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5G base station Yes
5G network
The core device provides wireless coverage to achieve wireless signal transmission between wired communication networks and wireless terminals. The architecture and form of base stations directly affect how 5G networks are deployed. Because the higher the frequency, the greater the attenuation in the signal propagation process, the base station density of 5G network will be higher.
In March 2024, the Global System for Mobile Communications Association think tank released a report showing that the number of global connections for mobile communication technology 5G has reached 1.6 billion. 5G is expected to become the dominant connectivity technology by 2030.
[148]
By the first quarter of 2024, China has built a total of 364.7 5G base stations
Ten thousand.
[147]
[150]
- Chinese name
- 5G base station
- Foreign name
- 5G Base Station
- Characteristic point
- High density
- Key technology
- MR Technology, Massive MIMO, etc
- Test method
- OTA testing, etc.
- Field to which one belongs
- Communication technology
On March 30, 2018, China Mobile Tianjin Company
China Mobile 5G Joint Innovation Center
Tianjin Open Laboratory was opened, which is the first 5G base station in Tianjin, one of the first 5G application demonstration cities in China. As of March 30, 2018,
China Mobile
,
China Telecom
5G base stations are being built in many places in China, including
Xiongan New Area
,
Suzhou
,
Shanghai
,
Chengdu
,
Lanzhou (capital of Gansu Province)
,
Shenzhen
,
Guangzhou
Etc.
[3]
. In May, the project manager of the 5G project construction Office of Hubei Mobile Company introduced that Wuhan was included in the first batch of 5G pilot cities of China Mobile in early 2018, and planned to complete the construction of more than 100 5G base stations in 2018. Mainly distributed in
Optical Valley
,
Hankou River Beach
,
Hankou Railway Station
There are three major regions, of which Optical Valley is the largest 5G base station distribution area
[4]
. On August 13, Beijing Unicom officially released the"
5G NEXT
The first 5G stations in Beijing are officially launched at the same time
[5]
.
On January 27, 2019,
China Mobile Communications Group Qinghai Co., LTD
Announce,
Qinghai (Province)
Sining
The first 5G base station has been built and opened
[2]
. October 31, 2019
China International Information and Communication Exhibition
At the opening ceremony,
Miit (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology)
With China Telecom, China Unicom, China Mobile,
China Tower
Joint announcement of commencement
5G commercial use
.
On January 20, 2020, the person in charge of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology said at the press conference on the development of the industrial communications industry in 2019 held by the State New Office that China's 5G infrastructure construction and application increased in 2019, and China completed more than 130,000 5G base stations by the end of 2019
[6]
. By the end of February, China had built and opened 164,000 5G base stations
[7]
. By the end of March, China had built 198,000 5G base stations and is expected to build more than 500,000 new 5G base stations this year
[8]
. As of May 17, China has opened more than 200,000 5G base stations. By the end of June, the total number of 5G base stations had reached 410,000.
[9]
At around 16:00 on April 30, 2020, the world's highest 5G base station was officially put into use, and 5G signals "reached" the top of the world for the first time.
August 12, 2020
China Unicom
According to the performance report of the first half of 2020 released by the Hong Kong listed company, the company and China Telecom newly built and shared 5G base stations of about 150,000. The company has a total of about 210,000 available 5G base stations, of which more than 100,000 have been built by itself, and continuous coverage has been achieved in more than 50 key cities.
[10]
By the end of August, monitoring data through the communication big data platform showed that China's 5G users exceeded 110 million. In November,
International Telecommunication union
(ITU) will be completed
IMT-2020
Normative approval.
[11]
As of September 2020, China Mobile has completed 350,000 5G base station construction projects in China, provided 5G commercial services in 340 cities and key counties in China, and created more than 100 5G leading demonstration projects at the Chinese group level, driving more than 2,000 provincial regional characteristic projects. Liu Jian, general manager of the government and enterprise Division of China Mobile Group Corporation in 2020
Henan Mobile
5G
Industrial summit forum
Mentioned in the speech.
[12]
As of September 23, 2020, China has built and opened more than 500,000 5G base stations, and the cumulative number of terminal connections has exceeded 100 million.
As of November 12, 2020, China has built nearly 700,000 5G base stations, and the number of 5G terminal connections has exceeded 180 million, and the good infrastructure has promoted many new applications based on 5G.
As of November 26, 2020,
China Unicom
and
China Telecom
More than 300,000 5G base stations have been built, and 5G networks have basically covered major urban areas of cities at and above the prefecture level in China.
[1]
On December 15, 2020, Liu Liehong, Vice Minister of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, said that China has built the world's largest 5G network, built a total of 718,000 5G base stations, and promoted the joint construction and sharing of 330,000 5G base stations.
[13]
On December 21, 2020, at the recently held "2020 Communications Industry Conference and the 15th Annual Meeting of Communications Technology", Gao Hongda, a doctor and researcher at the Energy Decision Support Center of the National Grid Energy Research Institute, pointed out that in the short term, 5G base stations caused the electricity costs of the three major operators to increase not significantly, but after all the upgrades to 5G in 2026, That would be 2.1 percent, even higher than data centers (about 2 percent).
[14]
In 2020, China opened more than 600,000 new 5G base stations, and the number of 5G terminal connections exceeded 200 million.
On January 26, 2021, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology released data that in 2020, China opened more than 600,000 new 5G base stations, the number of 5G terminal connections exceeded 200 million, and personal application scenarios such as ultra-high-definition video and cloud games were gradually enriched.
In 2021, according to the decisions and arrangements of the Party Central Committee and The State Council,
Miit (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology)
Steadily promote the construction of 5G and other new infrastructure, and successively issued the"
Action Plan for the Coordinated Development of Dual-Gigabit Networks (2021-2023)
""
5G Application "Sail" Action Plan (2021-2023)
"And other documents to promote the high-quality development of 5G network construction and application.
[32]
On March 1, 2021,
State Council Information Office
Held a press conference to introduce the development of industry and information technology and answer reporters' questions: By the end of 2020, a total of 718,000 5G base stations will be opened, and the number of 5G mobile terminal connections will exceed 200 million; Large-scale deployment of IPv6 has been further advanced, with the number of active connections reaching 1.39 billion, and IPv6 traffic on 4G networks accounting for more than 15 percent of the total. The construction of international information and communication infrastructure such as submarine optical cables and cross-border land cables has accelerated, and the connectivity of countries along the Belt and Road has steadily improved.
[15]
On 17 May 2021, at the opening of the World Telecommunication and Information Society Day 2021 Conference,
Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
Vice Minister Liu Liehong said that by the end of March 2021, China has built 819,000 5G base stations, accounting for more than 70% of the world's total, built the world's largest 5G independent networking network, and 5G application innovation cases have exceeded 9,000, and 5G is rapidly integrating into thousands of industries. It plans to build 600,000 new 5G base stations in 2021. In order to promote the large-scale application of the independent networking mode, since May 17, the newly entered 5G terminals will enable the 5G independent networking (SA) function by default, and the new 5G network will be fully built
The interface supports IPv6.
[24]
By June 2021, nearly 850,000 5G base stations have been built, forming the world's largest 5G independent networking network, and 5G industry application innovation cases have exceeded 10,000.
[25]
By August 2021, China has built a total of 1.037 million 5G base stations, covering all prefecture-level cities in China, as well as more than 95% of counties and urban areas and 35% of towns and towns. 5G mobile phone products accelerated penetration, from January to August 2021, domestic 5G mobile phone shipments reached 168 million units, an increase of 80%. Especially in August, the proportion of 5G mobile phones has increased to 74%.
[27]
On September 13, 2021, Xiao Yaqing, Minister of Industry and Information Technology, said at the press conference held by the State Information Office that China has built the world's largest optical fiber and mobile communication network. The number of 5G base stations and terminal connections in the world accounted for more than 70% and 80% respectively.
[26]
By the end of September, 47,000 5G base stations had been built in Beijing, basically achieving the city's 5G network coverage
[29]
.
On October 19, 2021, Luo Junjie, spokesman of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and director of the Operation Monitoring and Coordination Bureau, said that the number of 5G base stations in China reached 1.159 million, the number of 5G terminal connections reached 450 million, and the Gigabit optical network has the ability to cover more than 200 million households.
[28]
At the main forum of the 2021 China Mobile Global Partner Conference [30]
On November 16, 2021, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology held a"
Fourteen fifth
Information communication industry development planning press conference. At the meeting, Xie Cun, director of the Information and Communication Development Department of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, said that China has built more than 1.15 million 5G base stations, accounting for more than 70% of the world, and is the world's largest and most technologically advanced 5G independent networking network. All prefecture-level urban areas, more than 97 percent of county urban areas and 40 percent of towns and townships in China have 5G network coverage. 5G terminal users reached 450 million, accounting for more than 80% of the world.
[31]
By the end of November 2021, China has built a total of 1.396 million 5G base stations, covering all urban areas at and above the prefecture level, more than 97 percent of counties and districts, and 50 percent of towns and townships in China. 5G joint construction and sharing have been deepened, with telecom operators jointly building and sharing more than 800,000 5G base stations, promoting the intensive and efficient development of 5G networks. The total number of mobile phone users of the three basic telecommunications companies reached 1.642 billion, of which the number of 5G mobile terminal connections reached 497 million, a net increase of 298 million over the end of last year.
[35]
In November 2021, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology released the second batch of "5G+ Industrial Internet" typical application scenarios, and China has built more than 1,800 5G+ industrial Internet projects, covering 22 key industry areas, forming 20 typical application scenarios such as flexible manufacturing and equipment predictive maintenance.
[35]
On December 23, 2021, at the "2022 ICT In-depth Observation Report" hosted by the China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, Han Xia, chief engineer of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, disclosed a set of data. By November 2021, China has built and opened more than 1.39 million 5G base stations.
[2]
[24 to 25]
[28]
[31]
[33]
In 2021, Henan Province has achieved full coverage of 5G networks in townships and rural hotspots, and the total number of 5G base stations in the province has exceeded 96,600, ranking fifth in China.
[34]
By the end of December 2021, a total of 671 5G terminals in China have obtained network access licenses, including 491 5G mobile phones, 161 wireless data terminals, and 19 vehicle-mounted wireless terminals. A total of 583 5G support policy documents have been issued in various provinces and cities, including 70 at the provincial level, 264 at the municipal level, and 249 at the district and county level.
[35]
By the end of 2021, China has built and opened 1.425 million 5G base stations, the world's largest 5G network, covering all prefecture-level urban areas, more than 98 percent of county urban areas and 80 percent of towns and townships. The total number of 5G base stations in China accounts for more than 60% of the world, and the number of 5G base stations per 10,000 people has reached 10.1, nearly double that of the end of last year. More than 300 cities have started construction of gigabit fiber broadband networks.
[37]
By November 2021, a total of 33,265 5G base stations have been built in Shanxi Province, with 5G network coverage reaching 95 percent in key places.
[39]
"
Statistical Bulletin of the People's Republic of China on National Economic and Social Development for 2021
Show: By the end of 2021, 5G base stations will be 1.43 million.
In January 2022, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the "2021 Communications Industry Statistical Bulletin", showing that by the end of 2021, China's cumulative
A total of 1.425 million 5G base stations have been built and opened, accounting for more than 60% of the world's total, and the number of 5G base stations per 10,000 people has reached 10.1.
[36]
The Digital China Development Report (2021) released by the Cyberspace Administration of China pointed out that by the end of 2021, China had built 1.425 million 5G base stations, accounting for more than 60% of the world's total, and the number of 5G users reached 355 million. From 2017 to 2021, the scale of China's digital economy has increased from 27.2 trillion yuan to 45.5 trillion yuan, ranking second in the world, with a compound annual growth rate of 13.6 percent and its share in GDP rising from 32.9 percent to 39.8 percent, becoming one of the main engines driving economic growth.
[64]
On February 15, 2022, the Information Office of the Yunnan Provincial People's Government held a press conference on the "14th Five-Year Plan for the Development of Yunnan Information and Communication Industry", and the "Plan" clearly stated that by 2025, the number of 5G base stations in Yunnan Province will reach 150,000.
[38]
On February 28, 2022, the State New Office held a press conference on promoting the smooth operation and quality upgrading of industry and information technology, and the goal in 2022 is to build more than 600,000 5G base stations, and the total number of base stations will reach 2 million by the end of 2022.
[40]
On March 8, 2022, Xiao Yaqing, Minister of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, said in an interview that the total number of 5G base stations in China has exceeded 1.425 million. In the next step, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology will further work on the construction of base stations, and strive to exceed 2 million in 2022 to lay a good network foundation.
[41]
In March 2022, the construction of 5G base stations made steady progress. As of the end of February, the total number of 5G base stations reached 1.506 million, accounting for 15% of the total number of mobile base stations. Among them, 81,000 5G base stations were built from January to February.
[42]
On March 23, 2022, at the China Mobile 2021 annual performance conference, Yang Jie, chairman of China Mobile, said that the 700M 5G network is progressing smoothly, and through co-construction and sharing with China Radio and Television, a total of 200,000 700M base stations will be built in 2021, and another 280,000 700M base stations will be built in 2022. The 700M network will cover China.
[43]
In March 2022, according to the SASAC website, National Energy Group Longyuan Jiangsu Company Huangang Wind Farm, Hai 'an offshore wind Farm has successfully built the first batch of Marine fan 5G base stations in Jiangsu Province.
[44]
On April 5, 2022, the first China Mobile 4/5G base station was built in Sanya Shelter Hospital, Hainan, with 5G test downloads reaching 934Mbps and uplink
116Mbps.
[45]
In April 2022, from the official news of China Telecom, China Telecom 2022 self-developed 5G extended small base station centralized procurement project, to adopt a single source of procurement, China Telecom Co., Ltd. Guangdong Research Institute won the bid.
[46]
In April 2022, the completion ceremony of Guangxi node of China Radio and Television 5G core network was held in the China-Asean Network Audiovisual Industry Base, and the completion of Guangxi node marked that Guangxi became the first provincial node of China's radio and television 5G core network
Construction of one of the provinces.
[47]
On April 15, 2022, the National Development and Reform Commission held a special press conference to introduce the work related to actively expanding effective investment. Sun Wei, deputy director of the High Technology Department of the National Development and Reform Commission and a first-level inspector, said that in the first quarter of 2022, 81,000 new 5G base stations were built in China, with a total scale of more than 1.506 million.
[48]
On April 18, 2022, the reporter learned from the "Forging a New Era of Free Trade Port Construction" to welcome the Eighth Party Congress of Hainan Province, a series of press conferences (the third) of major projects and major infrastructure construction, that in 2019 Hainan took the lead in China to achieve "5G in every county". By 2020, outdoor coverage in Haikou and Sanya's main urban areas and hot spots in urban areas of other cities and counties will be basically achieved. By 2025, Hainan will double the number of 5G base stations, and 25,000 5G base stations are expected to be built.
[49]
The State Council Information Office holds a press conference on April 19, 2022. Zhao Zhiguo, spokesman for the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, said that in the next step, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology will continue to improve the depth and breadth of network coverage, promote the completion of 600,000 5G base stations throughout the year, and the coverage capacity of gigabit optical networks exceeds 400 million households.
[50]
In the first quarter, the new 5G base stations reached 134,000, and nearly 1.56 million 5G base stations were opened in total. In the first quarter, the number of new 5G mobile phone users reached 48.11 million, and the total number reached 403 million, accounting for 24.3% of the total number of mobile phone users.
[51]
On April 19, 2022, the press conference held by the State Information Office announced that in the first quarter, China added 134,000 5G base stations, and a total of 1.559 million 5G networks have covered all prefecture-level cities and county urban areas in China.
[52]
In May 2022, China built nearly 1.6 million 5G base stations, becoming the first country in the world to build a 5G network based on an independent networking model. Fixed broadband has been upgraded from 100 to gigabit, and the proportion of optical fiber users has increased from less than 10% in 2012 to 94.3% in 2021.
[53]
In May 2022, the Guangdong Communications Administration released a report on the development of the Internet industry in Guangdong Province in 2021, which showed that by the end of December 2021, 171,000 5G base stations had been built in Guangdong Province. There were 40.96 million 5G users, accounting for 26.9% of the total mobile broadband users in the province; The number of Internet users reached 890.11 million, and the Internet penetration rate was 76.6%.
According to the latest statistics of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, as of the end of April, China has built 1.615 million 5G base stations, becoming the first country in the world to build 5G networks based on independent networking mode. Proportion of 5G base stations to the total number of mobile base stations
That's 16 percent.
[54]
On June 14, 2022, Xin Guobin, Vice Minister of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, said that in the past decade, China's information and communication industry has achieved iterative leapfrog and built the world's largest and technologically advanced network infrastructure. Among them, the optical fiber network access bandwidth has achieved exponential growth from 10 megabits to 100 megabits and then to gigabit, and the mobile network has achieved a leap from "3G breakthrough" to "4G synchronization" to "5G leadership". Han Xia said that the MIIT will comprehensively strengthen the construction of information infrastructure, expand the depth of 5G network coverage, accelerate the large-scale application of 5G and other emerging technologies, and help high-quality economic development and continuous improvement of people's livelihood.
[55]
As of April 2022, Shanghai has built a total of 51,716 5G base stations, and the 5G application "sea sail" action plan is steadily advancing, and 5G has gradually become one of the "protagonists" on the stage of Shanghai's digital economy development.
[56]
On July 8, 2022, at the Summit Forum of the 2022 China Digital Economy Innovation and Development Conference, Dong Xin, General manager of China Mobile, said that China Mobile has opened more than 950,000 5G base stations in total, of which more than 100,000 are in Guangdong; Gigabit optical fiber covers more than 180 million households, including more than 20 million households in Guangdong; There are more than 1.16 million data center racks, including more than 130,000 in Guangdong.
[57]
By the end of May 2022, China had built and opened 1.7 million 5G base stations, covering all prefecture-level cities, county districts and 92 percent of towns and townships in China, with more than 12 5G base stations per 10,000 people.
[58]
On July 19, 2022, Wang Peng, head of the Information and Communications Administration Bureau of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, said at the press conference of the State New Office that China has built a total of 1.854 million 5G base stations, of which nearly 300,000 new base stations were added in the second quarter, achieving "5G in counties and broadband in villages and villages.
".
[59]
July 23, 2022 News,
State Council Information Office
Held a regular State Council policy briefing,
Department of Consumer Goods Industry, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
Director general
He Yaqiong
The "double gigabit" network represented by gigabit optical network and 5G is an important support for new infrastructure, and is also a key link in the development of smart home appliance applications
.
[60]
By the end of 2022, 2.312 million 5G base stations will be built and opened.
[100]
In August 2022 and the first half of 2022, the construction of new information and communication infrastructure in Beijing achieved remarkable results, and more than 7,000 5G base stations were built and opened, making the number of 5G base stations in Beijing reach 59,000, and the average number of 5G base stations per 10,000 people is 27
List China first.
[61]
In August 2022, 60% of the world's 5G base stations are in China, and 12% of China's 5G base stations are in China
In Guangdong.
[62]
From January to June 2022, 22,000 5G base stations were built in Hebei Province, completing 88% of the annual construction plan. The total number of 5G base stations reached 74,266, ranking seventh in China, with a year-on-year increase of 136%.
[63]
On August 12, 2022, the latest statistics from the Fujian Provincial Communications Administration show that more than 60,000 5G base stations have been built in Fujian Province, basically achieving 5G network coverage in all townships.
[65]
On August 14, 2022, according to CCTV, Shandong Province has built more than 130,000 5G base stations.
[66]
On August 18, 2022, the reporter learned from the Shanghai Radio Inspection Industry Alliance 2022 Innovation and Development Forum that Shanghai has built more than 60,000 5G outdoor base stations and 210,000 5G indoor stations.
[67]
By the end of July 2022, China had built and opened 1.968 million 5G base stations, and 5G network coverage had been achieved in all prefecture-level urban areas, county urban areas and 96 percent of towns and townships. The number of 5G mobile phone users reached 475 million, a net increase of 120 million over the end of 2021
Door.
[68]
On August 31, 2022, the China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) released the 50th Statistical Report on the Development of China's Internet in Beijing. According to the report, as of June 2022, the number of Internet users in China will reach 1.051 billion, and the Internet penetration rate will reach 74.4%.
[69]
By the end of July 2022, the number of 5G base stations in China has reached 1.968 million, and gigabit optical networks have the ability to cover more than 400 million households. The total number of racks in active data centers exceeds 5.9 million standard racks, the number of servers exceeds 20 million, and the total scale of computing power exceeds 150EF
lops.
[70]
By the end of August 2022, the total number of 5G base stations reached 2,102,000, accounting for 19.8% of the total number of mobile base stations, accounting for 5.5 percentage points higher than the end of the previous year. Among them, 677,000 5G base stations were built from January to August.
[71]
In September 2022, the 2022 Beijing Internet Conference was held in Beijing, and the number of 5G base stations per 10,000 people in Beijing was 28.9
The country ranks first.
[72]
As of the end of September 2022, Henan Province has opened 45,000 new 5G base stations, exceeding the target of "40,000 new 5G base stations" determined by the provincial government work report three months ahead of schedule. The total number of 5G base stations in Henan Province reached 142,000, ranking fifth in the country.
[76]
By the end of September 2022, the total number of mobile communication base stations in China reached 10.72 million, of which the total number of 5G base stations reached 2.22 million, accounting for 20.7% of the total number of mobile base stations.
[79]
As of October 2, 2022, China Mobile has opened more than 1.1 million 5G base stations across the country, accounting for more than 50% of the country's 5G base stations.
[73]
As of October 9, 2022, the total number of 5G base stations in Xinjiang has exceeded 30,000, a net increase of 58.2% compared with the end of last year.
[74]
As of October 2022, the cumulative investment in 5G in Hunan Province exceeded 8.6 billion yuan, and more than 45,000 5G base stations were built in the province in 2022.
[75]
By October 2022, Hebei Province had opened 83,800 5G base stations and 22.677 million 5G mobile phone users, ranking seventh in the country.
[77]
By October 2022, Fujian Province has achieved full coverage of 5G network in towns and villages, and 71,000 5G base stations have been built
[78]
.
In November 2022, "2021 Heilongjiang Internet Development Report" : The number of 5G base stations in 2021 reached 36,900.
[80]
On November 18, 2022, the Shandong Provincial Government Information Office held a press conference on the "Advanced Manufacturing Strong Provincial Action Plan (2022-2025)" to interpret. Shandong Province has implemented in-depth coverage of 5G "one million cities and ten million stations", opening more than 160,000.
[81]
On November 21, 2022, as of the end of October, the total number of 5G base stations reached 2.25 million, a net increase of 825,000 over the end of last year, accounting for 20.9% of the total number of mobile base stations, accounting for 6.6 percentage points higher than the end of last year. 5G mobile phone users reached 524 million, a net increase of 169 million over the end of the previous year, accounting for 31.1% of mobile phone users.
[82]
On November 29, 2022, at the symposium of general managers of the information and communication industry in Beijing, Su Shaolin, Secretary of the Party Group and director of the Beijing Municipal Communications Administration, informed that from January to October, Beijing's basic telecommunications operators completed 45.53 billion yuan of telecommunications business, an increase of 23.3% year-on-year, 1.9 percentage points higher than the national growth rate; Telecom business revenue reached 61.06 billion yuan, accounting for 4.6% of the country, up 6.9% year on year; Value-added telecom enterprises above designated size (value-added telecom business income of more than 20 million yuan) achieved telecom business income 379
260 million yuan.
[83]
On November 30, 2022, the sub-meeting of the 47th session of the Standing Committee of the 13th Guangdong Provincial People's Congress reviewed the report on the work of Guangdong Province to promote the digital transformation of manufacturing industry and promote the modernization of industrial chain and supply chain.
Industrial Internet
And other new information infrastructure construction, a total of more than 210,000 5G base stations have been built, the number of all
Country first.
[84]
In November 2022, the 2022 Shanghai "Double Gigabit" industry Development Summit Forum and "Blooming Cup" award ceremony was informed that as of November 2022, Shanghai has built 65,000 5G base stations, and the construction density is full
The country ranks first.
[85]
In December 2022, the 2022 China 5G Development Conference was held in Shenzhen. It was announced at the meeting that Shenzhen has built 64,000 5G base stations, and the density of 5G base stations is the first in China.
[86]
On December 9, 2022, according to the Henan Provincial Communications Administration, as of now, Henan Province has opened 48,900 new 5G base stations throughout the year, exceeding the target of "40,000 new 5G base stations" ahead of schedule, and the total number of 5G base stations has reached 146,000, ranking fifth in the country, achieving continuous coverage of 5G network in areas above towns and villages, and basically meeting the needs of application scenarios.
[87]
On December 13, China Telecom and China Unicom opened the country's first low-frequency 5G base station jointly built and shared by China Telecom Unicom in Lianzhang village, Qingyuan City, Guangdong province.
[88]
In December, the Shenzhen Power Supply Bureau of the Southern Power Grid said on the 14th that it is expected that the energy storage of 5G communication base stations in Shenzhen is expected to be fully accessed in 2023
Shenzhen virtual power plant management center
.
[89]
On December 20th,
China Mobile
More than 1.27 million 5G base stations have been opened, and gigabit broadband coverage has reached 240 million households.
[90]
In December 2022, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology released data, as of the end of November, the total number of 5G base stations reached 2.287 million, a net increase of 862,000 over the end of the previous year, accounting for 21.1% of the total number of mobile base stations, accounting for 6.8 percentage points higher than the end of the previous year.
[91]
In 2022, China will add 887,000 5G base stations. 5G base stations have reached 2.312,000, accounting for more than 60% of the world's total.
[96]
As of March 2, 2023, the 51st Statistical Report on the Development of China's Internet Network shows that the total number of 5G base stations in China has reached 2.31 million, accounting for 21.3% of the total number of mobile base stations.
An increase of 7 percentage points from December 2021
[102]
.
As of March 2023, Tibet has built 9,508 5G base stations
.
[108]
On January 1, 2023, He Zuoxian, deputy director of the Small and medium-sized Enterprise Bureau of the Guangdong Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology, introduced at the event that Guangdong has built a total of more than 220,000 5G base stations, the first in the country.
[92]
On January 11, 2023, it was learned from the National Industry and Information Technology Work Conference held in Beijing that China has built and opened more than 2.3 million 5G base stations, and the construction of new data centers has achieved results
It's obvious.
[93-94]
On February 2, 2023, the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Economy and Information Technology held a meeting on the city's economy and information technology. At the meeting, it was disclosed that in 2022, the city's economic information system will fully promote the stabilization and recovery of the industrial economy, and the growth rate of industrial added value above designated size will be 4% in 2023, and the growth rate of digital economy added value will be 6.5%, while adding 10,000 5G base stations.
[97]
On February 14, 2023, China Mobile Fujian Company held the "5G Dongfeng to Gigabit into 10,000" 5G Gigabit Demonstration City conference in Xiamen. The reporter learned from the meeting that in Xiamen, Fujian Mobile has built more than 5,600 5G base stations.
[98]
By the end of 2023, Shanghai plans to build more than 72,000 outdoor 5G base stations and build a total of 1,000 5G applications.
[103]
By the end of February 2023, the total number of 5G base stations in China reached 2.384 million, accounting for 21.9% of the total number of mobile base stations.
[104]
In April 2023, it was learned from the Henan Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology that by the end of 2023, the total number of 5G base stations in Henan will exceed 180,000, the annual investment of 5G projects in the province will exceed 20 billion yuan, and 5G network rural areas will be realized
Hotspot coverage.
[105]
On April 20, 2023, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology announced that as of the end of March 2023, China's accumulated 5G base stations have exceeded 2.64 million, and the number of ports with gigabit network service capability has exceeded 17.93 million, realizing "cities with gigabit" and "counties with 5G".
[107]
By the end of April 2023, 39,000 5G base stations had been built in Xinjiang, and 5G network coverage had been achieved in all prefecture-level urban areas, county urban areas and 99.16 percent of towns and townships in Xinjiang, with 5G base stations for every 10,000 people1
Five of them.
[109]
By the end of April 2023, the number of 5G base stations in Hunan has reached 107,000
[113]
The total number of 5G base stations in the country reached 2.733 million, accounting for 24 percent of the total number of mobile base stations.
Five percent.
[114]
On May 17, 2023, the"
2023 World Telecommunication and Information Society Day Conference
China Tower has undertaken a total of 1.89 million 5G base station construction projects, accounting for more than half of the world.
[112]
On May 22, 2023, Shanxi Province has built 76,000 5G base stations, ranking first in the country in the number of 5G base stations, and built more than 60 industrial Internet platforms.
[115]
By the end of May 2023, the total number of 5G base stations built and opened in China has reached 2.844 million, covering all prefecture-level city and county urban areas. 5G applications have been integrated into 60 of 97 national economic categories, and the number of application cases has exceeded 50,000. This is the data released by Zhao Zhiguo, chief engineer of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, at the GTI International Industry Conference.
[118]
On June 2, 2023, the 5G base station of Zhuonai Lake in Hoxili, Sanjiangyuan National Park was opened and operated, and the relevant areas have 5G signals, which will realize the high-definition video transmission of Tibetan antelope childbirth. The move marks that areas related to Zhuonai Lake Protection Station in the hinterland of Hoh Xil, China's largest and highest World natural heritage site, can be connected to the world through 5G network.
[116]
At the beginning of June 2023, Shenzhen 5G base stations exceeded 70,000, 5G users exceeded 13 million, and 5G network coverage density and user proportion ranked in the forefront of large and medium-sized cities, providing solid support for the high-quality development of Shenzhen's digital economy.
[117]
By July 2023, 81,000 5G base stations had been built in Liaoning Province.
[119]
On July 19, 2023, Zhao Zhiguo, spokesman of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, said at a press conference that in the first six months, telecom business revenue increased by 6.2%, the total business increased by 17.1%, and 2.937 million 5G base stations were built and opened, 5G mobile phone users reached 676 million, and mobile Internet of Things terminal users exceeded 2.12 billion. Enabling the transformation and upgrading of the real economy. 5G applications have been integrated into 60 national economic categories, accelerating the expansion and deepening of key areas such as industry, medical care, education, and transportation, with a cumulative number of application cases exceeding 50,000.
[120]
On August 10, 2023, the launch meeting of the sixth "Blooming Cup" 5G Application Soliciting Contest 5G+ Water Conservancy Ocean Special Competition was held in Quanzhou. The reporter learned from the launch meeting that as of June 2023, Fujian Province has built a total of 94,000 5G base stations, achieving 5G coverage in all townships and more than 85% of established villages, promoting 5G deep coverage in key ports and terminals, and taking the lead in the country to achieve continuous 5G coverage along 30 kilometers of the province's coast.
[121]
As of August 21, Shanxi has built a total of 84,000 5G base stations, and the number of 5G base stations in 10,000 people ranks first in the country.
[122]
On August 22, 2023, according to the official website of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, 5G network construction. As of the end of July, the total number of 5G base stations reached 3.055 million, accounting for 26.9% of the total number of mobile base stations. China has 695 million 5G mobile phone users, accounting for 40.6% of the total number of mobile phone users. The number of gigabit broadband access users reached 134 million, accounting for 21.7% of the total number of users.
[123]
[125]
In October, Huawei
Going to be
14th Global Mobile Broadband
Forum launched 5W ultra-low power 5G base station.
[126]
In October, the General Office of the Xiamen Municipal Government issued the Three-year Action Plan for New Infrastructure Construction (2023-2025), which said that by 2025, 18,500 5G base stations will be built in the city, and the penetration rate of 5G users will reach 75%.
[127]
As of October 2023, since the four years of 5G commercial use in China, the deployment of 5G base stations has exceeded 3 million, and the world's largest 5G SA network has been built, and 5G scale has increased
Key indicators are constantly refreshed.
[128]
On October 19, 2023, the total number of 5G base stations built and opened in Shanghai has reached 88,000, and the construction density of 5G base stations is the first in the country. In order to drive more social capital investment in new infrastructure, the new round of new infrastructure action plan will further reduce the threshold for application of discount interest project funds, and the minimum investment quota for applied projects will be adjusted from the original 100 million yuan to 50 million yuan.
[129]
On October 20, 2023, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology announced that by the end of September, China has built a total of 3.189 million 5G base stations and 145 million gigabit broadband users. The information and communication industry maintains steady growth, network service capacity continues to upgrade, and mobile network IPv6 traffic accounts for 58.4%. 5G and the industrial Internet have integrated into many areas of the national economy, enabling the real economy to digitize, network and intelligent transformation and upgrading.
[130]
By the end of October 2023, the total number of 5G base stations in China has reached 3.215 million.
[132]
On November 22, 2023, data released by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology showed that China's 5G network construction was advancing steadily, and by the end of October, the total number of 5G base stations reached 3.215 million, accounting for 28.1% of the total number of mobile base stations, and the 5G mobile phone users of the three basic telecommunications companies reached 754 million.
5G base stations have covered all prefecture-level city and county urban areas, with 22.78 5G base stations per 10,000 people, and more than 90% of 5G base stations have been jointly built and shared
[132-134]
On November 25, 2023, "Anhui Industrial Internet Development Research Report (2023)" was released. According to the report,
The province has built a total of 113,000 5G base stations, ranking 9th in the country.
[135]
As of November 30, 2023, the scale of 5G base stations in Shandong Province exceeded 200,000.
[136]
By the end of November 2023, the total number of 5G base stations in China reached 3.282 million, accounting for 28.5% of the total number of mobile base stations.
[137]
By the end of 2023, the number of 5G base stations built and opened by Beijing Mobile has exceeded the 50,000 mark, reaching 52,000, accounting for more than half of the total in Beijing; Among them, there are about 36,000 outdoor stations, which have basically achieved good coverage of outdoor 5G signal in the city; There are about 16,000 indoor stations, mainly covering important landmarks, schools, hospitals, transportation hubs, business districts, etc., with a comprehensive 5G coverage rate of more than 99%.
[138]
By the end of 2023, the total number of mobile communication base stations in the country reached 11.62 million, of which 3.377 million 5G base stations, accounting for 29.1% of the total number of mobile base stations, accounting for an increase of 7% compared with the end of last year.
Eight percentage points.
[137]
[139-140]
In February 2024, according to the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, among the key indicators of Gigabit cities in 2023, Shantou has more than 10,000 5G base stations, with 18.07 5G base stations per 10,000 people, 5G users accounting for 44.3%, 10G-PON ports accounting for 45.84%, and users 500M and above accounting for 26.4%.
[141]
On February 28, 2024, the Shanghai Communications Administration issued the "Twenty Articles of Continuous Optimization of the Business Environment for Digital Communications", which showed that 19,000 5G base stations were built in Shanghai in 2023, with a total of 92,000 built, and the density and proportion of 5G base stations ranked first in the country.
[142]
On February 28, 2024, the Yunnan Provincial information and Communication Industry 2024 annual working meeting was informed that the number of 5G base stations in Yunnan exceeded 100,000, meaning that the province officially entered the "fast lane" of the 5G era.
[143]
In 2023, Beijing will promote the construction of a smart city, implement the action plan of "Optical network Capital, ten trillion City", and build a total of 107,000 5G base stations, ranking first in the number of 5G base stations per 10,000 people in the country's provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities).
[145]
By the end of February 2024, Fujian has built a total of 114,000 5G base stations, realizing that 97% of administrative villages are "lit up" with 5G. 775,000 10G PON ports. The number of 5G users reached 24.116 million, accounting for 48.6 percent of mobile phone users, surpassing 4G users for the first time.
[149]
On February 29, 2024, the National Bureau of Statistics issued the Statistical Communique of the People's Republic of China on National Economic and Social Development in 2023, indicating that the number of mobile phone base stations by the end of 2023 was 11.62 million, of which 3.38 million were 5G base stations.
[144]
On March 22, 2024, China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) released the 53rd Statistical Report on China's Internet Development (hereinafter referred to as the Report) in Beijing. According to the report, as of December, 3.377 million 5G base stations had been built, covering all prefecture-level urban areas and county urban areas; The number of cellular iot end users reached 2.332 billion, a net increase of 488 million compared with December 2022, accounting for 57.5% of the number of mobile network terminal connections.
[146]
On March 25, 2024, data released by China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology showed that as of the end of February 2024, the total number of 5G base stations in China reached 3.509 million.
[147]
By the first quarter of 2024, China has built a total of 364.7 5G base stations
wan
PC.
[150]
5G base stations are mainly used to provide 5G air interface protocol functions and support communication with user devices,
Core network
Communication between. According to the logical function division, the 5G base station can be divided into 5G baseband unit and 5G radio frequency unit, and the two can pass between them
CPRI
Or the eCPRI interface is connected.
The 5G baseband unit is responsible for NR baseband protocol processing, including the entire user surface (UP) and control surface (CP) protocol processing functions, and provides a backpass interface (NG interface) between the core network and the base station interconnect interface (Xn interface).
The 5G RF unit mainly completes the conversion of NR baseband signal and RF signal and the transmission and processing of NR RF signal. Downlink, receive from the 5G baseband unit
Baseband signal
, pass by
up-conversion
,
Digital-to-analog conversion
And RF modulation,
filtering
,
Signal amplification
Isoemission link
TX
After processing, it is transmitted through the switch and antenna unit. In the uplink direction, the 5G RF unit receives uplink RF signals through the antenna unit and passes through
Low noise amplifier
, filter,
demodulation
Isoreceive link
RX
After processing, proceed again
Analog-to-digital conversion
,
down-conversion
It is converted into a baseband signal and sent to the 5G baseband unit.
[16]
In order to support flexible networking architecture, adapt to different application scenarios, 5G
Wireless access network
There will be a variety of different architectures, different forms of base station equipment. From the perspective of device architecture, 5G base stations can be divided into different architectures such as BBU-AAU, CU-DU-AAU, BBU-RRU-Antenna, CU-DU-RRU-Antenna, and integrated gNB. From the perspective of device form, 5G base stations can be divided into baseband equipment, radio frequency equipment, integrated gNB equipment and other forms of equipment.
[16]
The 5G base station construction network mostly uses a mixed layered network, which can ensure that the 5G network is easy to manage, scalable, and highly reliable, and can meet the high-speed data transmission service of 5G base stations. At the same time, because 5G is mainly to achieve data service transmission, 5G base stations need to adapt to the complex application environment of tall buildings, rivers and lakes, mountains and valleys. In order to ensure the good and integrity of 5G base station construction, the key technologies of 5G base station construction are briefly introduced below.
[17]
MR Is a wireless communication environment assessment technology that can send collected information to the network administrator, who judges the value of the report in order to optimize the wireless network communication performance. The application of MR Technology includes coverage evaluation, network quality analysis, overreach coverage analysis, network interference analysis, traffic hot spot analysis and carrier-frequency hidden fault analysis. MR Can render the upstream and downstream signal strength of mobile communication and find the weak blind area of network coverage, which is not only objective and accurate, but also saves a lot of time and resources, and can timely find network coverage problems, providing further basis for network coverage optimization. MR Can realize 24 hours x 7 days real-time data collection, complete the quality analysis of upstream and downstream wireless networks, reflect the real situation of the whole network call quality, and improve the follow-up data support of the whole network call. During the construction of wireless network, if the overzone coverage is too large, it will interfere with the communication quality of other cells. MR Can intuitively find the coverage boundary of the cell, determine whether there is overzone coverage, and adjust the wireless network structure. Traffic hotspot area analysis enables traffic density, distribution, and resource utilization indicators to be analyzed, enabling comprehensive correlation analysis, and accurate planning for capacity sites and capacity expansion sites.
[17]
64QAM
Can be reasonably promoted
SINR
Scientific planning and design for 5G networks can reduce the complexity of 5G network deployment, reduce the same frequency interference and weak coverage caused by overlapping coverage, and increase the depth of coverage and improve the comprehensive coverage of 5G networks while meeting the requirements of wide coverage of 5G networks, so as to achieve continuous coverage and seamless coverage of hot spots. It can not only allow more users to access 5G networks, but also enjoy high-quality communication services. The application of 64QAM in 5G network communication is divided into two steps, namely modulation and demodulation. The 64QAM modulation process is as follows: 64QAM can form a map of the input 6-bit data; multilevel
Quadrature amplitude modulation
Generate a 64QAM IF signal;
Parallel conversion
The two parallel code streams are changed into one serial code stream, the rate can be doubled, the code stream is changed from 2 base to 8 base, and then the output modulation can be made
RF signal
. The 64QAM demodulation process is as follows: When 5G network transmits signals, due to the limitations of the natural environment or the carrier itself, signal transmission is inevitably affected by noise interference, resulting in signal distortion. If the distortion is very small, it can be directly judged as 0 or 1. If the distortion is serious and the signal cannot be directly judged, hard judgment and soft judgment methods can be used to accurately and quickly identify the signal.
[17]
During the construction of 5G network base stations, a large number of wireless devices need to be deployed, and the number of these wireless devices is very large, and the installation and deployment sites are also very complex, which will cause mutual interference between each other. The reasons for interference mainly include the fault of the equipment itself, and the channel often transmits wrong signals during the operation of 5G network, affecting the quality of its own signals. The installation and configuration of 5G network equipment is seriously irregular, which affects the sensitivity of 5G signal transmission. 5G network interference mainly refers to radio interference, which includes intermodulation interference and out-of-band interference. Therefore, when constructing 5G base stations, design and construction personnel need to solve the problem of signal interference from the source, which can not only ensure the stability of the signal, but also greatly improve the efficiency of control and management. Specifically, first of all, the whole electromagnetic detection of the base station radio transmitting equipment is carried out to minimize the possible interference caused by the equipment itself; The second is to regularly strengthen the inspection of power generation equipment, once the problem is found, it is timely dealt with, and then reduce the interference of the signal.
[17]
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology, also known as
Multi-antenna technique
by
Communication link
In the past 20 years, it has been one of the mainstream technologies in the field of wireless communication to provide diversity gain to improve the reliability of the system, provide multiplexing gain to increase the spectral efficiency of the system, and provide array gain to improve the power efficiency of the system.
MIMO technology
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project has been approved by The 3rd Generation Partnership Project,
3GPP
) of
LTE/LTE-Advanced
with
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) adopted 4G standards such as WiMAX. However, the existing 4G system base station configuration antenna number is small (generally no more than 8), MIMO performance gain is greatly limited. In view of the shortcomings of traditional MIMO technology, Marzetta of Bell LABS in the United States proposed the concept of Massive MIMO (Massive MIMO or Very Large MIMO) in 2010. In the massive MIMO system, the base station is equipped with tens to hundreds of antennas, which increases the number of antennas by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude compared with traditional MIMO system. The base station makes full use of the spatial freedom of the system to serve several users in the same time-frequency resource.
The evolution from traditional MIMO to massive MIMO is a process from quantitative change to qualitative change. Since the number of base station antennas and the number of air division users in massive MIMO have increased by orders of magnitude compared with traditional MIMO, there are similarities and differences in the basic principles and specific methods of wireless communication, and fruitful achievements have been achieved in the basic theory of massive MIMO, channel measurement and modeling, channel information acquisition, wireless transmission, experiment and testing. Massive MIMO has passed relatively ideal laboratory validation and field tests closer to reality, and has achieved huge performance gains in line with expectations. In the future, the research and development institutions will further carry out networking verification, laying a good foundation for the future commercial use of large-scale MIMO in 5G systems.
[18]
5G mobile communication technology can meet people's needs for fast growing mobile communication services such as high speed, large capacity, high reliability and low delay. On a large scale
MIMO
As one of the key technologies of 5G mobile communication, active antenna technology can be greatly improved by spatial reuse
Frequency spectrum
Use efficiency, combined with new
encoding
The technology can greatly improve the communication system capacity and communication rate. Therefore, the massive MIMO active antenna technology is 5G
Mobile communication base station
The technology is generally used, but it is followed by the problem of how to test 5G base station antennas.
For traditional base stations, antennas and
RRU
Radio Remote Unite (RF remote Unit) is separated from each other, they are connected by RF cable, relatively independent, performance does not affect each other, their respective performance can be verified by independent testing.
antenna
Radiation performance tests are available at
Microwave darkroom
Done either far or near field,
Passive antenna
Both far-field and near-field testing methods are widely used to test antenna performance. Radiofrequency indicators of RRU can be conducted in the laboratory
measure
.
With reference to the traditional base station testing methods, it is easy to put forward the scheme of dividing the active antenna system into passive antenna array and RRU for antenna radiation performance testing and RF conduction testing respectively. In fact, according to laboratory test experience, the beamforming pattern measured by "passive antenna array + power division network + signal source" is integrated with the 5G base station active antenna
OTA
the results of the Over the Air tests have been inconsistent. The RF performance conduction test results of the "RRU+ coupling board" are also different from the RF radiation index measured by the integrated OTA. The reason is that for 5G base station antennas, the antenna is integrated with RRU, on the one hand
Electromagnetic coupling
Interference factors such as active standing wave can not be completely eliminated; On the other hand, the calibration and amplitude-phase weighting of active antennas are accomplished through a series of active devices on each RF channel, which is very different from the way that passive antenna arrays are weighted by passive power division networks. Therefore, for 5G base stations using large-scale MIMO active antenna technology, integration
OTA testing
In order to effectively reflect its performance indicators. Especially to
Millimeter wave
The frequency band,
Frequency band
Taller, smaller equipment size,
Electromagnetic interference
The problem is more prominent, the split test will be very difficult, can only use the integrated OTA test solution.
The 3GPP 5G new air interface protocol frozen in December 2017 has written OTA test specifications for all radio frequency performance indicators of 5G base stations, which means that 5G base station antenna integration OTA test will become 5G base stations
Hardware performance
Test the main scenario. However, OTA testing of RF indicators still faces many difficulties.
[19]
The 1-H, 1-O and 2-O station types defined in the 5G standard all specify the corresponding OTA RF test items. In particular, 1-O and 2-O station types, without the traditional conduction test antenna interface, all RF test items need to be tested in OTA environment, test items include transmit power, modulation quality, occupied bandwidth, adjacent channel leakage power ratio, stray, intermodulation, sensitivity, blocking, and so on. So a full anechoic room for OTA testing such as:
Far field
,
Packed field
Midfields, small fields with plane-wave generators, etc., become necessary environmental choices.
3GPP
It is recommended in the standard
Far field
There are four options: compressed field, one-dimensional compressed field, and near-field, and suggestions on calibration and testing methods for MU (Measurement Uncertainty) of different fields and related test items are given. For one-dimensional compressed field, the plane wave generator has been developed according to the similar principle, and a lot of system testing and verification work has been carried out.
[20]
5G base station AAU uses Massive
MIMO
(large-scale multi-input multi-output) technology, resulting in increased equipment power, 5G base station power is about
4G
3~4 times the base station; At the same time, a large number of 5G base stations and existing base stations are built together, which brings greater difficulties to the supporting power of base stations. If the original switching power supply is shared directly, the switching power supply capacity will be insufficient.
Rechargeable battery
Lack of backup time; If you need to build or replace a switching power supply, you will waste a lot of investment. Operators have different requirements for 5G base stations and the original base station power backup time, how to configure switching power supplies and batteries; How can 5G reduce power loss? These are the problems that need to be solved when 5G base station construction.
[21]
Conventional switching power supply
Using traditional switching power supply to supply 5G power is the most commonly used 5G power supply construction solution. Traditional switching power supply: When the total capacity of the switching power supply is sufficient, you can directly use the original switching power supply and expand the rectifier module and battery. When the total capacity of the switching power supply is insufficient, you can replace or create a new switching power supply.
[21]
Advantages: Using the original base station switching power supply, only need to expand the rectifier module, which can save a lot of investment, shorten the construction period, and quickly deliver the project. When the traditional switching power supply is used, the AC power can be used to power the equipment after one conversion through the switching power supply, the number of power conversion is small, and the conversion efficiency is high.
[21]
Disadvantages: AAU (Active antenna unit) uses 48V power supply, the power supply distance is short, and the loss is large. If the same set of switching power supply is used to power the original device and the 5G device, the backup time of the 5G device is the same as that of other original devices. If the capacity of the original battery is insufficient, the new battery needs to be connected in parallel with the battery switching system (also known as the battery sharing manager), which will increase the construction cost.
[21]
DC/DC
The (DC/DC) converter powers 5G, adding DC/DC devices on the basis of the traditional power supply scheme.
[21]
Advantages: Add less equipment, power supply distance is far.
[21]
Disadvantages: There are many times of electric energy conversion, and the energy loss is large in the conversion process.
[21]
High voltage DC remote supply
High voltage DC remote supply, this solution is based on the traditional switching power supply, add DC remote supply equipment for 5G equipment power supply.
[21]
Advantages: The power supply distance is far, 5G application scenarios are basically no restrictions, suitable for long-distance, high-power power supply scenarios, if the two stations need to build a new optical cable, photoelectric composite cable can be used to reduce the construction cost of optical cable and reduce costs.
[21]
Disadvantages: More equipment needs to be added, and the power in a short distance is due to many conversion times, and the loss is large, compared with the traditional switching power supply.
[21]
Distributed power supply for 5G is often used for existing base stations and new base stations.
[21]
Distributed power supply + blade battery
Distributed power supply + blade battery for 5G power supply is often used in existing base stations and new base stations.
[21]
Base station energy consumption is mainly electricity, compared with 4G network, 5G power consumption is not only increased by more than three times, and due to the attenuation of coverage, the number of 5G base station demand is doubled, therefore, for operators, the high power consumption of 5G base stations has even become the main reason for restricting 5G network construction.
[22]
5G base station
The main energy consumption of 5G base stations is concentrated in four parts: base station, transmission, power supply and room air conditioning, and the electricity expenditure of base stations accounts for more than 80% of the overall network energy consumption. In the power consumption of base station, the baseband unit (BBU) which is responsible for processing signal codec is relatively small, and the radio frequency unit (RRU/AAU) is the main source of power consumption.
It is estimated that at the current average transfer electricity price of 1.3 yuan/degree, the annual electricity cost of a 4G base station is 20,280 yuan, and the annual electricity cost of a 5G base station will be as high as 54,600 yuan.
At present, the mobile communication base station room is a fully enclosed room, and the power supply equipment, transmission equipment and transmission equipment in the room are larger heating bodies. To maintain a certain working environment temperature in the machine room (base station environmental standard GB50174-93 stipulates that the base station temperature is 18°C-28°C for a long time), mainly by air conditioning to achieve, in order to ensure that the equipment operates at a constant temperature, not because the temperature is too high and down, the refrigeration system must be continuously cooled for the base station, which is also one of the important reasons for high operating costs.
[22]
1. Transition from power transfer mode to direct power supply mode. On March 24, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the Notice on Promoting the Accelerated development of 5G, pointing out that supporting facilities such as base stations and computer rooms with the conditions should be accelerated from power supply to direct power supply. In the absence of subsidies, the price of direct supply is about 20 per cent lower than that of conversion.
[22]
2. Policy support. Many local governments have put forward targeted support such as reducing electricity charges in 5G strategic planning, and local governments have introduced policies to open up various municipal public resources to speed up 5G network construction, and financial support has also become the focus of local policy support.
[22]
5G networks are fully cloud-based, bringing functional flexibility while also bringing many technical and engineering challenges:
(1) Network cloud makes cross-layer fault location difficult, and the later upgrade process is more complicated and inefficient.
(2) The introduction of edge computing doubled the number of nes and increased the difficulty of locating problems.
(3) Microservice, users more customized business, but also put forward high requirements for business orchestration ability.
(4) In terms of transmission, massive tunnels are dynamically changing, and manual planning and analysis and adjustment cannot meet business needs; The construction and maintenance of high-precision clock requires high and difficult requirements, and new support means are needed. Large-width transmission, once failure occurs, requires faster recovery of technical means, otherwise it will lead to greater impact and loss.
[23]
By the end of 2022, the province has built 27,831 new 5G base stations throughout the year, and built a total of 85,149 5G base stations, and the total number of base stations has risen to 10th in the country
[99]
.
By the end of 2022, the number of 5G base stations per 10,000 people in Chongqing reached 19.04, higher than the national average of 16.39, ranking first in the west.
[110]
On January 18, 2023, The State Council Information Office held a press conference: Tian Yulong, chief engineer and spokesman of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, introduced that 887,000 5G base stations were added annually in 2022 (currently 2.312,000, accounting for more than 60% of the world's total), and 110 cities in China have reached the gigabit city construction standard; The number of mobile iot connections reached 1.84 billion, and China became the first major economy in the world to achieve "superhuman things". 5G users reached 561 million, accounting for one third of mobile phone users, 2.75 times the global average.
[95]
On February 28, 2023, the National Bureau of Statistics issued the Statistical Communique of the People's Republic of China on National Economic and Social Development in 2022. According to the preliminary calculation, the number of mobile phone base stations by the end of 2022 was 10.83 million, of which 5G base stations were 2.31 million.
[101]
On April 20, 2023, the reporter learned from the press conference of the State Information Office that by the end of the first quarter, China had built a total of more than 2.64 million 5G base stations, 110 gigabit cities across the country had been built, gigabit access users exceeded 100 million scale, mobile network IPv6 traffic exceeded 50% for the first time, and the comprehensive capacity of computing infrastructure was significantly improved. 5G has been applied in many fields such as industry, medical care, education, transportation, and tourism, and has been fully integrated into 52 national economic categories.
[106]
By the end of April 2023, Beijing has built 313,000 communication base stations, including 90,000 5G base stations, accounting for 28.7% of the total base stations, and the number of 5G base stations per 10,000 people is the first in the country.
[111]
August 28, 2023, China Internet Network Information Center today released the 52nd "China's Internet Development Statistics Report". According to the report, as of June 2023, the total number of mobile phone base stations reached 11.29 million, of which 2.937 million 5G base stations were built and opened, accounting for 26% of the total number of mobile base stations.
[124]
By the end of September 2023, Yunnan Province has completed a total investment of 3.96 billion yuan in 5G network construction, built 20,216 5G base stations, and added 32,631 5G base stations, completing the annual target task three months ahead of schedule.
[131]
On February 29, 2024, the National Bureau of Statistics issued the Statistical Communique of the People's Republic of China on National Economic and Social Development in 2023, indicating that the number of mobile phone base stations by the end of 2023 was 11.62 million, of which 3.38 million were 5G base stations.
[144]
In 2023, Beijing will promote the construction of a smart city, implement the action plan of "Optical network Capital, ten trillion City", and build a total of 107,000 5G base stations, ranking first in the number of 5G base stations per 10,000 people in the country's provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities).
[145]
