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Silesia
Historical regional names in Europe
unfoldThree entries with the same name
Silesia (Polish: Silesia;
German language
: Schlesien; Czech: Slezsko; Silesian: lonsk/ lonsk;
Latin
: Silesia), yes
Central Europe
A historical geographical name, roughly in
Oder
The middle and upper reaches of present-day southwestern Poland and northern Czech Republic
Ostrava
The region and eastern Germany. At present, most of the region belongs to
Poland
A small part belongs to
Czech Republic
And Germany.
Oder
Its tributaries flow through almost the entire region, and there are many important cities on both banks.
Along Silesia
The Sudetenland Mountains
, its south with
Bohemia
and
Moravia
Border on. The old divisions of Upper Silesia and Lower Silesia were roughly equivalent to the upper and middle reaches of the Oder River, respectively. The largest city in Silesia today is
Famous historical city
Wroclaw
and
Katowice
.
- Chinese name
- Silesia
- Polish
- Ś l ą sk
- German language
- Schlesien
- Czech
- Slezsko
- English
- silesia
The Silesia region has fertile soil and is rich in grain,
Potatoes
Hemp and
beet
. Coal, iron, copper, lead, zinc, etc
Mineral resources
Rich. Since the beginning of the 19th century, it has developed into one of the major industrial areas in Europe. The main cities are Polish
Wroclaw
,
Katowice
, Beitom,
Khozof
,
Glevice
,
Sosnowitz
And Czech
Ostrava
Let's wait. The largest city in Silesia today is
Famous historical city
Wroclaw and Katowice.
Silesia is a region rich in resources and with a large population. It is rich in coal and iron resources and produces a sandy yellow color locally
SPAR
,
Western Europe
Believed to bring good luck, the stone was later called Friedrich Gem in honor of Frederick the Great. Local agriculture is progressing, the main agricultural products are: grain, potatoes and
beet
. In the Middle Ages, Silesia first belonged to Poland
The Piast Dynasty
Later as
The Kingdom of Bohemia
Captured and became part of the Holy Roman Empire. From 1526, it was annexed to the Kingdom of Bohemia
The Austrian Habsburg Dynasty
Rule. 1742. Prussian
Frederick the Great
in
War of the Austrian Succession
He won and gained most of Silesia from Austria. These regions later formed the Silesia Province of Prussia.
Within the yellow line is Silesia, which belonged to Prussia in 1871
Within the yellow line is Silesia, which belonged to Prussia in 1871
World War I
After the restoration of Poland, Silesia was divided into Poland (Upper Silesia), Germany (Lower Silesia), and Czeshin (Czeshin).
World War II
After that, most of Silesia was part of Poland, a small part of East Germany,
Czechoslovakia
. After 1945, most of Silesia was annexed to Poland. A small part in Germany
The Free State of Saxony
The part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire is now in the Czech Republic.
Today, most of Silesia is in Poland and is currently divided into several provinces (Voivodship) : Greater Poland Province,
Lesser Poland Province
, Lower Silesia Province,
Lubska Province
,
The province of Opole
. The provinces of Opole and Silesia are also called Upper Silesia. A small part of Silesia within the Czech Republic, called "Czech Silesia" or "Cechin", is now mainly a part of the Moravian-Silesian province, with the remainder located in the province
Olomouc
Save. Traditionally, Silesia lies between the Kwisa and Bobr rivers, with the former known in the west as the Upper River
Lusatia
(Lusatia; Formerly known as Milsko). Due to Prussia's former possession of Lower Silesia, Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis (Lower Silesia) and Hoyerswerda (Hoyerswerda) in present-day Germany are also considered to belong to Silesia. These two regions and the province of Lower Silesia are called Lower Silesia.
World War II
The inhabitants of later Silesia were mostly Poles, Silesians, Germans, Czechs, and Moravians
Minority nationality
. According to the latest Polish national census in 2002, Slavic Silesians are the largest ethnic minority in Poland, followed by Germans, most of whom live in Silesia. The main inhabitants of Czech Silesia are Czechs, Moravians and Poles.
Before World War II, the main inhabitants of Silesia were Germans, Poles and Czechs. According to the 1905 census, about 75 percent of the population was German and 25 percent Polish. After the end of World War II, most German residents fled their homeland, were expelled by the Red Army, or emigrated to other countries. Most Silesian Germans live in Germany today; Many people in
Ruhr
He worked as a miner, a profession his ancestors used to do in Silesia. After 1945, the West German government established and funded organizations such as the Silesian Territorial Society to facilitate their integration into local society. A prominent but often controversial spokesman for the association is
Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Member Hulbert Hoopka. Mainstream German public opinion believed that these organizations would establish harmonious relations with Polish Silesians, and this is gradually happening.
Some believe that "Silesia" comes from the Silingi people (Silingi;
Latin
Silingae, a Vandal group, probably in the 2nd century
Baltic Sea
austral
Elbe
,
Aude
and
Vistula
Live together. During the period of European migration, they left their homes, leaving behind remnants of their societies.
Map of boundary changes in Silesia in the 17th and 18th centuries
Map of boundary changes in Silesia in the 17th and 18th centuries
The most obvious legacy is place names -- all of them
Slavs
Slavic names adopted by the new inhabitants (
POLISH
: Silizsk, Old Polish: Silizsk [-o], and
Old Slavic
* S ь ь l ą avdeev ь sk are [< * S ǐ l ǐ sk incarnation ę g] comes from the ancient language wang darfur * Siling - isk
land
]). These inhabitants were then called Silesians (in Polish, Ziezeeanie), although they had nothing in common with the original inhabitants. Remains from the 7th and 8th centuries show that some areas that once had large populations were more densely fortified from west to south, but not from the north and east. This proves that from the 5th to 13th centuries, Slavs lived in Silesia.
The Germanic people
The Goths were in the east, and the Slavic Wends were in the west, hence the forts and
nationalism
It's not relevant.
Back in the Stone Age,
Bronze Age
and
Iron Age
There are already humans living there. The first references to Silesia were made by the Romans Claudius Ptolemaeus (Magna Germania) and Tacitus (Germania). Tacitus states that the inhabitants of Silesia in the 1st century were divided into several races, led by the Lugii. The Slingaos also belong to this group. Other east
Germanic
Ethnic groups also live in the sparsely populated area. At the beginning of the European migration period, most of the East Germanic groups left Silesia and migrated to
Southern Europe
. Slavic groups from the East became the new inhabitants.
Early documents indicate that the inhabitants were probably mostly Slavic. Launched in about 845 in Bavaria
geographer
According to the Bayerischer Geograph, these groups include Slenzanie, Dzhadoshanie, Opolanie, Lupiglaa, and Golenshitse. In 1086, a Prague bishop noted that there were also Zlasane, Trebovyane, Poborane, and Dedositze. The largest in present-day Czech Republic
Moravia
, Moravia and
Bohemia
Then he ruled Silesia. Around 990,
The Piast Dynasty
the
Myshko the First
Annexation of Silesia to Poland. However, some
historian
Think it should be his son
Boleslaw I
Annexed in 999.
During the partition of Poland (1138-1320), different branches of the dynasty divided the region into principalities. In 1146, W? adys? aw II the Exile of Poland came to power
Holy Roman Empire
He was a courtier, but he was cast out by his own brother. In 1163, his two sons were granted a partition by Boleslaw IV
Above and below
Silesia. As a result, they became the two major branches of the Piastrian dynasty, i.e
Wroclaw
(Wroc? awska) and Opolsko-Raciborska. The two divisions continued to subdivide until the 1390s, when there were 16 duchies.
In 1241,
The Mongolian nationality
They attacked Lesser Poland and then invaded Silesia, causing panic and flight among the population. The Mongols plundered much of the area, but were probably repelled by Blessed Cheslav's "magical fireball" and abandoned the attack on Wroclaw's fortress. And then, they're in
Battle of Legnica
Exterminate Poland and
Germany
The United Forces. After Ogodei's death, the Mongols decided not to continue their assault on Europe and instead returned east to elect a new Khan.
The Silesian rulers decided to rebuild the city with new ones
Administrative division
. They founded and rebuilt 160 cities and 1,500 municipalities, and adopted the laws of the German city-states (the Laws of Magdeburg and the Laws of SAN roda da SAN Lezska), replacing the old, customary Slavic peace
Polish
The decree. Moreover, from the late 13th century to the early 14th century, they encouraged new settlers, mostly Germans and Dutch, from the Holy Roman Empire. From the end of the 13th century to the beginning of the 14th century, the Dukes of Silesia attracted many Germans to settle there. Germans, Jews and Czechs mostly settled in cities. In the suburbs, especially in Upper Silesia, the Polish population is still the majority. Inviting the Germans to open up and irrigate barren lands;
Ruling class
Assimilation with the German and Slavic inhabitants - this became the later Polish and German nationalists of the 19th and early 20th centuries
ideology
The dispute.
Late 13th century, Red Star
knighthood
(Knights of the Red Star), the Knights Hospitaller and
The Teutonic Knights
He settled in Silesia. Many Piast Dukes tried to incorporate Silesia into Poland, or even unify Poland itself. Henryk IV Probus, Duke of Silesia, was the first to attempt this, but died in 1290 without accomplishing the goal. Then,
Greater Poland
Duke Przemyswa II united the two Silesian provinces and was crowned king in 1295, only to be murdered the following year.
According to his last will, the Duke of Gwogov, Henrik Gwogovski, would inherit the Dominion of Greater Poland. Gwogevski also wanted to unify Poland and even sought the title of Duke of Poland. However, the majority of the Greater Polish nobility supported Kujawy; Duke of Piast of Kuyavia
Wladyslaw the First
. Wladyslaw was successful because it had the support of more nobles. At this time, Vaclav II of Bohemia decided to expand the territory and proclaimed himself in 1302
Kings of Poland
. Half a century later, Wladyslaw I and his son
Casimir III
Participation in the war with Bohemia, Brandenburg and the Teutonic Knights was desired by all sides
Partition of Poland
. A number of Silesian Dukes ruled small duchies which, although connected with Poland, failed to unite with her and instead came under the domination or rule of Bohemia.
In 1335, Duke Henry VI of Floclaw was presented to the King of Bohemia with the Duke of Upper Silesia
John of Luxembourg
Thank you. In 1348, the Polish king Kazimierz was forced to accept Bohemian domination of Silesia.
In 1368, the independent Duchy of Piast was completely destroyed. However, the Silesian branch of the Piastrian dynasty declined in the 14th to 16th centuries, and was extinct until 1675: in 1335, the Flotslaw branch; In 1368, the branch of Cwidnica; In 1476, the Olechnica and Gwaogow divisions were established; In 1504, the branch of Shaghani (New York);
In 1532, the Branch of Opole; In 1625, the Cieszyn branch; In 1675, Brzeg -
Legnica
(Legnica) branch. The last male member of the Duchy of Cheshen, Fryderyk Wilhelm, died in 1625, but his sister, El Chiebieta Lukrecja, continued to rule the Duchy until her death in 1653.
Silesia also became part of the Holy Roman Empire, although Bohemia was an autonomous province of the Empire. Silesia belonged to Bohemia until 1740, when it was ruled by Czech, Polish and German dynasties.
Holy Roman Emperor
Charles IV
During his reign, Silesia and Wroclaw grew in stature, and many more were built there
grand
Buildings and Gothic churches.
The locals and their inhabitants, as well as their language and culture, were influenced by German immigration. It took place in Bohemia from 1420 to 1434
Hustic Wars
(Hussite Wars), the site was damaged.
Hussite
(Hussites) for the German population. In particular, in some parts of Upper Silesia, Slavic populations were again represented.
End of war
Most of the Silesian population remained Catholic. In Cieszyn Silesia, however, more and more people are embracing Lutheranism.
Silesia continued to be close to its neighbours
Economic relations
For example, Poland. Especially in
Renaissance
And later, the Silesian cities
Jew
Increase in businessmen of Chinese descent
Economic activity
. In the 16th century, Martin Luther's Reformation began in Silesia, and most of the inhabitants converted to Protestantism. Many Protestant pastors promote local Slavic culture and
Language development
.
In 1526,
Emperors of Austria
Ferdinand the First
Will be elected to the throne
The Kingdom of Bohemia
Instead of
The House of Habsburg
Inherit. In 1537, the Piast family of Duke Frederick II of Brzeg (Brzeg) and
Elector of Brandenburg
Joachim II made a pact stipulating that if the Piastes were to die, Brandenburg
The Hohenzollern family
Members could inherit the Duchy, but Ferdinand I refused to recognize the agreement. Christianity began in the early 17th century
reformist
Religious conflicts and wars with anti-reformists forced many Czechs (Germanic and Slavic) and Silesians
Protestant
To the more tolerant religious policies of the time
Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth
(
Polish
-Lithuanian Commonwealth). A lot of
Protestantism
A surname
Greater Poland Province
They settled and were protected by Protestant dignitaries, such as Rafa Leszczynski; 1579-1636). the powerful Czech Protestants (Union of the Brethren) moved in
Leshno
(Leszno), such as Comenius. To circumvent religious restrictions, Silesian Protestants often built their churches on the border with Poland.
Holy Roman Emperor
Ferdinand II
Attempts to revive Catholicism and suppress Protestantism. As a result, in 1618, the second Defenestrations of Prague took place
Prague
Occur, indirectly produced
Thirty Years' War
. Czech Protestants received German congregants and
Hungary
The support of the nobility.
Transylvania
Prince Bethlen Gabor, a Hungarian nobleman, led the siege
Vienna
In an attempt to expand Transylvania to
Ottoman Empire
The territory of Bohemia and Silesia annexed. The Polish nobility at least paid lip service to the Czechs. They saw the Czech and Hungarian nobility as pro-freedom people, resisting the absolute monarchy, and responding to Poland
Schlachta
(Szlachta; The ideal of gold freedom in late medieval Polish nobility. These nobles did not support attacks on Protestants, while Poland
House of Representatives
(Sejm) not even the king
Sigmund the Third
(
Swedish Language
: Sigismund III Vasa; Polish: Zygmunt III Waza) helped its Catholic ally the Habsburgs. The king wants help.
Austria
However, because of the defense treaty, he could only refuse to employ the Holy Roman Emperor Matthias
Republic of Lithuania
The army. This is because Polish-Lithuanian relations with Sweden and
Principality of Moscow
Fight against
Military strength
Fatigue, more because
Noble war
In Modavia relations with the Ottoman Empire deteriorated.
In late 1619, Sigmund III decided to help Austria, but only by sending private individuals
mercenary
Lisowczycy. One reason was that these soldiers, unemployed after the war against Moscow, had gone to Lithuania to loot. And he also thought he could get some Silesia from Austria in return. Although Lisowczycy sealed the Austrian victory at the Battle of White Mountain, the Polish House of Vasa did not actually benefit. Austria was only vague, giving them some promises and having several princesses marry the Polish royal family to maintain the alliance between the two countries. In 1619, the King of Poland was on his way to Silesia with his eldest son, Prince Wladyslaw (later King of Poland)
Wladyslaw IV
; W? adys? aw IV Waza) discussed, and the final decision was made
Polish army
Temporarily occupied parts of Silesia, hoping to merge them with Poland. The Holy Roman Empire suffered during the war
Serious damage
Some Silesian Dukes, particularly those belonging to the Piastrian dynasty, and the Bishop of Wroclaw, Charles of Austria, wanted protection from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Charles of Austria appealed to his superior Diocese of Gniezno in Poland, hoping that it would negotiate with Sigmund III to protect the bishop.
In May 1619, Prince Wladyslaw left at the invitation of his uncle Charles
Warsaw
Travel to Silesia. In July, Czech Protestants revolted against Ferdinand II and demanded
Elector
Frederick V
As king of Bohemia. On 27 September, Prince Wladyslaw and his uncle probably learned of the news and left Silesia immediately, returning to Warsaw on 7 October. In December, Charles chose the prince's younger brother, Carole Ferdinand Vasa (Duke of Opole), as acting Bishop of Wroclaw and received Poland
episcopate
Accepted. In 1620, the formerly independent Diocese of Wroclaw was restored
Gniezno
Parish administration. However, until 1632, the former was actually controlled by Sigmund III, not by the archbishop or bishop. In 1625, Carole Ferdinand Vasa became Bishop of Wroclaw. However, as the situation in Austria improved, Ferdinand II refused to cede Silesia and no longer participated in the war against the Ottoman Empire. This was because Poland supported Austria, while in fact the Ottomans
Habsburg
The secret service supported his decision.
Ferdinand II proposed that Wladyslaw IV marry his youngest daughter, Princess Cecilia Renata; afterwards
Ferdinand the Third
The news reached the Polish government in the spring of 1636. On October 26, 1636, he dispatched Capuchin
frat
Father Walerian (Capuchin religious order) went to Regensburg to negotiate with the Empire. The princess's dowry was set at 100,000 zvota. Polish currency). Ferdinand II also promised to pay dowries for two wives of former Polish King Sigmund III, namely Anna and Constance of Habsburg. Moreover, if Wladyslaw IV married the princess, their future son would receive the Duchy of Ksi Tistwo Opolsko-Raciborskie in Silesia. But before that could happen, Ferdinand II died in February 1637. His successor, Ferdinand III, refused to grant the Duchy to the son of Wladyslaw IV, instead offering the Bohemian fief T 'ebo as a dowry. The couple married in September.
In 1638, Wladyslaw IV declared that the remaining dowry of his father's two wives was in the custody of a Silesian duchy, and that he preferred the Duchy of Oppole-Radziburzh. In 1642, he proposed the transfer of the Swedish throne to the Habsburgs in the hope of gaining Silesia. In the summer of 1644, Poland sent Ludovico Fantoni to Austria with a proposal to exchange the revenues from the Terzebon fiefdom for the Duchy of Oppole-Radziburzh and Czeshen.
In early 1645, Wladyslaw IV did not want the Vienna government to delay further, so he told Maximilian Dietrichstein, the Holy Roman envoy to Warsaw, that Poland would cooperate with Sweden. This implied that Poland would join forces with Sweden to seize Silesia, thus threatening Austria. On March 6, 1645, Swedish Field Marshal Lennart Torstensson defeated the Bavarian and Saxony forces of the Holy Roman Empire at the Battle of Jankov and marched on Vienna. Ferdinand III was willing to negotiate, and in April he sent Johannes Putz von Adlertum to Warsaw to grant Wladyslaw IV special privileges, He gave his son, Zygmunt Kazimierz, an interest in the Duchy of Opole and Razibuzh, as a hereditary fiefdom.
In the end, the Habsburgs won the negotiations. The duchy and
nonfeasance
A hereditary fief was only loaned for 50 years, and its owner was subject to the king of Bohemia, so the Polish king could not accept the fief. However, Wladyslaw IV would continue to rule the Duchy until his son came of age. In addition, he promised to lend Ferdinand III a loan of one million Zvota, minus the three dowry payments mentioned above.
At the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648, the Habsburgs promoted Catholicism and converted 60% of Silesia's population to Catholicism. In 1675, the Silesian branch of the Piastrian dynasty collapsed.
In 1740, Frederick the Great captured Silesia and was welcomed by the local population - not only the Protestant and German populations. while
Kingdom of Prussia
It also gained double the population. Under the Treaty of Brzeg (see Reformation), he launched under the pretext of Brzeg sovereignty
War of the Austrian Succession
. The war ended in 1748. Prussia captured most of Silesia, except for the Duchy of Opava and Chesen to the southeast, which remained under Austria. In the seven-year War, Prussia again defeated Austria and consolidated its rule over Silesia. Silesia became one of the most loyal provinces to Prussia. In 1815, once part of Saxony,
Goerlitz
The neighborhood is in
Napoleonic Wars
It was later incorporated into Silesia. By this time, German had become the dominant language in Lower Silesia; The vast majority of residents in the suburbs speak Polish, which is influenced by German
Czech
. In most Silesian cities, German is the most commonly spoken language.
In 1871,
German Empire
Established. German unification. Prussian-owned Silesia became a German province. Upper Silesia experienced large-scale industrialization, attracting many residents to live there. The population of Lower Silesia is mostly German and Lutheran, and also includes Wroclaw, which has been known since the late Middle Ages
Breslau
The city. However, in some areas, such as Landkreis; It was later the Regierungsbezirk Oppeln (Oberon Government District) and a suburb of Upper Silesia, where many residents and even the majority of the population were of Slavic origin
Catholic
. Overall, 30% of Silesia's population is Polish, and most of them live there
Katowice
Nearby, in southeastern Upper Silesia.
Chancellor of Germany
Otto von Bismarck
launch
Cultural struggle
It suppressed the growth of Catholicism in Germany and at the same time provoked a Polish revolt. In 1884, the first meeting of the Hovevei Zion Group was held in Katowice
Zionism
The first sound.
At this time, Austrian Silesian
Ostrava
And Calvina both began to develop industries. The Poles in these areas were mostly Lutheran, as opposed to the predominantly German, Catholic population
Austro-hungarian Empire
.
Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire
World War I
Defeat. On the basis of
The Treaty of Versailles
Upper Silesia should be held
referendum
To determine the future of the site, but not 333
Square kilometer
The Hruchin region (Hluc in; Hultschiner Landchen) - it's directly from
Czechoslovakia
Took over, even though the local population was mostly German.
League of nations
A referendum was finally held in 1921.
In Ceshen Silesia,
Rada Narodowa Ksi and stwa Cieszy skiego
and
Národním Výborem pro Slezsko
It was planned to divide the Duchy of Cheshin along ethnic lines, but was
Czech Republic
The Slovak government denies it. On 23 January 1919, the Czechoslovaks attacked Czeshin Silesia, but on 30 January they withdrew on the Vistula River near Skoczow. The League of Nations had planned to hold a referendum for Ceshin Silesia, but it did not take place. On 28 July 1920, the Council of Ministers of the Treaty of Versailles decided to divide it. This boundary formed part of the present-day border between Poland and the Czech Republic.
Germany and Austria-Hungary were defeated in World War I. According to the Treaty of Versailles, Upper Silesia was to hold a referendum on the future of the region, excluding the 333-square-kilometre Hluchin region (Hluchin; Hultschiner Landchen - It was directly taken over by Czechoslovakia, even though the local population was mostly German. The League of Nations finally held a referendum in 1921.
In Ceshin Silesia, Rada Narodowa Ksi Sestwa Cieszine skiego and Narodnim Vyborem pro Slezsko planned to divide the principality of Ceshin along ethnic lines, but this was rejected by the Czechoslovak government. On 23 January 1919, the Czechoslovaks attacked Czeshin Silesia, but on 30 January they withdrew on the Vistula River near Skoczow. The League of Nations had planned to hold a referendum for Ceshin Silesia, but it did not take place. On 28 July 1920, the Council of Ministers of the Treaty of Versailles decided to divide it. This boundary formed part of the present-day border between Poland and the Czech Republic.
Between the two wars, after the referendum, Polish nationalists launched three Silesian uprisings.
First: August 16 - August 26, 1919
Second time: August 19 - August 25, 1920
Third: May 2 - July 5, 1921
As a result, the League of Nations decided to further subdivide Silesia. In the easternmost part of Upper Silesia, a majority of the local population voted for German rule, but still became Poland
Silesia
The autonomous district of Wojewodztwo di Lassi kie. Wojciech Korfanty is one of the politicians responsible for these effects.
Silesia, which remained part of Germany, was redivided into the provinces of Upper Silesia and
Lower Silesia Province
. In 1938
Kristallnacht
(Kristallnacht), Breslau and other Silesian cities
synagogue
(Synagogue) was damaged. October, Poland press
Munich Agreement
The occupation of Czechoslovak Ceshen Silesia, the disputed area west of the Olza River, called Zaozlie. It covers an area of 906 square kilometers and has 258,000 inhabitants.
In September 1939,
Nazi Germany
launch
Campaign in Poland
It occupied the aforementioned Silesian regions and caused World War II. Local residents welcome Germany
Defense force
. In 1940, Germany built the famous Auschwitz in Upper Silesia
Concentration camp
Was the main site of the massacre of Jews; In the same year, the Gross-Rosen concentration camp was built in Lower Silesia, and later a concentration camp branch was built in a nearby city.
In 1945,
Red Army
Occupy all of Silesia. Many German residents fled Silesia, hoping to escape Soviet attacks. After the German surrender, many residents returned home. However, according to 1944
The Yalta Conference
And 1945
The Potsdam Agreement
The Ord River and
Neisse
German Silesia to the east was part of Poland.
World War II
The German population of Silesia numbered four million; After the war, most of those who remained were expelled by Soviet forces.
After the war, Silesia was industrially rebuilt, and many Poles moved there, many of them from the Soviet Republic
The Soviet Union
Occupied Polish territory. Today, nearly 20% of Poland's population lives in Silesia, but many of the families are non-native.
A small German-speaking population of German origin still lives near Opole. In Upper Silesia, there are also Slavic-speaking or bilingual inhabitants.
The following cities are in Poland, Germany and the Czech Republic.
