Emperor Xuanzong Aisin Gioro Minning (September 16, 1782 - February 25, 1850), formerly known as Mianning, was renamed Minning after his accession. Qing Dynasty Eighth emperor, appointed capital Peking Later the sixth emperor, year title Daoguang County . Born in The Forbidden City Epicutum Nakashoro. Emperor Renzong of Qing 颙琰 Second son, mother Queen Hyo Soo-ri Chitara's. ^{[73
]}

The fourth year of Jiaqing (1799) was built in secret Crown prince . In the 18th year of Jiaqing (1813), he was appointed Prince Zhi. The 25th year of Jiaqing (1820) came to the throne. Think hard to cure, shake down the bad. right Water transport of grain to the capital Salt administration Carry out reforms. In order to Sea transport replace Transport by river Not only solved the difficulties of water transport, but also saved expenses. line Ticket salt System, so that the salt administration of the two Huai "clean wind clean". Lifting the ban on the mining of some mineral deposits, advocating that the benefits of nature should be returned to the world. Rectify official institutions and curb extravagance. Daoguang eight years (1828) in May, peace back to Xinjiang Chang Ger . Carried out a ban on drugs opium The struggle. Since the beginning of his reign, he has been publishing Imperial edict The import of opium is strictly prohibited from the outside world, and the sale, smoking and cultivation of opium is prohibited from the inside. In the 18th year of Daoguang (1838), he adopted the proposal of the Strictly prohibited group, and implemented a smoking ban in the country Lin Zexu Anti-smoking measures. The following year, the Thirty Articles of Regulation for the Suppression of Opium Smoking were approved, which became the most severe and thorough smoking ban issued by the Qing Dynasty. ^[77] Twenty years of Daoguang (1840), Britain launch Opium Wars . China was defeated and signed Modern Chinese history First up Unequal treaty " Treaty of Nanking ". At this time, the Qing Dynasty, the north and south of the Great River were full of anti-Qing uprisings. Minning, although the ruling party is arbitrary, hands-on, known for frugality, but "keep its usual and do not know its change", diligent and little action.

He died on February 25, the 14th of the first month of the 30th year of Daoguang (1850) Old Summer Palace Sinde Hall . ^{[74
]} Posthumous title effect day Yunli body is to Wen Shengwu Zhiyong kindness and thrifty Xiao min wide set into the emperor, temple name Xuanzong, burial Western Qing Tombs the Muling Pass on the fourth son Yi 詝 . ^{[75
]} He is the author of "Yangzheng Bookstore Poetry Collection" and so on. ^{[76
]}

Full name: Aisin Gioro Minning
alias: Aisin Gioro Mian Ning (original name) , Daoguang Emperor ^[100]
Posthumous title: Efficiency day Runli body is to Wenshengwu Zhiyong, merciful and thrifty, Xiao min and wide set into the emperor
Temple number: preach
Year number: Daoguang County (1821-1851)
age: Qing Dynasty
Ethnic group: Manchu
Place of Birth: Beijing Forbidden City Epicutum (present East City of Beijing)

Date of birth: September 16, 1782
Date of death: February 25th, 1850 (30 years of Daoguang)
Place of death: Old Summer Palace The nine continents are tranquil Sinde Hall ^[1] (present Beijing Haidian District)
mausoleum: Muling
Time in place: October 3, 1820 - February 25, 1850 ^[78-79]
predecessor: Aisin Gioro 颙琰 (Emperor Renzong of Qing Dynasty)
succeed: Aisin Gioro Yi 詝 (Qing Wenzong)
Major achievement: Put an end to the Changger rebellion
Rectify corrupt officials
Reforming salt method and water transport

catalogue

biography

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EDITOR

Early experience

Minning reads like a book

Qianlong August 10, 47th (September 16, 1782) ^[2] ), Minning was born The Forbidden City Epicutum The first name Mianning. ^[2] When he was born, father Emperor Jiaqing 颙 Yan Shang was an ordinary prince. His mother was 颙琰 Fujin (wife), the second son of Emperor Jiaqing. Eldest son of the legal wife ). Mianning was very fond of learning when he was young, and successively followed Qin Chengye and reviewed Wan Chengfeng to learn. He once talked with Wang Tingzhen, a right squire in the Ministry of Rites, and Xu Tingli, a bachelor in the Imperial Academy. ^[72]

Minning in uniform

In August 1791, the fifty-sixth year of Qianlong, the ten-year-old Mian Ning followed his grandfather Qianlong Emperor Hunting deer, Qianlong emperor great joy, gave Mianning Yellow jacket , flower tail. ^[3]

In the first year of Jiaqing (1796), Mian Ning carried out a big marriage and married Manchu Xianghuang Banner Budan Dharai Daughter of Niu Hulu. ^[4] In November, Emperor Jiaqing gave him a book, and he was named Emperor Mian Ning's entropy Fujin.

Jiaqing In April of the fourth year (1799), Emperor Jiaqing according to Crown Prince Mijian He wrote Minning's name in person and hid it in Dry Qing Palace aboveboard The d « box of the inscribed board ^[5]

Jiaqing thirteen years (1808) in the first month of the first month, the wife Fu Jin Niu cobalt Lu, married Tongjia To follow the Fujin. ^[6]

The 18th year of Jiaqing, Tenriko When the apprentices invaded the Forbidden City, he shot down the two thieves with birdshot. Emperor Jiaqing was very pleased and named him Prince He Shuozhi, and his imperial spear was also named "Wei Lie". Since then, Minning has been highly regarded by Emperor Jiaqing, Emperor Jiaqing Praised him for his "loyalty and filial piety." ^[7]

Ascend the throne

In July 1820, Emperor Jiaqing personally went to the 25th year of Jiaqing Rehe In the autumn, Minning followed his father. Emperor Jiaqing was seriously ill Saichonga Sotna Mudobzai, Minister of Military Aircraft Tozin , Dai Junyuan , Lu Yinpu , Wen Fu , head of the house Heehn , Hestime Others publicly opened the ð« box of the dry Qing Palace, announced the imperial edict of the four years of Jiaqing, and made Minning Emperor Emperor Jiaqing After his death, he escorted Emperor Jiaqing's coffin back to Beijing on the same day. ^[8] In August, Minning was Hall of Supreme Harmony Ascend the throne.

In March of the first year of Daoguang (1821), Minning added Tuojin and Cao Zhenyong to the titles of prince Taifu. ^[9] April, awarded Burin for Grand Maester of Tirenge Cao Zhenyong Wei Grand Master of the Hall of Martial Valor . seal Nguyen Phuc 晈 For the King of Vietnam. seal Song Jun For the Ministry of war, Khanh Hoi It was the capital of Jehol. ^[10]

Dao Guang Emperor likes to overflow autumn court map

Daoguang four years (1824) in October, back to the ministry Bandit chief Chang Ger Led the soldiers into Uruk Karon, the Qing army encircled and failed to suppress, the bodyguard Hua Shan Cloth and other dead. Bayan Batu and others led the army to suppress Zhanger, defeated Zhanger, and Zhanger ran to Kalatijin. ^[11]

Daoguang six years (1826) July, Chang Gel tangled Andijon , Brut The back part of the crowd entered the Qing army post. The Hui people of Kashgar also responded. Minningmin Yang Yuchun For the imperial minister to lead the troops to destroy Changger. Soon after, Jangar fell Khotan City. Minningmin Grow old To impress the general, order Wulonga Act as Imperial minister Together with Yang Yuchun to assist in the management of military affairs. ^[12] August, Gyro - Bandit chief Babudin and others captured Ingishar. Changar took Kashgar, and then he took Kashgar Yerchaung . ^[13]

In the first month of the seventh year of Daoguang (1827), the Huibu of Khotan surrendered, but was soon captured by Changgar. Minning appointed Hui Hyeon Minister resident in Tibet . ^[14] In April, Chang Ling and others captured Kashgar, and Chang Gar fled without being able to capture him.

In May of the eighth year of Daoguang (1828), he captured the bandit leader Zhang Gel and offered a captive ceremony. Minning in person Meridian gate Taken prisoner. Minning himself declared Changel guilty and sentenced him to death. ^[15]

In September of the tenth year of Daoguang (1830), the bandits Andiyan and others once again captured Kashgar and besieged the city of Kashgar. Minning ordered Yulin to encircle and suppress Xinjiang. ^[16] In December, the bandits in Kashgar and Ingishar were put down by the Qing army. ^[17]

mid-reign

Daoguang Emperor

Daoguang eleven years (1831), Guangdong The Li nationality, living in Yunnan Province Chaos, Minning's life Li Hongbin Send troops for suppression. And to trade in Guangdong British In the name of violating the ban, Li Hongbin and others were ordered to conduct a thorough investigation. ^[18] In June, it was announced that the government and people would buy and smoke opium The culpability of... ^[19]

In August of the 12th year of Daoguang (1832), Tao Shu Any merchant ship that asks the British to re-enter Chinese waters and sometimes fails to observe the restrictions should be severely punished. Minning dismissed him as a provocation. ^[20] In September, British merchant ships entered again China Minning ordered the coastal provinces to order their waters. ^[21]

The 13th year of Daoguang (1833), January, Taiwan Chiayi The bandit leader Chen Ban was killed. ^[22] February, Sichuan Go to 巂 Minning ordered that Yanbao, Guihan Send troops for suppression. ^[23]

In the 14th year of Daoguang (1834) June, the first British commercial supervisor in China Lulaube Arrived in Guangzhou, on request with Governors of Guangdong and Guangxi Meeting directly to discuss trade affairs was refused, led by warships shelling Humen .

Daoguang fifteenth year (1835) April, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi Lukhon Commander of water division Guan Tianpei Please upgrade the Guangzhou fort, Guangdong set the "Regulations on the prevention of foreign trade".

In April 1838, the 18th year of Daoguang, Honglu Si Qing Huang Juizi It is advocated that opium should be strictly prohibited. December, Minning's life Lin Zexu As imperial minister, he was sent to Guangdong to ban smoking. ^[24]

Opium beacon

Opium Wars

In April 1839, in the nineteenth year of Daoguang, Minning ordered Lin Zexu to ban opium and urge British and foreign merchants in Guangdong to sell cigarettes in Humen. In May, British sailors killed villager Lin Weixi, the British consul Nghia Yul Refusing to hand over the murderer violated China's legal sovereignty, Shi said The Lin Weixi incident . September. British ships are off Humen Transnasal ocean A challenge, Lieutenant of the Water Division Guan Tianpei led the attack. In December, trade with the British was stopped, with Lin Zexu as the leader Governors of Guangdong and Guangxi .

Daoguang twenty years (1840) January, Empress Niu Hulu's death, on the posthumous title of "Xiao full", his son Yi 詝 by Consort Jing Raise. In May, the British fleet assembled off the coast of Canton, The First Opium War The outbreak, Lin Zexu tightly fortified, the British army can take advantage of. In June, the British invaded the North Dinghai County Crazy massacre, occupy Dinghai. In July, the British army reached Tientsin, Governor of Zhili Kisen With the law of justice Dagu Port Talks, Qi Shan compromise to the British. Minning was forced by the British Army to send Lin Zexu, Deng Tingzhen Turn it over to the Department of Military Affairs. In September, Lin Zexu Deng Tingzhen was dismissed and appointed Governor of Guangdong and Guangdong under Qi Shan. In December, Qi Shan took the liberty of signing the "Law of Justice". Nose piercing grass about Privately ceded Hong Kong, opened Guangzhou, and compensated the price of cigarettes.

In the first month of the 21st year of Daoguang (1841), the British army captured Humen Sand horn , Arcturus Battery, Minning was forced to declare war on the British. send Yi Son General Jing Yi went to Guangdong to preside over the war. In February, British forces invaded Humen, Guangdong Province, triggering the Battle of Humen, Guan Tianpei Died in the line of duty. Because of the compromise with the British bargaining concessions, take Qi good university bachelor job, arrest ask, from its home. In May," Treaty of Canton The signing of "aroused the indignation of the people of Guangzhou. Guangzhou Sanyuan Li The people rose up against the British.

In the 22nd year of Daoguang (1842), the British Army captured the Yangtze River Wusong Fortress Governor Jiangnan Chen Kasei Shanghai fell after a hard battle. In July, a British warship invaded the Nanking River, and the Imperial Minister Jao Ying and the British Minister Plenipotentiary in China Pu Dingcha They negotiated on the English ships in the Nanking River and agreed to all the terms proposed by the British side. Minning ratified the Sino-British Treaty of Jiangning (i.e. Treaty of Nanking "), promised to cede land, pay reparations, five people trade. October, read Old Summer Palace The Eight flags and the lance.

Late dynasty

Hong Kong port opening map

In March 1843, the Queen of England issued the Charter of the Royal Colony of Hong Kong (the "Patent"), appointing Lord Pud as the first Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the British Forces in Hong Kong. In August, Ji Ying and Pu Dingcha signed the "Agreement" in Humen. Articles of trade of five persons ". In September, Shanghai opened.

In May 1844, Chi Ying and the American representative Gu Sheng signed an unequal "Agreement". Sino-us Treaty of Wangxia ". In September, he signed an unequal treaty with the French representative. Sino-french Treaty of Whampoa ".

Daoguang 25th year (1845) June, a note from the elder Belgium Lanna, special envoy to China for negotiations, allowed Belgium to trade according to the five-member trade charter. November, Shanghai Daotai Gong Mujiu Announced a precedent with the British settlement. In December, the people of Guangzhou opposed the British entry into the city, and thousands stormed the government offices.

In November, the 26th year of Daoguang (1846), Yung Hong He went to the United States to study with the principal of Morrison Academy and started the first study abroad in modern times. Five sons of the emperor Yifu Prince Mian Kai for the following.

Daoguang twenty-seventh year (1847) February, Ji Ying and Sweden Norway signed a five-member trade charter. For the emperor's fourth son Yi 詝 refers to marriage, female for Taipusi minister Futai daughter Sakda. In October, the capital and the provinces were ordered to compile Baojia.

In the first month of the 28th year of Daoguang (1848), he reiterated that legal persons were not allowed to enter the mainland to preach. In February, he became the fourth son of the Emperor Yi 詝 The lawful happiness of the Jin Dynasty. Qingpu teaching plan Took place. In May, it denied Russia access to trade in Xinjiang. In December, the British consul in Shanghai, Aligho, wrote to the Governor of Hong Kong, Man Hahn, proposing to wage another war against China in order to gain more benefits.

In the 29th year of Daoguang (1849) in February, Yamal, the Portuguese governor of Macau, illegally declared Macau a free port, suspended tariffs, and ordered the closure of the Yue Customs Office. In December, the Empress Dowager died Palace of Mercy Move catalpa palace in Qixuan Garden Hall of containing Hui.

Retire from the world

picture-picture

Daoguang thirty years (1850) January, on the grand line of the Empress Dowager posthumous title of "filial piety and". Minning seriously ill, called zong people house Zong make king, former minister Carrier wall , Tuan Hua , Sin Greenqin Minister of Military Aircraft Muchanga , Seshan 'a Minister of the Interior Van Khanh Etc., the public secret box, declared the royal book "Emperor four son set up as crown prince, Emperor six son. Yi Xin Prince Gong ".

On February 25, 1850, Minning died of illness in Shende Hall, Yuanmingyuan. ^[1] Crown prince Yi 詝 That is, the emperor, with the second year as the first year of Xianfeng. Posthumous mansion entropy Fujin empress, on the posthumous title "filial piety". The seventh brother of the emperor Yifu He is the king of Alcohol County. In February, he ordered Zuo to build the Changxi Mausoleum for Empress Xiao and Rui. In April, the emperor honored posthumous title "Cheng", the temple name Xuanzong, the mausoleum for Muring. Quasi-russian trade in Xinjiang. July, Tsarist Russia Seized Temple Street in Heilongjiang, China and renamed it Nikolayevsk. In September, temporarily a large line emperor Catalpa palace in Muling long Hall. In October, Fengan Xiaode Empress Catalpa palace in Tamura. The Qing Court requested the governor of Guangdong Province to advise scholars to hold a group training. November, grant 祁寯藻 Et al., article 9 of the proposed ARMA Constitution. In December, Hong Xiuquan In Guangxi Jintian Uprising .

Administrative measures

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EDITOR

political

Political situation

Daoguang Emperor calligraphy

When Minning was in office, he was conformist and made few achievements, while Cao Zhenyong pursued the philosophy of "kowtow more, talk less". Minister on the chapter also "more auspicious words, evil disasters dare not enter." Mu Chang Ah, the successor, said, "In the twenty years of his reign, he also loved talents and was not greedy, but he was skillful in nature and took deception as his business." After the defeat of the Opium War, the generals in front of him continued to lie about their achievements and hide their losses, ^[25] Responsible commander Jing inverse general Yi mountain was ordered to "pay the ministry excellent", reward the white jade tube. The right servant of the Ministry of Rites Zeng Guofan Criticism Daoguang era: "Nine secretaries of state no one Chen the gains and losses of the current administration, the director of the way without breaking the words of local benefits and diseases, phase rate silence." "To be timid is to be cautious, and to be gentle is to be respectful." "There are two common faults in the handling of government officials in Beijing: saying retreat and saying trivialization. There are two common problems of foreign officials: saying perfunctory, saying muddleheaded." And even Taiping Heavenly Kingdom As the army rose, the local officials still kept secret from each other and dared not report it.

Reorganize military aircraft

When Minning inherited the throne, he was the chief aircraft minister Tozin At the age of 66, Dai Junyuan He is 75 years old. Minning was 39 years old. The age difference between Kings and subjects, and the ability of such a group is not high, often Rely on the old He did not do that to the new emperor Respectfully . So, Minning will be replaced Minister of military aircraft . ^[26]

On the tenth day after the inauguration ceremony, on September 7, the 25th year of Jiaqing (1820), Minning seized the "legacy event" and made a big fuss, so as to successfully replace the captain of the military aircraft minister. ^[26] When Minning ordered Tozin and Dai Junyuan to quit the military aircraft Department, he ordered Cao Zhenyong to walk in the military aircraft Department. ^[27]

Rectify corrupt officials

Minning also made a move to clean up official bureaucracy. During the period of Jiadao, the corruption of officials was only caused by water transport and salt administration River defence . In order to block this way, in the 24th year of Daoguang (1844), Minning demanded a ban on river workers' fees to allow past officials, tribute students, and prisoners to get involved. In April, he also punished a group of corrupt river officials.

Check out bad rules

Minning had been in office for only half a month when he issued an edict on September 11th to investigate the abuses, saying: "The wind of hoarding and exploitation is growing, and the savings of the people are likely to be consumed by lawsuits 朘, so the people's livelihood is extremely difficult." It is better to give openly than to take privately." "The bad rules in the provinces, such as boat and car households, fire consumption and balance, miscellaneous taxes and salt as ritual, have different names. There is a place but not there, there is a place can cut leather but not here. Although it is forbidden, it is still extorted, the boss uses this to intimidate the staff, and the small people accuse the officials for this. It is better to set up regulations to restrict it. But the situation is different in each province, so that the governors of each region will check the bad rules one by one, and those who should be saved should be changed." Any subsequent search shall, once discovered, be punished with a heavier crime.

Daoguang Emperor

However, just saying the cause of its disadvantages, without practical rectification measures, would be empty talk. Where the minister work advice, must have about the national economy and people's livelihood, remedy the reality, in order to be beneficial. If there are only general words and no concrete measures.

Opiate prohibition

After Emperor Daoguang ascended the throne, the smuggling and trafficking of opium from Britain to China increased. From November of the first year of Daoguang to March of the 14th year of Daoguang, Emperor Daoguang issued several ordnances to pick up the top belt of Wu Dun Yuan, a foreign merchant with opium hidden in it; Ordered the governors of Guangdong and other provinces to ban the export of silver and the import of opium; Ordered the Governor Ruan Yuan and others to investigate opium traffickers at the ports of Tonghai; (a) to establish regulations for the prevention of opium smoking; To discuss regulations prohibiting foreign traders from bartering for silver and prohibiting the import of opium; To discuss regulations on interdict the source of opium and the circulation of foreign money; Ordered the Cabinet to prohibit the cultivation and sale of opium cigarettes in the mainland; The governor of Shandong Province was ordered to discuss the regulations of prohibiting the cultivation and sale of opium. The governor Li Hongbin of Guangdong and Guangdong Province was ordered to confirm the accumulation of illegal opium sales by foreign ships and discuss ways to put an end to it. Ordered the Cabinet to forbid the use of opium by the soldiers in the provinces; The ban on smoking and banning the export of silver; Cheng Zuluo, governor of Minzhe and Zhejiang Province, was ordered to properly consider the measures to eliminate opium smuggling on the surface of the ocean; The governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, Lu Kun, was ordered to strictly check the smuggling of opium vessels and not to make sales and sail beyond other provinces, etc. ^[66]

Military affairs

Neutralize Chang Ger

The meridian gate offered up prisoners

He was executed in June 1826 during the reign of Emperor Qianlong Great Peace Taka Grandson of Polonetown Chang Ger Make use of Southern Xinjiang Uighur nationality People against the Qing Dynasty Minister counsellor Jing Bin's brutal oppression of discontent and its religious influence, gathered Andijon , Brut More than 500 soldiers were there Britain Under the support of the invasion of Xinjiang, inciting rebellion, gathered tens of thousands of people to capture Kashgar (now Kashgar ), Ingishar , Yerchaung (now Shache (a county in Henan Province) ), Khotan Four Cities, attempted restoration He Zhuo Family rule.

In August 1826, Emperor Daoguang received the news that the rebels of Chang Khotan had captured Khotan and Ingishar and besieged Kashgar, and immediately issued a decree requiring that at present, "the four eastern cities (Aksu, Ushi, Kuqa, and Pyizhan) should be strictly guarded, and Aksu should be particularly moderate and to the point, and more firmly defended." The main measures adopted by Emperor Daoguang to suppress the rebellion were:

First, on the military front, Emperor Daoguang quickly appointed General Chang Ling of Yili as General Yangwei, and Yang Yuchun, governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, led more than 10,000 troops to prepare for the suppression and arrest of Xinjiang. He asked Changling, Yang Yuchun and others to "gather troops in a thick period, sweep away with a drum, in order to make heaven clear", "brave to the middle, the meaning of prudence", "do not take the liberty of entering lightly, causing the thief to cheat." The Qing Court also formulated the regulations on rewards and punishments and strict adherence to military discipline in order to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the Qing army soldiers to suppress the rebellion. Second, politically, it punished corrupt and illegal officials and convicted the minister in Xinjiang who was greatly angered by the people. Declare grace to the residents of the return city, and implement a strict policy of differential treatment: never give loans to those who are willing to help the rebellion and resist the Qing army, and to those who are attached to the threat, as long as they can surrender to beg for their lives, they can give loans to isolate the rebels to the maximum extent. Third, in terms of logistics, Hengjing, an experienced minister in dealing with food and subsidies, was sent to Hami to ensure the supply of food and other military supplies. ^[67]

At this time, the Zhanger rebels were advancing towards Aksu, the main Qing army staging area, and reached the Hunbashi River, only 80 li away from Aksu, and then 40 li away from Aksu. In this critical situation, under the direct command of Yang Yuchun and others, the Qing army attacked the rebels on two sides, killing and capturing more than 1,000 rebels, "north of the river, has been cleared." While the Qing army was winning a series of victories around Aksu, Daoguang Emperor learned in October that the city of Kashgar had been lost. He immediately issued an order, put forward "to speed forward Kashgar as urgent", divided the enemy's return, with the main force by Ingishal and other places to advance, "the two roads to meet and attack." At that time, the various Qing armies had already joined forces at Aksu, and Chang Ling, Yang Yuchun, Wu Long Ah and others, in accordance with the will of Emperor Daoguang, immediately sent Yang Fang, the Shaanxi governor, to march on the strategic area of Keerping (now Keping). Yang Fang attacked the area in two ways, and quickly destroyed all the more than 3,000 rebels. After the Qing army recaptured Kashgar, it divided into three lines: Chang Ling stayed in Kashgar, Yang Yuchun led his army to suppress Yingkishar and Yerqiang, and Yang Fang led his army to attack Hotanese. Yang Yuchun's troops moved quickly, capturing Yingjishal on the fifth day of March, and retaking Yerqiang without a fight ten days later. Soon after, Yang Fang led the Qing army to defeat 5,000 rebels at Pilaman (west of present-day Hotan), taking advantage of the situation in Khotan. At this point, all four western cities in southern Xinjiang were recovered. Zhang Gel is not willing to fail, trying to make a comeback. At the end of the seventh year of Daoguang, he learned that most of the soldiers had retreated to the mainland under the leadership of Yang Yuchun, so he re-assembled a rebel team of more than 500 men to take advantage of the unexpected opportunity of the Qing army on New Year's Eve to attack Kashgar. Long learned the news, immediately make Yang Fang led troops to search and suppress overnight. Yang Fang pursued the rebels on three separate routes and finally caught up with them on the Kartigai Mountain (present-day Karatique Mountain). After fierce fighting, all the rebels were wiped out, and Zhanger was captured alive. At this point, the Changer rebellion was completely crushed and the Qing army won the final victory. ^[67]

In the eighth year of Daoguang (1828), in May, Zhang Gel was sent to the capital, Minning personally came to the meridian gate to be captured, and issued a decree, and listed Zhang Gel instigated, organized armed rebellion and betrayed the motherland of various crimes. ^[28] pacify Changel rebellion This is of great significance to the maintenance of national unity and territorial integrity and the peace and stability of the Northwest Frontier, which is the greatest achievement of Minning's life. ^[28]

Opium Wars

In the twentieth year of Daoguang (1840), Qi Shan and Yilu began negotiations in Guangdong. Because the conditions put forward by the British are too harsh and Qi Shan signed without permission, Minning is greatly dissatisfied, Minning will raid Qi Shan, sent Yi Son , Longman and Yang Fang Went to Guangdong to command operations. On January 7, the 21st year of Daoguang (1841), the British Army was also dissatisfied with the progress of the negotiations, and Yilu started first The Battle of Humen .

Hearing the news, Minning ordered the declaration of war against the British, and sent Yi Shan, the minister of internal security, to be the general of the Jingyi, and sent more than ten thousand troops from all over the country to Guangdong. February 23 attack Humen fort, although the troops valiant resistance, but lost to the British, Humen fort finally fell. On February 26, the British sent out the army and Navy, broke the Humen rail line of the fort and the Big Tiger Mountain fort, and pushed straight up the Pearl River to Guangzhou. Guan Tianpei, commander of the Guangdong Naval Forces, died in the battle.

Opium Wars

economy

Grain shipping

In the past from the two rivers (Jiangxi, Jiangnan two provinces. Jiangnan Province Including present-day Jiangsu and Anhui), Hubei and Guangzhou They were collected from other places Grain transported by water to the capital (Tianfu transport the capital, Tongzhou Part) are all from The Grand Canal Transported to the destination, transport officials often use their positions to line their own pockets. In addition, the canal is often obstructed by water damage, and freight rates are high.

The Ministry of Ministry Shangshu Enh Hoa Advice shipping convenience. Shipping was carried out from the Yuan Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty Vinh Lac Between. Minning took the proposal to the provinces with grain supplies, Governor of the two Rivers Kisen, Governor of Anhui Tao Shu Request the transfer of Suzhou, Zhenjiang , Taicang Four prefectures, one state, all sea freight. Minning immediately accepted their proposal, and was appointed by the chief envoy of Jiangsu He Changling He went to Haikou with the local officials to hire a merchant ship and carried it away in two separate shipments. Anhui, Jiangxi, Huguang are far from the sea and still transported by rivers. In order to put an end to the broker's demands, endless obstruction, difficulties. Minning also ordered the establishment of a maritime General bureau in Shanghai, order Rifanwon Shangshu Muchanga He will be accepted in Tianjin. In the spring and summer of the sixth year of Daoguang (1826), the first sea transport of grain was successful, and 900 ships carried more than 1.6 million stones of grain. This movement only lasted until the 26th year of Guangxu (1900). "The next year will be short of money, beginning this year. Straight dart River transport and sea transport will be changed to the tax." The so-called folded color is the levy of grain discount levy silver yarn cloth.

Modified salt method

Qing Dynasty salt administration has always adopted Ming Dynasty salt method. This way, by fixed salter Marketing by salt Class salt And salt is completely monopolized by salt merchants. Salt merchants monopolized the salt industry and had to maintain a huge salt-selling organization, which led to the increase of salt prices and caused sales difficulties. The spread of private salt that did not pay taxes according to the regulations, the salt was not sold well, the salt tax was reduced, the salt merchants were hit, and the salt law could not survive. Bao Shichen Put forward the idea that the ticket should be substituted for the ticket, allowing the smuggler to distribute. Minning support Tao Shu In the 11th year of Daoguang (1831), he promoted the system that anyone who paid taxes could receive tickets to transport and sell salt, breaking the monopoly of salt transport and sale, reducing salt prices, promoting salt sales, increasing salt taxes, and depriving officials of the means to use salt administration for private purposes.

Permit mining

In the middle of Qianlong, Emperor Qianlong Fearing that the opening of the mine would cause trouble, the mine closure policy was adopted. In the late Daoguang Dynasty, Minning put forward the policy of letting people freely exploit, which played a positive role in developing resources and improving people's lives.

culture

Minning and Emperor Jiaqing The same is a conservative emperor, but Minning is more reformist than Emperor Jiaqing after all. Here is a small example. "Kangxi Dictionary", the complimentors said that there were no mistakes, until the Qianlong Wang Xihou pointed out some of them in "Guanguan", but were subjected to literary criticism. Jiaqing was always protecting and protecting. However, in the seventh year of Daoguang (1827), Minning broke through the traditional concept and asked Wang Yinzhi to write 20 volumes of "Dictionary Research" to correct its mistakes.

diplomacy

Lin Zexu

Minning followed his predecessor's policy of banning opium in the face of an influx of foreign opium. otherism Lin Zexu He went to Guangzhou as imperial minister to ban smoking, and later served as Lin Zexu Governors of Guangdong and Guangxi . He was overjoyed when he heard the news that cigarettes had been sold in Humen.

Later, Britain launched a war of aggression, he thought that it was not terrible, and the "Chinese Dynasty" could win quickly. When the British ships invaded the north, arrived at Tianjin Haikou and asked the Qing government to cede territory and pay compensation, Minning was dumbstruck and scared, and immediately changed from the position of main war to the position of the Lord, that is, compromise. Mu Zhanga, Qi Shan blamed the British robbery on the smoking ban, Minning listened to the slander, removed Lin Zexu and the former governor of Guangdong and Guangxi for the governor of the two rivers Deng Tingzhen The office of... He sent Qi Shan, a capitulator, to Guangdong to negotiate with the British, asking Qi Shan not to open a quarrel without losing the national body, meaning neither to cede territory to the British compensation, nor to have a military conflict with the British. What a childish Minning. This means neither letting the robber who breaks into the house take anything, nor having to fight him. Qi Shan made concessions to the British side and secretly allowed the ceding of Hong Kong to the British, and Minning locked Qi Shan and sent him successively Yang Fang , Yi Son To fight the British. Yang Fang did not stop the British army to advance to Guangzhou city, Daoguang Muring Nanmu temple Yi Mountain after the first adventure is surrender. In August 22, the British ship sailed to Xiaguan River in Nanjing, and the desperate Minning was forced to send Jainying and Irib Signed the Qing Dynasty's first humiliating treaty with the British Army. Treaty of Nanking ", so that China into a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society, China from ancient times into modern times, Minning also became the only emperor across ancient and modern times.

Minning's wavering stance in the Opium War, the failure of his command, and the humiliation of China, is really sad. But what is more tragic for him is that he did not reflect after this incident, and did not take any measures to revive the dynasty.

Historical evaluation

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EDITOR

" Draft of Qing Dynasty history ": The virtue of proclaiming Zong and frugality, the amount of benevolence, and the order of maintaining success. Far from trade, create quarrels and fight. Its view of the problems of the previous generation of Rong Di, cover does not similar. The minister involved in the first to conduct, followed by fear, then left the worry. The so-called king without minister, can shun and can not be saved. The danger of the country's steps begins here. Whoo! 悕! ^[29]

" Clear record "Yao Yue success, Shun Yue success, Yu Yue success, Shang said into tang, Zhou said into Zhou, but I Xuanzong emperor grams. The beginning of micro Han, Tang, Ming Xuande, not enough for 媺. That car attack auspicious day, as a poem, the number said ZTE.

Emperor Jiaqing : Loyalty and filial piety, can allow a little kindness. ^[30]

Xiao Yishan: After Jiaqing, the armed forces were not competitive, the discipline was corrupt, the believers were troubled, and the people had no livelihood. But the Renzong Simple and kind Xuanzong it thrifty All can be weighed. ^[31]

John fairbank He (Minning) appears to be a cautious, even timid ruler, preferring to hold secret discussions with a few close advisers rather than accept actual criticism or warning.

Feng Erkang: Minning follows the royal family law... Qing Dynasty Diligently govern and love the people Family law is indeed passed down from generation to generation. This is the emperor's responsibility to the country's subjects concretized, should be commendable content. ^[32]

Yan Chongnian Tao Guang was the first emperor to sign a treaty of humiliation with Western colonists in the two thousand years of imperial history of China. The defeat of the Opium War and the signing of the Treaty of Nanking, the Daoguang Emperor should bear the main historical responsibility.

Muang Sen : Xuanzong dull It is also unprecedented since the Qing Dynasty entered the customs.

Yu Dahua: Minning was originally one Follow the rules The emperor of bad sex.

Guo Shirak In spite of his unbending honesty; Compassion for the suffering and willingness to help others in need; He also had some business habits that would make him a first-rate expert in banking transactions. But he didn't have the talent to be an emperor; He could be a shining honest peasant woman; Reliable quality in every respect, but lacking the clarity required by the emperor insight . ^[33]

Ji Yunfei There is no doubt that the signing of the Treaty of Nanjing and the cession of Hong Kong, as the supreme power of Daoguang Emperor Minning, should bear the primary historical responsibility. However, the historical phenomenon is complicated, and a simple historical conclusion does not help to make a historical, objective and accurate evaluation of Minning. ^[34]

Zhang Yufen: As far as personal conduct is concerned, Daoguang in the Qing Dynasty and even in the Chinese emperors, is not the king of greed and violence, on the contrary, his" Thrifty morality "To the old historians relish. Daoguang's governance of the government is also called diligent and conscientious. If measured according to the traditional moral standards of Chinese feudal society, Daoguang may be regarded as a virtuous king. ^[35]

Zhu Chengru Daoguang, as the Chinese decision-maker and commander of this war (the Opium War), naturally bears the blame. However, it seems unfair and inconsistent with historical facts to conclude that Daoguang's compromise line of surrender led to the defeat of the war, because Daoguang did not always carry out the compromise line of surrender in the Opium War, on the contrary, during most of the Opium War, Daoguang advocated resistance and implemented resistance. ^[36]

Xinhua Daily Telegraph The biggest challenge that Daoguang encountered was the Opium War, which was also a pain that he could not let go of in his life. But the Qing Dynasty's defeat in the Opium War was doomed, because China had fallen far behind Britain at that time, and to a certain extent, Daoguang was taking the blame for his grandfather and father - the Qing Dynasty's backwardness in the world was seemingly prosperous Qianlong It started.

Family member

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EDITOR

parent

parent
relation	Name	Title
father	Aisin Gioro 颙琰	Emperor Renzong of Qing
mother	Chitara's	Queen Hyo Soo-ri

The reigning queen and concubine

The queen looks like
Hyomu became Queen	Hyoshin becomes Queen	Queen Hyojeon Seong
Hyomu became Queen	Hyoshin becomes Queen	Queen Hyojeon Seong

The queen looks like
Queen Hyo Jung-seong	Lady Tong	Concubine He
Queen Hyo Jung-seong	Lady Tong	Concubine He

The reigning queen and concubine
	name	Posthumous title/title	intro
queen (4 digits)	Nuhulu's	Hyomu became Queen (1781-1808)	Xianghuang Banner Manchuria, Chengen Gong, the ministry of Shangshu, the chief minister of the house, the capital Nihulu Buyandarai The daughter of... Qianlong was born in forty-six years, Qianlong sixty years in early February 7 to participate in the eight flags draft, February 11 refers to the Emperor Xuanzong Be married and promoted Jiaqing first year on November 24 line big wedding. Jiaqing died on January 21, 13, at the age of 28. Emperor Xuanzong ascended the throne in the 25th year of Jiaqing and succeeded him on September 12 queen Daoguang first year on June 12 posthumous title. ^[37] ^{[80 ]}
	Tongjia	Hyoshin becomes Queen (1792-1833)	The original inlaid blue flag Han army after carrying Xianghuang flag Han army file record Manchuria, Chengen Gong, Hangzhou general Shuminga The daughter of... Born on May 17 in the 55th year of Qianlong, Jiaqing participated in the unusual Eight Banners draft in the 13th year, and was accused of being with Xuanzong on February 21 Ji Fujin The wedding took place on December 18 of the same year. Dao Guang was appointed on November 16, 2000 queen Daoguang 13 April 29, when the collapse. Give birth to a first daughter Princess Denmin Gulen . ^[38] ^{[81 ]}
	Nuhulu's	Queen Hyojeon Seong (1808-1840)	The original inlaid red flag Manchuria after carrying the yellow flag of Manchuria, 咸丰帝 Birth mother, benefactor, second-class bodyguard Niu Hulu Yiling The daughter of... Born on February 28, Jiaqing 13th year, Daoguang participated in the Eight Banners Draft in February 2002, and was designated as a member of the Eight Banners Draft on February 22 All concubines Enter the palace, after Jin Imperial concubine Quan , Imperial concubine , Imperial Concubine . Dao Guang was appointed on October 18, 2014 queen Daoguang twenty years the first day of the eleventh ugly collapse, enjoy thirty-three years old. Give birth to a third daughter End shun Gulen princess Fourth daughter Princess of Shouan Gulun The fourth son, Emperor Wenzong Xian Yi 詝 . ^[39] ^{[82 ]}
	Borzigit's	Queen Hyo Jung-seong (1812-1855)	The original blue flag of Manchuria after carrying the yellow flag of Manchuria, Chengen, the Ministry of punishment Borzijit Halianga The daughter of... Jiaqing 17 May 11 born, Daoguang five years to participate in the eight flags draft, was designated A person of noble status Enter the palace, after Jin A surname , Imperial concubine , Consort Jing , Imperial Concubine He nurtured Wenzong. Daoguang thirty years Wenzong ascended the throne, honored as Emperor Kangci noble Toffee On the first day of July, Xianfeng five years, honored as Empress Kangci Xianfeng, the fifth year of July 9, 9 am collapse, aged 44 years. He had the second Tholashun, the king of the prefecture, and the third Tholohuizi, the king of the prefecture Yi Ji The sixth daughter Princess Shouen Gulun His sixth son, Prince Yasutadashi of Pegatron Yi Xin . ^[40] ^{[83 ]}
Imperial Concubine (1 bit)	Ujah's	The Royal Concubine Zhuang Shun (1822-1866)	Positive yellow flag Manchuria, pen style Uya Lingsoo Daughter of... Guangxu Emperor Grandma Bunsen, Emperor Xuan Tong Great-grandmother Bunsen. Born on October 16, Daoguang 2000, Daoguang participated in the Eight Flags draft in the first month of the 17th year, and was designated as the first day of the 30th A distinguished person Entered the palace, the same year reduced to Soo Chang Jae Daoguang 18 was sealed as Lin Guiren , the Later Jin Dynasty concubine , Consort Lin , Princess Lin . Daoguang thirty years Wenzong ascended the throne, honored as Lin GUI Toffee ; In the eleventh year of Xianfeng, Emperor Muzong ascended the throne and was honored Lin Huanggui toffee . He died on November 7 at the age of 45. He gave birth to his seventh son, Prince Peshuk Yifu The ninth daughter Princess Gulun of Shouzhuang The eighth son Doro bell end county king Yi 詥 The ninth son Dorofujing king of the county Yi 譓 . ^[41] ^{[84 ]}
Imperial concubine (3 digits)	Shumullo's	Lady Tong (1817-1875)	Yellow flag Manchuria, official officials Shumulu Yuchang The daughter of... Jiaqing 22 April 19, Daoguang 11 years to participate in the eight flags draft, was designated as Tong Guiren Enter the palace, after Jin concubine , Tong Fei , Lady Tong Daoguang fell to 24 years Tong Guiren . Daoguang thirty years Wenzong ascended the throne, honored as concubine ; In the eleventh year of Xianfeng, Emperor Muzong ascended the throne and was honored Tong Fei ; Tongzhi 13 years of honor Lady Tong . He died on October 12, the first year of Guangxu at the age of 59. She gave birth to her seventh and eighth daughters Princess Kazuo on her birthday The tenth daughter. ^[42] ^{[85 ]}
	Guo Sanniu	Princess Jia (1816-1890)	The yellow flag is wrapped, the Home Office raises soldiers Guo Bao 'er The daughter of... Jiaqing 21 December the third day of birth, Daoguang years was selected into the palace as an official woman, divided in the palace of Zhong Chu. Daoguang was sealed on December 17, 2014 Jia Chang Jae , the Later Jin Dynasty A person of great importance , A surname Daoguang twenty years down to A person of great importance . Daoguang thirty years Wenzong ascended the throne, honored as A surname ; In the eleventh year of Xianfeng, Emperor Muzong ascended the throne and was honored Jia Fei ; Tongzhi 13 years of honor Princess Jia . He died at the age of 75. ^{[86 ]}
	Nuhulu's	Cheng Guifei (1813-1888)	Is red flag Manchuria, third class light car capital lieutenant, dry Qing door guards Button Hu Lu Fengshen Yi mian The daughter of... Jiaqing 18th February 8th ugly time born, Daoguang eight years to participate in the eight flags draft, was designated as A surname Into the palace, Daoguang nine years down to Yu Changzai Daoguang was resealed in sixteen years A surname Daoguang 25 years Jin A woman who becomes a concubine Daoguang 29 years down to A surname . Daoguang thirty years Wenzong ascended the throne, honored as A woman who becomes a concubine ; In the eleventh year of Xianfeng, Emperor Muzong ascended the throne and was honored Cheng Fei ; Tongzhi 13 years of honor Cheng Guifei . He died on March 30, 2014 at the age of 76. ^[43] ^{[87 ]}
princess (3 digits)	Huifana's	Concubine He (? -1836)	Is white flag wrapped, three kinds of minister of the rank of the house of the doctor, participating generals Huifanara Chengwen The daughter of... Xuanzong in the hidden mansion for princess Due to the birth of the emperor grandson by Renzong special grant merofoxin . He was canonized on 16 November 2000 concubines , the Later Jin Dynasty Concubine He . After noon on the 4th day of early April 16, Daoguang. He gave birth to his first son, the king of the county Yiwei . ^{[88 ]}
	Nuhulu's	Imperial concubine Xiang (1808-1861)	Inlaid yellow flag Manchuria, Lang Zhong Nihulu Kufuku The second daughter. Born on the 13th day of the first month of the 13th year of Jiaqing, Daoguang participated in the Eight Banners draft in February, and was designated as a member on February 20 A person of noble or noble state Enter the palace, after Jin Auspicious woman , Imperial concubine Xiang ; Daoguang 16 years before and after A person of noble or noble state . Daoguang thirty years Wenzong ascended the throne, honored as Auspicious woman . Xianfeng died at the age of 54 on the sixth day of the first month of the eleventh year. In July of the same year, Emperor Muzong ascended the throne, and on October 22 of the same year, because he had given birth to Prince Dun Qin, he followed Imperial concubine Xiang . Give birth to a second daughter and a fifth Princess Shou Zang and Shuo His fifth son, Prince Kazuo Atsushi Yifu . ^{[89 ]}
	Hersheri's	Imperial concubine Chang (1808-1860)	Inlaid blue flag Manchuria, Guangdong inspector Hershery Yung Hai The third daughter. Jiaqing 13, November 15, 9 am born, Daoguang 2 February to participate in the eight flags draft, on February 20 was designated Precious person Entered the palace, Daoguang five April canonized concubine ; In August of the same year Zhenfei Failed to seal, Daoguang six years down to concubine Daoguang nine years down to Chang Guiren . Daoguang thirty years Wenzong ascended the throne, honored as A surname . On August 23, Xianfeng ten years, the Anglo-French army raided the Old Summer Palace, shocked and died at the age of 53. In the eleventh year of Xianfeng, Emperor Muzong took the throne, and since he had served Emperor Xuanzong for the longest time, he pursued Jin Zheng Imperial concubine Chang . ^[44] ^{[90 ]}
wives (4 digits)	Foca's	Quiet woman (? -1845)	Xianghuang Banner Manchuria, salt transport Fucha Chia The first daughter. During the Jiaqing period, participating in the Eight Flags draft was accused of being with Xuanzong merofoxin He was canonized on November 16, 2000 Quiet woman . Tao Guang July 19, 2005 戌时. ^{[91 ]}
	Huifana's	A concubine (1809-1868)	The white flag is covered, the interior minister Huifanara Yanchung The daughter of... Born on the sixth day of February 14th, Jiaqing was elected to the palace as an official woman during the Daoguang years, and Daoguang was sealed for four years Normally present Jin of the same year benefacient ; Daoguang nine years down to Normally present . Daoguang thirty years Wenzong ascended the throne, honored as benefacient ; In the eleventh year of Xianfeng, Emperor Muzong ascended the throne and was honored A concubine . He died at the age of 60, March 19, 9 am, in the seventh year of Tongzhi. ^[45] ^{[92 ]}
	Shangard's	A surname (1816-1897)	In the white flag, Berthang Shang Ruqing The daughter of... Jiaqing 21 November 2, born in Daoguang years was elected to the palace as an official woman, Daoguang ten years Ling Chang Jae Daoguang twenty years down to Still agree . Daoguang thirty years Wenzong ascended the throne, honored as Still standing ; In the eleventh year of Xianfeng, Emperor Muzong ascended the throne and was honored vizier ; On November 16, 13th year of Tongzhi, he was named A surname . He died on August 28, 23, at the age of 82. ^{[93 ]}
	Chae Jia	Permanent concubine (? -1876)	Origin unknown. Daoguang 14 years to participate in the eight flag draft, was designated as VIP Entered the palace, the same year reduced to stay Daoguang fell to 18 years CAI promised . Daoguang thirty years Wenzong ascended the throne, honored as CAI Changzai ; In the eleventh year of Xianfeng, Emperor Muzong ascended the throne and was honored CAI Guiren ; On November 16, 13th year of Tongzhi, he was named Permanent concubine . The second year of Guangxu ends on the sixth day of early May. ^[46] ^{[94 ]}
A high-ranking official (4 digits)	Zhao family	parippus (? -1823)	Inlaid yellow flag coating. Xuanzong in the hidden mansion for princess In the 25th year of Jiaqing Emperor Xuanzong ascended the throne and was named parippus At noon on March 25th, 2003. ^{[95 ]}
	Sun family	dignitary (? -1842)	Home Office coat. Xuanzong in the hidden mansion for princess In the 25th year of Jiaqing Emperor Xuanzong ascended the throne and was named dignitary At midnight on December 14, 22. ^{[96 ]}
	Lee	Li Guiren (1827-1872)	Inlaid yellow flag covering, Feng Chen Yuan Qing Li Shanbo The daughter of... Daoguang seven years in early October 7 from the day of life, Daoguang years was selected into the palace as an official woman, Daoguang twenty years in March Be always present In December of the same year, it was reduced to Li agreed . Daoguang thirty years Wenzong ascended the throne, honored as Li Changjae ; In the eleventh year of Xianfeng, Emperor Muzong ascended the throne and was honored Li Guiren . He died on February 18, 11 am, aged 46. ^[47] ^{[97 ]}
	Huifana's	That noble man (1825-1865)	The white flag is covered, Blue feather length Huifanara Najun The second daughter. Born on June 21, Daoguang five years, Daoguang was elected to the palace as an official woman during Daoguang years, and Daoguang 19 February 17 Space is always present Daoguang twenty years Jin Space guru ; Daoguang 21 years down to Space is always present Daoguang 25 years down to yes . Daoguang thirty years Wenzong ascended the throne, honored as That often in ; In the eleventh year of Xianfeng, Emperor Muzong ascended the throne and was honored That noble man . He died at the age of 41 at noon on July 20. ^[47] ^{[98 ]}
promise (1 bit)	Hersheri's	Mutu Promised (? -1832)	Yellow Flag of Manchuria, Viscount Hershery Quishan The daughter of... Daoguang participated in the Eight Flags draft in February 2000 and was designated as Mutsuki Into the palace, Daoguang ten years Zhao Jin Estranged concubines Failed to seal, Daoguang 11 years down to Mutsuki In the same year, it was reduced to Mutu Promised In the 12th year of Daoguang, it fell to Official woman . After the 12th year of Daoguang on the 5th of April, the initial burial of six Daokou, after the recovery promise It is a bit number.
Official woman (1 bit)	Lius	Liu Guanwoman (? -1842)	White flag, second class bodyguard Liu Guanming The first daughter. Daoguang was elected to the palace as an official woman, Daoguang 11 February 8th day A surname Daoguang fell to 13 years ago Liu Jiying Daoguang 15 years down to Official woman . Daoguang twenty-two years on June 12, not buried in the imperial tomb. ^{[99 ]}

Sons and daughters

prince
sequence	The title of nobility	character	Dates of birth and death	mother
The emperor's eldest son	King of Hidden Chi-gun	Aisin Gioro Yi Wei	From 1808 to 1831	Concubine He Nara's
The emperor's second son	King of Shunhe County	Aisin Gioro Yi Gang	1826-1827	Queen Hyo Jung-seong Borzigit's
Imperial third son	King of Huizhen County	Aisin Gioro Yi Ji	December 1829 ^[101] - January 1830 ^[102]	Queen Hyo Jung-seong Borzigit's
Emperor's fourth son	Qing dynasty school of Literature	Aisin Gioro Yi 詝	From 1831 to 1861	Queen Hyojeon Seong Nuhulu's
Five imperial seeds	Prince Dun Qin	Aisin Gioro Eðe	From 1831 to 1889	Imperial concubine Xiang Nuhulu's
Ryuko	Prince Gong Chung	Aisin Gioro Yi Xin	From 1833 to 1898	Queen Hyo Jung-seong Borzigit's
The seventh Emperor	A virtuous prince	Aisin Gioro Eðe	From 1840 to 1891	The Royal Concubine Zhuang Shun Ujah's
The eighth son of the emperor	King of Bell County	Aisin Gioro Yi 詥	From 1844 to 1868
Emperor's nine seeds	King of Fujing County	Aisin Gioro Yi 譓	From 1845 to 1877
^[48]

Emperor's daughter
sequence	The title of nobility	Dates of birth and death	mother	intro
Emperor's eldest daughter	Princess Denmin Gulen	1813-1819	Hyoshin becomes Queen Tongjia ^[49]	-
Imperial concubine	-	1825-1825	Imperial concubine Xiang Nuhulu's ^[50]	-
The third empress	End shun Gulen princess	From 1825 to 1835	Queen Hyojeon Seong Nuhulu's ^{[52] 51 -}	-
The fourth empress	Princess of Shouan Gulun	From 1826 to 1860	Queen Hyojeon Seong Nuhulu's ^{[52] 51 -}	marry Demchukzab
Imperial five Women	Princess Shou Zang and Shuo	From 1829 to 1856	Imperial concubine Xiang Nuhulu's ^[53]	marry Nchong
The Emperor's six daughters	Princess Shouen Gulun	1830-1859	Queen Hyo Jung-seong Borzigi's ^[54]	marry Long life
Emperor Seven Ladies	-	From 1840 to 1844	Lady Tong Shumulu's ^{[56] 55 -}	-
Hachiya	Princess Kazuo on her birthday	From 1841 to 1866	Lady Tong Shumulu's ^{[56] 55 -}	marry Zarafonah
Imperial ninth Maiden	Princess Gulun of Shouzhuang	From 1842 to 1884	The Royal Concubine Zhuang Shun Ujah's ^[57]	Badge of matrimony
Imperial Ten Women	-	From 1844 to 1845	Lady Tong Shumulu's ^[58]	-

Major work

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EDITOR

Emperor Daoguang's works, such as the Complete Collection of Poems of Yangzheng House, the first and last collection of Imperial Poems and the Poems of Visiting Shengjing, have been handed down to the world. ^[64] He wrote more than 2,000 poems. ^[65]

Anecdotal allusion

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EDITOR

Lead a simple life

" Qing Dynasty wild history grand view There are a few anecdotes about Minning's simple life:

After Minning ascended the throne, the inner government gave him 40 square inkstones by example, and the four words "Daoguang imperial" were engraved after the inkstones. Minning thought there were too many to spare, so he gave them to his court.

In the past, the emperor had to send the hardest of the pens. The pen tube is engraved with the words "Tianzhang" and "Yunhan". Minning feel not suitable, let the ministry Shangshu British Xiekui to buy generally commonly used pure sheep, both two kinds.

Minning's leggings, ripped at the knees, had a round piece of silk patched over them, and that's what they call clapping. Ministers imitate him. Once, he met Minister of military aircraft Cao Zhenyong had a patch mark on the knee of his pants, so he asked, "Do you also clap your pants?" Mr Cao replied: "Trousers are easy to make, but they cost a lot of money, so they are also patched." Minning asked again, "How much do you want to pat your pants?" "Three money," said Cao. Minning said, "It is cheaper for you to make things outside the palace, but I will pay 50 yuan in the palace."

Tooth loss

According to Korean and Vietnamese envoys, Minning had lost all his teeth in middle age. Vietnamese envoys among them Pan Huizhu The rumor from the Qing Dynasty internal affairs Office is that Minning had not yet ascended the throne, and had an archery injury to his teeth, and in 1818, Jiaqing 23 years Taihu Lake Get a strange fish, ready to eat, Emperor Jiaqing warned him not to eat unknown fish, Minning or secretly cooked food, after eating at night to dream of God to rope fish dragon, wake up to find that his teeth fell out. ^[68-70]

Succession dispute

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EDITOR

On July 18, 1820, in the 25th year of Jiaqing, Emperor Jiaqing went to Rehe Hunting in autumn The emperor's second son Zhi Prince Minning, the emperor's fourth son Rui prince Mien Xin Follow me. At the age of sixty-one, he was "plump in body and strong in spirit." 24, arrived The Rehe Palace "The holy bow does not obey." On the same day, Emperor Jiaqing arrived Town God's Temple philander And to the palace of eternal blessing salute, 25, serious illness, when the night collapsed sudden death, the cause of death is unknown. The cause of Emperor Jiaqing's death may be that he was over 60 years old, overweight, hot weather, travel fatigue, which induced brain and cardiovascular diseases and sudden death.

The ancestral family

Emperor Jiaqing After the death of the summer resort in Rehe, the minister should have immediately sent to Beijing to take down the plaque in the Dry Qing Palace Secret deposit Imperial decree , ^[59] However, this was not done at that time. According to the Bao Shichen The "Dai Gong (Jun Yuan) Tombstone" written records the situation at that time, the 25th year of Jiaqing (1820) spring, Dai Junyuan thanks The Pavilion of Literary Yuan Grand maester , Jin Prince Shao Bao In charge of the criminal Department. July, Dai Junyuan and Tozin When he followed Emperor Jiaqing to the hunting of Rehe in autumn, "he felt ill and uncertain just as he was staying here. Change out of panic, from the official many emperor panic." Dai Junyuan and Tuojin urged their ministers to search the emperor's relics, and finally found the imperial ededon on the throne in the "small gold box" beside Emperor Jiaqing's attendants. The d « box was not placed behind the "upright and upright" plaque in the Qianqing Palace, nor was the prince present when it was opened, which is against the family law of the Qing Dynasty. Some scholars believe that "the d « box" was taken by Jiaqing to the Summer Resort. This is one of the historical mysteries.

Patriarchal suggestion

header Imperial Household Department Minister Heane, ^[60] It is suggested that Minning take the throne. ^[61] Heehn The suggestion of Minning's succession shows that Jiaqing did not announce the issue of succession in the ministers during his lifetime, and Xi 'en's suggestion was not publicly disclosed, otherwise, Tozin and Dai Junyuan would not "hesitate" and not The so-called "Gong Qi d « box, declare the imperial book" said, there is a contradiction, it is great Heane was only a minister in the Home Office, and according to "family law" he had no right to "recommend the succession of Minning." But why did he violate the "family law" and "suggest" this way? This is the second historical mystery.

The Queen Mother ordered

Queen of Filial piety and Rui Nuhulu. She is in Beijing. Imperial palace Surprised to learn that Jiaqing collapsed in the Rehe palace sad news, then issued a message:

"I am sorry for my elevation today, but it is especially important here. The Emperor's second son, Prince Zhi, virtuous, wise, heroic end alcohol, is now accompanying, and he should be entrusted to control Li Yuan. However, in the midst of panic, the emperor did not make a clear statement, and the emperor's second son's nature is modest, and he knows it well. To this end, I made a decree to stay the king of Beijing minister, Chi sent the emperor's second son, that is, the throne. To comfort the spirit of the emperor in heaven, to conform to the hopes of the people of the world."

This message, for Minning's appointment, the relationship is extremely important. Minning in the Rehe received the Yi, the ground kowtow, grateful! It is also because of this practice that the later feelings of the mother and son became closer, and later all the official history only recorded the Summer resort Gong Qið « box Dao Guang Fu played the Empress Dowager said: "Son minister (Minning) kneel to play: this month 25, the Emperor's father bowed, to Xu carved great gradually..." When the former minister, Minister of military aircraft, Minister of the interior, Gong Qið « box, there is the imperial father's royal book: Jiaqing four April 10, early, the Crown Prince (Minning) Zhu Yu The minister and so on, please comply with the great line of the emperor, to the Zong community, to inherit the great unification. Son son son let, to then to three. The minister waited, and insisted. On this day (29th), I respectfully obey the order, son minister is the throne. Emperor father, Emperor mother, deep kindness, son minister kowtowing, feel fear can not say...... I have the honour to send the d « box hidden Emperor father Zhu Encyclical, respectfully presented the Yi view, I have the honour to repeat, respectfully thank you The 29th of July." When Kangxi took the throne, it was the meaning of the Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang, but Empress Xiaozhuang It was announced in the name of Shunzhi's legacy, not in the name of the Empress Dowager. Although Xiao and the Empress Dowager command Minning succession was praised as a selfless act by later generations, but this was against the "ancestral system" and "family law" at that time, and how can the Empress be sure that Jiaqing designated the heir to the throne is Minning? What if there is a conflict between the Yi-edict and the legacy? This is the third historical mystery.

Courtier attitude

" Draft of Qing Dynasty history · Tozin Biography ^[62] Record: "Renzong collapsed in the summer resort of Rehe, the mountain is in a panic, the Tuojin Kai Grand master Dai Junyuan, hand Qi treasure box, FengXuanzong ascended the throne."

In the Biography of Dai Junyuan, the Draft of Qing Dynasty, it is also recorded: "Squire Rehe, just stay in the road, the emperor is not sure, and gradually gradually evening." Dai Junyuan Qianlong Jinshi, officer co-run grand bachelor, minister of military aircraft, master master on the study. Junyuan and Grand scholar Tuojin Du inside to check the imperial suitcase, get a small gold box, open, declare the imperial letter to set Xuanzong as the crown prince, heir to the throne, and then funeral."

These two records are not consistent with the records in "The Draft of Qing Dynasty History · Zong Shi 'en Biography". The Tombstone of Duke Dai (Junyuan), written by Bao Shichen, records the circumstances of finding and opening the d « box at that time: when Jiaqing was dying, Tuojin and Dai Junyuan urged the eunuchs to dig through the boxes and drawers to find the d « box, and finally the bodyguard Tojin, Dai Junyuan opened the gold box, also did not see the record party Minning present. People cast doubt on the truth of the matter. This is the fourth historical mystery.

record

"Qing Xuanzong Record" also remembered Dai: "Renzong disease gradually, called the former minister Sai Chong A, Sotna wood more than chai, Minister of military aircraft Tuojin, Dai Junyuan, Lu Yinfu, Wen Fu, chief Minister of the Interior Xi En, and Shi Tai, public Qið « box, declaration of the imperial letter: Jiaqing four April 10, early, the Crown Prince (Minning) Zhu Yu Xu Qi, Renzong collapse...... All my retainers, in accordance with Zhu Bi's legacy, please take your place. Go to the earth of sorrow and rise for a long time." The Record of Emperor Xuanzong of Qing Dynasty was compiled by Xianfeng and would not contradict the Record of Emperor Renzong of Qing Dynasty compiled by his father.

The above two records finally justify this matter. In the relevant files, "Gong Kai d « box" is "Gong Kai Secret. According to this, when Jiaqing was critically ill, he summoned Dai Junyuan, Tuojin, Xi 'en and other eight ministers before his death, "Gong Qixu « box", and appointed Minning as Crown Prince, however, this is similar to the previous record in the "Draft of Qing History · Zong Shi 'en Biography" This is the fifth historical mystery.

It can be seen from the above that Minning succeeded to the throne, and got the advice and approval of the family represented by Xi En, and the approval of the Queen Mother's Middle Palace and the Emperor's younger brother Rui Prince Mianxin, the most important is that the Minister of military aircraft opened the d « box of the imperial book

Historical data index

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Draft of Qing History, Volume 17, Benji 17, Xuanzong Benji 1 ^[30]
"Draft of Qing History, Volume 18, This Discipline 18, Xuanzong's Discipline 2" ^[63]
"Draft of Qing History, Volume 19, Book 19, Xuanzong Book 3" ^[29]

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A given year	name	district	impersonator
1959	" Lin Zexu "	Chinese mainland	Gao Zheng
1964	The Opioid Wars	Korea	Lee Soo-lien ^[71]
1983	" The young Lady Cixi "	Hong Kong, China	Cao Dahua
1988	" Taiping Heavenly Kingdom "		Zhang Yingcai
1988	" The 13th Manchu Dynasty II "		Lu Zhenshun
1997	" Opium Wars "	Chinese mainland	Sumin
1997	" The Opium Wars "	Chinese mainland	Li Baotian
1997	" The Secret history of Daoguang "		Huang Baiming
1997	" Lin Zexu "		Li Xinmin
2004	" A hundred years of vicissitudes "		Deng Limin
2006	" The imperial harem of the Qing Dynasty is a pearl "	Hong Kong, China	Zhang Chenguang
2007	" Emperor Jiaqing "	Chinese mainland	Liu Yicheng
2009	" Water transport terminal "		Zhang Shen
2010	" The hearts and minds of heaven and earth "		Xiu Qing
2011	" The King of Wanhuang "	Hong Kong, China	Chen Jinhong
2013	" The setting sun of red walls and green tiles "		Shu Yaoxuan
2015	" A simple vision of the world "		Liu Wei

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