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The War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) was fought because
The Spanish Habsburg Dynasty
No heirs, no throne,
The French Bourbon Dynasty
with
The Austrian Habsburg Dynasty
The battle for the Spanish throne triggered a great war involving most of Europe. The war was essentially to prevent France from annexing Spain and once again dominating Europe. This led half of Europe to form a new grand alliance against France.
At the beginning of the war the French took the initiative. But in
Battle of Brenham
be
The Duke of Marlborough
The offensive was contained, and the war was protracted. With France's Allies defecting to the Grand Alliance, the French army was almost alone. Coupled with France's internal political instability,
The Huguenots
The Church revolts constantly. Successive wars drained the Treasury. France is trapped inside and out. The Allies were victorious, and at sea, they had great success. The combined Anglo-Dutch fleet is in
Naval Battle of Vigo Bay
And the naval Battle of Marbella. By 1708, the Grand League was in control
Atlantic
and
Mediterranean
Control of the sea.
In 1709, the French army
Battle of Malpraquet
Big League hit, and the war began to turn again. French Army in 1710
The Duke of Vendome
He commanded the Franco-Spanish forces to push back the Anglo-Austrian forces in mainland Spain and recapture the Spanish capital
Madrid
. In 1711,
Holy Roman Empire
Emperor
Joseph I
Pass away,
Charles VI
This made the Habsburgs' claim to the Spanish throne less legitimate. At the same time allied forces in 1712
Battle of Denin
In defeat, Marshal Villar again led the army and routed it
Savoy
the
Prince Eugen
Important branch troops. From 1712 to 1714, the countries of the Grand League signed a contract with France to withdraw from the war. therein
Treaty of Utrecht
The situation in Europe was redefined. Although France won the war, the final victory. But it came at a high price: its military power was severely weakened, and France lost its supremacy for a time. But it remains a major European power. The war triggered the change of military science and technology, and formed a new international political pattern.
[1]
- Given name
- War of the Spanish Succession
- Occurrence time
- From 1701 to 1714
- Ground point
- Europe , North America
- combatant
- Kingdom of France , The Spanish Bourbon Dynasty Equal VS Holy Roman Empire , The Spanish Habsburg Dynasty , Kingdom of Great Britain , Dutch Republic , Kingdom of Portugal , Duchy of Savoy Etc.
- Bear fruit
- Conclude and sign Treaty of Utrecht French Bourbons Philip the Fifth Claim the Spanish throne
- Combatant strength
-
France 373,000
Austria 232,000 - casualty
- 400,000 to 1.25 million deaths (including civilian deaths)
- Chief commander
- Prince Eugen , Villar , The Duke of Vendome , Marlborough
- meaning
- Re-establish the balance of power in Europe
catalogue
War of the Spanish Succession
In the 16th century, Spain belonged to
The House of Habsburg
Rule, and
Archduke of Austria
(part-time)
Holy Roman Empire
The emperor was once a colonial power in Europe, but he lost the naval battle against Britain in 1588, and his maritime hegemony gradually weakened, but he still maintained a strong military advantage on land.
In 1648
Thirty Years' War
China suffered heavy losses in the war against France and the Netherlands, and its economy began to decline, and its national strength declined, and it was replaced by Britain, France and the Netherlands.
1700 in Spain
The House of Habsburg
the
Carlos II
(reigned 1665-1700) died without an heir. Because his ancestors often intermarried with the Austrian Habsburg royal family, Carlos II inherited a series of terminal illnesses. He willed the throne to his sister
Maria Theresa
And the Bourbon king of France
Louis XIV
His grandson is his great-nephew
Dukes of Anjou
Oh, Philip. Philip could inherit the Spanish mainland, the Spanish Netherlands (present-day Belgium, etc.), the Italian territories, and overseas colonies (mainly in the Americas, Africa, and Asia). But it was stipulated that France and Spain could never merge into one country.
Part-time post
Holy Roman Empire
Emperor, Grand Duke of Austria,
Bohemia
Of the King of Hungary and of the Czech Republic
Leopold the First
In an attempt to install his second son, Grand Duke Charles, as king of Spain. He thinks the Spanish princess
Maria Theresa
When she married King Louis XIV of France, she promised herself and her descendants to renounce the Spanish throne forever.
The year 1701
Louis XIV
Declaring Philip King of Spain, saying
Felipe V
(reigned from 1700 to 1746), while encroaching
The Spanish Netherlands
and
The United Republic of the Netherlands
(
Dutch Republic
). The British could not tolerate French domination of Europe, so they formed an alliance with the Netherlands to support Austria
Grand Duke Charles
Inherit the Spanish throne. And then there's the
Kingdom of Prussia
And most of the states, but also Portugal and the Italian region of Savoy and so on. Spain and other states such as Bavaria and Cologne were allied with France. War broke out in March of the same year, mainly in Italy, the Netherlands, Germany and Spain.
War of the Spanish Succession
Spanish
Catalonia
Revolts in support of Archduke Charles of Austria also broke out in the region, and Austrian power extended to Spain
Valencia
,
The region of Aragon
Count Marsut of Galway also entered from Portugal
Salamanca
, compel
Felipe V
Pull out
Madrid
Prince Charles entered Madrid on 2 July 1706.
The French army was defeated at Almansa, Spain, on 25 April 1707
Galway
The troops, captured
Valencia
,
Murcia
,
Aragon
Felipe V effectively ruled over large areas of Spain.
In 1710 Grand Duke Charles entered again
Madrid
, French general
The Duke of Vendome
And the allied forces of Felipe V defeated the forces of Archduke Charles at Villaviciosa.
Gibraltar
Felipe V
He was recognized as King of Spain, inheriting the Spanish mainland and overseas colonies. However, the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium) and southern Italy, formerly part of Spain, were administered by Austria. Since then, Spain has lost most of its territory in Europe and lost its traditional status as a major European power.
1714 The War of the Spanish Succession ended. Britain strengthened its power at sea and in its colonies. The following year, the King
Louis XIV
Sick and dying, France no longer dominated Europe, its finances were on the brink, and it began to decline.
Grand Duke Charles
With so many colonies, France
House of Bourbon
King
Louis XIV
In his hubris, he called himself"
Sun King
In the country, a large construction, including the construction of magnificent
The Palace of Versailles
To open up huge gardens and show his unlimited authority with extravagance and luxury; The French are not allowed to have
Catholicism
Outside the faith, promulgate the"
The Edict of Fontainebleau
Edict of Fontainebleau (1685.10.22) expelled the Huguenots in order to fulfill his dream that there could only be "one king, one law, and one God" in France.
Externally, Louis XIV was very ambitious and tried to expand his territory. His goal was to seize the Netherlands (including the Spanish Netherlands and the Netherlands) in the northeast of France in order to obtain natural borders that could be easily defended; Let a French Bourbon prince seize the Spanish throne in order to expand French power and control Spanish colonies abroad.
Spain dominated the seas and Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries
Thirty Years' War
After the gradual decline, and the emerging powers of Europe, Britain, France, the Netherlands, etc., are eyeing Spain's territory and colonies.
Carlos II
Thanks to French diplomacy,
Carlos II
His will was to pass the throne to one of Louis XIV's grandsons
Dukes of Anjou
Philip, Louis XIV is elated. This caused resentment among the Austrian Habsburgs, who believed that the Spanish throne should go to the Austrian Archduke Charles, who was also a Habsburg
Holy Roman Emperor
,
Archduke of Austria
,
Bohemia
King and King of Hungary
Charles VI
) inherited, while the Queen of France
Maria Theresa
(Carlos II's sister) had renounced the Spanish throne. So they actively sought Allies to declare war on France and reclaim the Spanish throne.
In addition to Spain itself, there were also southern Italy,
The Spanish Netherlands
(now
Belgium
And vast colonies throughout the Americas, Asia, and Africa. In other words, France got the right to inherit the Spanish throne, which meant that it could get more colonial interests. Because of this, the UK, the Netherlands,
Germany
territorial
Austria
and
Prussia
They formed an alliance and decided to go to war against France.
The war resulted in two camps: France in alliance with Spain, Bavaria, Cologne and several Holy Roman German states, and Savoy (like wartime Italy, which soon turned to the enemy); Austria, the largest state in the Holy Roman Empire, was allied with Prussia,
Holy Roman Empire
Britain, the Netherlands, Portugal, several small German states, and most of the Italian city-states formed an anti-French coalition.
In May 1702, the Coalition declared war on France.
As early as 1701, French and Austrian troops had been deployed in Italy without a declaration of war.
After the Coalition declared war on France in May 1702, the two armies officially went to war.
Leopold the First
In the summer of 1702, the French invaded
Rhine
But it was almost
The Duke of Marbarro
John Churchill
The Anglo-Dutch troops under his command were outflanked and had to retreat. In September of that year, the French and Bavarian Allies attacked the Rhine again, successfully breaking through the lines and pushing into Austria. But on October 23, 1702, the Spanish fleet attacked
Naval Battle of Vigo Bay
Annihilated by the combined Anglo-Dutch fleet.
In 1704, the British Navy captured southern Spain
Gibraltar
The Spanish mainland is under threat. On 13 August of that year, the Austro-British forces attacked
Savoy
the
Prince Eugen
with
John Churchill
Under his command, 60,000 Austro-British allied forces defeated the French and Bavarian allied forces in the Battle of Hausstadt, killing 28,000 prisoners, and Bavaria was so weakened that it had to withdraw from the war.
Louis XIV
The French achieved only a few local victories in Spain and had no effect on the course of the war.
In July 1707, the Austrian-British invasion of France began, and after a long siege of Toulon in southern France, they returned to Italy.
After a disastrous defeat at the Battle of Odernald in 1708, the French were forced to withdraw from the Italian battlefield. It was the last major engagement of the War of the Spanish Succession and took place on 11 July 1709 near the village of Marzunlaquet in the Netherlands.
The battle for the fort continued in the autumn of 1709.
By 1710, although the Allied forces were superior in numbers (160,000 to 75,000), they were no longer actively attacking France. This was because Britain, the main force of the coalition, was concerned about Russia
Great Northern War
(1700-1721) in the defeat of Sweden, in order to prevent Russia from dominating Northern Europe, the threat to Britain and the Netherlands, we must quickly armistice France, in order to withdraw the balance of Russia. Therefore, Britain began to negotiate peace with France on its own, and stopped the war against France. Due to the change of British attitude, all the countries of the anti-French Alliance stopped the active attack and gradually armistice with France.
At the same time, in 1711 the Austrian monarch
Joseph I
Upon his death, Grand Duke Charles ascended the throne as Holy Roman Emperor and monarch of the Austrian monarchy
Charles VI
This made Charles VI's claim to the Spanish throne less legitimate.
From 1710 to 1714, both sides continued to fight a war of attrition, avoiding a decisive battle. Although the British and Austrian armies were significantly superior in strength (160,000 allied troops and 75,000 French troops), they did not take active action against France.
Philip, Duke of Anjou, France
On April 11, 1713, France and Spain, on the one hand, and Great Britain, Holland, Brandenburg, Savoy and Portugal, on the other, signed the Treaty.
The Peace of Utrecht
".
Spain, on the other hand, signed the Anglo-Spanish Treaty and the Spain-Savoy Treaty with Britain in July 1713. In June 1714, the Treaty of Spain and the Netherlands was signed. In February 1715, the Treaty of Spain and Portugal was signed. The War of the Spanish Succession officially ended.
The battle for the Spanish throne ended French hegemony in Western Europe.
Under the treaty, France gave Britain some of the Spanish colonies it had seized in North America
Acadia
The colony was ceded to England, who renamed it
Nova Scotia
. France recognized Britain over North America
Newfoundland
and
Hudson Bay
Claims of rights around the colony. France also ceded some of its territory to Austria and the Netherlands and withdrew
Lorraine
The army.
The Austrian Habsburg Dynasty
the
Italy
Most of the territory (
Sardinia
,
Duchy of Milan
,
Kingdom of Naples
,
Tuscany
The whole of the Spanish Netherlands and parts of the Rhine Region (
Freiburg
) Incorporated into their territory.
Sicily
ownership
Savoy
.
According to the treaty, although Felipe V of France retained the Spanish throne, he and his descendants could never inherit the French throne, and the two countries could never be united.
Savoy
the
Prince Eugen
EugenvonSavoyen (1663.10.18 Paris ~ 1736.4.24 Vienna), Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire, Chairman of the Military Council, one of the two heroic statues on the Heroes' Square in Vienna (the other being the first to defeat
Napoleon
the
The Grand Duke of Carl
).
His military genius, death-defying spirit and passion for battle propelled him to the top, becoming a member at the age of 29
Imperial Army
Marshal. Defeated the Turks three times in Central Europe and the Balkans during the Great Turkish War,
War of the Grand Alliance
During the War of the Spanish Succession, he fought twice against the French. And expel France from Italy. In 1718, he defeated the Turks
Belgrade
. He is excellent
strategist
He was also an inspirational leader and is considered one of the greatest soldiers in history.
John Churchill
In 1702,
William III
Died; As she had no children, she was succeeded as Queen of England by Princess Anne. John Churchill, who had always been a favourite of Anne's, and
Sarah Jennings
Husband and wife are even more prosperous, official success. John Churchill was immediately
Queen Anne
He was appointed commander-in-chief of the armies at home and abroad, and soon went to the Netherlands, where, as acting commander-in-chief of the Dutch army, he commanded the allied forces of the "Mighty Alliance" of Britain, the Netherlands and Germany in the Battle of the Maas River, forcing the French army to retreat and turning the situation around until victory. When he returned to England, he was given the title
The Duke of Marbarro
He became one of the most powerful men in British politics.
In 1703, Marbaro returned to Europe to command the "Grand Alliance" in the Continental War, and in the following year
Blenheim
A glorious and fundamental victory. For this glorious victory, Marbaro received a large reward from Queen Anne, who gave it to him
Woodstock
Regional fiefdoms of thousands of acres offered him a bounty of £500,000 to build a lavish palace. In honor of the great achievements of the Duke of Marbaro, this exquisite and ornate palace, which is said to be more beautiful than the royal palace, was named
Blenheim Palace
. In addition, the Holy Roman Emperor gave the Duke of Marbaro the title of "Duke of the Roman Empire", which was later granted to his descendants.
The Decisive Battle of Malpraquet on 11 July 1709
The war was a large-scale conflict on an unprecedented scale, with the fundamental purpose of seizing colonies. Its basic characteristics are: long time, wide scope and large scale; Most of the fighting took place in the summer; Pay attention to
Mobile operation
The status of offensive operations is more prominent. These characteristics, especially offensive operations and mobile operations, have had a significant impact on the world military.
Dutch Republic
(
The United Republic of the Netherlands
In the War of the Spanish Succession, a great deal of national power was consumed from the signing of the
The Peace of Utrecht
After, the gain is not worth the loss; Although the main purpose of the war was achieved - to prevent the Spanish Netherlands from falling into the hands of France and get rid of the French invasion, the Dutch transport industry and commerce suffered huge losses in the war, and its powerful navy was constantly cut down due to insufficient military expenditure.
This maritime power is in three times
Anglo-dutch War
After the War of the Spanish Succession, the economy was overburdened (the country with the highest tax revenue in Europe), its national strength declined significantly, and it gradually retreated in the competition between European powers. More importantly
patriotism
The government of the semi-centralized provinces was abolished in 1702. The Netherlands entered its second period without a leader. The Netherlands would rather let"
Sea coachman
The loss of honor, and the reluctance to struggle with Britain and France for commercial monopoly and maritime supremacy, soon ceased to be included in the ranks of the leading European powers (the Netherlands refused to participate in the peace conference of the Great Powers in 1719).
Britain became the third winner of the war. By taking advantage of the war, Britain struck France's maritime military power, completely destroyed Spain's status as a colonial power, and indirectly weakened another potential commercial rival, the Netherlands (allied with Britain in the war). Britain had already dominated the sea and commerce, thus becoming a maritime colonial power, and the key result was acquisition
Spanish colonial Empire
Thirty years of
Slave trade
Monopoly rights, and Spanish seaports
Gibraltar
and
The island of Minorca
It allowed the British Navy to reach into the Americas
Caribbean Sea
with
Mediterranean
, acquire
Mastery of the sea
And the right to trade. At sea, so to speak, the British had the advantage.
France must also expel the old pretenders wanted by the British government
James Francis Edward Stuart
(one's father)
James II
in
Glorious revolution
Overthrown by the English Parliament, fled with them to France) and recognized the Stuarts as childless
Queen Anne
The successor of James II
The Hanoverian Dynasty
the
George I
A claim to the British throne. The French also abandoned the British in northern Canada
The Hudson Bay
A claim to colonial sovereignty, ceded to eastern Canada
Acadia
with
Newfoundland
(Famous fishing grounds) to England.
The Spanish throne was eventually lost to France
House of Bourbon
After the succession of Felipe V, France became the first winner of the Spanish succession, but after the end of the war,
The Peace of Utrecht
It stipulated that France and Spain would never be united. France has lost men in this war, King of France
Louis XIV
The plan to unite France, Spain and the Netherlands (the Netherlands and the Spanish Netherlands) was destroyed.
At the same time, the cold natural disasters and the soaring war costs dragged down the French economy, and the mass death of the starving people caused the social collapse. The population of France may have dropped from about 21 million to less than 19 million in 1712. When...
The Peace of Utrecht
After the announcement, the French were seriously disappointed with the results, making
Louis XIV
The original great "Sun King" image and super popular, lost in his old age, the people no longer compare the king to the sun,"
Louis the Great
The title has since disappeared from French speech and memory.
Militarily, the French navy is almost completely destroyed, the sea has been overwhelmed by Britain, the army is also broken, can no longer dominate Europe as 30 years ago; Although France remained largely the number one power in Europe (because other powers were also exhausted), it remained a "broken" number one power for at least a decade, meaning that Louis XIV's hegemony did not completely collapse.
Until 1726-1743, France gradually increased its national strength and finally
Louis XV
Launched while he was in power
War of the Polish Succession
(1733-1738) defeated Austria and rebuilt
Louis XIV
European hegemony in its heyday.
Austrian monarchs
Holy Roman Empire
The emperor ruled over the German states (including Prussia). The Holy Roman Empire in
Thirty Years' War
After the War of the Spanish Succession, which had been torn apart and doomed, it was saved
Holy Roman Empire
The independence of the German states in the Empire was slightly reduced.
while
Germany
Friedrich III, Elector of the main state of Brandenburg, succeeded the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I as King of Prussia by supporting Holy Roman military campaigns
Frederick I
.
Kingdom of Prussia
Since then, he has embarked on the road to great power.
Austria was the second winner. By this war, Austria gained most of Spain
enclave
The acquisition of territories in the Spanish Netherlands and southern Italy would restore containment on both sides of France; Moreover, the prestige of the Austrian monarchs grew greatly, both within the Empire and on the European stage.
Austrian monarchies
Holy Roman Empire
The Emperor can restrain the princes of the Holy Roman Empire for a time. Grand Duchy of Austria
Charles VI
And those who ruled outside the Holy Roman Empire
The Kingdom of Bohemia
and
Kingdom of Hungary
The momentum for independence has also waned.
Bohemia
the
Czechs
, Hungarian
The Magyars
And Austrian
German
And the other nations were united under Charles VI.
In 1806,
Napoleonic Wars
when
Holy Roman Empire
Completely divided and destroyed, but not originally part of the Holy Roman Empire, not the German nation
The Kingdom of Bohemia
,
Kingdom of Hungary
And became united with the Grand Duchy of Austria, the largest state in the Holy Roman Empire
Austrian Empire
. Bohemia and Hungary were officially under Austrian jurisdiction.
King Felipe V of Spain
But, though the homeland had suffered great destruction in the war, the foreign invasion had united the nation; The regional separatist forces that had tormented Spain for hundreds of years were destroyed in the havoc of the war,
Catalonia
and
Valencia
these
The Kingdom of Aragon
Its prerogatives of autonomy were greatly weakened, and centralized policies were thus able to proceed smoothly.
In addition, King Felipe V of Spain brought more advanced ideas of centralization from France,
Enlightenment thought
With science and technology,
The Spanish Bourbon Dynasty
In ruins, much of a territory has been lost, but a new, healthier, more united Spain has been born.
[2]
This war is out
Thirty Years' War
The subsequent phalanx of muskets and spears (
Spanish phalanx
Tactics to attack more powerful hold
fusee
musket
The infantry platoon (line) tactics were replaced. Both sides began to use explosive shells and shotshells, making artillery attacks more lethal. The efficiency of logistics was also greatly improved by the invention of new technologies, which made protracted warfare more likely. Both sides began to engage in large-scale mobile warfare and siege warfare, and this pattern of warfare continued until
Napoleonic Wars
When there was a big breakthrough.
