development Inlani said in Parliament on February 28 that 26,500 couples were married last year, and 30,500 residents were born. Overall, the average annual number of marriages and births in the past five years has decreased. ^[35]

diplomacy

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EDITOR

Foreign policy

邓小平出访新加坡，李光耀在机场欢迎

Singapore is Non-aligned movement It pursues a foreign policy of peace, neutrality and non-alignment and advocates the development of friendly and cooperative relations with all countries of different social systems on the basis of independence, equality and mutual benefit and non-interference in each other's internal affairs, but regards itself as the main ally of the United States in Southeast Asia. Singapore plays an important role in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations as one of the five founding members of the organization. Singapore has established diplomatic relations with more than 180 countries. The main diplomatic ideas are as follows: Based on ASEAN, committed to maintaining ASEAN unity and cooperation and promoting ASEAN to play a greater role in regional affairs; It focuses on developing relations with Asian countries, especially important countries such as China, Japan, the ROK and India. We adhere to the principle of "great power balance" and advocate the establishment of a strategic balance pattern among the United States, China, Japan and Russia in the Asia-Pacific region. We will highlight economic diplomacy and actively promote trade and investment liberalization. It proposed the establishment of Asia-Europe Meeting, East Asia-Latin America Forum and other trans-continental cooperation mechanisms. ^[11]

Based on ASEAN, we are committed to maintaining ASEAN unity and cooperation and promoting ASEAN to play a greater role in regional affairs. Attaching great importance to developing relations with China, the United States, Japan, the ROK and Australia; China has given prominence to economic diplomacy, actively promoted trade and investment liberalization, and signed bilateral free trade agreements with many countries. Have joined" Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement "(RCEP) and" RCEP" Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), ibid NZ , Chile Launch the" Digital Economy Partnership Agreement "(DEPA). It proposed the establishment of Asia-Europe Meeting, East Asia-Latin America Forum and other trans-continental cooperation mechanisms. China actively promoted the signing of the Regional Intergovernmental Agreement on Cooperation against Piracy in Asia (ReCAAP), and the newly established Information Sharing Center under the agreement was officially established in November 2006. It has diplomatic relations with 193 countries.

Diplomatic relations

Relations with China

习近平访新加坡“奠定未来发展基础”

China and Singapore signed an agreement on the mutual establishment of commercial representative offices on June 14, 1980, and the commercial representative offices of the two countries were officially opened in September of the following year. The two countries established diplomatic relations on October 3, 1990. Since the establishment of diplomatic ties, the two countries have achieved remarkable results in mutually beneficial cooperation in various fields, signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Economic Cooperation and Promotion of Trade and investment, and established the bilateral economic and trade consultation mechanism. The two sides also signed the Agreement on the Promotion and Protection of Investment, the Agreement on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Tax Evasion, the Agreement on Maritime Transport, the Agreement on cooperation in posts and Telecommunications, and the establishment of the China-Singapore Investment Promotion Committee. In October 2008, China and Singapore signed the China-Singapore Free Trade Area Agreement, which came into force in January 2009, making Singapore the first ASEAN country to sign a comprehensive free Trade Area agreement with China. In October 2019, during the 15th meeting of the China-Singapore Joint Committee for Bilateral Cooperation (JCBC), Vice Premier Han Zheng and Singapore Deputy Prime Minister Heng Swee Keat jointly announced that the Protocol to upgrade the China-Singapore Free Trade Agreement would come into force on the 16th of that month. In April 2019, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong of Singapore visited China and attended the second Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation. In May, Singaporean President Halimah visited China to attend the Conference on Dialogue of Asian Civilizations. In May, Singapore's Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance Heng Swee Keat visited China. In June, Ji Bingxuan, Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, was invited to visit Singapore. In July, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi attended the China-Asean Foreign Ministers' Meeting and met with Singaporean Foreign Minister Vivian Balakrishnan in Bangkok, Thailand. In September, Chen Miner, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Secretary of the CPC Chongqing Municipal Committee, visited Singapore upon invitation. In October, Vice Premier Han Zheng met with Singaporean Deputy Prime Minister Heng Swee Keat in Chongqing and co-chaired the 15th meeting of the China-Singapore Joint Committee for Bilateral Cooperation (JCBC). In February, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi attended the Special China-Asean Foreign Ministers' Meeting on COVID-19 and met with Singaporean Foreign Minister Vivian Balakrishnan in Vientiane, Laos. In February 2020, Vice Premier Han Zheng had a phone conversation with Singaporean Deputy Prime Minister Heng Swee Keat on COVID-19. In January, March and April, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi had three phone conversations with Singaporean Foreign Minister Vivian Balakrishnan on cooperation against COVID-19. ^[11]

2023年3月27日至4月1日，新加坡总理李显龙正式访华并出席博鳌亚洲论坛2023年年会开幕式，习近平主席同其会见，宣布将两国关系提升为“全方位高质量的前瞻性伙伴关系”。

China has established four new bilateral cooperation mechanisms at the deputy prime minister level, namely the Joint Committee on Bilateral Cooperation (JCBC), which covers cooperation in various fields between the two countries, and the coordination Council of three inter-governmental cooperation projects: Suzhou Industrial Park, Tianjin Eco-City and the Strategic Connectivity Demonstration Project (Chongqing). ^[21]

Singapore is China's fifth largest trading partner among ASEAN countries, and China has been Singapore's largest trading partner for 11 consecutive years since 2013. In 2023, the bilateral trade volume between China and New Zealand was 108.39 billion U.S. dollars, down 2.6 percent year on year. Among them, China's exports amounted to US $76.96 billion, down 1.1% year-on-year; Imports were $31.43 billion, down 6.0% year-on-year. In the first three months of 2024, the bilateral trade volume between China and New Zealand was 27.52 billion US dollars, down 2.5% year on year, of which China's exports were 19.74 billion US dollars, down 7.2% year on year, and imports were 7.77 billion US dollars, up 12% year on year.

Since 2013, Singapore has been the largest source of new investment in China for 11 consecutive years. In April 2022, Singapore surpassed Japan for the first time to become China's largest cumulative source of foreign investment. By the end of 2023, Singapore's actual investment in China amounted to US $141.23 billion, while China's investment in Singapore amounted to US $89.63 billion. ^[38]

On December 7, 2023, the Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore said that it would strengthen personnel exchanges with China through a 30-day mutual visa waiver arrangement. ^[31]

On 25 January 2024, representatives of the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Republic of Singapore signed in Beijing the" Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Republic of Singapore on Mutual Visa Exemption for Holders of Ordinary Passports ". The agreement will enter into force on February 9, 2024 (Lunar New Year's Eve). ^[32]

On February 9, 2024, according to CCTV News, the Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Republic of Singapore on Mutual Visa Exemption for ordinary passport Holders came into effect. According to the agreement, holders of ordinary passports from China and New Zealand can enter each other's country without a visa for a stay of no more than 30 days. ^[33]

Relations with the United States

On April 4, 1966, Singapore established diplomatic relations with the United States and attached importance to its relations with the United States. America It has long been Singapore's largest service trading partner and foreign investor. Us banks have opened more than 30 branches in Singapore. In November 2000, Singapore and the United States announced the launch of bilateral free trade agreement negotiations, and after nearly two years of negotiations and consultations, a substantive agreement was announced in November 2002. On May 6, 2003, U.S. President George W. Bush and Singaporean Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong signed a bilateral free trade agreement. This is the first bilateral free trade agreement signed by President Bush since the Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) was granted in the summer of 2002, the largest free trade agreement signed by the United States since the North American Free Trade Agreement, and the first free trade agreement signed by the United States with an Asian country. The agreement was passed by both houses of the US Congress in July 2003, signed by President George W. Bush and entered into force in January 2004. ^[11]

Relations with Japan

On 26 April 1966, Singapore and Japan established diplomatic relations and maintained close relations with Japan. Japan It is Singapore's third largest trading partner. In terms of imports, Japan is the largest importer of Singapore. At the same time, Japan is the main source of foreign investment in Singapore, with a focus on the chemical and electronics industries. ^[11]

Relations with Malaysia

On September 1, 1965, Singapore and Malaysia established diplomatic relations, and Singapore attached great importance to the two countries Malaysia The traditional relationship. Singapore is the sixth largest foreign investor in Malaysia, after America , Japan , Taiwan area of China , France and Australia . ^[11]

travel

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EDITOR

Scenic spot	introduce	picture
Universal Studios Singapore	Universal Studios Singapore Be located in Sentosa Island It has the Universal Studios theme park in Southeast Asia, the world's largest Marine life park, gambling city, various entertainment performances and six star-rated hotels of different styles. The studio contains seven theme areas, namely: Hollywood, New York, Science Fiction City, Ancient Egypt, the Lost World, Far Away Kingdom and Madagascar, all of which are wonderful rides designed by Hollywood hit movies. These include: Transformers 3D Showdown Final Battle, Shrek 4D Cinema, Madagascar: Wooden Box Crusoe, Jurassic River Adventure and more.	Universal Studios Singapore
Sentosa	Sentosa (meaning calm and serene), is the most charming resort island in Singapore, covering an area of 500 hectares, with a variety of recreational facilities and leisure activities, known as the jewel of joy. The south coast of the island has more than 2 km of beaches, and the west is home to the Siloso Fort left by the British Army in World War II, two golf courses and seven hotels. Which includes Resorts World Sentosa Universal Studios Singapore, Butterfly Hall, Dolphin World, Insect Kingdom, etc.	Sentosa
Carat quay	Carat quay location Singapore River The waterfront, formerly a busy cargo landing and trading centre, has been converted into restaurants and bars under the redevelopment programme. The original 60 warehouses and shops have grown into 200 shops, restaurants, bars and entertainment venues. Barge dock Downstream from Kra Quay, the old warehouse has been transformed, and there are at least 35 bars and restaurants of various styles, and it is one of the most attractive entertainment spots along the river in the city.	Carat quay
Singapore Sands Casino	Located in Marina Bay Singapore Sands Casino With casino, Opera house , Artscience Museum , conference center and exhibition facilities, retailers and a variety of restaurants, a total of six buildings series. The hotel has 2,561 rooms on 55 floors. The crowning glory of the hotel is the Sands Skygarden on the 57th floor, a one-hectare oasis in the sky that will bring together lush greenery, elegant gardens and even an infinity pool.	Singapore Sands Casino
Singapore Botanic Gardens	Singapore Botanic Gardens Located on Cluny Road, it covers an area of 74 hectares and is renowned for its research and collection of tropical plants and horticultural flowers. There are more than 20,000 kinds of subtropical and tropical exotic flowers and precious trees in the garden, which can be divided into tropical and subtropical evergreen trees, aquatic plants, parasitic plants and desert plants. The Botanical Garden also has a special flower nursery and research institute for the cultivation of Hu Ji flowers, in which there are more than 400 pure and more than 2,000 hybrids of Hu Ji flowers, a total of more than 60,000 plants, mainly Butterfly orchid , paphiopedilum , Dendrobium officinale The "Orchid family" is dazzling and dazzling.	Singapore Botanic Gardens
Merlion Park	Every year, tourists from all over the world come to visit the city Merlion Park with Merlion Take pictures as a souvenir. The design of the Merlion statue is inspired by the Malay calendar "Records. In the 14th century, an Indonesian prince from Palembang arrived by boat. Upon landing, he saw a magical beast, which his attendants told him was a lion. He named the island Lion City. As for the fishtail shape of the statue, floating between layers of waves represents the character of Singapore from a fishing port to a commercial port, but also symbolizes the hard-working ancestors of the South to make a living.	Merlion Park
Singapore Bird Park	The Singapore Bird Park is located on 17 hectares of land in North Wanlay. The park is home to about 3,500 birds of more than 400 species, 29 of which are threatened. The park has a wide range of birds from all over the world, including flamingos from Spain, cassowaries from Guinea, colorful starlings and Antarctic penguins from the ice and snow. One of the highlights of the bird Park is the eight large aviaries that simulate different habitats around the globe, including rainforests in Africa, wetlands in South America, rice paddies in Southeast Asia, and dry eucalyptus forests in Australia. These aviaries also allow visitors to walk inside for an immersive experience. Visitors can also watch a variety of bird shows and feeding times to get to know the enthusiastic side of birds. There are also water and land parks designed for children here, and children can also enjoy themselves. ^[36]	Singapore Bird Park
Singapore Zoo	Singapore Zoo Located in Wanli, it covers 28 hectares and houses 315 species of mammals, birds and reptiles, totaling nearly 2,530 individuals. The "open concept" here gives visitors the opportunity to immerse themselves in the colorful world of flora and fauna. The zoo displays exotic animals from around the world, including polar bears, proboscis monkeys, Snub-nosed monkey , Komodo dragon, East African Lion , rhino, White Tiger And the world's largest social ape. Visitors can also enjoy different species of animals and birds for visitors to present wonderful programs.	Singapore Zoo
The Temple of the Tooth in Singapore	The Temple of the Tooth in Singapore Be located in Chinatown Shuoi Street, five floors high, all according to the Chinese Tang Dynasty Buddhist temple style building. The first floor is the mountain gate, bell tower, drum Tower, Guanyin Hall and Hundred Dragons Hall. The second floor is the Alanruo Sutras Pavilion and exhibition Hall, Manjusri Hall, and the mezzanine floor is the lotus core tea workshop, the Hall of Tibetan, the Hall of Dharma, the Hall of Ring Light, and the Memorial Hall of the virtues of the elders of the Mountains. The third floor is the Hall of Universal Virtues, the Longhua Academy - Buddhist cultural relics Hall. The fourth floor is the Hall of Light and the Buddha Tooth Relic Pagoda. On the top floor of the fifth floor are the Ten Thousand Buddha Pavilion, the Great Light Sutra Chakra of Vairojana, the Ten Thousand Blessing Light Lamp and the Hu Ji Garden.	The Temple of the Tooth in Singapore
museum	Singapore has four national museums. National Museum of Singapore Mainly to show History of Singapore Primarily, the museum incorporates modern technology into historical exhibits and conveys historical information through sight, sound and touch. Asian Civilisations Museum Divided into two halls, located at the former site of Daonan School, it is based on" Oh, Baba Niangya Life and civilization as the theme of the exhibition hall, located in the Queen's place of the second hall, in addition to the Chinese civilization boutique exhibition hall, but also to show Southeast Asia and other places as the theme of the cultural heritage. Singapore Art Museum It specializes in collecting and displaying modern and contemporary art from Singapore and Southeast Asia in the 20th century.	National Museum of Singapore

Gourmet

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EDITOR

Gourmet	introduce	picture
Chicken satay	The delicious chicken satay It is a famous Malay food in Singapore. After a chicken skewer is grilled with hot coals, it is served with rice balls, sliced fresh cucumber and onion. It is a delicious Malay snack. It's a delicious dish topped with carefully prepared yellow pear peanut butter and is one of the favorites of locals and tourists alike. ^[6]	Chicken satay
Hainanese chicken rice	Hainanese chicken rice It's a dish of early immigrants to Singapore. The recipe is simple: tender, succulent, chopped chicken is served with oily yellow fragrant chicken rice, with light soy sauce or dark soy sauce and special chili sauce and ginger paste. Every part of Hainanese chicken rice must be carefully cooked to produce a delicious dish, which is the choice of Singapore cuisine. ^[6]	Hainanese chicken rice
Curry fish head	Curry fish head One of the most Singaporean of cuisines, this spicy Indian dish features a hunk of grouper or red snapper head and is served in a large bowl of hot curry soup, which is spicy and fragrant, with tender fish heads. ^[6]	Curry fish head
Raksa	Raksa It is a typical nonya or Peranakan dish. The soup is based on coconut milk, spices and chilies, fragrant and spicy, with coarse rice noodles, plus shrimp clams, is one of the characteristics of Singapore. ^[6]	Raksa
lemak	lemak Although it is a traditional Malay dish, it is also a popular breakfast choice. Nasi lemak gets its name and its cooking method, with Coconut milk Cook the rice and use a little more Pandan leaf Season lightly to give the rice a tangy flavour. This classic dish can be divided into two types, traditional Malay style with anchovies, nuts, cucumbers and eggs. The other is a Chinese style, with rich side dishes including fried chicken legs, chicken sausage, fish cakes, and luncheon meat. ^[6]	lemak

Honorary title

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EDITOR

In October 2018, the 17th Global City Competitiveness Ranking was released, and Singapore ranked sixth.

In November 2018, GaWC released its 2018 World Class Cities List, and Singapore ranked first World's first-tier city The eighth. ^[7]

On July 11, 2019, the Xinhua Baltic Sea International Shipping Center Development Index was released, and Singapore ranked first in the world.

On 12 November 2019, Singapore was ranked third in the "2019 Top 20 Global City Economy Competition". ^[8]

On November 12, 2019, Singapore ranked first in the Top 20 Global Sustainable Competitiveness 2019. ^[16]

On December 26, 2019, Singapore ranked eighth on the 2019 Top 500 Global Cities list. ^[17]

On March 24, 2022, Singapore ranked in the 31st edition of the" Global Financial Centers Index "Sixth place. ^[10]

In March 2022, Singapore was selected for the" Top 10 most futuristic cities in the world ", ranked third. ^[19]

In April 2023, Singapore was listed as the world's top 10 richest cities, ranking fifth. ^[22]

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