The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), founded in 1947, is an international organization in the field of standardization, which defines itself as Non-governmental organization , Official language It's English, French and Russian. ISO one is derived from Greek language "ISOS" means "equality".

ISO currently has 165 members including each Member state the National standard Institutions and major industrial and service enterprises, the Standardization Administration of China (administered by the State Administration for Market Regulation) joined ISO in 1978 ^[1] At the 31st Internationalization in October 2008 Standards organization At the conference, China officially became a permanent member of ISO ^[6] .

ISO is responsible for most fields in the world today (including military industry, oil, shipping, etc.) Monopoly industry ) of the standardization activities, through 2856 Technical structure (including 611 technical committees, 2022 working groups and 38 special working groups) to carry out technical activities.

The General Assembly is ISO's highest authority; The ISO Council is important Decision-making body ; The Central Secretariat is ISO's daily office, located in Switzerland Geneva It currently has 170 staff members and is headed by the Secretary-General.

Chinese name: International organization for Standardization
Foreign name: International Organization for Standardization
Foreign language abbreviation: ISO
Establishment time: February 23, 1947

Shape formula: Non-governmental organization
Goal and focus: International standardization
Head office: Switzerland Geneva
Official language: English, French, Russian
Official website: www.iso.org/iso/home.html

catalogue

Development history

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ISO Founding Organizer, London, 1946

International organization for Standardization ^[2] The predecessor is the International Federation of National Standardization Associations and the United Nations Standards Coordinating Committee. In October 1946, representatives of 25 national standardization bodies met in London A general meeting was held to establish a new international standardization body, named ISO. The Conference drafted ISO's first charter and rules of procedure and endorsed the draft charter. On February 23, 1947, the International Organization for Standardization was formally established.

On September 4, 2023, it was learned from the 2023 China International Trade in Services Fair that the secretariat of the Management Advisory Technical Committee of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) was established in Beijing, which is the first international standards Committee secretariat in the field of management settled in China in the 76 years since the establishment of ISO. ^[8]

On January 5, 2024, the founding meeting of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Mechanical Energy Storage Technical Committee was held in Guangzhou. ^[9]

In March 2024, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) approved the establishment of the Technical Committee for the Safeguarding of Cultural Heritage (ISO/TC 349). The secretariat of the Technical Committee is located in China. ^[11]

Origin of name

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The full name (International Organization for standardization) and the abbreviation (ISO) are not exactly consistent. In fact, "ISO" is an etymology from which it is quoted Greek language ", which means "equal". From "equivalent" to "standard", the idea of "ISO" as the name of the organization seems very logical. In addition, ISO as a name is used to represent the organization throughout the world, thus avoiding the different situations that occur when member groups convert "International Organization for Standardization" into an acronym in different national languages, regardless of which country the abbreviation for the organization has always been "ISO". ^[7]

aim

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The purpose of the International Organization for Standardization is to "promote the development of standardization and its related activities in the world, to facilitate the international exchange of goods and services, and to develop cooperation in the fields of knowledge, science, technology and the economy." ^[12]

Its main activities are to formulate international standards, coordinate worldwide standardization work, organize members and technical committees to carry out Exchange of information To cooperate with other international organizations to jointly study standardization issues. ^[3]

Quest

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ISO's mission is to promote the development of standardization and related activities around the world with the aim of facilitating goods and services International exchange Further strengthen cooperation in the fields of knowledge, science, technology and economy. International agreements formed by ISO are published as international standards. The first ISO standard, Standard Reference Temperature for Industrial Length Measurement, was published in 1951. ^[7]

Member

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ISO's membership is made up of national standardization bodies from more than 100 countries around the world China ISO-affiliated State institution It's the Standardization Administration of China. ISO and International electrotechnical commission (IEC) has close ties, and China's national body participating in IEC is also the Standardization Administration of China. ISO and IEC as a whole are responsible for setting the world consensus the International standard ISO and IEC are non-government bodies, and the standards they develop are essentially voluntary, which means that these standards must be good standards, they will bring benefits to industry and services, so they consciously use these standards. ISO and IEC are not United Nations agencies, but they are associated with The United Nations Many of the specialized agencies maintain technical liaison relations. ISO and IEC have about 1000 specialized technical committees and sub-committees, each Member state Participation at the national level in the activities of these technical committees and sub-committees. ISO and IEC also have about 3,000 working groups, and ISO and IEC develop and revise 1,000 international standards each year.

Organizational structure

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The organization of ISO is divided into Non-permanent establishment and Permanent establishment . The highest authority in ISO is ISO General Assembly (General Assembly) is a non-permanent body of ISO. Before 1994, the General Assembly met every three years. At the time of the General Assembly, all members of the ISO community, corresponding members, and international organizations associated with ISO are represented at the meeting, and each member has 3 seats for official representatives, with more than 3 representatives Observer The capacity to attend; The size of the general assembly is about 200 to 260 people. The main agenda of the conference includes the activities of the relevant projects covered in the annual report, ISO Strategic plan And the financial situation. The ISO Central Secretariat is responsible for the general Assembly and the four established by the General Assembly Policy making Committees, councils, Technical management Office and general Principle of standardization Work of the secretariat of the Committee. Since 1994, according to the new ISO Constitution, the ISO General Assembly has been changed to once a year.

There are five main ISO officials: the ISO President; ISO Vice President (Policy) (Vice President, Technical Management) (Vice President, Technical Management); ISO Treasurer Treasurer; The ISO Secretary-General, with all principal officials appointed by the Board for life terms; The ISO Secretary-General is responsible for the day-to-day work of ISO.

structure

Organizational structure of ISO

ISO Organizational structure As follows:

General Assembly Principal Officer Member Group Correspondence Member

Donor Member Policy Development Committee Board ISO Central Secretariat

Special Advisory Group Technical Advisory Group of the Standard Sample Committee of the Technical Management Service

Committee for Conformity Assessment of Technical Members (CASCO)

Consumer Policy Council (COPOLCO)

Developing country Panel (DEVCO)

Information Systems and Services Commission (INFCO) Special Advisory Group Technology Administration

Technical Committee TC Council Central Secretariat ISO General Assembly

Formation process

International standard Technical committee (TC) and Sub-technical committee (SC) is formed in six stages:

1.
2.
Application phase
3.
Preparatory stage
4.
Committee stage
5.
Review phase
6.
Approval phase
7.
Release phase

Membership list

As of August 2020, there are 165 ISO members ^[4] .

Country A2 Code Country A3 Code Country Code No. Country Name (Country A2 code country A3 code country code No. English Standards Body ISO Status

AF AFG 004 Afghanistan ANSA Correspondent Member

AL ALB 008 Albania DPS Correspondent Member

DZ DZA 012 Algeria IANOR Member Body

AD AND 020 Andorra IRAM Member Body

AO AGO 024 Angola IANORQ Correspondent Member

AG ATG 028 Antigua & Barbuda ABBS Subscriber Member

AR ARG 032 Argentina IRAM Member Body

AM ARM 051 Armenia SARM Member Body

AU AUS 036 Australia SA Member Body

AT AUT 040 Austria ON Member Body

AZ AZE 031 Azerbaijan AZSTAND Member Body

BS BHS 044 Bahamas -

BH BHR 048 Bahrain BMSD Member Body

BD BGD 050 Bangladesh BSTI Member Body

BB BRB 052 Barbados BNSI Member Body

BY BLR 112 Belarus BELST Member Body

BE BEL 056 Belgium NBN Member Body

BZ BLZ 084 Belize -

BJ BEN 204 Benin CEBENOR Correspondent Member

BT BTN 064 Bhutan SQCA Correspondent Member

BO BOL 068 Bolivia IBNORCA Correspondent Member

BA BIH 070 Bosnia & Herzegovina BASMP Member Body

BW BWA 072 Botswana BOBS Member Body

BR BRA 076 Brazil ABNT Member Body

BN BRB 096 Brunei Darussalam CPRU Correspondent Member

BG BGR 100 Bulgaria BDS Member Body

BF BFA 854 Burkina Faso FASONORM Correspondent Member

BI BDI 108 Burundi BBN Subscriber Member

KH KHM 116 Cambodia ISC Subscriber Member

CM CMR 120 Cameroon CDNQ Correspondent Member

CA CAN 124 Canada SCC Member Body

CV CPV 132 Cape Verde -

CF CAF 140 Central African Republic -

TD TCD 148 Chad -

CL CHL 52 Chile INN Member Body

CN CHN 156 China SAC Member Body

CO COL 170 Colombia ICONTEC Member Body

KM COM 174 Comoros -

CG COG 178 Congo , Republic of the -

CD (ZR) COD 180 Congo, Democratic Republic of the (Zaire) OCC Member Body

CR CRI 188 Costa Rica INTECO Member Body

CI CIV 384 Côte d'Ivoire CODINORM Member Body

HR HRV 191 Croatia HZN Member Body

CU CUB 192 Cuba NC Member Body

CY CYP 196 Cyprus CYS Member Body

CZ CZE 203 Czech Republic CNI Member Body

DK DNK 208 Denmark DS Member Body

DJ DJI 262 Djibouti -

DM DMA 212 Dominica DBOS Subscriber Member

DO DOM 214 Dominican Republic DIGINOR Correspondent Member

EC ECU 218 Ecuador INEN Member Body

EG EGY 818 Egypt EOS Member Body

SV SLV 222 El Salvador CONACYT Correspondent Member

GQ GNQ 226 Equatorial Guinea -

ER ERI 232 Eritrea ESI Correspondent Member

EE EST 233 Estonia EVS Correspondent Member

ET ETH 231 Ethiopia QSAE Member Body

FJ FJI 242 Fiji FTSQCO Member Body

FI FIN 246 Finland SFS Member Body

FR FRA 250 France AFNOR Member Body

GA GAB 266 Gabon CNTT Correspondent Member

GM GMB 270 Gambia， The -

GE GEO 268 Georgia GEOSTM Correspondent Member

DE DEU 276 Germany DIN Member Body

GH GHA 288 Ghana GSB Member Body

GR GRC 300 Greece ELOT Member Body

GD GRD 308 Grenada -

GT GTM 320 Guatemala COGUANOR Correspondent Member

GN GIN 324 Guinea INNM Correspondent Member

GW GNB 624 Guinea-Bissau DSNPQ Correspondent Member

GY GUY 328 Guyana GNBS Subscriber Member

HT HTI 332 Haiti -

HN HND 340 Honduras COHCIT Subscriber Member

HK HKG 344 Hong Kong， China ITCHKSAR Correspondent Member

HU HUN 348 Hungary MSZT Member Body

IS ISL 352 Iceland IST Member Body

IN IND 356 India BIS Member Body

ID IDN 360 Indonesia BSN Member Body

IR IRN 364 Iran， Islamic Republic of ISIRTI Member Body

IQ IRW 368 Iraq COSQC Member Body

IE IRL 372 Ireland NSAI Member Body

IL ISR 376 Israel SII Member Body

IT ITA 380 Italy UNI Member Body

JM JAM 388 Jamaica JBS Member Body

JP JPN 392 Japan JISC Member Body

JO JOR 400 Jordan JISM Member Body

KZ KAZ 398 Kazakhstan KAZMEMST Member Body

KE KEN 404 Kenya KEBS Member Body

KI KIR 296 Kiribati -

KP PRK 408 Korea， Democratic People's Republic CSK Member Body

KR KOR 410 Korea， Republic of KATS Member Body

KW KWT 414 Kuwait KOWSMD Member Body

KG KGZ 417 Kyrgyzstan KYRGYZST Correspondent Member

LA LAO 418 Laos （Lao People's Democratic Republic） DISM Subscriber Member

LV LVA 428 Latvia LVS Correspondent Member

LB LBN 422 Lebanon LIBNOR Member Body

LS LSO 426 Lesotho LSQAS Subscriber Member

LR LBR 430 Liberia -

LY LBY 434 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya LNCSM Member Body

LI LIE 438 Liechtenstein -

LT LTU 440 Lithuania LST Correspondent Member

LU LUX 442 Luxembourg SEE Member Body

MO MAC 446 Macau (Macau China) CPTTM Correspondent Member

MK MKD 807 Macedonia， The former Yugoslav Republic of ISRM Member Body

MG MDG 450 Madagascar BNM Correspondent Member

MW MWI 454 Malawi MBS Correspondent Member

MY MYS 458 Malaysia DSM Member Body

MV MDV 462 Maldives -

ML MLI 466 Mali MLIDNI Correspondent Member

MT MLT 470 Malta MSA Member Body

MH MHL 584 Marshall Islands -

MR MRT 478 Mauritania -

MU MUS 480 Mauritius MSB Member Body

MX MEX 484 Mexico DGN Member Body

FM FSM 583 Micronesia， Federated States Of -

MD MDA 498 Moldova， Republic of MOLDST Correspondent Member

MC MCO 492 Monaco -

MN MNG 496 Mongolia MASM Member Body

(YS) [2] - - Montenegro ISME Correspondent Member

MA MAR 504 Morocco SNIMA Member Body

MZ MOZ 508 Mozambique INNOQ Correspondent Member

MM MMR 104 Myanmar MSTRD Correspondent Member

NA NAM 516 Namibia NSIQO Correspondent Member

NR NRU 520 Nauru -

NP NPL 524 Nepal NBSM Correspondent Member

NL NLD 528 The Netherlands NEN Member Body

NZ NZL 554 New Zealand SNZ Member Body

NI NIC 558 Nicaragua DTNM Correspondent Member

NE NER 562 Niger DNQM Correspondent Member

NG NGA 566 Nigeria SON Member Body

NO NOR 578 Norway SN Member Body

OM OMN 512 Oman DGSM Member Body

PK PAK 586 Pakistan PSQCA Member Body

PW PLW 585 Palau -

PS PSE 275 Palestinian State[3] PSI Correspondent Member

PA PAN 591 Panama COPANIT Member Body

PG PNG 598 Papua New Guinea NISIT Correspondent Member

PY PRY 600 Paraguay INTN Correspondent Member

PE PER 604 Peru INDECOPI Member Body

PH PHL 608 The Philippines BPS Member Body

PL POL 616 Poland PKN Member Body

PT PRT 620 Portugal IPQ Member Body

QA QAT 634 Qatar QS Member Body

RO ROU 642 Romania ASRO Member Body

RU RUS 643 Russian Federation GOST R Member Body

RW RWA 646 Rwanda RBS Correspondent Member

KN KNA 659 St. Kitts & Nevis -

LC LCA 662 St. Lucia SLBS Member Body

VC VCT 670 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines SVGBS Subscriber Member

WS WSM 882 Samoa -

SM SMR 674 San Marino -

ST STP 678 São Tomé & Príncipe -

SA SAU 682 Saudi Arabia SASO Member Body

SN SEN 686 Senegal ASN Correspondent Member

CS SCG 891 Serbia ISS Member Body

SC SYC 690 Seychelles SBS Correspondent Member

SL SLE 694 Sierra Leone -

SG SGP 702 Singapore SPRING SG Member Body

SK SVK 703 Slovakia SUTN Member Body

SI SVN 705 Slovenia SIST Member Body

SB SLB 090 Solomon Islands -

SO SOM 706 Somalia -

ZA ZAF 710 South Africa SABS Member Body

ES ESP 724 Spain AENOR . Member Body

LK LKA 144 Sri Lanka SLSI Member Body

SD SDN 736 Sudan SSMO Member Body

SR SUR 740 Suriname SSB Subscriber member

SZ SWZ 748 Swaziland SQAS Correspondent Member

SE SWE 752 Sweden SIS Member Body

CH CHE 756 Switzerland SNV Member Body

SY SYR 760 Syrian Arab Republic SASMO Member Body

TW TWN 158 Taiwan (Province of China) ^[5]

TJ TJK 762 Tajikistan TJKSTN Correspondent Member

TZ TZA 834 Tanzania， United Republic of TBS Member Body

TH THA 764 Thailand TISI Member Body

TL (TP) TLS 206 Timor Leste, Democratic Republic of (East Timor) -

TG TGO 768 Togo CSN Correspondent Member

TO TON 776 Tonga -

TT TTO 780 Trinidad & Tobago TTBS Member Body

TN TUN 788 Tunisia INNORPI Member Body

TR TUR 792 Türkiye TSE Member Body ^[10]

TM TKM 795 Turkmenistan MSST Correspondent Member

TV TUV 798 Tuvalu -

UG UGA 800 Uganda UNBS Correspondent Member

UA UKR 804 Ukraine DSSU Member Body

AE ARE 784 United Arab Emirates ESMA Member Body

UK GBR 826 United Kingdom （Great Britain） BSI Member Body [4][5]

US USA 840 United States ANSI Member Body

UY URY 858 Uruguay UNIT Member Body

UZ UZB 860 Uzbekistan UZSTANDARD Member Body

VU VUT 548 Vanuatu -

VA VAT 336 Vatican City （Holy See） -

VE VEN 862 Venezuela FONDONORMA Member Body

VN VNM 704 Vietnam TCVN Member Body

EH ESH 732 Western Sahara -

YE YEM 887 Yemen YSMO Correspondent Member

ZM ZMB 894 Zambia ZABS Correspondent Member

ZW ZWE 816 Zimbabwe SAZ Member Body

Tips :

1.Does not have representation in ISO under any membership class as of January 2008.

2.Macedonia， Montenegro， and Serbia were part of Former Yugoslavia. Although it is a country， ISO 3166-1993 （E） does not separately list Montenegro.

3.Although not technically a Country， the Palestinian State has representation in ISO as if it was.

4.Although technically the official country name for the ' UK ' is the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland' it is referred to as 'Great Britain' by the ISO.

5.Although technically they are Countries， England， Wales， Scotland and Northern Ireland are not listed separately from Great Britain in ISO 3166-1993 （E） and do not have their own ISO representation.

Standard

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EDITOR

content

ISO Headquarters Building

The content of the standard involves a wide range, from basic fasteners, bearings, various raw materials to semi-finished products and finished products, and its technical fields involve information technology, transportation Agriculture, health and the environment. Each organization has its own Work plan The plan lists the standard items that need to be developed (test methods, terminology, specifications, performance requirements, etc.).

The main function of ISO is to develop for people International standard Agreement provides a mechanism. Its main organization and operating rules are set out in a document called the ISO/IEC Technical Working Guidelines, which Technical structure There are 800 technical committees and sub-committees in ISO, each of which has a chairman and a secretariat, the secretariat is held by each member, and there are 30 member groups responsible for the work of the secretary country Geneva Maintained by the ISO Central Secretariat Direct connection .

Through these working bodies, ISO has published more than 17,000 international standards, such as ISO metric thread, ISO A4 Paper size The ISO container series (95% of the world's shipping containers are compliant) ISO standard ), ISO film speed code, ISO Open system interconnection ( OS 2) Series (widely used in information technology field) and famous ISO9000 Quality control A series of standards.

In addition, ISO has liaison relations with 450 international and regional organizations on standards, in particular with International Telecommunication union (ITU) have close links. There are 28 international standards bodies outside the ISO/IEC system. Each body develops some international standards in a certain area, and usually they are in The United Nations Under control. A case in point is World Health Organization (WHO). ISO/IEC formulated 85% International standard The remaining 15% is developed by these 28 other international standards bodies.

sort

Example of ISO9001-2000 certification certificate

ISO Quality system The criteria include ISO9000 , ISO9001 , ISO9004 . ISO9000 standard defines the quality management and Quality assurance system , suitable for production and Service enterprise . The ISO9001 standard provides guidelines for conducting and auditing quality management and quality assurance systems.

ISO9000 Quality system standard It includes 3 system standards and 8 guidelines. The three system standards are ISO9001, 9002 and 9003; The eight guidelines are ISO9000-1 to 4 and ISO9004-1 to 4. among Primary criterion It is ISO9001, which clearly specifies a complete set for organizations that design, manufacture products and provide services Quality system In the 20 elements. ISO9002 19 elements are specified for organizations that manufacture products but do not design products or provide services. ISO9003 specifies 16 elements for inspection only organizations. The ISO9000 standard is revised every 5 to 7 years. The first batch of standards was published in 1987, the first revision was published in 1994, the second revision was published in 2000, and the third revision was published in 2008 Revised edition It will replace the current version in three years.

The new revision of ISO9001 will include a single quality system standard. It states that ISO9001 will be applicable to all organizations. It will cover the following four parts: management responsibilities, Resource management , Process management , measurement, analysis and improvement. The resource management section is completely new, and the other sections contain new projects. The new revision will include all the old requirements and add additional management requirements, process management requirements, process measurement and improvement requirements.

ISO/iec recognition of standard testing laboratories and their prescribed competence standards include ISO Guidelines 25, 58, 61, 62 and 65. ISO/iec Guidance 58 specifies the requirements for accredited standards and testing laboratories. ISO/iec Guidance 61 specifies recognition Product certification And the requirements of the quality system registered body. ISO/iec Guidance 62 specifies the requirements for a quality system. ISO/iec Guidance 65 specifies the requirements for product certification. ISO/iec guidance is used to assess the conformity of products and services. Lie in National recognition Differences in requirements are mediated by international and regional accrediting cooperation organizations. In order to shorten the conformity assessment process for telecommunications facilities and other collated products, Mutual recognition agreements (mras) have been developed, which will shorten and reduce access to products and products Quality system certification Time and cost.

ISO9000 Certification requires a successful and independent assessment by a registered body of an ongoing quality system consistent with ISO9001. In order to maintain accreditation, registered groups are required to undergo a supervised evaluation every 6 or 12 months and a full reevaluation every 3 years.

After the 2000 version of the ISO9000 series, the 9002 and 9003 are integrated into ISO9001:2000 In the standard. Therefore, only ISO9001, ISO9002 and ISO9003 have been withdrawn from the historical stage for certification. Iso 9004 is a performance improvement guide and is not used for certification, but only for comprehensive performance improvement guidance within an organization.

Quality system certification

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procedure

1.
2.
Develop a plan to implement the ISO quality system standard;
3.
Evaluate the existing quality system with reference to ISO quality system standards;
4.
Take proper action to comply with all ISO quality system requirements;
5.
Establishment of documentation and record systems;
6.
Complete the quality manual and make it effective;
7.
Ask the registered body to arrange a pre-assessment audit;
8.
Preparing the accredited organization for formal evaluation;
9.
Registered bodies shall be assessed and audited.

course

ISO9000 Certification in the United States normally takes a year or more to complete. If existing Quality system If all the ISO9000 elements are included, the time taken will be less than 1 year. An implementation team is required to pay 3 to 6 people for one year of labor under normal circumstances, and registered groups are also required to provide three years of paid services. incorporated External cost It will remain between $75,000 and $150,000, depending on the size of the organization being certified. Internal and external costs are roughly equal.

ISO9000 quality system provides information and Process control Mechanisms are used to manage businesses more effectively. The ISO quality system can be controlled Quality cost Reduce waste and improve productivity . Customers will come from there Quality system certification The products of the enterprise are more interested, and the effective quality system can also be improved Product quality These two factors will improve the competitiveness of enterprises and their products in the open market.

Operating profit

A large number of US companies surveyed in 1998 acknowledged the following internal benefits of ISO9000 certification: better documentation, a stronger workforce Quality consciousness , Company Internal connection The increase of... Improved office efficiency and productivity. These companies also recognize the following external benefits of ISO9000 certification; The customer's understanding of poor quality, Competitive advantage Is to improve and reduce customer quality review.

A small group of U.S. manufacturing companies surveyed in 1998 acknowledged the following internal and external benefits of ISO9000 certification: improved product quality, increased customer attention, a foundation for re-designing functional steps, and a higher level of quality. Market share The increase of; 21% of companies said Quality certification It has no effect on the quality system and products.

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