The Yellow River is located China The great river in the north is one of the longest rivers in the world and the second longest river in China (also known as the second largest river). The "yellow" of the Yellow River is actually sand. There is an ancient book: "The Yellow River is filled with water, and mud is in its seven." Ninety percent of the sediment of the Yellow River comes from Loess plateau The soil of the Loess Plateau is loose, easy to erode and disperse, and a lot of water and soil is lost when it is washed by heavy rains, and it runs into the Yellow River. ^[33] Winter is long and summer is short, and the temperature difference between winter and summer is great. The precipitation in the basin is small, to Dry farming It is mainly dry in winter and dry in spring, and the precipitation is concentrated in summer, autumn, July and August. ^[1]

The Yellow River originates from Tibetan plateau Of the northern foothills of the Bayan Kera Mountains Joguzunle Basin It flows from west to east Qinghai (Province) , Sichuan , Gansu (Province) , Ningxia , Inner Mongolia , Shanxi (Province) , Shaanxi (Province) , Henan (Province) and Shandong (Province) 9 province ( municipality ) and finally flow in The Bohai Sea . The length of the Yellow River is about 5,464 kilometers Basin area "People's Daily" said: about 752,443 square kilometers ^[1] The Ministry of Water Resources website "Yellow River Network" is recorded as: the total area of the basin is 795,000 square kilometers (including the internal flow area of 42,000 square kilometers). ^[2] .

The middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River Mountainous region Mainly, middle and downstream to plain , hill Main. Because the middle part of the river flows through China Loess plateau The region, therefore, carries a large amount of sediment, so it is also known as the world's most sand-laden river. But in Chinese history On, the lower Yellow River is rerouted to Human civilization It had a huge impact.

The Yellow River is Chinese civilization Most important cradle The Chinese call it Chinese nation 's" Mother river ". It carries 1.6 billion tons of sediment each year, of which 1.2 billion tons flow into the sea, and the remaining 400 million tons remain in the lower reaches of the Yellow River for years to form Alluvial plain In favor of plant . ^[3] ^[35]

The Yellow River basin is the earliest developed area in China. When most parts of the world were still in the state of ignorance, our industrious and brave ancestors cut thorns and grass on this vast land, worked hard and made a living, and created a splendid ancient culture. ^[4]

Chinese name: The Yellow River
Foreign name: the Huanghe River
the Yellow River
alias: Mother River of China , River water , Turbid river , Suspended river ^[5]
Drainage system: It flows into the Bohai river system alone
Geographical position: Northern China
Flow area: Qinghai (Province) , Sichuan , Gansu (Province) , Ningxia , Inner Mongolia , Shanxi (Province) , Shaanxi (Province) , Henan (Province) , Shandong (Province)

cradle: Tibetan plateau The Bayankhara Mountains
Main tributary: The Fenhe River (in Henan Province) , The Taohe River (in Hebei Province) , Weihe River
Length of river: About 5464 km
Basin area: 752443 km²
Average discharge: 2571 m³/s
Ocean injection: The Bohai Sea

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Main stream profile

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Overview of the main stream

Yellow River Source

Qinghai Province Maduo county The area above the Duosi Gorge is the river source area with an area of 22,800 square kilometers. It is part of the Qinghai Plateau and belongs to the wide valley belt of the lake basin with an altitude of more than 4,200 meters. Around the basin, the mountains are powerful and there are west The Yaradze Mountains , a surname The Anima Mountains (also known as Jishi Mountain), the north has Burhanbuda Mountains , Nan Yi The Bayan Kera Mountains It is bounded by the Yangtze River Basin. West end of lake basin Joguzunje Is the birthplace of the Yellow River. ^[7]

Qinghai province Maduo county Yellow River source area^[8]

Astral sea There are three branches above: zigzag , Joguzonlequ and Cajic . zigzag It is located in the northernmost part of the country and originates in the Chahasila Mountains. The river is 70 kilometers long, with narrow channels, few tributaries, limited water, and no flow for most of the year. Joguzonlequ Located in the west of the star, in the middle of the three upper sources, originating in the southwest corner of the Jogulazong Basin, 4750 meters above sea level, the water is very small, 1.0 to 1.5 meters wide, 0.1 to 0.2 meters deep stream. The south branch is Cajic Originating from the northern foot of Bayan Kera mountain branch of the various positions of the hill, 4800 meters above sea level, there are 5 springs from the valley, a wide of about 3 meters, a depth of 0.3 ~ 0.5 meters, the flow rate of about 3 meters/second of a river, the river has water all year round. ^[9]

The earliest record about the source of the Yellow River is in the Warring States Period. A surname , Yugon There is a saying that "guiding the river and accumulating stones, as for the dragon gate". It refers to "accumulating stones" in today's Qinghai Province Xunhua Sala Autonomous County Nearby, there is a considerable distance from the source of the river. In the ninth year of Zhenguan (635 AD), Hou Junji and Li Daozong were ordered to attack Tuyuhun and invade Xingsuchuan (i.e Astral sea The Daber Sea (i.e Zhaling Lake Look at Jishi Mountain, look at the river source. Tang Muzong In the first year of Changqing (821 AD), Liu Yuanding was sent to Tibet, passing through Heyuan District, and learned that Heyuan originated from Purple Mountain (today's Bayan Khara Mountain).

The official reconnaissance of the river source, was in Yuan Dynasty In the seventeenth year of the Yuan (1280), Shizu ordered Ronglu Gong Du Shi to recruit ambassadors, pay gold tiger Fu, to seek the source of the river, which lasted four months, to find out the location of the two great lakes (Yuan history called "two Juze", collectively called "A Naer"), and traced back to the Star Sea, and then drew the earliest map of the source area of the Yellow River.

Qing Kangxi forty-three years (1704), ordered Lassi, Shulan to explore the source of the river. After exploring the source, they drew the Map of the Source of the Stars and Rivers, and wrote the Record of the Source of Rivers, pointing out that "the source of three rivers" flowing east into Zhaling Lake can be regarded as the source of the Yellow River. In 1717, the fifty-sixth year of Kangxi, Lamas Chulqin Zangpo and LAN Muzhan Pa were sent to Heyuan to map. A book written by Qi Zhaonan during the Qianlong period Watercourse outline "Pointed out: the Yellow River on the source of three rivers (the north source of the Yellow River is zigzag The middle source is Jogu Zongliqu (that is, Maqu), and the south source is Kari Qu ^[10] The middle one, called the Altan River (that is, Maqu), is the "source" of the Yellow River.

In 1952, the Yellow River Committee organized the Yellow River Source survey team to survey and measure the source of the Yellow River and the possibility of transferring water from the Tongtian River to the Yellow River, which lasted for four months and confirmed that Maqu was the positive source of the Yellow River in history.

In 1978, the People's Government of Qinghai Province and the Qinghai Provincial Military region invited the relevant units to form an investigation team to conduct field visits and put forward the proposal of Kariqu as the source of the river (called the article in many counties: the south source of Kariqu, Kariqu from all kinds of winter ya and Nazha Ren, should be the positive source, there are three reasons: one has a long history, the two water colors are the same as Maqu, and the three water amounts are larger. ^[10] According to the 100,000th aerial map measurement, the Karriqu is 25 km longer than the Jogurezonqu. The Kariqu watershed covers an area of 3,126 square kilometers, while the Guzonglequ watershed covers an area of 2,372 square kilometers. Near the confluence of Kariqu and Guzongliqu, the measured flow rate of Kariqu is 6.3 cubic meters per second, and the measured flow rate of Yoguzongliqu is 2.5 cubic meters per second. According to the investigation of the source of the Yellow River in 1978, Kariqu was identified as the positive source of the Yellow River. ^[9] ).

In 1985, the Yellow Committee confirmed that Maqu was the source of the Yellow River according to historical tradition and opinions of various families Joguzunle Basin Maqu Quguo in the southwest corner, 95°59 '24 "east longitude, 35°01' 18" north latitude, set up the river source sign. ^[7]

In 2008, the scientific investigation team at the source of the three rivers concluded that because Kariqu was 36.54 kilometers longer and the flow rate was twice as much as that of Yuozongliqu, in accordance with the three standards determined by the international river source, that is, "the river source is only long, the flow is only large, and the direction is consistent with the mainstream", while taking into account the basin area, river development period, and historical habits. The expedition team proposes to locate the source of the Yellow River after the examination and approval of the scientific research results through legal procedures Cajic . ^[11]

The measurement results in autumn 2008 show that the source of the Yellow River takes the inlet of Zhaling Lake as the settlement point, and the main source lengths are as follows:

Maqu (Jogu Zonlequ) - Maqu fruit: 217,093.6 m;

Maqu (Jogu Zonglequ) - Jogu Zonglequ (Qingorao Longwa) : 222,865.3 m;

Kari Qu fruit: 234,601.7 meters;

Kari Qu - Gari A Qiang Kha Qu - Luang Kha Qu: 24,486.1 m;

Kari Qu - Kari A Qiang Kha Qu - Lalang Love Qu (Laha Chung Qu) : 250,547.1 m;

Kari Qu - Kari A Qiangkqu - Lalang Love Qu - Natha Longcha River: 256523.0 meters.

Main stream trend

According to the geographical, geological and hydrological conditions of the formation and development of the basin, the main stream of the Yellow River can be divided into upper, middle, lower and 11 river sections.

upstream

Heyuan to Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Tokoto County The river is 3471.6 kilometers long, and the basin area is 428,000 square kilometers, accounting for 53.8% of the whole river basin area.

Upper reaches of the Yellow River Maduo county More stone gorge above the river source area. Heyuan is known locally as Maqu. "Ma" is Ma Sha, meaning peacock in Tibetan, "Qu" is the river, "Ma Qu" is the peacock River. Kongqi River starts from Joguzunle Basin Maqu Quguo Day (meaning the source mountain of the Yellow River) in the southwest corner of Karizha mountain, the hillside spring group gathers into the east, middle and west three springs, the east is the largest, and the local Tibetans call it Maqu Quguo (the source of the Yellow River), its geographical location is 95°59 '24 "east longitude and 35°01' 18" north latitude. After the three springs converge, many large and small water moorings are connected in series, gradually forming a 6-9 meter wide river, which flows into the northeast Joguzunje .

The section of the river that passes through the Yoguzunle Basin, also known as Joguzonlequ It connects large and small water moorings, winding northeast through the first canyon -- Mangga Gorge (18 km long) enter Ma Chung. Ma Yong is the Yellow River Beach, from Manggaxia exit to Zhaling Lake, 40 kilometers long from east to west, about 20 kilometers wide from north to south, the western half of the Yellow River Beach is famous Astral sea .

The Yellow River flows through Astral sea Has accepted the northwest flow of Zaqu and southwest flow Cajic The amount of water increased and continued to the east for about 20 kilometers to enter Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake. Out of Ling Lake eastbound 65 kilometers through the upper reaches of the Yellow River first county Maduo county .

Maduo County section of upper reaches of Yellow River

The river basin above the Yellow River covers an area of more than 20,000 square kilometers, with an annual water volume of 500 million cubic meters, and the river surface is usually 30 to 40 meters wide.

Madol to the lower River Along the river Section: The river is 2211.4 kilometers long, the water level is 2985 meters, is the Yellow River Hydraulic resources The rich mining area. The Yellow River flows through Tibetan plateau with Loess plateau The geological conditions of the junction area are complex. Above the Longyang Gorge, most of them are located at the head of the Qinghai-Tibet "Dya" type structural system, and below the Longyang Gorge is controlled by the Qiluhe "mountain" type structural system. The crust is distorted and folds develop, forming a series of mountains that strike northwest or almost east-west. The Yellow River flows through these valleys or develops along large faults, and its flow direction is mostly orthogonal or oblique to the mountain, and the valley is alternately wide and narrow. It has the longest gorge, the Laga Gorge, the narrowest Fox Gorge, and the steepest Longyang Gorge .

Xiaheyan to Hekou Town: The river length is 990 kilometers, the basin area of 174,000 square kilometers (including the internal flow area), the water drop of 246 meters, the channel gradient of 2.5 children, is a wide and shallow plain alluvial river.

The Yellow River is in the Hetao Plain of Inner Mongolia^[13]

This section of the river begins to flow from south to north, gradually turns east to Sansheng Gong, and turns south to Hekou Town, forming the famous "Yellow River Loop". From the lower river to Shizuishan, the Yellow River flows through the rich Ningxia Plain The river is 317 kilometers long and 400 to 3,000 meters wide, with a gradient of 4.5 to 10,000 children. The riverbed is made up of sand and pebbles. From Shizuishan to Dengkou, the Yellow River runs between the Ulan Buhe Desert and the Ordos Plateau. The river is 88 kilometers long, with a gradient of 2.9 per 10,000 children. The river bed shrinks and gravel bedrock is exposed in some areas. The water surface is 300 to 700 meters wide. rung To Hekou Town, the Yellow River winds through Inner Mongolia Hetao plain Above, the river is 585 kilometers long and 500 to 2,500 meters wide, with a gradient of 1.3 10,000 children, and the water flows slowly, making it a curved plain river.

Middle reaches

The Yellow River reaches the middle reaches from Hekou Town to Taohua Valley in Zhengzhou City, Henan Province. The middle reaches of the river are 1,206.4 kilometers long, covering 344,000 square kilometers, accounting for 43.3% of the total basin area, with a drop of 890 meters and an average gradient of 7.4 per 10,000 children.

From Hekou to Yumen, the Yellow River plunged 725 kilometers to the south, dropping 607 meters to 8.4 per 10,000 children. The rolling yellow stream, rushing ceaselessly, divides the Loess Plateau into two parts, forming a canyon-like channel. With the river as the boundary, the left bank is Shanxi Province, and the right bank is Shaanxi Province, so it is called Jinshan Gorge .

The Yellow River is in the Jinshan Gorge^[14]

Jinshan Gorge locate Ordos The structure of platform syncline is simple at the junction of Shanxi platform anticline. This section of the river channel is relatively straight, the valley bottom is wide, most of them are 400 ~ 600 meters. On both sides of the canyon is a vast loess plateau with loose soil and serious soil erosion. Tributary water systems are particularly developed, with 56 tributaries larger than 100 square kilometers. The basin area of this valley section is 110,000 square kilometers, accounting for 15% of the whole river's catchment area. The tributaries in the region transport 900 million tons of sediment to the main stream on average every year, accounting for 56% of the total annual sediment transport, which is the most sediment source area in the Yellow River basin.

Jinshan Canyon reach, more moraine flow, lower section Hukou Waterfall It is the only waterfall in the main stream of the Yellow River.

Hukou Waterfall on the Yellow River

At the end of the Jinshan Gorge is Longmen. The situation here is dangerous, both sides of the cliff cliff, like a knife chopping axe. Longmen Mountain on the left bank and Liangshan on the right bank face off against each other, shrinking the river width to about 100 meters. Longmen is the ancient road ferry connecting Jinshan traffic, which was ferried by wooden boats in history. After the liberation of Xi 'an ~ Houma railway and road, are passed here, built a modern bridge.

The Yellow River emerges from the Jinshan Gorge, its surface is suddenly wide and its water flows gently. from Yumun to Tongguan (a county in Henan Province) The river is 125 kilometers long, with a drop of 52 meters and a gradient of 4 10,000 children. The valley is 3 to 15 km wide, with an average width of 8.5 km. The channel beach trough is obvious, the beach surface is wide, and the beach area is 600 square kilometers. The beach is 0.5 ~ 2.0 meters above the water level. This section of the channel changes violently, the main stream swings frequently, there is "30 years of river east, 30 years of river west" said, is a wandering river. The basin from Yumenmen to Tongguan covers an area of 185,000 square kilometers, and the big tributaries into it are Weihe River and Tongguan River The Fenhe River (in Henan Province) .

The Yellow River passes Tongguan and turns east for 356 kilometers to Taohua Valley in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, with a drop of 231 meters and an average gradient of 6 10,000 children. Among them, the loess canyon, 113 kilometers above Sanmenxia, is more open. It runs 151 kilometers below Sanmenxia and runs between the Zhongtiao Mountains and the Xiaoshan Mountains. It is the last gorge section of the Yellow River that runs between Henan and Shanxi provinces, hence the name Jinzhou-Henan Gorge. Sanmenxia to peach blossom valley area large tributaries Luohe River and Qin River The basin area of the region is 42,000 square kilometers, which is the common rainstorm center of the Yellow River basin. Heavy rainfall is one of the main sources of flood in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. Below Mengjin is the transition section of the Yellow River from the mountainous area to the plain. South of Mangshan Mountain, north of Qingfengling, part of the embankment.

downstream

The Yellow River peach blossom valley to the estuary for the downstream. The river basin covers an area of 23,000 square kilometers, accounting for only 3% of the total basin area. The river course is 785.6 kilometers long, with a drop of 94 meters, and the gradient is steep and gentle, averaging 1.11 10,000 children. The downstream river runs through the North China Plain, and most of the river is restricted by dikes. The total area of the river is 4240 square kilometers. Due to a large amount of sediment deposition, the river is raised year by year, the river bed is 3 to 5 meters higher than the ground of the back river, and some reaches, such as the southern Fengqiu Caogang near 10 meters higher, is the world's famous "overhanging river", becoming the watershed of Huaihe River and Haihe river system.

Lankao section of the Yellow River

Limited by historical conditions, the current river channel of the lower reaches of the Yellow River is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom. Peach blossom in the valley Lankao County The 136km long Dongba Tou river is a river of Ming and Qing Dynasties with a history of 300 ~ 500 years. The Dongbaitou to Taochengpu river section is 236 kilometers long, the Yellow River was diverted in 1855, flooding after more than 20 years to gradually build embankments. Taochengpu below is the old Daqing River track.

The length of the peach blossom Valley ~ Gaokun river is 206.5 kilometers, the general dike distance between the two sides is 5 ~ 14 kilometers, the widest is 20 kilometers, the river is wide and shallow, the river center is sandy, the water is scattered, the erosion and deposition changes are drastic, and the mainstream is wandering, which is a typical wandering river. Because the water flow is restricted by the mud nozzle, the dangerous work and the high beach cliff, the river channel forms a number of nodes, which has a certain guiding effect on the river regime. In the past, due to the swing of the main trough, serious beach collapse was caused. According to the survey from 1949 to 1958, the Zhengzhou to Sunkou River section lost an average of 53 square kilometers of tidal flats every year, most of which were above Gao Cun.

Gaocun to Taochengpu river section, 165 km long. The dike distance is 1.5 ~ 8.5 kilometers, and the swing and speed of the main trough are smaller than the wandering river section, generally in 3 ~ 4 kilometers, which belongs to the transitional river section between the wandering river and the curved river. After rectification, the river channel has gradually stabilized. Tao Chengpu to Lijin River section, more than 310 kilometers long, the embankment from 0.4 to 5 kilometers, the two sides of the dangerous, control projects row upon row, the length of the protection section accounted for 70% of the river length, the river has been basically controlled, the plane changes little, belongs to the curved river.

Dongying section of Yellow River estuary

Below Lijin is the estuary of the Yellow River. The Yellow River estuary is located between the Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay, the coastal area of the ocean dynamics is weak, the tidal range is generally about 1 meter, is a weak tide, sandy, frequent swing of the continental estuary.

Because the Yellow River carries a large amount of sediment to the estuary area, most of it is deposited in the coastal zone, reclaimed land, and shaped the Yellow River delta. With the siltation, extension and oscillation of the Yellow River estuary, the flow path into the sea changes accordingly. In history, the river below Lijin has been changed many times, and after 1949, there have been three planned artificial changes, and the river length of the estuary has been constantly changing. In the 1990s, the Yellow River estuary flow path into the sea was a new channel shaped by gradual sedimentation after the artificial diversion through the clear ditch in 1976. ^[15]

Yellow River estuary

Channel change

The gestation, birth and development of the Yellow River are subject to the period of local history Geological process , in order to Crustal fluctuation generated Tectonic movement for Exogenic force , in order to hydrogeography Conditions that arise on their own erosion , carry Piled as Endogenic agent . In the course of the history of the river, the movement has never stopped and The Times have changed. Soil erosion in the Loess Plateau and sediment accumulation in the lower reaches of the Yellow River have been going on since the prehistoric geological period, and have been increasingly affected by human activities since then. According to various studies, the ancient Yellow River had three stages of development: Tertiary period to quaternary The early Pleistocene was the gestation period of the ancient Yellow River. quaternary The Middle Pleistocene (1.15 million to 100,000 years ago) the birth and growth period of the ancient Yellow River. In the late Pleistocene (100,000-10,000 years ago), the Yellow River formed an ocean system. ^[3]

In the historical period, the Yellow River in the plain reaches of the upper and middle reaches has also undergone changes, and some changes have been great. Such as the Inner Mongolia Hetao reach, before 1850 under the Dengkou, mainly divided into two branches, the north branch for the mainstream, walk Yinshan Mountain Underfoot called Uga The southern branch is now the Yellow River. In 1850, the lower reaches of the Uga River in the north of Xishanzui were silted and cut off for about 15 kilometers, and the southern branch became the main stream, while the northern branch became the backwater channel in the later irrigation area. The Longmen ~ Tongguan river also swings greatly. However, these changes have little effect on the development of the whole Yellow River. The changes of the Yellow River mainly occur in the lower reaches.

Historically, the range of changes in the lower reaches of the Yellow River is roughly to the north Haihe River South to the Jianghuai River. According to historical documents, the lower Yellow River breached and flooded more than 1,500 times, and more than 20 large diversions were formed Ancient route of the Yellow River . ^[6] ^[32]

Tributary drainage

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runoff

Huanghoensis Pacific The water system. The main stream is more curved, known as the "nine-curved Yellow River", the actual flow of the river is 2.64 times the linear distance from the river source to the mouth. There are many tributaries of the Yellow River, from Maquiguo at the source of the river to the estuary, along the way directly into the Yellow River, a total of 220 tributaries with a drainage area of more than 100 square kilometers, forming the Yellow River system. There are 76 tributaries with an area larger than 1,000 square kilometers, and the river basin covers 580,000 square kilometers, accounting for 77 percent of the river's catchment area. There are 11 tributaries of more than 10,000 square kilometers, and the drainage area reaches 370,000 square kilometers, accounting for 50% of the whole river collection area. The larger tributaries constitute the main area of the Yellow River basin.

Yellow River basin map^[16]

The tributaries on the left and right banks of the Yellow River are asymmetrically distributed, and their inlet density is uneven along the river, and the growth rate of the basin area along the river is very different. The drainage area of the left bank of the Yellow River is 293,000 square kilometers, and the drainage area of the right bank is 459,000 square kilometers, accounting for 39% and 61% of the total drainage area of the Yellow River, respectively. First class tributaries larger than 100 square kilometers, 96 on the left bank, with a drainage area of 230,000 square kilometers; There are 124 on the right bank, covering an area of 397,000 square kilometers. From Longmen to Tongguan, the basin area on the right bank is 3 times that on the left bank. The average growth rate of the catchment area of the whole river is 138 square kilometers per kilometer. The upper reaches of the river are 3472 kilometers long, and the area growth rate is 111 square kilometers per kilometer. The middle reaches of the river are 1206 kilometers long, and many tributaries flow into it, with an area growth rate of 285 square kilometers per kilometer. The lower reaches of the river are 786 kilometers long, with few tributaries, and the area growth rate is only 29 square kilometers per kilometer.

According to geomorphic features, the Yellow River system can be divided into three types: mountain, mountain front and plain. These different types of rivers are distributed throughout the basin. Due to the influence of complex geological structure, bedrock properties and surface morphology, the plane structure of the water system presents a variety of different forms, and the density of the river network is also different in different places. ^[17]

polychus The west stream in the north of the Riji Mountain, called Luoqu, the south stream in the Dongche Mountain, called Bemin Qu, and after conjoining from the Gata Skew Mawuntu near the county, in Zhaling Lake , Eiling Lake The middle enters the Yellow River. River length 128.9 kilometers, a total of 29 tributaries, the source from the north of Rijishan, called Riwo Yashi water, left Yashidang long water injection, left Wodonglabao water injection, water is the Linghe River, right plus Rizha water injection, and there are two Linghe river injection, left Sodilong water injection, right Toloqu injection left Caidimaya water injection, On the right there is the injection of Penzi Xiange water, on the left there is the water injection of Todi Todo, on the right there is the water injection of Nalonggam, on the left there is the water injection of Nienjilongba and two other unnamed seasonal small water injections, and on the left there is the water injection of Nuchin, on the right there is the water injection of Akang Cang, on the right there is the water injection of Serxiao Gongma, on the left there is the water injection of Neijin, on the right there is another small water injection, and on the right there is the water injection of Baimuqu. Duoqu flows from west to east to north to northeast, with Zagalong water injection on the left, Nameless River and Bogyongqu injection on the right, and Mingqu, Gata Xianmu Villen water and Gata Gronna water injection on the left, leaving the county border near Gata Ximauntu, the water width at the exit is 39 meters, the water depth is 1.3 meters, and the flow rate is 1.5 meters per second.

Bai Mu Qu is a major tributary of Duoqu, and it is the south source. It is composed of 22 different sizes of water, such as Akbulong Water, Sangka Water, Bemin Heluo Chang Water, Xiayongshui Water, Gongde Tongshui water, Cuomma water, La Xianglong Baza Ranglong Water, and Da Yongqu water. Among them, Xiayongshui water, Gong de Yongshui water, Cuomma water, La Xianglong Jishui water, and Zhalanglong Jishui water are all larger, and each is composed of several rivers. Baimuqu is 83.7 kilometers long, south of Amtso and Guancha, and the confluence with Duoqu water 30 meters wide, 0.7 meters deep, the flow rate of 0.5 meters per second.

Lalang Love Qu, in the northwest corner of Chengduoxian County, by Zangjialongshui, thermonic Eshui, Nazhalongzha River and other large and small tributaries merged into 16, most of them are the Ling River, to DuoReqiangka, Lalang love Qu and Bangka Qu, called DuoReqiangka, is an important tributary of Kariqu. ^[10]

The White and Black Rivers are the upper reaches of the Yellow River Sichuan Province The two large tributaries in the territory, located in the southern part of the Yellow River basin, flow through the Ruoige Plateau in the north of Sichuan, the watershed of the two rivers is low, there is no obvious watershed boundary, there is a landscape of different water in the same valley, and the characteristics of the basin are basically the same, called "sister river".

Black River (also known as Moqu), because of the development of swamp peat on both sides of the river, the river is gray. White River (also known as Gaqu), higher terrain, peat exposure is not obvious, the river is clearer.

The Taohe River (in Hebei Province) It is a large tributary of the upper right bank of the Yellow River, originating from the west slope of Shandong in Henan Mongolian Autonomous County, Qinghai Province, and entering the Liujixia Reservoir area of the Yellow River in Yongjing County, Gansu Province, with a total length of 673 kilometers and a watershed area of 25,527 square kilometers. According to the statistics of the hydrology station of Goumen Village, the annual average runoff is 5.3 billion cubic meters, and the annual sediment discharge is 29 million tons. The average sediment content is only 5.5 kg per cubic meter, with more water and less sand. In the tributaries of the Yellow River, the annual water volume of the Taohe River is second only to the Weihe River. The runoff modulus per square kilometer is 208,000 cubic meters, second only to the White River and the Black River, which is the tributary of the upper reaches of the Yellow River with the largest amount of water.

Huangshui River It is a large tributary of the upper left bank of the Yellow River, originating in Haiyan County, Qinghai Province, at the southern foot of Daban Mountain, flowing through Xining City, Fuzi Village, Yongjing County, Gansu Province into the Yellow River, a total length of 374 kilometers, the basin area of 32863 square kilometers, of which about 88% is Qinghai Province, 12% is Gansu Province.

Great Heihe Located in the northeast corner of Hetao region of Inner Mongolia, it is a large tributary at the end of the upper reaches of the Yellow River. It originates from Basding Village, Zhuozi County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, flows through the suburbs of Hohhot City, and pours into the Yellow River near Toketuo County, with a main stream length of 236 kilometers and a watershed area of 17,673 square kilometers. The basin area of the basin is 5,154 square kilometers, accounting for 29% of the basin area. The land is flat, fertile, and the canal system is vertical and horizontal. It is one of the important grain bases of the autonomous region. The north is mountainous area, accounting for about 54% of the basin area, and the rest is loess hilly area. In Inner Mongolia, the Yellow River flows from west to east, and the main stream of the Great Heihe flows from northeast to form a convective pattern, so it is called the reverse tributary.

Kotono river It originates in Badinggou, Dongsheng City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, flows southeast to Shamao Village, Shenmu County, Shaanxi Province, into the Yellow River, with a length of 242 kilometers and a basin area of 8706 square kilometers. The Groye River basin is one of the main source areas of coarse sediment of the Yellow River, which has a serious effect on the siltation of the lower reaches of the Yellow River.

Wuding River is a sandy tributary on the right bank of the middle Yellow River. It originates from Dingbian County at the northern foot of Baiyu Mountain in northern Shaanxi Province, flows through the Uxin Banner of Yixiumeng in Inner Mongolia, flows northeast, then turns east to Yuhepu, then turns southeast, and flows into the Yellow River at Hekou Village in Qingjian County, Shaanxi Province, with a total length of 491 kilometers and a watershed area of 30,261 square kilometers. According to the measured data of Chuankou Hydrology Station from 1957 to 1967, the average annual runoff is 1.535 billion cubic meters, the annual sediment transport is 217 million tons, the average sediment content is 141 kg per cubic meter, the total sediment transport is second only to the Wei River, ranking second among the tributaries.

The Fenhe River (in Henan Province) It originates in Guanqin Mountain, Ningwu County, Shanxi Province, runs through the central part of Shanxi Province, flows through the two major basins of Taiyuan and Linfen, and enters the Yellow River in Wanrong County. The main stream is 710 kilometers long, and the basin area is 39,471 square kilometers. It is the second largest tributary of the Yellow River and the largest river in Shanxi Province. Fen River basin covers 25% of the area of Shanxi Province, spanning 47 counties and cities, with a population of 9.17 million and 17.6 million mu of cultivated land, accounting for 37% of the province's population and 30% of the cultivated land, among which 7.19 million mu of irrigated land, accounting for 44% of the province. Many important industrial cities, such as Taiyuan, Yuci, Linfen, Houma, are concentrated in the two basins of the Fenhe River, the position is very important.

Weihe River It is located at the base of the big "several" shape in the hinterland of the Yellow River, starting from the Bird Rat Mountain in the west, reaching Tongguan in the east, Baiyu Mountain in the north, and Qinling Mountain in the south, with a basin area of 134,800 square kilometers, which is the largest tributary of the Yellow River. According to the test data of Huaxian County and Tou hydrology Station, the annual runoff of Weihe River is 10.05 billion cubic meters, and the annual sediment transport is 534 million tons, accounting for 19.7% and 33.4% of the annual water and sediment of the Yellow River respectively, and it is the largest tributary transporting water and sediment to the Yellow River.

Luohe River It originates from Lantian County at the southern foot of Huashan Mountain in Shaanxi Province and flows into the Yellow River in Gongxian County in Henan Province. The river course is 447 kilometers long, the basin area is 18,881 square kilometers, the average width of the basin is 42 kilometers, and the shape of the basin is narrow and long. According to the statistics of Heishiguan Hydrology station, the annual average runoff is 3.43 billion cubic meters, the annual sediment transport is 18 million tons, the average sediment content is only 5.3 kilograms per cubic meter, the runoff modulus is 182,000 cubic meters per square kilometer, and the water is more than sand, and it is one of the water-rich tributaries of the Yellow River.

Qin River Originated in Heicheng village, Pingyao County, Shanxi Province, from north to south, flows through the southeast Jin Plateau, through Taihang Mountain, from Jiyuan Wulongkou into the alluvial plain, in Henan Province, Wuzhi County south into the Yellow River. The river is 485 kilometers long and covers an area of 13,532 square kilometers.

Gimje Originating in Xinxiang county, Henan Province, flows northeast, through Henan and Shandong provinces, to Taiqian County Zhangzhuang near the Yellow River through the Yellow River. The main stream of Hua County is 158.6 kilometers long, and it is a plain slope river. The main tributaries are Huangzhuang River (including Liuqing River), Huimugou River and Menglou River. The shape of the basin is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom. It is a narrow triangle with an area of 4,869 square kilometers, a total population of 2.88 million and 5.3 million mu of cultivated land.

The Dawen River originates in Yiyuan County at the northern foot of Xuangu Mountain in Shandong Province, flows from east to west into Dongping Lake, and enters the Yellow River after exiting Chenshan Estuary. The length of the main river is 239 kilometers, and the drainage area is 9,098 square kilometers. It is customary to call the Dabeng River above Makou in Dongping County. The main stream is 209 kilometers long and the drainage area is 8,633 square kilometers. The following is called Dongping Lake District, with a drainage area (excluding the New Lake District) of 465 square kilometers. ^[18]

lakes

The Yellow River is evolved from many lake basins, so far only 3 lakes remain, they are Zhaling Lake in the source area, Ing Lake and Dongping Lake downstream.

I. Zhaling Lake and Eiling Lake

Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake are tectonic lakes, which evolved from the great lake basins in ancient times. Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake are the high elevation fresh water lakes in China.

Two. Dongping Lake

Dongping Lake is the only natural lake in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, located in Shandong province Liangsan At the junction of three counties, Dongping and Pingyin, the Yellow River in the north, the mountains in the east, the Dawen River in the east, and the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal in the west directly into the lake. ^[19]

Astral sea^[12]

Hydrological characteristics

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Volume of runoff

1. Measured annual runoff

In 1954, when the comprehensive utilization plan of the Yellow River was drawn up, based on the review and interpolation, the measured annual runoff in Shaanxi County was calculated as 41.2 billion cubic meters using the series from 1919 to 1953. In 1962, the Calculation Results of Water and Sediment Volume of Main Sections of the Main branches and tributaries of the Yellow River from 1919 to 1960 were put forward, including 42.35 billion cubic meters of annual runoff measured at Shanxian Station and 47.24 billion cubic meters at Qinchang Station. In 1975, when the planning Office of the Yellow River Commission formulated the plan for controlling the Yellow River, it calculated the measured annual runoff of the main stations of the Yellow River, including 41.85 billion cubic meters at Sanmenxia Station and 46.98 billion cubic meters at Huayuankou station using the series of 56 years from 1919 to 1975. In 1982, according to the Yellow Committee Design Institute, from July 1919 to June 1980, the annual flow of Sanmenxia Station was 41.72 billion cubic meters, and that of Huayuankou Station was 46.64 billion cubic meters.

2. Natural annual menstrual flow

In 1975, the measured annual runoff of the main stations of the trunk and tributaries of the Yellow River was restored, and 56 years series from July 1919 to June 1975 were selected to reduce the water consumption of Yellow River diversion irrigation and the transfer storage of large and medium-sized reservoirs. In 1976, it was proposed that the natural annual runoff of Sanmenxia Station was 49.84 billion cubic meters, and that of Huayuankou Station was 55.92 billion cubic meters. In 1986, the report "Yellow River Water Resources Utilization" was published. According to the measured situation of the Yellow River, the annual runoff series is extended, using the 61 years series from July 1919 to June 1980, and the results of the natural annual runoff of the main stations of the Yellow River are put forward through reduction, including 50.38 billion cubic meters at Sanmenxia Station and 56.34 billion cubic meters at Huayuankou Station.

3. Annual runoff characteristics

The annual runoff in the Yellow River basin is mainly replenished by atmospheric precipitation. Due to the influence of atmospheric circulation, the precipitation is small and the evaporation capacity is strong. The average annual natural runoff of the Yellow River is 58 billion cubic meters, which is only 16.3% of the total precipitation, and the water production coefficient is very low.

The Yellow River is the second longest river in China ^[1] However, the natural annual runoff only accounts for 2.1% of the national river runoff, ranking fourth among the seven major rivers in China, smaller than the Yangtze River, the Pearl River and the Songhua River. The flow is 1/17 of the Yangtze River and 1/8 of the Pearl River.

From the annual runoff depth contour, the regional distribution of water resources in the Yellow River basin is very uneven and decreasing from south to north. Roughly west from Jimai, Jishi Mountain, to the Daxia River, Taohe River, along the Wei River main stream to the south of the watershed line of Fenhe and Qinhe River, mainly mountainous, vegetation is better, the annual average precipitation is greater than 600 mm, the annual runoff depth of 100 ~ 200 mm or more, is the Yellow River basin water resources are abundant area. In the northern part of the basin, through Gaolan, Haiyuan, Tongxin, Dingbian to the north of Baotou line, the climate is dry, the annual precipitation is less than 300 mm, and the annual runoff depth is less than 10 mm, which is the poorest area of water resources in the Yellow River basin. In the vast Loess Plateau area between the above two lines, the annual precipitation is generally 400 ~ 500 mm, the annual runoff depth is only 25 ~ 50 mm, soil erosion is serious, is the main source of sediment of the Yellow River.

Due to the influence of monsoon, the seasonal variation of river runoff in the Yellow River basin is great. Summer and autumn river surge, easy to flood disaster, winter and spring water is very small, but also feel the lack of water, runoff within the year distribution is very uneven. During the flood season from July to October, the main stream and larger tributaries account for about 60% of the annual runoff, while the annual runoff from March to June only accounts for 10% to 20% of the annual runoff.

The annual average annual runoff of Huayuankou Station is 58 billion cubic meters, with the maximum annual runoff reaching 93.866 billion cubic meters (July 1964 ~ June 1965) and the minimum annual runoff only 27.352 billion cubic meters (July 1928 ~ June 1929). The ratio of maximum to minimum annual runoff is 3.4. The annual variation of runoff at each station of the tributaries of the Yellow River is larger than that of the main stream, and the ratio of the maximum to the minimum annual runoff is generally 5 ~ 12, and the small and medium-sized tributaries in arid areas are even more than 20.

The Cv values of annual runoff variation at the stations above Longmen are 0.22 ~ 0.23, and the Cv values at the stations below Longmen are slightly increased, and the CV values at Sanmenxia and Huayuankou stations are 0.23 and 0.24, respectively. The Cv values of the larger tributaries of the Yellow River are generally higher, ranging from 0.4 to 0.5.

Based on the measured data for many years, the annual runoff in the Yellow River Basin is characterized by a long duration of continuous low water section. Long time continuous low water, water resources utilization has brought many adverse effects.

The Yellow River carries more sediment than any other river in the world. The average annual sediment input into the lower reaches of the Yellow River reaches 1.6 billion tons, the annual average sediment content of 37.8 kg per cubic meter, some sandy tributaries flood peak sediment content as high as 300 ~ 500 kg per cubic meter, and 60% of the water and 80% of the sediment are concentrated in the annual flood season. The sand content of the Yellow River is too large, which increases the difficulty of water resources development and utilization. ^[23]

However, according to the 2022 Major River Sediment Bulletin of the Ministry of Water Resources, the measured runoff and measured sediment transport of the representative station of the Yellow River Basin in 2022 were 26.38 billion cubic meters and 203 million tons, respectively. Compared with the annual average value of water and sediment measured at the main hydrological control stations of the Yellow River main stream in 2022, the annual runoff of Lanzhou station is basically the same, while that of other stations is less than 10%-27%. The annual sediment transport of each station is 38%~80% smaller. In 2022, the sections of Shizuishan Station, Bayangol Station and Sanhuhekou Station in Inner Mongolia will be silted, and the sections of Toudaoguai station will be washed. The amount of silt in the lower reaches of the Yellow River is 0.23 million cubic meters, and the amount of water and sediment diversion is 8.298 billion cubic meters and 20.3 million tons, respectively. In 2022, the silting capacity of Sanmenxia Reservoir will be 897 million cubic meters, and that of Xiaolangdi reservoir will be 124.1 million cubic meters. ^{[34
]}

Flood characteristics

Floods in the upper reaches of the Yellow River mostly occur in September, mainly from above Lanzhou. Lanzhou (capital of Gansu Province) Floods mainly come from above Guider. Due to the long duration and low intensity of rainfall, the good vegetation above Lanzhou and the strong retention effect of grassland and swamp on rainfall, the flood fluctuation in the upper reaches of the Yellow River is gentle, the flood duration is long, the flood peak is low, and the flood process line is chunky. The average duration of a flood in Lanzhou Station is 40 days, the longest is 66 days, the shortest is 22 days, and the measured peak flow is generally 4000 ~ 6000 cubic meters per second.

The peak discharge of Longyangxia to Lanzhou river generally increases along the river, especially when the larger tributaries such as Tao River and Huangshui River merge into the river, the increase of discharge is more obvious. However, from Lanzhou to Hekou Town, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, as the Yellow River flows through the driest area in the basin, the annual average precipitation is only 150 ~ 300 mm, and the flood season is very little, and the chances of flooding above Lanzhou are not many. In addition, the river channel in the Ningzhou-Mongolian-Hetao Plain is wide and shallow, and the river channel has strong regulation and storage function, so the irrigation water consumption and river loss are relatively large. Although the basin area has increased by more than 160,000 square kilometers, the peak flow and total flood volume are often greatly reduced, which can generally be reduced by 20% to 25%.

The upper reaches of the Yellow River are mostly canyon reaches, no matter the size of the flood, the general propagation time does not change much, it takes about 1.5 days from Guide to Lanzhou, and 10.5 days from Lanzhou to Hekou Town. The upper reaches of the Yellow River flood reaches the middle and lower reaches and generally becomes the base flow.

The flood data of the upper reaches of the Yellow River began to be measured after the flood in 1933, when hydrology stations were set up in Lanzhou, Baotou and other places. The largest measured flood occurred in 1946, when the peak flood flow at Lanzhou Station reached 5,900 cubic meters per second, with a total flood volume of 6.5 billion cubic meters in 15 days. Although the peak discharge of Lanzhou Station was only 5600 cubic meters per second in the great flood of 1981, the peak discharge of Lanzhou Station could reach 7090 cubic meters per second without the construction of cofferdams in Longyangxia Reservoir and the storage of Liujiaxia reservoir. According to the investigation and research, the largest historical flood occurred in 1904, and the peak flood flow of Lanzhou station reached 8600 cubic meters per second. ^[24]

The length of the middle reaches of the Yellow River accounts for 22.1% of the total length of the river, but the basin area accounts for 45.7% of the total basin area, and there are many tributaries. The area growth rate is 285 square kilometers per kilometer, which is 2.07 times the average of the whole river. The middle reaches of the Yellow River flow through the Loess Plateau, which is the main rainstorm area in the Yellow River basin and the main source area of flood in the lower reaches of the Yellow River.

Sanmenxia to Huayuankou area, heavy rain frequent, the intensity is also large, the point of heavy rain daily up to 300 ~ 500 mm, rainfall duration is generally 2 ~ 3 days, the longest up to 5 ~ 10 days, the storm area is generally 20 ~ 30 thousand square kilometers, the maximum up to 40 thousand square kilometers. For example, a rainstorm from the end of July to the beginning of August in 1982 lasted for 5 days, and the maximum 24-hour rainfall of Shijie Town station, the center of the rainstorm, reached 734 mm on July 29, and the area of 200 mm or more in 5 days exceeded 44,000 square kilometers.

In the middle reaches of the Yellow River, 61% of the area is Loess Plateau, with ravines, numerous tributaries and steep river slope. The flood caused by heavy rainfall is characterized by high flood peak, short duration and large sediment content. The flood time is basically concentrated from mid-July to mid-August, especially in early August, there are more chances of flooding.

The duration of a flood is generally 2 to 5 days, the longest is 3 to 10 days, and the flood process line is mostly sharp and thin. The maximum flood peak discharge of each station in the middle stream is 15,000 to 20,000 cubic meters per second. The maximum flood measured was 24,000 cubic meters per second at Wubao Station (1976), 21,000 cubic meters per second at Longmen Station (1967), and 22,000 cubic meters per second at Sanmenxia Station (1933). The flood of Longmen Station mainly comes from Wupu and above, the average flood peak accounts for 62.8%, and the average flood volume accounts for 80% ~ 84%. The flood of Sanmenxia station mainly comes from Longmen and above, the average flood peak accounts for 74.2%, and the average flood volume accounts for 75% ~ 77%.

The Longmen to Tongguan section is 128 km long and the river width is 3 ~ 19 km. The flood detention and peak clipping effect is significant. The flood peak from Longmen and above can be reduced by 20% ~ 30% generally.

The Loess Plateau has loose soil, broken terrain and low vegetation coverage. Under the impact of heavy rainfall, strong soil erosion occurs, resulting in floods in the middle reaches of the Loess Plateau, carrying a large amount of sediment. 89% of the annual average sediment transport of 1.6 billion tons comes from the middle reaches of the Yellow River, 90% of which comes from flood season, which mainly comes from several high sediment flood. For example, the 12-day flood of Shaanxi County Station in August 1933 accounted for about 50% of the annual sediment transport. The measured maximum sediment content of the flood was 933 kg per cubic meter at Longmen Station and 911 kg per cubic meter at Sanmenxia Station. ^[25]

The ice is in flood

In winter, the Yellow River basin is affected by the northwest wind, the climate is dry and cold, the lowest temperature is generally below 0℃, and many reaches of the Yellow River are frozen and closed in winter. When the river opens in early spring every year, ice flood is often formed in two reaches from Shizuishan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, to Hekou Town, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and downstream from Huayuankou to the Yellow River estuary.

The common characteristics of the two reaches of the Yellow River are as follows: the channel gradient is gentle, the flow rate is small, the flow direction of the river is from low latitude to high latitude, and the latitude difference is large; The temperature is warm and cold, freezing the river is upstream, and the thaw is top-down, when the upstream thaw opens the river, the downstream is often still in the state of blocking the river, the upstream discharge of ice water in the bay, bayonet and other narrow river, due to poor drainage, easy to form ice dam, ice plug, blocking the river, resulting in a sharp rise in the upstream water level, a serious threat to the safety of the dike, and even the breach.

The size of the ice flood is related to the amount of tank storage and the amount of ice in the channel, and it has two obvious characteristics:

First, the peak discharge of ice flood increases along the way, which is opposite to the decline of peak discharge in the lower reaches of the Yellow River during the summer flood. This is because the water stored in the early stage of the river is released rapidly, and the flow is collected and increased section by section, resulting in the peak flow increasing along the river. For example, during the ice flood in 1972, the peak flow of the lower reaches of the Yellow River was only 627 cubic meters per second at Sunkou Station, which quickly increased to 1270 cubic meters per second at Luokou Station, and to 2230 cubic meters per second at Lijin Station.

Second, the flow is small and the water level is very high. Due to poor drainage of the river, or ice dam blockage, resulting in rapid accumulation of water levels in the upper reaches of the river. For example, the downstream Lijin station in 1955 peak flow of only 1960 cubic meters per second, the water level reached 15.31 meters, than the 1958 summer flood season 10400 cubic meters per second water level is 1.55 meters higher. ^[26]

Hydraulic resources

In 1954, when the Technical and Economic Report of the Comprehensive Utilization Plan of the Yellow River was compiled, it was calculated that the theoretical reserves of hydraulic resources of the Yellow River main stream were 26.1 million kilowatts based on the main stream drop of 4368 meters. From the bottom of Longyang Gorge to the estuary, a total of 46 steps are arranged, with a drop of 2112 meters, with a total installed capacity of 21.58 million kilowatts and an average annual power generation of 104.8 billion kilowatt-hours.

The results of the national hydraulic resources census in 1979: the theoretical reserves of hydraulic resources in the Yellow River Basin are 40.548 million kilowatts, and the annual average power generation is 355.2 billion kilowatt-hours, accounting for 6% of the national theoretical reserves of hydraulic resources of 5922.18 billion kilowatt-hours. 73.3% of the water resources are distributed in the main stream of the Yellow River, which are concentrated in the Maqu to Qingtongxia and Hekou to Huayuankou reaches, accounting for 53.9% and 32.1% of the main stream respectively. The theoretical reserves of tributary hydraulic resources total 10.782 million kilowatts, and the average annual power generation is 94.45 billion KWH, of which 140 tributaries with hydraulic resources reserves greater than 10,000 kilowatts, only three tributaries with more than 500,000 kilowatts are Taohe, Huangshui and Weihe, and most of the reserves of other tributaries are less than 100,000 kilowatts, and the development conditions are poor.

A total of 100 hydropower stations with an installed capacity of more than 10,000 kilowatts may be developed in the whole basin, with a total installed capacity of 27.277 million kilowatts and an average annual electricity generation of 113.72 billion kilowatt-hours, accounting for 6.1% of the country's exploable hydropower resources, ranking second among the seven major rivers in the country. ^[27]

Development and management

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Water conservancy project

Luhun reservoir It is located near Luhun Village, Tianhu Town, Songxian County, Luoyang City, Henan Province, on the Yi River, a secondary tributary of the Yellow River, 67 kilometers away from Luoyang city, with a control basin area of 3492 square kilometers, accounting for 57.9% of the Yi River basin area.

Guxian Reservoir, located in the lower reaches of Jingguxian Town, Luoning County, Luohe River, a tributary of the Yellow River, 165 kilometers east of Luoyang City, controls a drainage area of 5370 square kilometers, accounting for 41.8% of the Luohe River basin area (excluding the area of Yi River, a tributary of the Yellow River).

Xixiaiyuan Reverse Regulation Reservoir is a supporting project of Xiaolangdi Water Conservancy project of the Yellow River. It is located on the main stream of the Yellow River 16 kilometers downstream of Xiaolangdi Dam site and 116 kilometers away from Zhengzhou City.

Xiaolangdi Water Conservancy Project is located on the main stream of the Yellow River, 40 kilometers north of Luoyang City, Henan Province, with Mengjin County on the south bank and Jiyuan City on the north bank. It is 130 kilometers from Sanmenxia Water Conservancy Project, 8 kilometers from Jiaozhi Railway Bridge and 115 kilometers from Zhengzhou Yellow River Railway Bridge of Beijing-Guangzhou Railway. The drainage area above the dam site covers 694,155 square kilometers.

Sanmenxia water conservancy project It is located on the lower main stream of the middle reaches of the Yellow River, connecting Henan and Jin provinces, about 17 kilometers northeast of Sanmenxia City, Henan Province (now Huixing Town, Shaanxi District). The basin above the dam site covers 688,000 square kilometers, accounting for 91.5% of the total basin area.

Tianqiao Hydropower Station is located on the main stream of the Yellow River, 8 km upstream of Baode County, Shanxi Province and Fugu County, Shaanxi Province. The basin above the dam site covers 403,878 square kilometers.

The Longkou Water Conservancy Project of the Yellow River is located in the north of the northern main stream of the Yellow River. The dam site is 25.6 kilometers away from the already built Wanjiazhai Water Conservancy Project in the upstream, and about 70 kilometers away from the Tianqiao Hydropower Station in the downstream.

Wanjiazhai Water Conservancy project is located in the upper section of the north main stream of the Yellow River from Toketuo to Longkou Valley. The left bank of the dam site is Pianguan County, Shanxi Province, 82.3 kilometers away from Zhuangsan Railway Sanchapu station, the right bank is Junge Banner, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 60.6 kilometers away from Fengjun railway (Fengzhen-Junge Banner) Xuejiawan station, and the basin above the dam site covers 394,813 square kilometers.

Sanshenggong water conservancy project In the southeast of Bayangol (former Sansheng Gong) town, Dengkou County, Bayan Nuer League, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 2.6 kilometers downstream of the Yellow River Railway Bridge of Baotou LAN (Zhou). It is more than 300 kilometers away from Baotou City in the east and more than 200 kilometers away from Yinchuan City in the southwest. The river basin above the hub covers 314,000 square kilometers.

Qingtongxia Water Conservancy Project is located at the exit of Qingtongxia Gorge, Qingtongxia City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. It is about 80 kilometers away from Yinchuan City and 6 kilometers away from Baolan Railway Qingtongxia Station. The watershed above the hub covers 275,004 square kilometers.

The Yellow River Shapotou water conservancy project is located on the main stream of the Yellow River in Zhongwei City.

Wujin Gorge hydropower Station Located in Silong Town, Baiyin District, Baiyin City and Pingbao Township, Jingyuan County, the dam site is located at the exit of Wujin Gorge, the main stream of the Yellow River, 30 kilometers from Baiyin City, 90 kilometers from Lanzhou City.

Daxia hydropower station Located in Lanzhou City, Gansu Province Gaolan County and Yuzhong County junction of the Yellow River main stream Daxia exit section of the flying fish cliff. It is 65 km away from Lanzhou city center river. The drainage area above the dam site covers 227,798 square kilometers.

Xiaoxia Hydropower Station of the Yellow River is located at the exit of the upper Xiaoxia Gorge of the main stream of the Yellow River in Gaolan County, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, 35 kilometers from the upstream to Lanzhou City, with a control basin area of 225,100 square kilometers.

Eight panxia hydropower Station Located in Bapanxia Village, Xigu District, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, about 52 kilometers away from Lanzhou city center. The upper distance from Yanguoxia and Liujiaxia power stations is 17 km and 49 km respectively, and the lower distance from Lanzhou Hydrology Station is 50 km.

Huangfeng hydropower Station Located on the main stream of the Yellow River in Xunhua County, Qinghai Province, it is 9 kilometers away from Suonly Hydropower Station, and the downstream is Jishixia Hydropower Station, 159 kilometers away from Xining City, Qinghai Province.

Jishi Gorge hydropower Station It is located at the exit of Jishi Gorge in Xunhua County, Qinghai Province, 30 kilometers from Xunhua County, 206 kilometers from Xining City, the provincial capital, and 100 kilometers from Minhe County.

Sigou Gorge hydropower Station Also known as Bingling Hydropower Station, it is located on the Sigou Gorge of the main stream of the Yellow River at the junction of Yongjing County and Jishishan County, Gansu Province. It is 29.5 kilometers away from Dahejia Hydropower Station, 44.5 kilometers away from Liujiaxia Hydropower Station and 122.5 kilometers away from Lanzhou City, Gansu Province.

Liujiaxia Hydropower Station project, located in Yongjing County, Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Linxia, Gansu Province, about 2 kilometers away from the exit of Liujiaxia Canyon, about 100 kilometers down to Lanzhou City. The dam site is 2020.2 kilometers away from the river source and controls a watershed area of 181,766 square kilometers, accounting for about a quarter of the Yellow River basin area.

Yanguoxia Hydropower Station is located at the exit of Yanguoxia Gorge, the main stream of the Yellow River, near Yanguoxi, Yongjing County, Gansu Province. It is 70 kilometers away from Lanzhou City and 32 kilometers away from Liujiaxia Hydropower Station. The drainage area above the dam site covers 182,704 square kilometers.

Suonly Hydropower station, located at the junction of Xunhua County and Hualong County, Qinghai Province, on the main stream of the Yellow River, 12 km away from Gongboxia Hydropower Station, 150 km away from Xining City.

Gongboxia hydropower Station Located on the main stream of the Yellow River at the junction of Xunhua County and Hualong County, Qinghai Province, it is 76 kilometers away from Lijiaxia Hydropower Station and 153 kilometers away from Xining City.

Kangyang hydropower Station Located on the main stream of the Yellow River at the junction of Jianzha County and Hualong County, Qinghai Province, it is 17 kilometers away from Lijiaxia Hydropower Station, about 53.0 kilometers away from Gongboxia Hydropower Station, and 105 kilometers away from Xining City, capital of Qinghai Province.

Zhigang Raka hydropower Station The project is located on the main stream of the Yellow River at the junction of Jianzha County and Hualong County, Qinghai Province. The dam site of the power station is 7 kilometers away from the upstream Lijiaxia Hydropower Station and 109 kilometers away from the highway of Xining City.

Lijiaxia hydropower Station It is located about 2 kilometers above the exit of Lijiaxia Gorge at the junction of Jianzha County and Hualong County of Qinghai Province in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, 116 kilometers away from Xining City highway and 102 kilometers away from the river course of Longyangxia Hydropower Station. The drainage area above the dam site covers 136,743 square kilometers.

Nina hydropower station Located in Qinghai Province Guide county On the main stream of the Yellow River, it is 8.6 kilometers away from the dam site of Laxiwa Hydropower Station and 41 kilometers away from Longyangxia Hydropower Station. The dam site is 124 kilometers away from Xining City highway (80 kilometers in a straight line) and about 20 kilometers away from Guide County highway downstream.

Laxiwa Hydropower Station is located on the main stream of the Yellow River at the junction of Guide County and Guinan County in Qinghai Province.

Longyangxia hydropower Station Located in Qinghai Province, Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Gonghe County and Guinan County border Longyang Gorge entrance about 2 kilometers away from Qinghai provincial capital Xining City 147 kilometers, the dam site from the source of the Yellow River 1687.2 kilometers. The basin above the dam site covers 131,420 square kilometers, accounting for 17.5% of the total basin area of the Yellow River.

Bando hydropower station Located in Qinghai Province Xinghai county with Tongde county At the exit of Banduo Canyon, the main stream of the Yellow River, 333 kilometers away from Xining.

Huangheyuan hydropower Station Located near Zhaling Lake Township, Maduo County, Qinghai Province, the dam site is 17 kilometers downstream of the exit of Eling Lake on the main stream of the Yellow River, 40 kilometers from Maduo County, Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province, 540 kilometers from the provincial capital Xining. ^[28]

Irrigation project

The Yellow River Irrigation area in Inner Mongolia is one of the famous irrigation areas in China. It ranges from the west The Ulan Buhe Desert East edge, east to Hohhot City Eastern suburbs, north border Wolf Mountain, Wula Mountain, Daqingshan Mountain South of the Ordos platform, including the river loop, Tomakawa South bank of the Yellow River irrigation area. 19 flags (counties and districts) across the three cities of Ikhoo League, Bayannaoer League and Hohhot, Baotou and Wuhai. The total land area is 28.91 million mu, the existing cultivated land is 18.78 million mu, the irrigated area is 9.36 million mu, the agricultural population is 2.01 million, the per capita cultivated land is 9.3 mu, including 4.7 mu of water land.

Ningxia Yellow River diversion irrigation area Is one of the four ancient irrigation areas in China, has more than two thousand years of irrigation history. Known as "the Yangtze River" reputation, Ningxia is the main grain and cotton oil production area, but also one of the country's 12 commodity grain bases. The irrigation area involves the Yellow River diversion irrigation of Qingtongxia City, Yongning County, Yinchuan City, Helan County, Pingluo County, Taole County, Huinong County, Shizuishan City, Zhongwei County, Zhongning County, Wuzhong City, Lingwu City and other 4 counties (cities), a total of 12 counties (cities) and more than 20 state-owned farmers, forests and pastures.

Fenhe irrigation District Located in Taiyuan Basin in central Shanxi Province, the area is distributed on both sides of the Fenhe River, north from Shanglan Village in the northern suburbs of Taiyuan City, south to Hongxiang village in Jiexiu County, Jinzhong area, about 140km long, about 20km wide, west to Tai (Taiyuan) Fen (Fenyang) highway and Ciyao River as the boundary, east to Tai (Taiyuan) three (Sanmenxia) highway and South Tongpu railway as the boundary. The irrigated area spans Taiyuan, Jinzhong, Luliang three cities, 12 counties (cities, districts), a total of 56 beneficiary villages (towns) of 488 villages, the whole irrigated area control land area of 2,055,500 mu, including 1,568,400 mu of arable land. The designed irrigation area is 1,495,500 mu, and the benefiting area accounts for nearly one-tenth of the province's water land area, making it one of the largest artesian irrigation areas in Shanxi Province.

Qinqin irrigation area, south by the Yellow River, north Taihang Mountains South foot, involved Jiyuan City , Mengzhou City , Luoyang City Jilskiy Rayon There are 345 administrative villages under its jurisdiction, with a population of 420,000 and 565,000 mu of cultivated land. The main crops are wheat, corn, cash crops are cotton, melons and vegetables, fruits and so on. The irrigation area was built in 1965, took shape in early 1968, and opened for irrigation in June 1969. At present, there are 1 total trunk canal, 15 trunk canals, 16 total trunk plus branch canals, 38 branch canals, 37 small and medium-sized reservoirs, 200 storage tanks, 156 irrigation stations, 676 mechanical Wells and corresponding management facilities.

Henan yellow irrigation area, the scope involves Sanmenxia , Luoyang , Zhengzhou , Xinxiang, Anyang , Break a seal , Puyang , A surname By the end of 2007, there were 27 large and medium-sized Yellow River diversion irrigation areas in the province, including 14 large irrigation areas of more than 300,000 mu, 8 medium-sized irrigation areas of 100,000 mu - 300,000 mu, and 5 irrigation areas of 10,000 mu - 100,000 mu, with a total designed irrigation area of 20.64 million mu, accounting for 19.1% of the province's cultivated land area. The total designed irrigation area of Henan Yellow River diversion irrigation area is 20.64 million mu, but the effective irrigation area is only 9.18 million mu, accounting for less than 45% of the designed area, and the actual irrigation area is less than 30%. There are still a large number of medium and low yield fields in the irrigation area.

The Weishan Yellow River Diversion Irrigation Area is one of the six super large irrigation areas in China, with a large scale and important role. Since 1958, when the Yellow River was cut in half and the Weishan Junction project was built, over the past 40 years, the irrigation was stopped in 1962, the irrigation was resumed in 1970, the Yellow River was diverted to Tianjin from 1981 to 1983, the Yellow River was diverted to sanitation from 1993 to 1995, and the supporting water-saving transformation was continued from 1998 to 2000. The existing design water diversion flow of 240 cubic meters per second at the head of the Yellow River diversion canal, east and west two sand channels, two sand settling areas and three trunk canals, 53 trunk canals, branch canals 385, a total length of 3335 kilometers, 5000 types of hydraulic buildings, designed irrigation area of 5.4 million mu, control most of the area of 8 counties (urban).

Xiaolangdi Reservoir, north shore irrigation area is Xiaolangdi water conservancy project Using the excellent water quality and abundant water volume of Xiaolangdi Reservoir, the water supply conditions of Luoyang, Jiaozuo and Jiyuan cities have been improved, water supply for urban and rural industrial and mining enterprises, urban residents' living and agricultural irrigation, improve the water shortage in Yinqin irrigation area and Guangli irrigation area, solve the drinking water difficulties of people and animals in mountainous areas, replace the excessive exploitation of water in the inland water of the irrigation area, supplement groundwater, Improve the ecological environment. North Shore irrigation area involved Jiyuan , Qinyang , Meng Zhou Hejili three cities and one district, 18 towns, 476 natural villages, designed irrigation area of 688,700 mu, diversion flow of 30 cubic meters per second, diversion tunnel bottom elevation of 223 meters, belongs to the large (III) type irrigation area. ^{[30] 29 -}

Basin profile

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Geomorphic feature

The Yellow River Valley borders Bayan Khara Mountain in the west, reaches Yin Mountain in the north, and reaches south Qinling Mountains In the east, the Bohai Sea. The terrain in the basin is high in the west and low in the east, and the height difference is great, forming three steps from west to east, from high to low.

The highest step is the Qinghai Plateau where the source of the Yellow River is located, located in the famous "roof of the world" - the northeast of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with an average elevation of more than 4,000 meters, standing a series of northwest - southeast mountains, such as the Qilian Mountains in the north, the Anyimachen Mountains and the Bayan Kera Mountains in the south. The Yellow River weaves between the mountains in an S-shaped curve. The mountains on both sides of the valley are 5500 ~ 6000 meters above sea level, and the relative height difference is 1500 ~ 2000 meters. Standing on the left bank of the Yellow River, the main peak of the Anyimachen mountain, Maqing Gangri, is 6,282 meters above sea level, and is the highest point in the Yellow River basin.

At the northern foot of Bayan Kala Mountain, the Yogu Zonglieh Basin is the source of the Yellow River. The river source area above Maduo has wide valleys and numerous lakes. The Yellow River flows out of the Ling Lake and winds its way to the east, passing between the Anyimachen Mountain and the Bayan Kala Mountain to the junction of Qingchuan, forming the first big river bay; The Qilian Mountains span the northern margin of the plateau and form the boundary between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Inner Mongolia Plateau.

The second level of the ladder is more gentle, the Loess plateau constitutes its main body, and the terrain is broken. This ladder is approximately the eastern boundary of Taihang Mountain, with an elevation of 1000 ~ 2000 meters. The north of Baiyu Mountain is a part of Inner Mongolia Plateau, including the Yellow River Hetao Plain and the Ordos Plateau two natural geographical areas. To the south of Baiyu Mountain is the Loess Plateau, and to the south there are Xiaoshan Mountain and Xionger Mountain.

The Hetao Plain stretches from Zhongwei and Zhongning in Ningxia in the west to Toketuo in Inner Mongolia in the east, with a length of 750 kilometers and a width of 50 kilometers, and an altitude of 1,200 to 900 meters. Yinshan Mountain in the north of Hetao Plain is more than 1,500 meters high, while the main peaks of Helan Mountain and Wolf Mountain in the west are 3,554 meters and 2,364 meters above sea level respectively. These mountains are like a barrier, blocking the invasion of the Tengger, Ulanbuhe and other deserts on the Alxa Plateau to the hinterland of the Yellow River basin.

The west, north and east sides of the Ordos Plateau are surrounded by the Yellow River, and the Great Wall in the south, covering an area of 130,000 square kilometers. In addition to the western edge of the table Mountain elevation of more than 2000 meters, most of the rest of the elevation of 1000 to 1400 meters, is an approximate square platform dry denudation plateau, wind-sand landform development. The Kubuqi Desert stretches along the northern edge of the plateau, while the Mu Us Desert stretches along the southern edge of the plateau. The dunes are mostly fixed or semi-fixed. There are many saline-alkali lakes in the plateau, and the rainfall surface runoff flows into the lake, becoming an internal flow area within the Yellow River basin, covering an area of more than 42,200 square kilometers.

The Loess Plateau starts from the Great Wall in the north, the Qinling Mountains in the south, the Qinghai Plateau in the west, and the Taihang Mountains in the east, with an altitude of 1000 ~ 2000 meters. Loess tableland, beam, hill and gully are the main landform of Loess Plateau. Tableland is a table flat terrain with steep edges and broad ground, which is suitable for farming. It is an important agricultural area. It belongs to dry land agriculture and cultivates mainly wheat and other dry crops. The loess has loose soil, developed vertical joints and sparse vegetation. Under the hydraulic erosion and the action of gravity caused by long-term storm runoff, landslides, collapses and slips are extremely frequent, making it the main source of sediment in the Yellow River.

Fen-wei Basin, including Jinzhong Taiyuan basin, Yuncheng-Linfen basin and Shaanxi Guanzhong basin. Taiyuan Basin, Yuncheng - Linfen Basin at its widest point up to 40 kilometers, from the north of 1000 meters above sea level gradually dropped to 500 meters in the south, 500 to 1000 meters lower than the surrounding mountains. Guanzhong Basin, also known as Guanzhong Plain or Weihe Plain, is bounded by Qinling Mountains in the south and Weibei Plateau in the north. It is about 360 kilometers long from east to west and 30.80 kilometers wide from north to south. It covers an area of about 30,000 square kilometers and is 360 ~ 700 meters above sea level. These basins are rich in groundwater and mountain spring rivers, fertile soil, rich products, known as "rice and grain rivers", "eight hundred miles of Qinchuan" and other good names.

The Qinling Mountains in the southern part of the Loess Plateau are the dividing line between the subtropical zone and the warm temperate zone in the natural geography of China, the watershed between the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, and the wind wall that prevents the flying sand from moving south in the Loess Plateau.

The Xiaoshan, Xionger and Taihang Mountains (including the Western Yu Mountains) lie along the southeastern and eastern edges of this staircase. The western Henan Mountains consist of the Xiaoshan Mountains, Xionger Mountains, Waifang Mountains, and Funiu Mountains running east of the Qinling Mountains, most of which are over 1,000 meters above sea level. The Xiaoshan Crest runs along the southern bank of the Yellow River, and is commonly called Mangshan Mountain. Xiong 'er Mountain and Waifang Mountain are scattered to the east with an elevation of 600-1000 meters. Funiu Mountain and Songshan Mountain are the watershed of the Yellow River basin, the Yangtze River basin and the Huaihe River basin respectively. Standing between the Loess Plateau and the North China Plain, the highest ridge is 1500 ~ 2000 meters above sea level. It is the watershed between the Yellow River basin and the Haihe River Basin, and an important natural geographical boundary in North China.

The third step is low and flat, most of which is less than 100 meters above sea level in the North China Great Plain. Including the lower alluvial plain, Shandong hills and estuary delta. The elevation of the middle and low mountains in Shandong ranges from 500 to 1000 meters.

The lower alluvial plain is formed by the Yellow River, the Hai River and the Huai River, and is the second largest plain in China. It is located in eastern Henan, northern Henan, western Shandong, southern Hebei, northern Hebei, northern Anhui and northern Jiangsu, covering an area of 250,000 square kilometers. In addition to the hills in the middle of Shandong, the terrain is gentle and slightly inclined to the coast. The top of the alluvial fan of the Yellow River is near the mouth of the Qinhe River, about 100 meters above sea level, and the elevation gradually decreases as it extends east.

After the Yellow River flows into the alluvial plain, the river is wide and flat, and the sediment settles and silts along the way, and the river bed is 3-5 meters higher than the ground on both sides, even 10 meters, becoming a world-famous "above-ground river". The terrain of the plain is generally divided by the Yellow River levee, which belongs to the Haihe River basin to the north and the Huaihe River basin to the south.

The middle Hills are composed of Mount Tai, Mount Lushan and Mount Yishan, 400 ~ 1000 meters above sea level, and are the natural barrier on the right bank of the lower Yellow River. The main peak of Taishan mountain majestic, 1524 meters above sea level, ancient known as "Dai Zong", for the length of China's five mountains. Laiwu, Xintai and other basin plains of different sizes are distributed in the mountains.

The delta of the Yellow River estuary was formed by the sedimentation of modern sediment. The ground is flat, the elevation is below 10 meters, and it is near the Bohai Bay. Taking Ninghai in Lijin County as its apex, it generally includes a fan-shaped zone from the mouth of the Duyi River in the north to the mouth of the branch canal in the south. In the last hundred years, the Yellow River has been reclaimed from the sea to form a large area of new land. ^[20]

Basin climate

The Yellow River basin has a vast area, many mountains, a great difference in height between east and west, and a great difference in landform among different regions. In addition, because the basin is located in the mid-latitude area, it is affected by the atmospheric circulation and monsoon circulation. Therefore, the climate of different regions in the basin has significant differences, and the climate elements have great annual and seasonal changes. Winter is long and summer is short, and the temperature difference between winter and summer is great. The basin climate has the following main characteristics.

First, the light is sufficient, the solar radiation is strong

The sunshine condition of the Yellow River basin is relatively sufficient in the whole country, and the sunshine hours of the whole year generally reach 2000 ~ 3300 hours. The percentage of sunshine throughout the year is mostly between 50% and 75%; It is second only to the Qaidam Basin with the most sunshine, and about l times more than the vast area of the Yangtze River basin south of the Yellow River.

The total solar radiation in the Yellow River basin is in the middle of the country, the area north of 37° north latitude and the plateau area west of 103° East longitude, 130 ~ 160 kcal/cm2 · year; Most of the rest of the region is 110 ~ 130 kcal/cm2 · year, although not as strong as the southwest of the country, especially the Tibetan Plateau, but generally more than the northeast region and the south of the Yellow River, for the eastern region of China's strong radiation area.

Second, the seasonal temperature difference is large, the temperature difference is wide

There is a great difference in seasons in the Yellow River basin, and the river source area above Jiuzhi County of Qinghai Province is "winter all year round". Jiuzhi to Lanzhou and the middle and upper reaches of the Weihe River are "long winter without summer, spring and autumn are connected"; Lanzhou to Longmen interval is "winter long (six or seven months), summer short (one or two months)"; The rest of the basin is "cold in winter and hot in summer, with distinct four seasons of temperature".

The wide temperature difference is a major characteristic of the climate in the Yellow River Basin. In general, with the three steps of terrain, the east-west temperature gradient changes from cold to warm, and the east-west temperature gradient is obviously larger than the North-South gradient. The lowest annual average temperature of about -4℃ is located at the northern foot of Bayankala Mountain in the source of the river. The extreme minimum temperature in the basin occurred at the Yellow River station in the source area, and there was a record of -53.0°c (January 2, 1978). The highest annual average temperature of 12-14 ℃ is located in the lower reaches of the Yellow River in Shandong Province. The highest extreme temperature recorded in the basin was 44.2C at Yichuan Station in Luoyang, Henan Province (June 20, 1966).

The annual temperature variation in the Yellow River Basin is relatively large, and the general trend is between 31℃ and 37℃ in the north latitude of 37° N, and mostly between 21 ℃ and 31℃ in the south latitude of 37° N.

The diurnal temperature range in the Yellow River Basin is also relatively large, especially in the middle and upper reaches of the high latitude area, the diurnal temperature range in each season of the year is 13 ~ 16.5℃, which is in the high value area or the second high value area in China.

Third, the precipitation is less, concentrated in summer and autumn in July and August

The annual precipitation in most areas of the basin is between 200 and 650 mm, and more than 650 mm in the south and lower reaches of the middle and upper reaches. In particular, the Northern Slope of the Qinling Mountains in the southern boundary, which is greatly affected by the terrain, has a rainfall of 700 ~ 1000 mm, while the precipitation in parts of Ningxia and Inner Mongolia, which are deeply inland, is less than 150 mm. The distribution of precipitation is uneven, and the ratio of rainfall between north and south is greater than 5, which is less than other rivers in our country.

It is dry in winter and dry in spring, rainy in summer and autumn, and the precipitation from June to September accounts for about 70% of the whole year. The precipitation from July to August in midsummer can account for more than 40% of the total annual precipitation. The annual variation of precipitation in the basin is also very wide, with the ratio of maximum and minimum annual precipitation ranging from 1.7 to 7.5, and the variation coefficient Cv ranging from 0.15 to 0.4.

4. Small humidity and large evaporation

The middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River are areas with low humidity in China, such as areas above Wubao, where the average water vapor pressure is less than 8 hpa and the relative humidity is below 60%. In particular, the annual average water vapor pressure is less than 6 hpa in Ningxia, Inner Mongolia and above Longyang Gorge. The relative humidity between Lanzhou and Shizuishan is less than 50%.

The evaporation capacity of the Yellow River basin is very strong, and the annual evaporation capacity reaches 1100 mm. The upper reaches of Gansu, Ningxia and central and western regions of Inner Mongolia are the regions with the largest annual evaporation, and the maximum annual evaporation can exceed 2500 mm.

5. There are more hail, sandstorms and sand blowing

Hail is one of the main disastrous weather in the Yellow River Basin. According to statistics, the number of hail days in the upper reaches of the Yellow River above Lanzhou and Inner Mongolia more than 2 days a year, of which the vast areas west of 1000 east meridian more than 5 days, especially Maqu and Datong River upstream area up to 15 to 25 days, become the Yellow River basin the most hail area, but also the domestic hail concentration area.

Sandstorms and sand lifting are mainly caused by strong winds and are closely related to local (or nearby) geological conditions and vegetation. According to statistics, in Ningxia, Inner Mongolia and northern Shaanxi, the annual average gale days are more than 30 days, and there are Tengger Desert, Ulan Buhe Desert and Mu Us Desert in the region, the annual sandstorm days are mostly more than 10 days, and the number of sand days exceeds 20 days. In some years, sandstorms can last up to 30 to 50 days, and the number of sand days exceeds 50 days. In addition, in the upper reaches of the Fenhe River and below Xiaolangdi along the Yellow River in Henan Province, there are also one annual sandstorm or sand days more than 20 days in the area, the latter is mainly related to the existence of a large area of sandy beaches on the Yellow River.

6. Short frost-free period

The first frost day in the Yellow River basin starts gradually from north to south and from west to east, and the mountain area at the same latitude is earlier than plain, valley and desert. For example, the first frost day above Tangnahai in the upper reaches of the Yellow River is in mid-late August on average, while the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River are generally in the upper and middle of October; The rest of the basin in September. The distribution characteristics of the last frost date are opposite to the first frost date in the basin. The lower plain area of the Yellow River is earlier, in late March on average, while the upper reaches above Tangnaihai area are late to mid-August, and the rest areas are between the two.

It can be seen that the frost-free period in the Yellow River basin is relatively short, even in the plain area of the lower Yellow River, the frost-free days are only about 200 days; In the upper reaches, the average is less than 20 days, and it can be said that there is frost all year round. The rest of the basin is somewhere in between. ^[21]

In 2022, the Qinghai Provincial Climate Center released the 2021 Yellow River Qinghai Basin Climate Report. The report pointed out that in 2021, the average temperature in the Yellow River Qinghai basin was 3.4 ° C, 0.6 ° C higher than usual, ranking the third highest in the same period since 1961. The temperature is higher in all seasons, especially in summer. The annual average temperature in Minhe Hui Tu Autonomous County, Maqin County and Dari County was the highest in the same period since 1961, Maduo ranked the second highest, and Xunhua Sala Autonomous County, Zeku County and Jiuzhi County ranked the third highest. The average annual precipitation of the Yellow River in Qinghai Basin is 455.6 mm, which is slightly higher than that of the usual year by 3.3%. The precipitation is less in winter and summer, and more in spring and autumn. Ping 'an District, Tongde County, Qumalai County is more than 15.0% lower, Gand, Maduo, Maqin, Huangyuan and Dayi are more than 15.0% higher, of which Dayi is the largest, the most since 1961. ^[31]

Economy and culture

The Yellow River gave birth to Chinese civilization. As early as the Stone Age, the earliest Neolithic civilization in China was formed. For example, the Lantian civilization and the Banpo civilization appeared in the Wei River, a tributary of the Yellow River. Longshan civilization appeared in the Shandong Peninsula and so on. More than 6,000 years ago, agricultural activities began to appear in the basin. According to records, about 4,000 years ago, a number of blood clans and tribes were formed in the valley, of which Yan Di and Yellow Di were the most powerful. Later, the Yellow Emperor gained the position of leader and merged with other tribes to form the "Huaxia nationality". Chinese people all over the world regard the Yellow River basin as the cradle of the Chinese nation, call the Yellow River the "mother River", the "four sacrilegium", and regard the yellow land as their "root".

Starting from the Xia Dynasty in the 21st century BC, in the historical period of more than 4,000 years, successive dynasties have established their capitals in the Yellow River basin for more than 3,000 years. Among the "seven ancient capitals" in Chinese history, Anyang, Xi 'an, Luoyang and Kaifeng are four in the Yellow River basin and neighboring areas. A large number of oracle bones left in Yin Capital (at that time it was in the Yellow River Valley) created the first Chinese written records. Xi 'an (including Xianyang), since the Western Zhou Dynasty, Qin Dynasty, Han Dynasty to Sui Dynasty, Tang Dynasty, has 13 dynasties built the capital, the history of thousands of years, is the famous "eight water imperial capital". After the Eastern Zhou Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang, the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wei Dynasty, Sui Dynasty, Tang Dynasty, Later Liang Dynasty and later Zhou Dynasty all established their capitals in Luoyang, which lasted for more than 900 years and was known as the "ancient capital of nine dynasties". In a long historical period, China's political, economic and cultural center has been in the Yellow River basin. The middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River are the areas with the earliest development of science, technology, literature and art in China. Around 2000 BC, bronze ware had appeared in the basin, and bronze smelting technology had reached a fairly high level by the Shang Dynasty, and iron smelting began to appear, marking a new stage in the development of productive forces. The iron adzes and axes unearthed in Luoyang after a series of treatments show that China developed the softening technology of cast iron more than 2,000 years earlier than European countries. The "four great inventions" of ancient China - papermaking, movable type printing, compass and gunpowder - were all produced in the Yellow River basin. A large number of literary classics from the Book of Songs to Tang poetry and Song Ci, as well as a large number of cultural classics, are also produced here. After the Northern Song Dynasty, the economic center of gravity of the whole country gradually shifted to the south, but in the process of China's political, economic and cultural development, the Yellow River basin and the plain area of the lower Yellow River were still in an important position. ^[22]

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