The Argentine Republic (Spanish: Republica Argentina, English: Republic of Argentina), simply referred to as "Argentina", is located in South America Southeast, east Atlantic , Minami Yo Antarctica Facing each other across the sea, neighbors to the west Chile , North and Bolivia , Paraguay Junction, northeast and Uruguay , Brazil Bordering on a land area of 2,780,400 square kilometers, it is composed of 23 provinces and federal capitals ( Buenos Aires ) composed of Presidential system Federal republic The country. In 2023, Argentina has a population of 46.65 million.

Before the 16th century Indian Inhabited by the mid-16th century Spain The colony, on May 25, 1810, broke out against Spain Colonial rule the May Revolution The first government committee was formed. The year 1812 Jose Francisco de SAN Martin Matoulas He led the Argentine people in the fight against the Spanish colonial Army and declared independence on July 9, 1816. A federal republic was established in 1853, and the fourth amendment of the Constitution in 1994 established Argentina as A federal state , implement Representative democracy . ^[1]

Argentina is a country with strong comprehensive national strength in Latin America. Relatively complete industrial categories, agriculture and animal husbandry developed. In March 2022, the government reached an agreement with the International Monetary Fund to repay $45 billion in debt. ^[1] According to the official economic data released by the National Bureau of Statistics of Argentina, the total economic volume of Argentina in 2020 will be 383 billion US dollars, down 9.9% year-on-year; GDP per capita is $8,524. ^[2]

On the morning of December 10, 2023 local time, President Javier Mille of the Argentine Republic signed a presidential decree, which will reduce the number of existing government departments to nine. ^[21]

Chinese name: Argentine Republic ^[1]
Foreign name: República Argentina (in Spanish)
Republic of Argentina ^[1] (English)
Abbreviated form: Argentina
continent: South America
capital: Buenos Aires ^[1]
Major city: Rosario , La Plata , Mar del Plata , Mendoza , Cordoba Etc. ^[1]
National Day: May 25, 1810 ^[1]
National song: " March of the Motherland "
Country code: ARG
Official language: Spanish ^[1]
currency: Argentine peso ^[1]
Time zone: UTC-3
Political system: Presidential republic
National leader: Javier Millay ^[21] (President)

Population number: 46.65 million (2023)
Population density: 16.5 persons/km2 (2020)
Major nationality: Spain A surname Italy A surname The Mapuche ^[1]
Major religion: Catholicism ^[1]
Land area: 2780400 km² ^[1] (Excluding the Malvinas Islands and Antarctic territories claimed by Argentina)
Water area ratio: 2.3%
Per capita GDP: $8,524 (2022, international exchange rates)
International telephone area code: 54
International domain name abbreviation: .ar
Road access: Keep to the right
Human development index: 0.808 (49th in the world in 2014)
Central bank: Banco Centrale de Argentina
The national flower: saybolt
National bird: Brown ovenbird
National motto: In unity and freedom
Leading institution: University of Buenos Aires Etc.

catalogue

6political
▪regime
▪constitution
▪congress
▪government
▪judiciary
▪Political party
▪dignitaries
7economy
▪ASSETS
▪industry
▪Agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery
▪tourism
▪Finance and finance
▪foreign trade
▪Foreign capital
8culture

▪People's livelihood
12diplomacy
▪Foreign policy
▪Arab-china relations
▪Relations with Latin American countries
▪Relations with the United States
▪Relations with European countries
▪Relations with Asia-Pacific countries
▪Relations with the BRICS countries
▪Relations with Nicaragua
▪Relations with world organizations
13travel
▪World heritage site
▪Special product

Historical evolution

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EDITOR

Before the 16th century, it was inhabited by indigenous people Indian .

In the mid-16th century, it became a Spanish colony.

On May 25, 1810, a revolt broke out Spain "Colonial" May Revolution The first government committee was formed.

1812, National Hero SAN Martin He led the people to fight against the Spanish colonial Army and declared independence on July 9, 1816. A long period of unrest and division followed.

In 1853, General Urkisa wrote the first constitution, establishing the Federal Republic, and he became the first president.

In 1860, it became a republic.

In the 1930s, there was an alternation between military and civilian rule. In the mid-to-late 1970s, the military government brutally suppressed left-wing opposition figures.

In 1982, the military government was defeated in a war with Britain over the disputed Malvinas Islands.

In 1983, the elected government of the Radical Party came to power, resumed and vigorously promoted the process of democratization, and the democratic regime was gradually consolidated. Justice Party leader Menem Since 1989, Justice Party leader Menem has been in power for ten consecutive years, the implementation of neoliberal economic policies, the economy once had great development. In the later years of May's administration, Afghanistan's economy entered recession and social problems became increasingly prominent.

In 1999, Radical Party De La Rua After he was elected president, he failed to stop a three-year uprising Economic recession .

In December 2001, a serious political, economic and social crisis broke out in Afghanistan, and De was forced to resign. After that, the situation was seriously unstable, and within ten days, there was a change of president.

On 1 January 2002, Duhalde, a member of the Justice Party, was elected president by Congress.

After Kirchner of the Justice Party took office as president in May 2003, the economy recovered rapidly, political stability, people's livelihood improved, and international and regional influence recovered.

In October 2007, Cristina Kirchner, the wife of President Cristina Kirchner, won the presidential election as the candidate of the centre-left cross-party alliance "Front for Victory", becoming the first elected female president in the history of Afghanistan. After coming to power, he basically inherited the internal and external policies of the Kirchner government, and was successfully re-elected in October 2011. ^[1]

On June 28, 2022, ITAR-TASS reported that Argentina has applied to join the BRICS cooperation mechanism. ^[6]

On March 21, 2023 (Buenos Aires time), Argentine President Cristina Fernandez announced that Argentina had decided to rejoin Union of South American Nations . ^[10] On April 6 local time, the Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement announcing that Argentina has notified the member states of the Union of South American Nations of the Argentine government's decision to rejoin the organization and formally requested the organization's approval to resume Argentina's membership in accordance with the constitution of the Union. ^[11] On July 18, Argentina and Ecuador will restore diplomatic relations at ambassadorial level. ^[15]

On August 24, 2023 local time, Johannesburg Be held by The 15th BRICS Summit At the special press conference, Presidents of South Africa Ramaphosa declared, BRICS Decides to invite Argentina to become a full member of the BRICS cooperation mechanism as of 1 January 2024. ^[18]

On December 29, 2023 local time, Argentine President Mille said that Argentina officially decided to refuse to join the BRICS countries. ^[24]

Geographical environment

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EDITOR

Regional location

Argentina is located in South America The south, after Brazil, is the second largest country in Latin America. Border on the east Atlantic West with Chile Andes Mountains It is bordered to the north and east by Bolivia, Paraguay, Brazil and Uruguay. With an area of 2,780,400 square kilometers (excluding the Malvinas Islands and the Antarctic territory claimed by Argentina), it is the eighth largest territory in the world and the second largest country in Latin America, after Brazil. The total length of the border is 25,728 kilometers, and the maximum distance between north and south is 3,693.8 kilometers. The maximum distance between east and west is 1460 km. The coastline is more than 5,000 kilometers, and the continental shelf covers nearly 1 million square kilometers. The main river is The River de La Plata (up to 220 km at its widest point) and upstream The Parana River and Uruguay River , Paraguay river .

Buenos Aires, the capital of Argentina, is 11 hours behind Beijing. ^[1]

landform

Mount Aconcagua, the highest peak in the Western Hemisphere

Argentina flattens from west to east. The west is dominated by the majestic, undulating Andes, Aconcagua Mountain At 6,964 meters above sea level, it is the highest peak in the Andes and the first peak in South America, with mountains accounting for about 30% of the country's area; The eastern and central Pampas grassland is a famous farming and pastoral area; The north is mainly the Gran Chaco Plain, which is swampy and forested; The south is Patagonia A high plateau. The main mountains are the Ojos de Salado and the Mesicana Mountains. Aconcagua Mountain 6,964 meters above sea level, the southern hemisphere and The Western Hemisphere The highest peak. ^[1-2] ^[8]

Climatic characteristics

Argentina has a varied climate with four distinct seasons. In addition to the southern part of the cold zone, most of the temperate and subtropical. The average annual temperature is 21.6 degrees Celsius in the north, 6.3 degrees Celsius in the south and 17.7 degrees Celsius in the capital. Annual precipitation is very uneven, up to more than 1000 mm in the northeast corner, 500 to 1000 mm in the central and northern regions, below 200 mm in the west, and below 200 mm in the Patagonia region. ^[2]

Drainage distribution

The Rio de La Plata. - The Parana 4,700 kilometers long, ^[13] It's the second longest river in South America. The main tributaries are Paraguay river , Uruguay River Such as international boundary river. south Andes Mountains Area multi-glacial erosion lake. The main lakes are Chiquita Lake , Lake Argentina and Bedema Lake . ^[2]

Natural resources

Argentina Rich in mineral resources, it is one of the major mining countries in Latin America. The main mineral resources are oil, natural gas, lithium, copper, gold, uranium, lead, zinc, borate, clay, etc. Most of them are located near the Andes Mountains near the border with Chile and Bolivia. However, the level of mineral exploitation is low, and it is estimated that about 75% of the resources have not been explored and developed. Proven reserves: 363 million cubic meters of oil, 376.12 billion cubic meters of natural gas, 22.71 trillion cubic meters of recoverable shale gas, 27 billion barrels of recoverable shale oil, 825 million tons of coal, 300 million tons of iron, 105 million tons of lithium, 7080 tons of uranium. Water power and fishery resources are abundant. The forest area is 1.253 million square kilometers, and the forest coverage rate is 45.06%. ^[1] ^[26]

Mineral products

Oil and gas

Oil and natural gas is one of the more abundant energy minerals in Argentina. In 2015, Argentina's oil reserves were 326 million tons (2.39 billion barrels), accounting for 0.14% of global reserves, and oil production in 2015 was 26.6 million tons (190 million barrels), accounting for 0.68% of global production. The four major proven oil fields are: Chubut provincial Commodore City of Rivadavia Oil field (Comodoro Rivadavia), Neuquen Province The Plaza Huincul oil field, Mendoza The Tupungato oil field as well Huhuy A surname Salta Province Oil fields in the border area.

Natural gas resources are 70% in the northern province of Salta and 15% in the south Province of Tierra del Fuego . In 2015, Argentina had proven natural gas reserves of 350 billion cubic meters, potential reserves of 319 billion cubic meters, and annual production of 42.8 billion cubic meters.

In addition, Argentina has very large unconventional oil and gas reserves. According to the United States Energy Administration in 2013 global shale Integrated Resource Assessment, Argentina Shale gas The second largest reserves in the world, Shale oil The world's fourth largest shale gas reserves account for more than 10% of the world's total reserves. Argentina's largest shale oil and gas reserves are in the Neuquen Basin, of which the Vaca Muerta area is the richest, with 661 billion barrels of oil and 33.4 trillion cubic meters of natural gas resources.

Copper mine

Argentine copper is found mainly in the Andes along the Chile-Argentina border Metallogenic belt The belt from Salta province in the north, south to Neuquen province, stretching more than 1,000 kilometers, there are dozens of deposits in the belt, the type of deposit is mainly porphyry, often accompanied by gold, silver and molybdenum ore. The region is also a mineral producing area of lead, zinc, gold, silver, iron, potassium, manganese, tin and antimony. The main copper deposits are Bajode La Alumbrera, El Pachon, and Agua Rica.

The Bajode La Alumbrera copper-gold mine is located in northwestern Argentina Catamarca Province It is 2560 meters above sea level. The mine is the only producing copper mine in Argentina, producing 425,000 ounces of gold and 143,000 tons of copper in 2009. Proven copper reserves of 3.91 million tons, copper grade of 1.51%, gold reserves of 491 tons, gold grade of 0.64 g/ton.

The El Pachon copper-molybdenum mine is located SAN Juan Province Is the largest copper mine in Argentina, the mine resources of 32.8 million tons of metallic copper, copper grade 0.55%; Proved reserves exceeded 5.3 million tons with an average grade of 0.69%. The Pachon mine is under construction and is expected to start production in 2018, with an annual output of 200,000 tonnes of copper concentrate.

The Agua Rica copper-molybdenum gold deposit is one of the world's most important undeveloped copper-gold-molybdenum deposits, located in the province of Catamarca. The mine has reserves of 8.14 million tons of copper, 414 tons of gold and 630,000 tons of molybdenum, and feasibility studies have been completed. Aguarica, along with two other potential large copper projects such as Los Azules and Taca Taca, has no firm production dates.

Bullion ore

337 gold deposits and mineralization spots have been discovered in Argentina, distributed in 21 metallogenic zones. In 2015, Argentina produced 57.6 tons of gold and 768 tons of silver, mainly from large gold mines such as Valadero and Pascua-Lama.

The Valadero epithermal gold deposit is located in the province of SAN Juan, and the main ore minerals are natural gold, bullion, pyrite, chalcopyrite, alum and clay. Declared ore reserves in 1999 were 118 million tonnes with an average grade of 1.4 g gold/t and 21.8 g silver/t.

The Pascua-Lama epithermal gold deposit, also located in SAN Juan Province, is part of the extension of Chile's Pascua mine into Argentina, of which Chile accounts for 80% and Argentina 20%, and is being jointly exploited. Estimated ore reserves are 325 million tons, with an average grade of 1.4 g gold/ton and 59 g silver/ton.

lithoborite

South America is the world's richest region of brine lithium resources, accounting for about 85% of the world's brine lithium resources, mainly distributed in the Puna plateau area of Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, known as the "lithium triangle" zone. Almost all salt mines in this area contain brine rich in lithium, potassium and boron ions, with low ratio of lithium to magnesium, associated with potassium and boron that can be comprehensively utilized, and the occurrence state of resources is good and the mining conditions are superior.

The total reserves of lithium resources in Argentina are about 7.35 million tons, of which the proven reserves are 6.5 million tons, which is the third largest lithium metal reserves in the world, the main type of salt lake brine deposit; In 2015, Albania mined nearly 4,000 tons of lithium metal, making it the fourth largest lithium producer in the world. Argentina's lithium resources are mainly distributed in the Salardel Hombre Muerto and Salardel Rincon salt flats in the Puna Plateau between the provinces of Catamarca and Salta, Jujuy, Mendoza and Neuquen provinces.

Argentina's boron resources reserves of 2 million tons, in 2013 boron production of 700,000 tons, is the largest Latin American region, the world's second largest boron producer. The main boron mining areas are located in the provinces of Salta, Jujuy and Catamarca.

Uranium ore

Uranium is one of the relatively rich minerals in Argentina, with 29,400 tons of uranium reserves in 2015, mainly in the provinces of Salta, Cordoba, Mendoza and Chubut.

Lead zinc ore

Lead and zinc mines in Argentina are mainly located in Mina Aguilar, Jujuy Province, and Castano Nuevo, SAN Juan Province. Among them, the Aguilar deposit contains 66 million tons of lead and zinc ore reserves, containing 6.2% lead and 7.6% zinc, and associated gold and silver.

Iron mine

Argentina's iron ore reserves are about 1.1 billion tons, the main iron ore deposits are Zapla iron ore in Jujuy Province and Sierra Grande iron ore in Heihe Province. Sapra Iron Mine is estimated to have 110 million tons of iron ore reserves, and the ore grade is 35% ~ 45%. Hilagrande iron ore contains more than 100 million tons of iron ore, and the ore grade is 55% ~ 60%.

In addition to the minerals listed above, Argentina also has coal, potassium, beryllium, aluminum, tin, molybdenum, antimony, beryl, gypsum, sulfur, China clay, quartz and other mineral resources. In general, Argentina is a country with abundant mineral species, favorable metallogenic conditions and more undeveloped minerals. ^[3]

Administrative division

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EDITOR

Administrative division

Subdivisions of Argentina

Argentina is divided into 24 administrative units. It consists of 23 provinces and the federal capital (Buenos Aires City). ^[1]

The 23 provinces are: Buenos Aires Province, Catamarca Province , Chaco , Chubut province , Cordoba Province , Corrientes Province , Entre Rios Province , Formosa Province , Jujuy Province, La Pampa Province , La Rioja Province , Mendoza Province , Department of Misiones , Neuquen Province, The province of Rio Negro , Salta Province , SAN Juan Province , SAN Luis Province , Santa Cruz Province , Santa Fe Province , Santiago del Estero Province , Province of Tierra del Fuego , Tucuman Province . ^[2]

capital

Buenos Aires is the largest city in Argentina

Buenos Aires On the eastern coast of Argentina The River de La Plata On the right bank of the estuary, the city is divided into 1 Federal district and 19 suburbs, with a total area of 3,885 square kilometers and a population of 3.08 million (2020), making it the second largest city in South America (after Brazil) Sao Paulo ). Buenos Aires, a Spanish colonial center for nearly 300 years, was made the capital of Argentina when it became independent in 1816 The Arc de Triomphe in Paris The layout of the street. Built just outside Buenos Aires Children's Republic The exquisite buildings and streets are rich in European and Southeast Asian sentiment, and the buildings display paintings, woodcuts and other handicrafts from some countries.

National symbol

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EDITOR

Country name

The full name of Argentina is the Republic of Argentina, and in Spanish, the words "Argentina" and "La Plata" have the same meaning, both meaning "silver". In 1527, the Spanish explorer Sebastian Cavotto led an expedition to the South American mainland, from a wide estuary up the river, deep into the interior. Explorers discovered the region Indian Wearing a lot of silver ornaments, thinking that the local silver rich, they named the river The River de La Plata This area is referred to as La Plata. The Spanish colonial rulers later made the region of La Plata a province.

On July 9, 1816, the province of La Plata declared its independence and officially adopted the name Argentina. The word Argentina comes from the Latin, not only refers to the specific sense of silver, but also means "money", "wealth". Although this vast land does not produce silver, it has fertile soil, lush grasslands, and a good climate, which makes Argentina the "granary and meat warehouse of the world", and wealth is rolling in.

flag

Flag of Argentina

Flag of Argentina Rectangular in shape, the ratio of length to width is about 5:3. From top to bottom, it consists of three parallel and equal horizontal rectangles of light blue, white and light blue, and in the middle of the white rectangle is a round of "May sun". The sun itself resembles a human face and is the design of the first coin issued by Argentina, with 32 curved and straight lines of light distributed equidistant along the circumference of the sun itself. Light blue symbolizes justice, and white symbolizes faith, purity, integrity and nobility. "May Sun" symbolizes freedom and dawn.

Argentina's National Flag Day is celebrated on June 20 each year - in 1810, Argentina had its famous outbreak May Revolution He overthrew the Spanish governor and began the great War of Independence. To boost morale, to guide the troops, to lead the revolutionary war Belgrano The general himself designed and directed the production of a light blue and white flag. These two colors symbolize purity and piety respectively. This flag was raised on July 9, 1816, when the Argentine Republic was proclaimed. Since then, it has been officially recognized as the national flag of Argentina.

National emblem

Coat of arms of Argentina

Coat of arms of Argentina It is oval. The oval surface is blue under white, the color of the national flag, and the upper end has a round of "May sun", meaning the same as the national flag. There are two clasped hands in the oval, symbolizing unity; Holding the "rod of freedom", symbolizing rights, laws, dignity and sovereignty; The top of the pole is a red "freedom hat". The oval pattern is surrounded by green bay leaves, which symbolize loyalty and friendship, Bay tree Leaves symbolize victory and glory.

Population nationality

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EDITOR

In 2023, Argentina has a population of 46.65 million. White and Indo-European people make up 95% of the population, and white people are mostly of Italian and Spanish descent. The Indian population is 955,000, of which the largest ethnic group is the Mapuche. The official language is Spanish. 73.9% of the population is Catholic and 6.6% is Protestant (2020). ^[1] ^[26]

On January 31, 2023 local time, the National Statistics Office of Argentina released the latest national census statistics report. According to the census conducted from May to August 2022, the total population of Argentina reached 46,044,703. ^[9]

The report also shows that in the current national population of Argentina, the female population is nearly 23.7 million, accounting for 51.76%; The male population exceeded 22.07 million, accounting for 48.76%. In addition, the total number of households in Afghanistan is 17,805,711. The most populous areas of the country are the capital city of Buenos Aires and the province of Buenos Aires, which surrounds the capital. ^[9]

political

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EDITOR

regime

Argentina for federalism The Republic of the Republic, with a presidential system Representative system Democracy: separation of legislative, judicial and executive powers.

constitution

The first Constitution was enacted in 1853. On 22 August 1994, the Constitution was amended for the fourth time. The amended Constitution stipulates that Albania is a federal state with a representative democracy. The President is the head of State and government and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The President is elected by direct election for a four-year term and may be re-elected once. ^[1]

congress

The Argentine Congress is the highest authority in the country, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives, with federal legislative power. Both members of the Senate and the House of Representatives are directly elected and can be re-elected. The Senate has 72 seats, three for each of the country's 24 provinces and regions. Senators serve six-year terms, with 1/3 reelected every two years. The House of Representatives has 257 members, apportioned among the provinces in proportion to their population. Members of the House of Representatives serve 4-year terms, reelected every two years by 1/2.

On October 22, 2023, the Senate and the House of Representatives elected 130 representatives and 24 senators respectively.

The seats of the main parties in parliament
Party group name	House of Representatives	senate
National front	109	34
Alliance for Change	93	24
Federal consensus	8	0
Free forward motion	38	8
Other parties	9	6
(Data source: Assan, House of Representatives website)

According to the Constitution, the vice President serves as the President of the Senate. The current Vice President and President of the Senate, Victoria Villarruel (female), took office on December 10, 2023, for a four-year term. There is also a permanent temporary President of the Senate, who acts as President of the Senate when the Vice President becomes vacant or acts as President. The current interim President of the Senate, Bartolome Esteben Abdala, took office on December 13, 2023. The current Speaker of the House of Representatives, Martin Menem, takes office on December 10, 2023. ^[1]

government

The current government will be established on December 10, 2023. President Millay has streamlined the Cabinet, reducing the number of ministries from 26 to 9, and the main members are as follows:

Nicolas Posse, Chief Cabinet Minister

Diana Elena Mondino, Minister of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Religious Affairs (female)

Minister of Justice Mariano Cuneo Libarona

Interior Minister Guillermo Alberto Francos

Security Minister Patricio Bullrich (female)

Luis Andres Caputo Minister of Economy Sandra Viviana Pettovello (female) Minister of Human Resources

Guillermo Jose Ferraro, Minister of Infrastructure

Defense Minister Luis Alfonso Petri

Health Minister Mario Antonio Russo

Santiago Bausili, central bank governor

Karina Elizabeth Milei (female), Secretary General of the Presidential Office (ministerial level). ^[1]

judiciary

It consists of the Supreme Court and the federal courts. The Supreme Court consists of the President and Vice President and five justices, who are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate for a term of three years and can be re-elected. A separate Council of Judges was established to select federal court judges and administer judicial affairs throughout the country. The current President of the Supreme Court, Horacio Rosatti, took office in October 2021. Associate Dean Carlos Rosenkrants. Attorney General Eduardo Casal. ^[1]

Political party

There are 57 national political parties, mainly:

Political party	introduce
La Libertad Avanza (LLA)	It was formed in July 2021 by the far-right Freedom Party in alliance with the right-wing Democratic Party and some small centre-right parties. LLA candidate and Liberal Party Chairman Milay won the 2023 general election and was elected as the new president of Afghanistan. - Partido Libertario (Freedom Party) : an extreme right-wing political party, founded in October 2018. Advocating liberalism, advocating free market, small government, secular state. It currently has more than 20,000 party members (2023). Its president, Javier Mille, is the current president of Argentina. - Partido Democrata (Democratic Party) : Founded in 1931, dissolved in 1957, refounded in 2019. A right-wing party. It has more than 70,000 party members (2022). Party President Carlos Balter.
Partido Justicialista (Justice Party)	Also known as the Peronist Party, member of the Christian Democratic Party International. Founded in 1945 by Peron, the party's membership is mainly from the middle and low income classes, and the strength of trade unions is the backbone. He was in power eight times. It has more than 3.2 million party members (2022). Political democracy, economic independence, and social justice are the three pillars of Peronism. It emphasizes that capital serves national economy, pursues social welfare, advocates harmony between labor and capital, and protects labor rights and interests. The president of the party is Alberto Fernandez. In 2019, Fernandez dominated by the forces within the Justice Party and joined with some center-left parties to form a governing coalition - the National Front, which won the general election and became the largest political force in Afghanistan. In 2023, it was renamed "United for the Fatherland" (UP). UP presidential candidate Massa lost the election, but still ranked first in the number of seats in the Senate and the House of Representatives.
Juntos por el Cambio (Alliance for Change)	It was formed in March 2015 by political parties such as the Union of Republic Solutions and the Union of Radical Citizens.
	- Propuesta Republicana (Union of Republican Solutions) : centre-right. It was formed in 2005 by a coalition of the Party for Change and the Party for Development and Reconstruction. Advocates less state intervention and a free market economy. At present, there are more than 160,000 party members (2021), and their influence is mainly concentrated in the capital Buenos Aires and the surrounding provinces. Party president Patricia Bullrich (female), who was defeated in the first round of the 2023 presidential election and finished third, is currently Minister of security in the Millay government.
	- Union Civica Radical: also known as the Radical Party, member of the Socialist International. Founded in 1891, it is the oldest political party in Albania and has been in power six times. There are 1.88 million party members (2021). They believe in humanism and advocate political pluralism and social reform. Party president Gerardo Morales ^[1]
Reference materials:

dignitaries

Javier Millay : The current President. Born in Buenos Aires on October 22, 1970, he is an economist. He holds a Bachelor's degree in economics from the University of Belgrano, a master's degree in economic theory from the Institute of Economic and Social Development, and a master's degree in economics from the University of Tocuato Di Tera. He has taught economics at several universities in Argentina and abroad and is the author of nine books, including The Road to Freedom. He has published more than 50 academic papers and served as a senior economist at HSBC and head of the economic department of the Argentinean national think tank, the Arkoda Foundation. Leader of the Freedom Forward Movement and Chairman of the Liberal Party. He was elected President in November 2023 and inaugurated on December 10.

economy

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EDITOR

Afghanistan is a country with relatively strong comprehensive national strength in Latin America. Relatively complete industrial categories, agriculture and animal husbandry developed.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Albania's economic aggregate ranked among the world's top ten. In the 1980s, the economy suffered a severe recession due to the debt crisis. Since 1991, the neoliberal economic policy with privatization as the core has been implemented, and the fixed exchange rate system of the peso to the US dollar 1:1 has been implemented, and the economy has returned to the growth track, with an average annual growth rate of 6% from 1991 to 1998. Affected by the financial crisis in Southeast Asia and the financial turmoil in Brazil, Albania's economy began to decline in the second half of 1998, the national risk index soared, the external debt pressure intensified, the financial and financial collapse, and finally the serious economic crisis broke out at the end of 2001.

Since the 2001 economic crisis, successive Argentine governments have made repaying foreign debt their core work. Due to the difficulties in international financing, they have been forced to focus on domestic issues, strengthen government intervention, implement import substitution, and ensure foreign trade surplus by stimulating exports and restricting imports. At the same time, they have strictly controlled foreign exchange, forming the "Argentine model", which has achieved good results. From 2003 to 2011, Argentina's economy achieved rapid growth.

Since 2012, affected by the international economic and financial situation, Argentina's economic growth has slowed down significantly, inflation is high, the local currency has depreciated, and foreign exchange reserves have declined. Since the beginning of 2014, the Afghan government has taken measures such as relaxing foreign exchange control, raising interest rates and reducing fiscal subsidies, and the macroeconomic situation has improved. In July 2014, the Afghan government and "vulture funds" debt negotiations failed, Afghanistan fell into a technical debt default. After taking office, Macri introduced measures such as abolishing foreign exchange controls, relaxing import and export controls, and resolving the debt disputes of "vulture funds" to return to the international capital market. In 2018, Afghanistan's economic and financial situation fluctuated sharply on several occasions. The government implemented austerity policies, supported by a bailout loan from the International Monetary Fund. In August 2019, Afghanistan's financial situation fluctuated sharply again. After taking office, Fernandez introduced a series of reform measures to solve the debt problem as a priority. In August 2020, the Argentine government reached an agreement with major creditors on the restructuring of its $66.2 billion foreign debt. The economy will grow by 10.3% in 2021. In March 2022, the government reached an agreement with the International Monetary Fund to repay $45 billion in debt. In 2023, the century-old drought combined with an unfavorable external environment, the Afghan national currency continued to depreciate sharply, foreign exchange reserves were stretched, and the poverty rate broke through the historical extreme. The economy is forecast to shrink by 2.5% in 2023. (Source: International Monetary Fund, World Bank, INDO).

Key economic indicators for 2022 are as follows:

Inflation rate	211.4%
Unemployment rate	5.7% (Q3 2023)
Foreign exchange reserve	- $6.103 billion (Q3 2023)
External debt balance	$283.5 billion (Q3 2023)
Total foreign trade	$140.502 billion
Value of exports	$66.788 billion
Amount of imports	$73.714 billion
Exchange rate	1 US dollar is about 868.8 pesos (January 2024)
Reference materials: ^[26]

^[1]

On April 26, 2023 local time, Argentine Economy Minister Felipe Massa held a press conference to announce that Argentina would stop using the US dollar to pay for imports from China and instead use the RMB for settlement. ^[12]

On May 22, 2023 local time, the Central Bank of Argentina announced that from the same day, the country's new version of the largest denomination of 2,000 pesos banknotes officially began circulation. According to a communique issued by the central bank of Argentina, the main purpose of using the new denomination notes is to deal with the inconvenience caused by the high inflation in the country to the circulation and use of Argentine peso cash. ^[14]

In the first 10 months of 2023, Argentina's cumulative inflation rate reached 120%. On December 12th Argentina's new economy minister, Luis Announced a series of economic policies aimed at reducing the fiscal deficit and controlling inflation. ^[22]

ASSETS

Rich in mineral resources, it is one of the major mining countries in Latin America. The main mineral resources are oil, natural gas, copper, gold, uranium, lead, zinc, borate, clay, etc. Most of them are located near the Andes Mountains near the border with Chile and Bolivia. However, the level of mineral exploitation is low, and it is estimated that about 75% of the resources have not been explored and developed. Proven reserves: 363 million cubic meters of oil, 376.12 billion cubic meters of natural gas, 22.71 trillion cubic meters of recoverable shale gas, 27 billion barrels of recoverable shale oil, 825 million tons of coal, 300 million tons of iron, 7080 tons of uranium. Water power and fishery resources are abundant. The forest area is 1.253 million square kilometers, and the forest coverage rate is 45.06%. ^[1]

industry

Argentina's industry is relatively developed, mainly steel, automobile, petroleum, chemical, textile, machinery, food processing, etc., complete categories. The geographical distribution of industry is uneven, mainly concentrated in the provinces of Buenos Aires and Cordoba, with a weak industrial base in the interior provinces. The nuclear industry is at the forefront of Latin America and now has three nuclear power plants in operation. A fourth nuclear power plant is currently under construction. Food processing industry is more advanced, mainly meat processing, dairy products, grain processing, fruit processing, wine and other industries. ^[1]

Agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery

With developed agriculture and animal husbandry, it is an important producer and exporter of food and meat in the world, known as the "world granary and meat warehouse". Most of the country has fertile soil and mild climate, suitable for the development of agriculture and animal husbandry. The eastern and central Pampas grassland is a famous farming and herding region. China has 27.2 million hectares of arable land and perennial crop land, accounting for 9.8 percent of the country's total land area. The area of long-term pastures is 142.1 million hectares, accounting for 51.2% of China's total land area. The irrigated area is 1.69 million hectares, accounting for 6.8% of the arable land. The per capita cultivated land area is 0.77 hectares, ranking first in the world. According to the statistics of the Argentine Federal Agricultural Commission, the total agricultural exports of Argentina in 2022 will be 4.8 million tons, and the total exports will be 7 billion US dollars.

Mainly planted soybeans, corn, wheat, sorghum, sunflower seeds and so on.

Argentina is also the largest country in the world Yerba mate The producing country.

Argentina has a long history of animal husbandry, and livestock varieties and livestock levels occupy an advanced position in the world. Animal husbandry accounts for 40% of the total output value of agriculture and animal husbandry. 80% of the country's livestock are concentrated in the Pampas, mainly cattle and sheep. Argentina is a vaccinated non-foot-and-mouth disease and non-mad cow disease epidemic area, beef production, export and consumption ranks among the top in the world.

Major livestock products in 2022
	Slaughter capacity (tens of thousands, hundreds of millions)	Export volume (tons)	Annual consumption per capita (kg)
The cow	1349.9	89.93	48.66
The pig	766.6	0.95	15.8
The sheep	/ (Stock of 12.462 million head)	/	/
poultry	7.51	22.7	45.7
Reference materials:

(Source: Ministry of Agriculture, National Statistical Office)

Fishery resources are abundant. 60% of fishing production is in the south and more than 50% is concentrated in the Mar del Plata port. The main fishing products are cod, squid, prawns and so on. The amount of fish caught in 2022 will be 793,500 tons, an increase of 1.5%. In 2022, 490,400 tons of exports were exported, with exports of 1.823 billion US dollars, down 4.8% and 8.4% respectively year-on-year. ^[1]

tourism

Tourism is developed, is the main tourist country in South America. In recent years, the number of tourists visiting Afghanistan has increased significantly. Tourism has become the third largest foreign exchange earning industry in Afghanistan. Due to the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic, about 431,100 foreign tourists were received in 2022. China has 39 nature reserves with a total area of 3.6641 million hectares. There are 11 world natural and cultural heritage sites, and in 2009, UNESCO officially included tango dance in the list of intangible cultural heritage of humanity. The main tourist spots are Bariloche scenic area, Iguazu Falls, Moreno Glacier and so on. ^[1]

Finance and finance

The Afghan government had a chronic fiscal deficit. Since 2018, the Afghan government has dismantled government institutions, reduced public investment, fiscal expenditure and social subsidies, and increased taxes on exports of goods and services. In 2019, the primary fiscal deficit of the Afghan government was 95.122 billion pesos, equivalent to 0.44% of the GDP. By the end of 2022, Afghanistan's outstanding external debt was 276.7 billion US dollars, accounting for 43.8 percent of its GDP. (Source: National Bureau of Statistics)

By the end of 2022, there are 77 banking and non-bank financial institutions in Afghanistan, including 13 state-owned banks, 50 private banks and 15 non-bank financial institutions. (Source: Central Bank of Argentina) ^[1]

foreign trade

Foreign trade occupies an important position in the national economy. In recent years, the Afghan government has vigorously promoted exports, actively promoted the diversification of product export structure and export market, and coupled with the rising prices of bulk commodities in the international market, Afghanistan's foreign trade has maintained a surplus for many years in a row. The main export products are oil crops, petroleum, natural gas, automobiles, cereals, beef, leather, dairy products, iron and steel, fishery products and forest products, etc. Import machinery and equipment, automobiles, electronic products, fuels, organic chemicals, plastics and their finished products, steel, medical products, etc. The main trading partners are Brazil, China, the European Union, the United States, Chile, Mexico, Japan and so on. In 2022, Albania's total foreign trade reached 166.965 billion US dollars, of which exports were 88.456 billion US dollars, up 13.5% year on year, imports were 81.556 billion US dollars, up 29.1% year on year, with a surplus of 6.9 billion US dollars. ^[1]

Foreign capital

Afghanistan's history of attracting foreign investment began in the first half of the 19th century. Before World War II, British capital accounted for more than half. After the war, American capital came from behind. From 1990 to 1999, foreign investment amounted to US $121 billion, mainly from Spain, the United States, France, Chile and other countries. Foreign investment is mainly concentrated in oil, natural gas, automobile manufacturing, medicine, chemical industry, finance, civil aviation, telecommunications, service and other sectors. ^[1]

culture

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EDITOR

ART

" tango The dance originated in Argentina and is considered by Argentines The essence of Chinese culture . Argentine tango originated in the port area of Buenos Aires, the capital of Argentina.

Festivals

Festivals in Argentina
Festival name	time	Festival name	time
New Year's Day	January 1st	Independence Day	July 9th
Falklands War Veterans Day	April 2nd	St. Martin's death anniversary	August 17th
Saints Thursday	April 13th	National Day	October 12th
International Labor Day	The first of May	Feast of the Immaculate Conception	December 8th
National Day (May Revolution Day)	The 25th of May	Christmas	December 25th
Flag Day	June 20th ^[2]

diet

Argentina is a country of immigrants, more than 85% of the residents come from Italy and Spain, so its food culture is also mixed with the ingredients of European Western food, meat is mainly cattle, chicken, donkey, rarely eat pig, and charcoal barbecue meat is the local characteristics.

Yerba mate It is also the characteristics of Argentina, it is said that this tea is known as "national treasure" and "national tea" in Argentina, and "Mate tea" is "immortal grass" and "God-given divine tea" in the local language.

custom

Since most Argentines are of Spanish and Italian descent, they are to some extent influenced by European culture. In social occasions, local men shake hands with each other, and when they meet women, they give bise. Argentines meet and greet more particular, usually need to be in the surname before Mr., Miss, Mrs. And title and other honorific titles, and in the close friends with the name or nickname. Argentines don't have a strong sense of punctuality. In Argentina, people talk about personal income, age, religious beliefs, emotions and other privacy taboo. Argentines mainly eat Western food, especially like a variety of barbecue, but also like to eat Chinese food (do not like to eat spicy). ^[2]

taboo

Good topics to talk about: football and other sports, cooking skills, home furnishings, etc. When you visit Argentina, you can give small gifts. But it is not appropriate to send chrysanthemums, handkerchiefs, ties, shirts, etc. ^[2]

Military affairs

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EDITOR

Argentine army

The President is the supreme commander of the armed forces, with a National Defense Council and a crisis committee. The National Defense Council, composed of the Vice President, the Minister of the Interior, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Minister of Defense, and the Minister of the Economy, assists the President in formulating and evaluating national defense policy and strategy. The Crisis Committee is composed of the Minister of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the Armed Forces, and the Chiefs of Staff of the Army, Navy, and Air Force, and assists the President in military operations and military strategy assessments and decision-making. The Secretary of Defense has overall responsibility for national defense and is directly responsible to the President. In June 2006, Afghanistan upgraded the Joint Staff to a leading body higher than the military staff, and set up a new Joint operations Command under the agency, which is responsible for commanding the joint operations of the entire army.

After the end of the military government, Afghanistan's relations with neighboring countries gradually improved, and its defense policy was adjusted from the original "hypothetical conflict" strategy to "strategic defense". He believes that conflicts in the 21st century will revolve around food, water and energy, and Afghanistan should formulate its defense strategy based on this premise. China has actively carried out regional military cooperation and joined the South American Defense Council of the Union of South American Nations. He has actively participated in UN peacekeeping operations and jointly carried out UN peacekeeping missions with Chile and Peru. In 1993, he advocated the establishment of the United Nations "White Helmets" to supplement the "Blue Helmets" peacekeeping forces engaged in humanitarian relief operations.

Since 1995, the system of compulsory military service has been changed to voluntary military service, and citizens between the ages of 18 and 24 can volunteer for military service according to the period of agreement, with the maximum age of service up to 28 years old. The armed forces are composed of regular army and paramilitary forces, of which the regular army is composed of land, sea and air forces. The total strength of the three armed forces is 78,000. 31,000 paramilitary troops. In addition, there are 375,000 reserve troops. Argentina is one of the lowest military spenders in South America. The 2022 defense budget is 216.3 billion pesos, or 1.6 percent of the annual budget expenditure. ^[1]

traffic

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EDITOR

General situation

Argentina is one of the most developed transportation countries in Latin America, road, rail, air and sea are centered in the capital, radiating outward, forming a fan traffic network. Domestic transportation is mainly land transportation, and 90% of foreign trade goods are transported by water. In the 1990s, the government privatised the entire transportation service industry. ^[1]

railway

With a total length of 34,059 km, it is the largest in Latin America. However, the railway sector has been poorly operated for a long time, with years of losses, coupled with a lack of investment, many equipment and two-thirds of the lines are aging, and most of the sections are no longer in service. At present, the government raises funds through the form of public and private capital cooperation to build highways, railways, energy and other projects, and vigorously promotes the "railway revival" plan, focusing on the repair and reconstruction of old freight rail lines.

Buenos Aires is the first South American city to build a subway, the subway network is developed, a total of 7 lines, a total length of 64 kilometers. A total of 326 million passengers were transported in 2019. ^[1]

highroad

The total mileage is more than 500,000 kilometers. In 2017, the total length of national roads was 39,900 kilometers, and the proportion of paved roads was 92.3%. In 2017, 146 million vehicles passed through national highway toll stations, collecting 3.633 billion pesos. In 2017, the number of new cars registered was 902,700, including 282,300 domestic cars and 620,400 imported cars. It will produce 536,900 vehicles in 2022. (Source: Automobile Manufacturers Association) ^[1]

Water transport

The country has 38 seaports and 25 inland ports. In 2018, the port handled about 150 million tons. Important ports include the port of Buenos Aires, Port Blanca and Port Rosario. The Paraguaya-Parana River route is the main inland waterway of Argentina, with a total length of 3,302 km. ^[1] ^[13]

Air freight

There are 53 airports in the country. Every day there are flights to and from provincial capitals, major cities and important tourist spots, with more than 50 international routes. Passenger traffic in 2019 was 46.5 million, up 7.2% year on year, including 32.11 million passengers on domestic routes and 14.4 million passengers on international routes. Ezeiza International Airport is the largest airport in the country. Aerolineas Argentinas (Aerolineas Argentinas) is the largest airline in Argentina, which was acquired by a Spanish company in 1991 and renationalized by the Argentine government in July 2008. ^[1]

society

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EDITOR

Press and publication

Come out

In 2004, there were 8,745 publishing houses in the country, 62% of which were concentrated in the capital. In 2006, the daily circulation of newspapers was 1,088,300 from Monday to Saturday and 1,838,600 on Sunday. In 2012, 96,500 copies of the magazine were issued, and 88.172 million books were issued nationwide in 2013.

The main newspapers are: Clarin, founded in 1945, with a neutral, "developmentalist" economic outlook and a circulation of 274,300; La Nacion: Founded in 1870, mainly reflecting the views of large farmers and ranchers, circulation 177,900; Ambito Financiero: Founded in 1976, a financial newspaper with a circulation of 80,000; La Prensa: Founded in 1869, reflecting the position of right-wing conservatives, circulation of 3,000; El Cronista (Chronicle) : Founded in 1963, it focuses on social news and has a circulation of 8,000. At present, all major newspapers have launched online versions. Important weekly magazines include Mercado (Market), Somos (Somos), and Gente (People). ^[1]

News agency

The American News Agency (Telam) is the national news agency of Argentina, founded in 1945, under the leadership of the State Secretariat for Information of the Presidential Palace, with 28 domestic bureaus and no foreign bureaus. At present, there are 450 employees, more than 300 users, and 560 articles are published daily. DyN is a private news agency, the largest news agency in Afghanistan, founded in 1982, the users of most of the country's newspapers, radio and television stations and some enterprises, state agencies and political parties. ^[1]

Radio and television

The first radio station was established in 1920. The country has 260 AM radio stations, more than 1,150 FM radio stations (most of them without licenses), and six shortwave radio stations. Public Radio 1 (LRA 1) is the only national radio station in Afghanistan, established in 1937, with one AM program and three FM programs. Radio Argentina Abroad was established in 1958 and now broadcasts in seven languages. The most popular AM Radio stations are Radio Mitre (founded in 1925, a comprehensive radio station), Radio La Red (founded in 1929, originally "Shavings Radio", changed to its current name in 1991), and Radio La Red (Internet radio). It mainly broadcasts sports and current affairs news programs), Radio Continental (established in 1969, mainly broadcasting literary and art programs) and Radio America (established in 1948, a comprehensive radio station).

There are a total of 8 cable TV companies in Afghanistan, with 5.8 million cable TV subscribers, with a cable TV coverage of 80.92% and satellite TV coverage of 4%. Cablevision, founded in 1981, has 1.52 million subscribers and is the largest cable television company in Argentina. The most watched TV stations of the Group in 2018 were TELEFE (7.7%), Canal 13 (6.9%), America (2.5%), Canal 9 (2.5%), Telefe (7.7%), Canal 9 (6.9%). 2.4%) and Television Channel 7 (Canal 7, state broadcaster, 1.0%). ^[1]

education

The education level ranks among the highest in Latin America. The General Education Act of 1884 is the cornerstone of the national education system. The National Education Law, promulgated in 2006, stipulates that the country implements 13-year compulsory education, including one year in preschool, six years in primary school, three years in junior middle school, and three years in senior high school. The primary school entrance age is six years old. The proportion of special education funds of the central government and all provinces and cities in GDP shall not be less than 6%. Other major educational regulations include the Higher Education Law promulgated in 1995, the Vocational and Technical Education Law promulgated in 2005, and the Education Financing Law promulgated in 2006. Teachers' Day is on September 11 every year.

According to the 2010 census, there were 641,800 illiterate people in Afghanistan, with a illiteracy rate of 1.9 percent. The education and culture budget for 2022 is 817.881 billion pesos, accounting for 6.2% of the annual budget expenditure.

Nationally, 21 percent of the 25-64 age group has completed college. Famous universities include the University of Buenos Aires, the National University of La Plata, and the National University of Cordoba. The National University of Cordoba, founded in 1613, is the oldest institution of higher learning in Albania. ^[1]

Physical education

Argentina benefits from a culturally diverse population and generally mild climate, with Argentines participating in a variety of sports such as football, basketball, polo It is also known as the "three major Argentine movements". In Argentina, the most highly regarded sport is football. Argentina men's national football team He won the World Cup three times in 1978, 1986 and 2022 ^[7] , have Diego Maradona , Alfredo di Stefano , Leo Messi And so many world famous players. Argentina men's national basketball team He won gold at the 2004 Athens Olympics.

Other professional and thriving movements are rugby , tennis, Hockey ball , boxing, volleyball, racing, Golf ball Athletics, swimming, mountaineering, skiing, cycling, Ice hockey Paddle tennis and fishing.

Argentina is one of the most important sports powers in South America and has been in the country since 1978 South American Games In addition to 2002, the total number of gold MEDALS ranked first.

Scientific research

Argentina's scientific research level ranks among the top in Latin America. In the field of science and technology, there have been three Nobel Prize winners, winning the medicine Prize in 1947 and 1984, and the Chemistry Prize in 1970. According to UNESCO, Albania has 713 scientists or engineers per 1 million people and 1.9 researchers per 1,000 economically active people, both among the highest in Latin America. Important scientific research institutions in the country include the State Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA, founded in 1950), the National Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology (INTA, founded in 1956), the National Institute of Industrial Technology (INTI, founded in 1958), the National Council of Science and Technology Research (CONICET, founded in 1958) and so on. The 2022 government science and technology budget is 187.944 billion pesos, accounting for 1.4% of the annual budget expenditure; The number of scientific researchers in China is 46,900. ^[1]

People's livelihood

Argentina used to have a relatively small gap between rich and poor, and a large proportion of the middle class. Affected by the economy, the proportion of poor people in the national population has increased. As of the first quarter of 2023, the poverty and extreme poverty rates are 40.1% and 9.3%, respectively. (Source: National Bureau of Statistics).

According to the 2020 report of the United Nations Development Agency, Afghanistan's Human Development Index is 0.845, exceeding the Latin American average of 0.766 and ranking second in the region. The rate of undernourishment was 4.6 per cent. Average life expectancy is 76.4 years (2017), with 74 years for men and 80 years for women. The birth rate is 16.2 per thousand, the death rate is 7.6 per thousand, and the neonatal death rate is 8 per thousand (2022). The proportion of doctors per capita and the proportion of medical care in GDP have reached the level of developed countries. The health budget for 2022 is 643.944 billion pesos, or 4.9% of the annual budget expenditure. ^[1]

diplomacy

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EDITOR

Foreign policy

We are committed to resuming the exercise of sovereignty over the Malvinas Islands and other territories. It has diplomatic relations with 184 countries and is a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Group of 20, the Group of 77, the Organization of American States, the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, the Southern Common Market and other international and regional organizations and multilateral mechanisms. The Presidency of the G20 in 2018. In March 2019, the second UN High-level Meeting on South-South Cooperation was held. The rotating presidency of CELAC in 2022. Mercosur presidency in the first half of 2023. ^[1]

Arab-china relations

Political relationship

On February 19, 1972, China and Argentina established diplomatic relations. Since the establishment of diplomatic ties, bilateral relations have been developing smoothly, mutually beneficial cooperation in various fields has been deepening, and the two countries have maintained sound cooperation in international affairs. The Afghan government firmly upholds this principle One China Policy. ^[4]

Argentina has established three consulates general in Shanghai, Guangzhou and Hong Kong.

2023 On July 23, the wechat public account of the Chinese Embassy in Argentina released a message "Argentina officially announced its decision to establish a Consulate General in Chengdu." The Consulate General's area covers Sichuan, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Yunnan and Chongqing. ^[16] On December 10th, On the 11th, Milay met with Wu Weihua at the Argentine presidential Palace. ^[20]

Economic and trade relations

The Albanian and Chinese heads of state met

Since the establishment of diplomatic ties, bilateral trade volume has been growing and economic and trade cooperation has been deepening. According to Chinese Customs statistics, the bilateral trade volume in 2023 was 17.399 billion US dollars, of which China's exports were 10.743 billion US dollars and imports were 6.656 billion US dollars, down 17.9 percent, 15.4 percent and 21.7 percent respectively. At present, Afghanistan is China's sixth largest trading partner in Latin America, and China is the second largest trading partner in the world. China mainly exports fertilizers, pesticides, electrical and electronic products, high-tech products, textiles and garments, and mainly imports soybeans, meat, crude oil and other commodities. Since April 2023, Afghanistan has announced a series of policy measures to expand the use of RMB in Afghanistan, such as using RMB to settle imports from China, allowing the opening of RMB accounts and savings businesses, and the use of RMB has grown significantly in Afghanistan.

Up to now, the two sides have held five strategic dialogues on economic cooperation and coordination and 20 meetings of the Mixed Committee on economy and trade. In November 2004, Argentina announced its recognition of China's market economy status. In April 2009, the People's Bank of China and the Central Bank of Argentina signed a currency swap agreement of 70 billion yuan /38 billion Argentine pesos. In July 2017, the People's Bank of China and the Central Bank of Argentina renewed the China-Argentina (Gentin) bilateral currency swap agreement with an agreement size of 70 billion yuan /175 billion Argentine pesos. In December 2018, the People's Bank of China and the Central Bank of Argentina signed a supplementary RMB/Peso bilateral currency swap agreement, expanding the local currency swap line from 70 billion RMB to 130 billion RMB. In July 2020 and June 2023, the two sides renewed the RMB 130 billion currency swap agreement twice. ^[4]

Exchange and cooperation

China and Arab countries have signed cooperation agreements in science and technology, culture, education and journalism, and their cooperation in relevant fields has been continuously enhanced. The two sides have so far signed 10 implementation plans for bilateral cultural exchanges. Up to now, the two sides have held eight meetings of the Joint Committee on scientific and technological cooperation. In January 2007, the plan for Chinese groups to travel to Argentina was officially implemented. In February 2015, the two sides signed a visa agreement for tourist facilitation, which was officially implemented in June. In June 2017, the two sides officially implemented the agreement on the mutual issuance of 10-year multiple-entry tourist and business visas. In November 2018, on the basis of mutual visa exemption for diplomatic and service passports of the two sides, Afghanistan announced the implementation of visa exemption for ordinary service passports of China. ^[4]

On December 11, 2020, the Argentine Ministry of Transport and the railway operating company signed four railway cooperation agreements with three Chinese enterprises at the Argentine Presidential Palace, with a total amount of 4.695 billion US dollars. ^[5]

Relations with Latin American countries

It pursues a good-neighborly and friendly policy and has established strategic partnerships with Chile and Mexico. The Milay government has a strong far-right color, taking a tough attitude toward Venezuela, Bolivia and other left-wing countries in Latin America, and is not on good terms with Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, showing little interest in Latin American integration and criticizing MerCOsur. ^[1]

On January 26, 2024, the Colombian Foreign Ministry issued a statement announcing the recall of Colombian Ambassador to Argentina Camilo Romero ^[25] ; Brazil and Argentina have signed a memorandum of understanding to implement the Open Skies policy, ending restrictions on weekly scheduled passenger flights and facilitating the release of cargo flights, Brazil's Foreign Ministry said on March 13. ^[27]

Relations with the United States

The development of relations with the United States is an important position in our foreign policy. Since 2012, there has been constant friction between the "vulture funds" and the relevant courts over the issue of unpaid debts, which has affected the relations between the two countries to a certain extent. Since taking office, President Macri has actively repaired relations with the United States. In March 2016, US President Barack Obama visited Afghanistan. In February 2017, President Macri had a phone conversation with US President Donald Trump. In April 2017, President Macri visited the United States. In August, US Vice President Mike Pence visited Afghanistan. In February 2018, then-US Secretary of State Rex Tillerson visited Afghanistan. In July 2019, then-US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo visited Afghanistan. In November 2019, Argentine President-elect Cristina Fernandez spoke on the phone with US President Donald Trump. In August 2021, U.S. National Security Advisor Sullivan visited Argentina. In June 2022, President Fernandez traveled to the United States to attend the ninth Summit of the Americas. In March 2023, President Fernandez met with U.S. President Joe Biden at the White House. On December 23, 2023, President Milley spoke by phone with former U.S. President Donald Trump and congratulated him on his election. In the same month, Milley visited the United States as president-elect and met with Sullivan of the US National Security Agency, which was his first overseas visit after being elected. ^[1]

Relations with European countries

The EU is Afghanistan's main economic and trade partner and traditional export market for agricultural and animal husbandry products. Albania shares common cultural origins, religious beliefs and blood ties with Western Europe. Successive governments have attached importance to traditional relations with Europe and actively promoted cooperation between MERCOsur and the EU. In November 2019 and April 2020, President Fernandez spoke on the phone with French President Emmanuel Macron. In February 2020, President Fernandez visited Italy, the Vatican, Spain, France and Germany. In May 2021, President Fernandez visited Portugal, Spain, France, Italy and the Vatican. In May 2022, President Fernandez visited Spain, Germany and France. 2012 and 2013 respectively mark the 30th anniversary of the Anglo-Arab War and the 180th anniversary of the British armed occupation of the Falklands. In March 2013, the Falklands authorities held a referendum on whether to remain a British overseas territory, with 99.8% of Falklands residents voting in favour. The Afghan side strongly opposed the referendum and did not recognize the result of the referendum, and its relations with the UK were strained for a time. In July 2023, the third CELAC-EU Summit issued a joint statement on the Malklands issue for the first time, stating that both sides recognized the importance of peaceful settlement of disputes through dialogue on the basis of respect for international law. The EU is concerned about Latin American countries' desire for a peaceful settlement of the Falklands issue. In January 2024, President Milley traveled to Switzerland to attend the World Economic Forum 2024 Annual Meeting. ^[1]

Relations with Asia-Pacific countries

We attach importance to expanding relations with countries in the Asia-Pacific, and value the speed of economic development, market capacity and potential of the region. It has placed the development of relations with Asia-Pacific countries, especially with China, at an important position in its foreign policy, and actively sought to expand political and economic ties with the region. In 2011, as the Latin American country coordinator of the Forum on East Asia-Latin America Cooperation, Afghanistan successfully held the fifth Foreign Ministers' Meeting of the Forum. In January 2013, President Cristina visited the United Arab Emirates, Indonesia and Vietnam. Attaching importance to the political and economic influence of the Asia-Pacific region, President Macri said he would increase strategic input. In May 2016, Argentine Vice President Roberto Michetti visited South Korea. In November, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe visited Argentina. In May 2017, President Macri visited China and Japan. In February 2019, President Macri visited India, Vietnam and the United Arab Emirates. In June, he attended the G20 Osaka Summit in Japan and visited Indonesia. In January 2020, President Fernandez visited Israel. ^[1]

Relations with the BRICS countries

On the morning of August 24, 2023 local time, the 15th BRICS Leaders' Meeting held a special press conference to announce the expansion of the BRICS membership. Argentina was invited to join the BRICS cooperation mechanism. ^[17]

Relations with Nicaragua

On December 4, 2023 local time, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nicaragua issued a notice saying that the new government of Argentina will officially take office on December 10, in view of the new government members have repeatedly made inappropriate remarks about Nicaragua, the government of Nicaragua decided to immediately withdraw the country's ambassador to Argentina. ^[19]

Relations with world organizations

On December 13, 2023, according to sources familiar with the matter and the contents of the letter, Argentine President Javier Mille has sent a letter to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) formally requesting the start of accession negotiations. ^[23]

travel

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EDITOR

World heritage site

Argentina has developed tourism and is a major tourist country in South America. In recent years, affected by the economic recovery and the depreciation of the peso, the number of tourists to Afghanistan has increased significantly. Tourism has become the third largest foreign exchange earning industry in Afghanistan. In 2016, it received about 5.7 million foreign tourists. China has 39 nature reserves with a total area of 3.6641 million hectares. There are 8 world natural and cultural heritage sites, and in 2009, UNESCO officially included tango dance in the list of intangible cultural heritage of humanity. The main tourist spots are Bariloche scenic area, Iguazu Falls, Moreno Glacier and so on. ^[1]

Iguazu Falls

South American Iguazu Falls One of the five largest waterfalls in the world, this waterfall is located on the border between Argentina and Brazil. In 1934, Argentina created a 670-square-kilometer national park in the Iguazu Falls region. In 1982, Iguazu Falls was destroyed UNESCO rank World natural Heritage .

Iguazu Falls

In 1541, a Spanish missionary accidentally discovered Iguazu Falls in the rain forest of the Parana River basin in South America.

Lake Argentina

Lakes in Santa Cruz province, southern Argentina. Located in the eastern foothills of the Patagonian Mountains. A glacial lake. The lake is 215 meters above sea level, 187 meters deep and 324 meters deep, covering an area of 1,414 square kilometers. The lake flows into the Atlantic Ocean via the Santa Cruz River on the east coast. There are Moreno, Uppsala and other glaciers protruding into the lake, the ice tongue has broken into countless icebergs floating on the lake. Surrounded by snow peaks nearby, the hillside is densely forested, and the scenery is magnificent. It has been built into a national Glacier Park and is a famous tourist resort.

Cologne Theatre

Cologne Theatre Located in the downtown center of Buenos Aires, the capital of Argentina, it is second only to New York Metropolitan Opera And Milan La Scala The third largest opera house in the world. The theatre was built in 1889, designed by the famous architect Francesco Tabrini, and completed in 1908. The Bolshoi Theatre of Cologne stands out in the thick bay trees of the street Renaissance period Italy The architectural style is also characterized by the grandeur and firmness of German architecture and the beautiful decoration of French architecture.

Tierra del Fuego National Park, Argentina

Tierra del Fuego National Park, Argentina It is the southernmost city in the world, the island's plant and animal resources are well preserved, there are not afraid of people's seals and penguins, there are fine breeds of sheep and a large number of hares, and lush beech trees constitute the main body of the forest. To the south of the island, in the Beagle Channel, there are also frequent sightings of large, precious blue whales. In addition, the indigenous Ona people of Tierra del Fuego are also unique in their nomadic lifestyle and customs. They put a few sticks in the ground and a few vicuna skins, and they built their own house.

The special geographical, magical natural and cultural landscape attracts tourists from all over the world to visit here. For this reason, Argentina established a national park on the island in 1960. Tierra del Fuego National Park is the world's southernmost national park, is the world's southernmost nature reserve, snow-capped peaks, lakes, mountains, forests dotted among them, unlimited polar scenery, scenery charming, full of wonderful colors.

Glacier National Park, Argentina

Glacier National Park, Argentina Located 80 km west of Calafatie, Santa Cruz Province, southern Argentina, from Bariloche South to the tip of the South American continent. We're close to the South Pole, the Strait of Magellan. The most distinctive tourist spot in the area is the Moreno Glacier.

The Great Glacier of Moreno is a living glacier formed after hundreds of thousands of years of ice and snow accumulation, which formed during the glacial period 20,000 years ago. The entire glacier is more than 60 meters high and covers an area of more than 200 square kilometers, and it collapses every dozens of minutes.

Special product

beef

Argentina is the world famous animal husbandry country, the number of cattle, sheep is in the forefront of the world, is the world's important leather exporting country, Argentina's leather products, soft and delicate texture, and the price is much lower than Europe and the United States, is one of the favorite specialties of tourists.

Argentine beef is also different in that it is grazed in open enclosures, a natural way of producing meat that is tender and unlike the cattle fattened in industrial sheds in most countries. Like churrasco, only Argentine beef is considered good in Brazil.

National gem

Argentina's national gem: rubra

Rubullite is also known as argentinite or rhombosite. It is a pink color, delicate, lovely and rare gem, is the national gem of Argentina, corresponding to the heart wheel, is a similar powder crystal, but the energy is more pure than powder crystal. The energy of redstone corresponds to the heart wheel, which can make the wearer happy and happy, especially when the mood feels depressed and irritable, but also eliminate the negative sexual energy in the heart.

Sheepskin articles

Argentina is famous for its leather and sheepskin products, especially leather shoes. Many shops in the capital are doing brisk business because of the large number of tourists, and some stores can bargain prices. The city of Bariloche is world famous for its cotton clothing and handicrafts.

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