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Alpine Skiing (Alpine Skiing) is a snow racing sport in which skis, snowshoes, anchors and ski poles are used as the main equipment to slide down the mountain and along the course set by the flag gate. There are men's, women's and mixed events in alpine skiing. Among them, the men's event and the women's event each set up downhill, slalom, giant slalom, super giant slalom, all-around 5 small events, the mixed event is mixed team competition. Among them, downhill and super G slalom are speed events, and the ranking is determined by a sliding performance. Slalom and giant slalom are technical events and are calculated by the total of two sliding results.
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Alpine skiing originated in the Alps region, so it is also called "Alpine skiing". Alpine skiing is gradually formed on the basis of cross-country skiing, is a branch of snow sports. Alpine skiing is believed to have been born in 1907, when the first alpine skiing organization, the Alpine Ski Club, was founded. Since the 1920s, alpine skiing competitions have been held in the Alps, and various alpine skiing schools have been established. Since 1936, alpine skiing has been included in the Winter Olympics.
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Alpine skiing is included as an integral part of the snow program
International ski federation
The organization was founded in 1924 and organized
World Alpine Ski Championships
Wait for the game.
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2026 Milan-Cortina d 'Ampezzo Winter Olympics
Confirmed cancellation
Alpine skiing
Mixed team event.
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- Chinese name
- Alpine skiing
- Foreign name
- Alpine Skiing [16]
- alias
- Alpine skiing , Mountain skiing
- class
- Snow racing events
- Place of origin
- Alpine region
- Representative figure
- Andre Omot, Marcel Hilscher
- event
- Downhill, super-G, giant slalom, etc
- Main game
- World Alpine Ski Championships, World Cup Alpine Ski Series
In 1850, spins for changing direction and stopping coasting appeared in the Telemark region of southern Norway. In the same year, the first downhill race in the original form of alpine skiing was held in Christiania, Norway.
In 1868, SAN Nordheim led a group of young men at the Norwegian Ski Convention in Oslo to perform sideshow and "S" -shaped quick turn down techniques. They start at the top of the hill, use their ski poles, turn quickly around obstacles, and hurtle down the slope.
In the late 1880s, under the influence of polar explorer Fridjov Nansen, skiing took off in the Alps. It was at this time that some skiers began to explore new techniques and methods suitable for skiing in alpine areas.
In 1890, in the Lilienfeld mountains southwest of Vienna, Zdarsky invented short skis and gliding techniques suitable for the Alpine characteristics.
In 1896, Zdarsky wrote a paper on his research and published it in Alpine Skiing Techniques. Zdarsky is known as the pioneer of alpine skiing technology and the founder of alpine skiing.
In 1905, Zdarski made the first turn down in the history of alpine skiing in Lilienfeld, the line was 2,000 meters long, the height difference was 500 meters, and there were 85 flag gates. Zdarsky's performance has played an important role in promoting the formation of alpine skiing technology system and promoting the development of alpine skiing.
In 1907, the Alpine Skiers Club was founded in the United Kingdom, the first alpine skiing organization.
In 1910, Colonel George Bilgeri of Austria was the first to organize a military alpine ski school. At the same time, he also invented the braking cornering method and the steel safety fasteners for skis.
In 1921-1922, Arnold Lunn organized the first slalom and downhill competition in alpine skiing in Switzerland.
On February 3, 1924,
International ski federation
Founded in Chamonix. Alpine skiing is included in the federation as an integral part of snow sports.
In the late 1920s, there was a further increase in the number of alpine ski races, especially the big ones, such as the first Kandahar Downhill and slalom races in St. Anton in 1928, the first Lauber Hall races in Grind in 1930, and the first Hanekam races in Kitzbuhel. At this time, alpine skiing, both in terms of organization and rules, has been perfected.
Since 1931, the International Ski Federation has decided to hold it regularly
World Alpine Ski Championships
Once a year (changed to every two years after 1948), the Winter Olympics year is no longer held separately, and the world champion is produced by the Winter Olympics. In 1931, the first Alpine skiing championships were held in Millen, Switzerland.
In 1936, alpine skiing was added to the Olympic Games. Initially, only men's and women's all-around (cancelled in 1952, restored in 1988), in 1948, men's and women's sliding and slalom were added, and in 1952, men's and women's giant slalom were added, and by 1988, it had been increased to a total of 10 minor items, including men's and women's super slalom.
In 1966, the International Ski Federation created a ski World Cup with alpine skiing as its main event. It adopts the form of a series of competitions, from December of the first year to March of the second year in successive competitions around the world, according to the comprehensive results of multiple competitions to determine the annual winners. The Alpine ski competition, held annually for the first time since 1967, was expanded in 1981 when it merged with the Nordic two World Cup ski competitions.
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In 2022, the IOC Executive Board in Lausanne, Switzerland, approved the programme and athlete quotas for the 2026 Milan-Cortina d 'Ampezzo Winter Games
Confirmed cancellation
Alpine skiing
The mixed team event, the men's and women's all-around, is still pending and will be finalized for inclusion in the 2026 Winter Olympics by April 2023.
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Alpine skiing highlights
Alpine skiing is divided into competitive skiing and mass skiing.
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Competitive ski area
Competitive skiing venues include slalom, giant slalom, super G slalom and downhill.
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Popular ski resort
Mass skiing is less difficult and can be divided into beginner, intermediate and advanced pistes. Ski resorts generally have several or as many as dozens of pistes to meet the needs of competition and public fitness and entertainment.
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Primary piste: The slope is consistent with the fall line (the complete straight line in which a ball rolls from the top of the mountain to the bottom of the hill without changing the direction of travel), the Angle at which the piste changes is greater than 135 degrees, the width is greater than 20 meters, and the slope is less than 8 degrees. The stop area of the ski run must be open and gentle, and can achieve the basic natural stop of skiing. The width of most sections of the "mountain" style primary ski runs is greater than 5 meters.
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Intermediate piste: The slope of most areas should be consistent with the fall line, the Angle of the piste change is greater than 150 degrees, the width is greater than 25 meters, and the slope is between 9 and 25 degrees.
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Advanced piste: The slope of most areas should be consistent with the fall line, the Angle of the piste change is greater than 160 degrees, the width is greater than 30 meters, and the slope is between 16 and 30 degrees. The narrowest point of the transition, approach and connection in the ski path shall not be less than 25 meters.
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Alpine ski resort
Alpine ski resort
Alpine skiing equipment has four major pieces, namely skis, ski shoes, anchors, ski poles. Alpine skiing wear also has a big three a total of four pieces, ski clothing for the big, ski gloves, ski cap (or helmet), ski goggles for the three small pieces.
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Alpine ski
The materials and manufacturing process of alpine skis are complex. The snowboard consists of the front, middle (waist), and rear, and the part in the middle where the retainer is installed is called the "weight platform". The skis are edged with hard steel. Alpine skis are broad in the front, narrow in the middle, centered in the back, and form a large arc on the side. In recent years, the appearance of the "Carbin" board, commonly known as the "big head board" is even more so, which is designed to facilitate turning, especially for small turns. There are many types of alpine skis, and the grades and prices of alpine skis vary greatly due to the different functions and types. (1) According to the competitive skiing events are divided into: slalom board, giant slalom board, super giant slalom board, downhill board; (2) According to the skiing level, there are beginner board, intermediate board, advanced board, competition board, World Cup board, etc.; (3) According to the snow quality, there are boards suitable for sliding hard snow, boards suitable for sliding powder snow, skis suitable for stunts, etc.; (4) According to age and gender, there are male skis, female skis, children's skis, etc.
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Alpine ski shoes
Alpine ski shoes can also be called ski boots. Alpine ski shoes have the functions of fixing, protecting and keeping warm on the feet and ankles. The outer shell and the sole are very hard, made of plastic or ABS material injection molding, waterproof, anti-collision, it is inlaid with 1 or more clamps and adjust the weight of the shoe, the front Angle of the device. The inner layer is composed of chemical fiber fabric and soft material, which has the functions of keeping the ankle and foot warm, wrapping and cushioning. Alpine ski shoes vary greatly in grade and value, the general public beginner shoes open backward, and only a clip in the back side, easy to put on and off. Quasi-advanced or competition snow shoes have tongue on the surface, ski shoe clamps, arranged in the front, shoes open in the front, the shell is very hard, the inner boot is tight, more difficult to wear and take off, but you can tightly wrap the ankle parts and lower leg, and will not cause blood trouble, only the toes have some space to move, which makes the skier's feet and shoes fixed into a whole, The skier's hard movement is precisely transmitted to the ski. Some ski shoes by adjusting the corresponding device, can make it easy to walk and more suitable for the skier's foot type.
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Alpine ski retainer
Alpine ski retainers are generally made of metal. The main function of the retainer is to connect ski shoes and skis and to protect the personal safety of the skier. The fixer is composed of front, middle and back parts, and the front and back parts are provided with a device for displaying and adjusting its elastic strength. The front is the front end of the fixed snowshoe, and can be automatically removed when the lateral external force is too large; The rear has the functions of fixing the back end of the snowshoe, adjusting the length of the front and back, locking or loosening the snowshoe, and automatically disconnecting when the longitudinal external force is too large; The central stop prevents the skis from sliding into the valley after separating from the ski shoes, and the central pad is used to prevent the side of the snowshoe from rubbing against the snow surface when the edge is raised.
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Alpine ski pole
The pole part of the alpine ski pole is made of light aluminum alloy material, thick on the top and fine under the sheath; Its upper end has a grip and grip leather, easy to hold and prevent the poles from falling off; There is a pole tip at the lower end to prevent the pole from slipping when the hard snow supports are inserted, and there is a round or snowflake shaped snow wheel above the pole tip to limit the pole from penetrating the snow surface too deeply. The function of alpine ski poles is to support, accelerate, maintain balance, and guide transition (pole).
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Alpine ski clothing
In addition to the ski professional competition clothing, the concept of ski clothing is very broad, and all the clothing that can basically meet the requirements of skiing can be called ski clothing. The usual special ski suit has an upper and lower body style, composed of two pieces of top and lower pants, and another ski suit is a one-piece style, that is, the top and the lower pants are connected together.
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Alpine ski gloves
Ski gloves are also essential, special ski gloves five fingers separate, the palm of the seam wear-resistant layer, to achieve waterproof, non-snow, warm, does not interfere with the hand action requirements, the wrist should be longer and wider, can be relaxed, easy to take off and cover the sleeve of the ski suit.
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Ski cap and ski headband
A ski cap or headband is a must, and its role is to prevent frostbite in the ear, so that the head heat will not be excessive loss, while preventing hair from covering the line of sight during sliding. Ski cap and headband are woven from plush thread, easy, warm, flexible, easy to evaporate sweat. If wearing a hat with a brim must be fixed on the head with a strip, in the middle and fast sliding, it is best not to wear this style of hat.
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Ski helmet
Ski helmets are molded from hard materials and come in a variety of styles. The purpose of the helmet is to protect the head from being hit by snow or other objects when the skier falls out of control. Helmets must be worn when racing fast and through the woods.
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Ski goggles
There are generally two kinds of ski goggles, one is sunglasses, and the other is closed windproof alpine ski goggles. Ski goggles high and low grade is very different, professional and general ski goggles price difference is very wide. Ski goggles should be strongly advocated when skiing, especially in medium and fast skiing. When wearing sunglasses, it is best to use a mirror strap to tie the mirror leg around the neck to prevent it from coming off. Those who wear contact lenses must wear special alpine ski goggles in case the contact lenses fall off and cannot be recovered.
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Alpine skiing events are divided into speed events and technical events. Speed events are divided into downhill (men and women) and super G slalom (men and women), and technical events are divided into giant slalom (men and women) and slalom (men and women). In addition to downhill and slalom combined alpine skiing all-around (men's and women's) and national team competition, a total of 11 events.
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Men's event
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Downhill downhill
Super G slalom
Giant slalom
rotation
all-round
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Women's event
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Downhill downhill
Super G slalom
Giant slalom
rotation
all-round
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Mixed item
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Team competition
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Alpine skiing events (downhill, super-G, Giant slalom)
In alpine skiing, the speed of the skiers can exceed 130 km/h, and the vertical height difference between the starting point and the finishing point of different events is also different: men's 800-1100 meters, women's 500-800 meters; Men's 180-220 m, women's 140-200 m; Giant slalom men 250-450 meters, women 250-400 meters; Super-slalom 500-650 m for men and 400-600 m for women.
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These vertical height differences make the race more difficult, because riders need to pass through a series of flag gates on the glide route while sliding down, and if a rider misses a flag gate, he must go back and cross the missed flag gate, or he is disqualified.
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Each event of alpine skiing uses a solo start, the order of the start is determined by drawing lots, but some events require two runs, and the order of the second start is determined by the results of the first race. The starting interval is generally 60 seconds, and only the slalom events use unequal starting times. At the start of the race, the athlete must wear a formal seal seal (i.e. clothing checked and approved by the referee), a starting bib, a helmet, and feet
skis
, Hold
Ski pole
At the same time, a disengaging retainer must be used.
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The project is characterized by rapid speed. In order to glide at a speed of 90 to 140 kilometers on an incline surface with an average incline of 15 to 30 degrees, competitors need strong will and physical strength. There are only 1 color flags on the track. The final ranking will be determined by the order in which the runners arrive at the finish line after correctly passing the specified track gates.
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A race in which a super G slalom zips through a flagged gate and down a slope at super speed. Compared with the giant slalom, the slope is steeper, and the width of the flag gate is more than 25 meters. In men's competition, more than 35 flag gates shall be set up; For women, there are more than 30. In downhill, two jumps are performed, and only one race is performed, unlike alpine slalom and alpine giant slalom.
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Giant slalom A race in which you zigzag through a flagged gate and glide down a slope at super speed. Set up more than 30 flag gates. It is more than 10 meters wider than the flag gate spacing of the slalom event. The slalom flag is a triangle, while the giant slalom flag is a quadrangle. Unlike speed events (downhill and super G slalom), two rounds (1st and 2nd) are held, and the top 30 finishers, based on the records of the 1st round, are eligible for the 2nd round. In reverse order (the player who finished 30th in the first round starts first in the second round).
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A race in which you zigzag through a marked flag gate and glide down a slope at super speed. In men's competition, 55-75 flag gates will be set up; For women, it is 45-60. The distance between the flag doors is 75cm - 15m. Unlike speed events (downhill and super-G), two rounds (1st and 2nd) are held. According to the records of the first round, the top 30 will participate in the second round, which will be played in reverse order.
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All-around is a combination of downhill and slalom competition. Follow the order of the first round of downhill competition and the second round of round turn competition. The downhill and slalom scores are combined to produce the ranking.
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The mixed team race is a parallel race using the giant slalom flag gate, the course is 250-300 meters, the flag gate spacing is longer than the slalom and shorter than the giant slalom. A group (country) consists of 2 men and 2 women. Sixteen teams (countries) are ranked in a knockout round.
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Alpine skiing course
Alpine skiing course
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internation
The World Alpine Skiing Championships are held every two years.
The World Cup Alpine Skiing Series is held several times each year, and the last stop has the nature of the finals.
The World Junior Alpine Skiing Championships are held every two years.
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Asia
The Asian Junior Alpine Skiing Championships are held annually.
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China
The National Alpine Skiing Championships are held annually.
The National Alpine Ski Championships are held once a year.
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International Ski Federation, founded in 1924, the International Snow Federation carries out skiing sports including: cross-country skiing, alpine skiing, ski jumping, freestyle skiing and snowboarding. The official competitions under its jurisdiction are: skiing at the Winter Olympic Games, the World Ski Championships and the World Alpine Ski Championships.
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The Asian Ski Federation, established in 1990, is the leader of the International Ski Federation. The mission is to promote the development of ski sports in Asia, and the congress is held once a year.
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Chinese ski association
Founded in 1981, it was originally part of the Chinese Winter Sports Association. The task is to promote the development of national skiing sports, improve the technical level; Promulgate the competition rules and judging laws of ski sports; Review and publication of performance records; Organize competitions and academic and experience exchange activities.
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Mozel Prohl, Austrian alpine skier. Mozel Prol won the downhill World Cup championship in 1970, and won the downhill World Cup Championship seven times in 1971-1975, 1978 and 1979.
[2]
Andre Omot
, Norwegian alpine skier. From 1991 to 2003, Andre Omot won four silver and three bronze MEDALS at the Alpine skiing World Championships, totaling 12 MEDALS.
[12]
Marcel Hilscher
, Austrian alpine skier. With a total of 67 World Cup titles, Marcel Hirscher has also won eight consecutive overall World Cup titles, seven World Championships and two gold MEDALS at the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics.
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Gravity: A skier's weight can be understood as gravity.
Center of gravity: The point at which the total gravity of the human body works. Its orientation is toward the center of the Earth. In skiing, the center of gravity is sometimes inside and sometimes outside the body. The movement direction of the center of gravity in skiing is multidimensional, that is, the composite direction of moving before and after, left and right, up and down.
Center of gravity projection point: Generally refers to the center of gravity and the center of the earth through the snow point.
Load-bearing (load-bearing) : generally refers to the sum of weight and strength borne by the snowboard (or weight-bearing legs and feet).
Center of gravity exchange: generally refers to the change of the weight of the left and right skis in the skiing process.
Force: Generally refers to the pressure exerted by gravity or the combined force of gravity and muscle force on the ski (legs, feet). Load and force are basically equal.
Support area: Generally refers to the position of the ski on the snow surface and the type of the board (sometimes also consider the support of tiger skiing) formed by the imaginary stable area.
Roll line: A straight line in which a ball rolls from the top of a hill to the bottom of a hill without changing its direction. The roll line is perpendicular to the map contour (drop line).
Sliding: refers to the basic straight slide from the hill to the hill.
Turning: refers to the slide from the hill to the hill to change the direction of the ski. In competitive skiing it's called a slalom.
Climbing (climbing, climbing) : moving up a hill through a ski.
Pole mark: The mark left by a ski pole after it is supported on the snow.
Turning arc: refers to the trace that the ski slides out of the snow surface in the process of turning, generally in the shape of a half moon arc. Turn arc is one kind of ski trace.
Turn arc: refers to the center curve of the turn arc. The protruding side is called the outer side and the concave side is called the inner side.
Turning radius: The line between a point of the turning arc and the inner imaginary center of the circle. The radius of rotation is generally between 11 and 16 meters.
Turning arc (turning arc) : determined by the turning radius. The larger the turning radius, the larger the turning arc; The smaller the turning radius, the smaller the turning curve.
Outer ski (leg, foot) : refers to the ski (leg, foot) on the outside of the turning arc.
Inside ski (leg, foot) : refers to the ski (leg, foot) on the inside of the turning arc.
Downhill board (leg, foot) : a ski board (leg, foot) on the lower side of a hill. Generally, it is an outside ski (leg, foot).
Mountain board (leg, foot) : a ski board (leg, foot) on the side of a hill. Usually the inner ski (leg, foot).
Active board: The ski that plays a leading role in the ski turn, that is, the one with the heavy load. It is usually an outer ski or a downhill ski.
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