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Spain

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Kingdom of Spain
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Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de Espana; The Kingdom of Spain, or Spain for short, is located in southwestern Europe The Iberian Peninsula , be located in Europe with Africa The border of the west Portugal , face the north The Bay of Biscay , northeast and France and Andorra Border, south The Strait of Gibraltar African Morocco Look at each other. The territory also includes Mediterranean Hit the mark The Balearic Islands Atlantic The Canary Islands African Ceuta and Melilla . The country is a mountainous country with an area of 506,000 square kilometers and its coastline is about 7,800 kilometers long. In order to Spanish Act as Official language Number of countries in the world, second only to English . Spain is divided into 17 autonomous regions, 50 provinces, and more than 8,100 municipalities, with another part of Morocco Ceuta and Melilla Two pieces enclave The capital is Madrid . As of April 2023, the population of Spain is 48.2 million.
Middle Ages In 1492, there were several states in the territory The Spanish Liberation Movement After the victory, the establishment of unity Kingdom of Spain . Since the 16th century [1] , become The Age of Navigation Among the important maritime powers, in Europe , America , Asia and Africa Build up a large number colony . [1] In 1494, the treaty was signed with Portugal. Treaty of Tordesillas To divide the world in two. in Renaissance Period, Spanish Empire It became the most powerful country in Europe and had global influence The sun never sets on the Empire . Thirty Years' War Then began to decline. In experiencing two republique And one monarchy Later, it was announced in 1978 Constitutional monarchy . [1]
Spain is a developed country Capitalist country , too European Union and North Atlantic Treaty Organization Member states. As of October 2020, its economic aggregate ranks fourth in the European Union and 14th in the world. The GDP in 2022 is 1.33 trillion euros, a year-on-year increase of 5.5%, with a per capita GDP of 27,900 euros. [1]
Chinese name
Kingdom of Spain
Foreign name
Reino de España [1] (in Spanish)
The Kingdom of Spain (English)
Abbreviated form
Spain
continent
Europe
capital
Madrid
Major city
Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Malaga , Bilbao , Zaragoza Etc.
National Day
October 12th [1]
National song
" The Royal March " (Marcha Real)
Country code
ESP
Official language
Spanish (Castilian)
currency
Euro
Time zone
UTC+1
Political system
A parliamentary constitutional monarchy
National leader
Felipe VI (King) , Pedro Sanchez Perez-Castellon (Prime Minister)
Population number
48.2 million (as of April 2023)
Population density
93.7 people/km2 [13] (2020)
Major nationality
The Castilians , Catalans , Galician , Basque
Major religion
Catholicism
Land area
506000 km²
Water area ratio
1.04%
Total GDP
1.33 trillion euros [1] (2022)
Per capita GDP
27,900 euros [1] (2022)
International telephone area code
34
International domain name abbreviation
.es
Road access
Keep to the right
The national flower
Pomegranate flower , carnation
National motto
Beyond perfection (Plus ultra)
Kunishi
Emerald
National ball
Water polo
Climatic distribution
Temperate maritime climate , Mediterranean climate
Famous festival
The Running of the Bulls
Belonging topographic region
The Iberian Peninsula
Largest city
Madrid
Leading institution
Autonomous University of Madrid , University of Salamanca Etc.

catalogue

  1. 1Historical evolution
  2. ▪Primitive period
  3. ▪The period of alien rule
  4. ▪Muslim rule
  5. ▪Maritime power period
  6. ▪Republic period
  7. ▪Royal restoration
  8. 2Geographical environment
  9. ▪Regional location
  10. ▪landform
  11. ▪hydrology
  12. ▪climate
  13. 3Natural resources
  14. 4Administrative division
  15. ▪regionalization
  16. ▪capital
  17. ▪Major city
  18. 5National symbol
  19. ▪flag
  1. ▪National emblem
  2. ▪National anthem
  3. 6population
  4. 7political
  5. ▪regime
  6. ▪constitution
  7. ▪congress
  8. ▪government
  9. ▪judiciary
  10. ▪Political party
  11. ▪dignitaries
  12. ▪Sovereign territory
  13. 8economy
  14. ▪summarize
  15. ▪Farming and animal husbandry
  16. ▪industry
  17. ▪Service industry
  18. ▪Finance and finance
  19. ▪foreign trade
  1. ▪Direct investment
  2. 9culture
  3. ▪Language
  4. ▪religion
  5. ▪mores
  6. ▪custom
  7. ▪medal
  8. ▪Goya Prize
  9. ▪Flamenco
  10. ▪The Running of the Bulls
  11. ▪mantower
  12. ▪Coca
  13. ▪Holidays and festivals
  14. 10Military affairs
  15. 11traffic
  16. ▪railway
  17. ▪highroad
  18. ▪Water transport
  19. ▪Air freight
  1. 12society
  2. ▪Medical treatment
  3. ▪education
  4. ▪Science and technology
  5. ▪People's livelihood
  6. ▪Physical education
  7. ▪Newspapers and periodicals
  8. 13diplomacy
  9. ▪Foreign policy
  10. ▪External relations
  11. ▪Territorial dispute
  12. 14travel
  13. ▪Scenic spot
  14. ▪Cultural heritage
  15. ▪Gourmet
  16. ▪museum
  17. 15celebrity

Historical evolution

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EDITOR
Subject article: History of Spain

Primitive period

Spain
800,000 years ago, there were humans living there The Iberian Peninsula According to archaeological speculation may be African Crossing in pursuit of prey The Strait of Gibraltar Or hunters from other parts of Europe The Pyrenees Came here and settled, known as The Iberians . They mainly settled in Mediterranean Along the coast and further south, where Iberians created many different cultures. Ancient Greek The history of the most important of these has been recorded, Hellenic They call them "Turdos." They're a tribe of Iberians, in The Guadalquivir River The valley established a kingdom of splendid culture. Northern Spanish Aldamira The cave is vividly recorded in the world-famous rock paintings left behind Primitive Man Life situation. [2]

The period of alien rule

Subject article: Punic Wars
From about 3000 BC, foreign peoples began to move towards The Iberian Peninsula Mass migration. [2]
1200 B.C., from Northern Europe Celts It enters the peninsula from the north and spreads throughout the peninsula. The only part of the Iberian peninsula that has never been invaded by any outside power is Basque Live in the northern mountains.
Spain
In 1100 BC, Phoenicians A colony was established on the peninsula, creating the city of Gadir (Cadiz). The Phoenicians established trade relations with Spain. To further exploit the peninsula's resources, the Phoenicians established permanent settlements along the Mediterranean coast. [2]
In the 9th century BC, the Celts began Central Europe Move in. Since the 8th century BC, the Iberian Peninsula has been invaded by foreign tribes and suffered for a long time Roman , The Visigoths and Moor The rule of... The Spanish waged a long struggle against foreign aggression.
Punic Wars During this time, the Carthaginians took the opportunity to occupy most of the land of Spain, and the famous cities they left behind include Cartagena (" New Carthage "). Roman Defeated in the Punic Wars The Carthaginians Soon after, they occupied the entire peninsula.
Spain
The Celts who came to the Iberian Peninsula in the 6th century BC and The Iberians Intermarriage and integration gave rise to the Celtiberians. The Phoenicians fought against the Celtiberians in alliance with the Cartagons, who later became masters of the peninsula. [2]
In 218 BC, the Romans invaded Spain. [2]
In 206 BC, the Romans expelled the Cartagons from the Iberian Peninsula. The Romans met with valiant resistance in their conquest of the Celtiberians. [2]
In 19 BC, the Romans completely conquered the entire Iberian Peninsula. [2]
After that, for 500 years Spain became Roman Empire A province of... [2]
In the 5th century, the Roman Empire began to collapse. In 409 AD, the Visigoths invaded Spain and founded The Visigothic Kingdom Thus began a 300-year reign. [2]
In 711 AD, The Visigoths The end of their rule over the Iberian Peninsula.

Muslim rule

Subject article: The Battle of Guadalet
In 710 AD, due to a struggle for the throne, a Visigothic rival sought the throne Arab (also known as Moor ), thus beginning the history of Moorish invasions. [2]
In 711 AD, the Moors invaded Spain and won The Battle of Guadalet A great victory. It took only seven years to conquer the Iberian Peninsula, thus beginning nearly 800 years of Islamic rule in Spain, called the "Country of Al-Andalus", or "the country of Al-Andalus" in ancient China. Green clothes and big food ". In the beginning, Spain had a few emirate Co-existing under the Damascus caliphate. [2]
722 AD, in Asturias The region's Mount Covadonga was the site of the first battle of the liberation movement. In this battle, the Christian army led Pelayo Under the leadership of the victorious Arab armies. From the rest of Europe Christian Have also responded Pope To join the anti-Afghan jihad in Spain. While fighting the Arabs, Christianity formed Castile and Aragon Two kingdoms. [2]
In 756 AD, Avdraman I, the first Moorish king, made his capital Cordoba And declared independence at the same time. [2]
Malaga Beach
Moorish rule reached its peak in the 10th century. Later, the Cordoba Caliphate was divided into several kingdoms. In the face of the Arab invasion and occupation of Spain, Christian Began to rebel. [2]
In 1085, the Christian army recaptured it Toledo , Castile Make the city the capital. [2]
In 1212, in Alfonso VIII Under the leadership of, The Kingdom of Castile The army won a decisive victory over the Moors at Las Navas de Tolosa; Since then, Cordoba has been recaptured, Seville , Jerez , Cadiz Wait for the city, finally only left Kingdom of Granada . [2]
In 1469, Isabella I Married to the prince of Aragon Fernando II The marriage of the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon laid the foundation for the eventual unification of the two kingdoms. [2]
In 1474, at the age of 23, Isabella was proclaimed Queen of Castile and established a new system of courts and town administration. [2]
In 1479, Fernando took the throne as King of Aragon, and the two countries passed War of the Castilian Succession Without Portuguese intervention, the couple was officially united into the United Kingdom of Spain, and the couple became known as the "Catholic Double Kings." [2]

Maritime power period

Subject article: The Spanish Liberation Movement
Spanish Armada
January 2, 1492, the Moorish capital Granada The fall of the Spanish liberation movement was declared complete, and Spain was finally unified. [2]
In 1492, Columbus Sailing from Cadiz, Spain, he discovered and landed in the New World on October 12 Bahamas the SAN Salvador Island And brought a few Indigenous people And some items returned to Spain. Columbus discovered West Indies After Spain gradually became a maritime power, after which the Spanish colonists began to fight Latin America The conquest and occupation of the United States extended its territory to the other side of the Atlantic Ocean The Philippines . [2]
In 1516, Juana A surname Philip I The son of Charles V In order to inherit the throne of Castile, Leon, Aragon, Navarre and other countries, the grandson of the Trastamara family is Carlos I . Established the first unified central monarchy in Europe The Confederacy Of the country. It was a maritime power in the 16th century, and then declined.
In 1519, Hernan Cortez iso-follow Cuba arrive Mexico conquered The Aztecs Tribal capital Tenochtitlan . [2]
In 1530, Francisco Pizarro Lead people to follow Panama Leaving, arriving in a few months Inca Empire Conquered the capital of the Inca Empire Cuzco . Many tribes were wiped out, Indian Civilization is destroyed. [2]
In 1588, Felipe II A crusade against England, but Spain's" Armada "Was born a pirate Drake Led by the British navy was defeated, and from then on Spain lost its status as a maritime power and began to decline. [2]
In 1648, Spain lost the war against France, and its military superiority on land ended. Thereafter, in War of the Spanish Succession China was ceded to Britain Gibraltar And gradually lost Portugal And at Italy with Netherlands The territory of Spain gradually went into decline. [2]
In 1700, Carlos II Died, his sister Maria Theresa And the King of France Louis XIV Succeeded by his grandson Philip ( Felipe V ), the Spanish throne from then on Austria The House of Habsburg Transfer to France Bourbons In hands. Although Philip became king of Spain, Fasi fought for the Spanish throne Austria (supported by Britain and the Netherlands) began a war, which was signed in 1713 The Peace of Utrecht Austria got it Flanders , Milan , Sardinia and Naples Britain got Gibraltar and other places, the Netherlands got many forts in Flanders, and Spain was left with only the mainland in exchange for the recognition of Felipe V. [2]
In the early 19th century, Napoleon After seizing power in France, he aimed his expansion at Spain. On the pretext of attacking Portugal, he sent an army to occupy Spain and installed his brother as king of Spain. The Spanish people rose up against the law. On May 2, 1808, the War of Independence broke out. Spain paid a heavy price for this war. Spain lost most of its overseas colonies. [2]
In 1837, Isabella II After the act of constitutional monarchy was passed to formally merge it into one country, it was decided to use the Spanish word "Espana" (derived from Phoenician The name, meaning "hare", ended more than 300 years of confederation.

Republic period

Subject article: Spanish-american War
"Plaza de Espana" statue of Don Quixote and servant
In 1873, it broke out Bourgeois revolution The establishment of the First Republic. Dynasty of December 24, 1874 Come back to power .
In 1898, the Spanish-American War broke out and ended in defeat for Spain, Cuba Gaining independence, Spain ceded to the United States Puerto Rico , Guam And sold them off The Philippines ($20 million). Spain lost all of its overseas colonies and ceased to be a major international power. [2] And maintained it through the First World War neutrality .
On 12 April 1931, the Spanish Empire was overthrown and the Second Republic was established. In municipal elections, the left won; On the 14th Barcelona , SAN Sebastian Declaring a republic; in Madrid The Revolutionary Committee announced the formation of a provisional government; Alfonso XIII Voluntary exile abroad. On 28 June of the same year, Republicans held national elections and declared religious freedom. In December of the same year, Spain adopted a new constitution, and the new government embarked on reforms and legislation in agriculture, education, and regional autonomy. At the same time, a number of right-wing parties were formed. [2]
In 1932, the coup soldiers were pardoned, and the central government and Catalonia The regional government clashed. [2]
In the general election of November 1933, the Right won and some new laws (such as the Agricultural Reform Act) were repealed. [2]
In February 1936, a coalition government was formed with the participation of the Socialist Party and the Communist Party, led by the Popular Front.
July 17, 1936 Franco To launch a rebellion that triggered a three-year Spanish Civil War He seized power in April 1939 and ruled as a dictatorship for 36 years.

Royal restoration

In July 1947 Franco declared Spain to be monarchy As Head of State for life. In July 1966, King Alfonso XIII's grandson, Juan Carlos, was appointed as his successor.
Royal Palace of Madrid
Franco died on November 20, 1975, Juan Carlos the First Take the throne, restore the monarchy.
On 1 July 1976, the former Secretary General of the National Movement was appointed Adolfo Suarez Gonzalez As prime minister, he began the transition to Western parliamentary democracy.
A new constitution was introduced in December 1978.
Spain joined in 1982 North Atlantic Treaty Organization .
In 1986, Spain joined European Economic Community .
The People's Party was in power from 1996 to 2004.
From 2004 to 2011, the PSOE returned to power.
In November 2011, the PSOE lost the general election, People's Party Back in power.
On 19 October 2017, the Spanish government announced the suspension of Catalonia's autonomy, which was officially implemented on 21 October 2017.

Geographical environment

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Regional location

Region map of Spain
The total area of Spain is 506,000 square kilometers. (Among them, the land area is 499,542 square kilometers, the water area is 5240 square kilometers), ranking fifth in Europe, the northernmost point of the mainland is about 830 kilometers to the southernmost point, and the longest east-west direction is 1,000 kilometers. Most of the territory is located The Iberian Peninsula Northeast septum The Pyrenees Mountains With France Andorra Connected, west neighbor Portugal . South septum The Strait of Gibraltar African Morocco Look at each other. north The Bay of Biscay It faces Italy across the sea from the Mediterranean Sea to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the northwest and southwest. [1]

landform

Topographic map of Spain
Spain is dominated by plateaus interspersed with mountains. 3,718 meters above sea level Tad Peak It is the highest point in the country, and the highest point in the mainland is 3478 meters above sea level Mulassen . middle The Meseta Plateau It is an occlusive plateau surrounded by mountains, accounting for about 3/5 of the country's area, with an average elevation of 600 meters to 800 meters. East and west lie in the north The Mountains of Cantabria and The Pyrenees Mountains . The Pyrenees Mountains, which border Spain and France, are more than 430 kilometers long and have peaks of more than 3,000 meters above sea level.
Spanish Mulassen 3478 meters above sea level, it is the roof of the Iberian Peninsula.
Due to the proximity of the mountains to the coast, the plains are few and narrow, with only the Ebro Valley in the northeast and the Andalusia Plain in the southwest being relatively wide.
11% of the country is below 200 meters above sea level, 31% between 201 and 600 meters above sea level, 39% between 601 and 1,000 meters, 18% between 1001 and 2,000 meters above sea level, and 1% above 2,000 meters above sea level.

hydrology

The main rivers of Spain are Ebro , Douro , Tahoe , The Guadiana River and The Guadalquivir River . The longest is Tahoe , 1007 kilometers long, downstream in Portugal Within the borders. The Ebro River is 910 km long and is sometimes regarded as the largest river in Spain. Because of the twists and turns of these rivers, only The Guadalquivir River The downstream can be navigable, other rivers are not navigable. [3]

climate

Central Spanish Plateau Continental climate The north and northwest coasts have a maritime temperate climate, and the south and southeast have a Mediterranean subtropical climate.
The climate of Spain can be divided into the following sections:
  • Mediterranean climate The climate of eastern and southern Spain and the Canary Islands is subtropical.
  • High temperature record : Mesia 47.2 ° C, Malaga 44.2 ° C, Valencia 42.5 ° C, Alicante 41.4 ° C, Majorca 40.6 ° C, Barcelona 39.8℃, Tenerife 42.6 ° C.
  • Low temperature record : Galona -13.0 ° C, Barcelona -10.0 ° C, Valencia -7.2 ° C, Murcia -6.0 ° C, Alicante -4.6 ° C, Malaga -3.8 ° C, Tenerife 8.1 ° C.
  • inland Temperate continental climate The northern part of Spain has cold winters (usually with snow) and hot summers.
  • High temperature record : Seville 47.0 ° C, Cordoba 46.6 ° C, Badajoz 45.0 ° C, Albacete with Zaragoza 42.6 ° C, Madrid 42.2 ° C, Burgos 41.8 ° C, Valladolid 40.2 ° C.
  • Low temperature record : Albacete -24.0℃, Burgos -22.0℃, Salamanca -20.0 ° C, Teruel -19.0 ° C, Madrid -14.8 ° C, Seville -5.5 ° C.
  • North Atlantic coastal climate Temperate maritime climate The climate is warm in summer, with rainfall mainly concentrated in winter.
  • High temperature record : Bilbao 42.0 ° C, Deportivo 37.6 ° C, Gijon 36.4 ° C.
  • Low temperature record : Bilbao -8.6 ° C, Oviedo -6.0℃, Gijon With Deportivo -4.8 ° C. [3]

Natural resources

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Spain's main mineral reserves: coal 8.8 billion tons, iron 1.9 billion tons, pyrite 500 million tons, copper 4 million tons, 1.9 million tons of zinc, 700,000 tons of mercury.
The total forest area is 15 million hectares. Forest coverage rate Thirty percent, cork The output and export volume ranks second in the world.

Administrative division

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EDITOR

regionalization

Map of administrative districts of Spain
Spain is divided into 17 autonomous regions, 50 provinces, and more than 8,100 municipalities, with another part of Morocco Ceuta and Melilla Two pieces enclave . [1]
Autonomous Region: Andalusia , Aragon , Asturias , The Balearic Islands , Basque , The Canary Islands , Cantabria , Castilla Leon , Castilla La Mancha , Catalonia, Extremadura , Galicia , Madrid, Murcia , Navarre , La Rioja And Valencia.

capital

Capital of Spain Madrid It is a famous historical city in Europe, with an urban area of 607 square kilometers and a population of 3.28 million, with a history of more than 400 years, and is the country's political, cultural, economic and financial center. Madrid is the comprehensive economic center of Spain's Central Economic Zone, the center of transportation, logistics, research and development, consumer and high-tech industries. The city's communication and transportation are developed, and the city has 13 subway lines with a total length of 226 kilometers; The city is the largest in Europe Autonomous University of Madrid There are 36 ancient art museums, more than 100 museums, 18 libraries and more than 100 sculpture clusters. [4]

Major city

Barcelona Located on the Mediterranean coast of northeastern Spain, it is the capital of Catalonia Autonomous Region. The gateway to the Iberian Peninsula, the city covers an area of 91 square kilometers, the urban population of 1.51 million, together with the outer areas of the population of 4 million, is the second largest city in Spain, and one of the most densely populated cities in the world. [3]
Valencia It is an important industrial and commercial city in Spain with a population of 797,000 and an area of 135 square kilometers. It is the largest container port in Spain and the fifth largest in Europe, with a total throughput of 57.79 million tons and a container throughput of 3.65 million TEUs in 2009.
Seville The capital of Andalusia Autonomous Region, with a population of 702,000, is the fourth largest city in the country, the first largest city in the southern region, and the only city in Spain with an inland port, and an important town for economy, trade, tourism and culture in southern Spain.
Cordoba With a population of 328,800, it was the capital of the Kingdom of Cordoba established by Mabdraman I and was one of the major Islamic cities until the early 11th century.

National symbol

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flag

Flag of Spain
Flag of Spain Rectangular in shape, the ratio of length to width is 3:2. From top to bottom, the flag is composed of three parallel rectangles: red, yellow and red. The yellow part in the middle accounts for 1/2 of the flag, and the national emblem is painted on the left side. Red and yellow are the traditional colors loved by the Spanish people, symbolizing the people's loyalty to the motherland. In 1785, Spain adopted the red, yellow and red flag on ships, which became the representative colors of Spain. The yellow part is drawn to the left Coat of arms of Spain . Each represents the four old kingdoms that made up Spain.

National emblem

Coat of arms of Spain
The coat of arms of Spain represents the five kingdoms that historically made up Spain: the red castle on the top left is represented by the gold castle The Kingdom of Castile Pink lion on white background in the top right corner Kingdom of Leon The red and yellow vertical bar in the lower left corner represents The Kingdom of Aragon The bottom right corner is represented by a gold chain on a red background The Kingdom of Navarre The bottom of the white green leaves red pomegranate represents Granada Three blue in the middle iris is Bourbons The sign of... Two sticks Pillars of Hercules Standing on either side of the coat of arms, it seems to protect the security of the country. There's one painted on the top of the left column crown On the top of the right column is the Imperial crown, which represents the two pillars that guard the Spanish Strait of Gibraltar and the island of Leon. And the big crown on the shield in the middle represents Asturias A region in northern Spain. A red sash ran around the silver column, bearing the words "Overseas and the mainland".

National anthem

" The Royal March "
The Spanish anthem was first used in the 18th century by King Charles III. Carlos III The Granada army march of the period was called the Spanish Honor March by the royal name and the Infantry March by the folk name. The royal family organized musicians to compose new songs several times, but none was able to surpass this piece, so the anthem with song and no words continued until the end of 2007, when a nationwide contest for lyrics was launched and the lyrics of the Spanish national anthem were determined. But the lyrics were not widely accepted, and the question of the lyrics to the Spanish national anthem was put on hold.

population

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As of April 2023, the population of Spain is 48.2 million people, mainly Castilians (i.e., Spanish), with ethnic minorities including Catalans, Galicians, Basques, etc.

political

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EDITOR

regime

According to the current constitution of the West, Spain regime for A parliamentary constitutional monarchy To implement legislation, administration and judiciary Separation of powers . The King is the head of state and commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, while the Prime Minister is the head of government, nominated by the majority party in Parliament and appointed by the King. The executive power is vested in the government and the legislative power in the government bicameralism The exercise of Parliament.
Affected by the international financial crisis and the European sovereign debt crisis, Spain's economic situation is grim, the People's Party government in response to the crisis to implement fiscal austerity policies, the ruling pressure is greater, but because of the absolute majority in Parliament, the ruling position is relatively stable. [1]

constitution

The current constitution was adopted by a national referendum on December 6, 1978, and came into force on December 29. The constitution provides for a parliamentary monarchy in Spain, with the throne inherited by a direct descendant of Juan Carlos I. The king is the head of state, and the government governs the country and is accountable to Parliament. Judges at all levels exercise judicial power independently in the name of the King. The Constitution recognizes and guarantees the autonomy of ethnic areas. [1]

congress

The Spanish Parliament consists of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, which exercise legislative power, approve the budget, and supervise the work of the government. Legislative power is dominated by the House of Representatives, and the Senate is the regional house of representatives. Members are elected by universal suffrage for a four-year term. On May 29, 2023, Prime Minister Sanchez announced the dissolution of Parliament and called an early general election on July 23. The new parliament was inaugurated on 17 August. [1]
On August 17, 2023 local time, in the first round of the Spanish parliamentary election voting, Francina Almonger Francina Armengol was elected president of the Assembly. [18]
According to the results of the July 23 parliamentary election, the distribution of seats in the House of Representatives:
Distribution of seats
Political party
Seat (at a meeting, meeting, etc.)
People's Party
137
Workers' and Socialists' party
121
Vox
33
Solidarity Movement
31
Republican Left of Catalonia
7
"Together for Catalonia"
7
The Basque Solidarity Party
6
Basque Nationalist Party
5
The rest
3
Reference materials: [1]

government

  • Central government
palace
The King, after consultation with the parties in the House of Representatives, nominates a candidate for Prime Minister, and the Prime Minister is appointed after a vote of confidence is passed by the House of Representatives. The Prime Minister is the head of government who nominates the Deputy Prime Minister and Cabinet ministers and forms the government. On 23 July 2023, Spain held parliamentary elections, and King Felipe VI nominated the president of the People's Party, Fiho, as Prime minister, but Fiho failed to pass the vote of confidence in the Chamber of Deputies. The king then nominated caretaker Prime Minister Alexis Sanchez as his candidate for prime minister. If he is unable to pass a vote of confidence in parliament by November 27, the King will dissolve Parliament and call new elections for January 2024. [1]
On November 16, 2023 local time, after a two-day debate on the inauguration of prime minister candidates, the Spanish Chamber of Deputies voted on the inauguration of Prime Minister candidate Sanchez. Sanchez finally received 179 votes in favor, gaining an absolute majority of votes, and successfully re-elected the new Spanish Prime Minister . [19]
  • Regional government
April 20, 2022 (local time), Spain Catalonia The regional government of Catalonia has announced that it will suspend relations with Spain's central government due to the suspected cases of up to 60 Catalan independence leaders under secret surveillance between 2017 and 2020. [15]

judiciary

The Spanish judiciary is divided into national and local courts. The highest judicial organ is the Supreme Court, whose president is recommended by the General Council of Judicial Powers and appointed by the King. The General Council of Judicial Powers is the governing body of the judicial system, consisting of a chairman and 20 members, the position of chairman is temporarily vacant. The current acting President of the Supreme Court is Francisco Marin Castan.
The Constitutional Court is composed of 12 judges, the president of which is elected by the judges and appointed by the King. The current President of the Constitutional Court is Candido Conde-Pumpido Touron.
The highest procuratorial organ is the General Procuratorate of the State. The current state Attorney general, Alvaro Garcia Ortiz. [1]

Political party

Implement a multi-party system. The main political parties are the Workers' Socialist Party, the People's Party, the Voice Party, and the Solidarity Movement.
1. Partido Socialista Obrero Espanol: The ruling party of the centre-left. Founded in 1879, it was in power six times from 1982 to 2011 and formed a minority government on June 2, 2018. In the April 2019 general election, it became the largest party in parliament, and in the November general election of the same year, it retained the largest party, and on January 7, 2020, the Socialist Party and the Left campaign alliance "United We Can" jointly formed a government. In the July 2023 general election, it became the second largest party in parliament. General Secretary Pedro Sanchez Perez-Castejon.
2. People's Party (Partido Popular) : The largest opposition party, the centre-right party. Originally known as the People's League, it was founded in 1977 and renamed the People's Party in 1989. Carry out the line of "intermediate reformism". He came to power for the first time in May 1996, retained power in March 2000, and won the general election again in November 2011. In November 2016, after two rounds of general elections and several negotiations, the People's Party struggled to form a government. On 1 June 2018, the People's Party government was impeached and ousted, and former Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy resigned as party president. In the April and November 2019 general elections, it was the second largest party in parliament. In the July 2023 general election, it became the largest party in parliament. Party president Alberto Nunez Feijoo.
3. Vox: far-right political party. Founded in December 2013, the party won 24 seats in the House of Representatives in the April 2019 general election, the first time the party won seats. In the November 2019 and July 2023 general elections, it will be the third largest party in parliament. Party president Santiago Abascal.
4. "Solidarity Movement" (Sumar) : left-wing political organization. It was formed in March 2023 and includes member parties of the "United Left" coalition and other national and regional parties and social organizations. It will become the fourth largest party in Parliament after the July 2023 general election. The party is led by Yolanda Diaz Perez, Second Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Labour and Social Economy.

dignitaries

The current King: Felipe VI He was born in Madrid on January 30, 1968, the youngest son of King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofia. After graduating from Lakefield High School in Canada in 1985, he received three years of formal military education at the Army Academy in Zaragoza, the Naval Academy in Marin, and the Air Force Academy in SAN Javier, Spain. After military school, he studied law, economics, information technology and history at the Autonomous University of Madrid, and then went to Georgetown University in the United States, where he received a master's degree in international relations. He was named Prince of Asturias in 1977 and ascended the throne in June 2014. He enjoys skiing and squash, and is good at sailing. He married Leticia in 2004 and has two daughters, the eldest of whom, Princesa Leonor, is now Crown Prince of Spain.
On June 2, 2014, Prime Minister of Spain Rajoy announced at a news conference that King Juan Carlos I had announced his abdication in favor of Crown Prince Felipe. After completing the enthronement ceremony on June 19, 2014, the Crown Prince officially succeeded to the throne as the new King Felipe VI of Spain, and went to the Congress at 10:30 a.m. on the same day to officially take the oath of coronation and make a public speech.
Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez, born February 29, 1972, PhD in Economics and Business administration. He was elected general secretary of the Party in June 2014, resigned as general secretary of the Party in October 2016, and was re-elected as general secretary of the Party in May 2017. At the end of May 2018, he successfully impeached then-Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy on the grounds of corruption involving the People's Party, and became the new prime minister in June. He was re-elected Prime Minister in January 2020 and November 2023.

Sovereign territory

Spain has it on the Atlantic The Canary Islands There are in the Mediterranean The Balearic Islands , owned in Africa Melilla and Ceuta (Claimed by Morocco). The British occupied the southern part of the peninsula Gibraltar .
The northern coast of Spain is The Bay of Biscay The northeast is the same as France and Andorra Bordering, towering The Pyrenees Divide these countries on either side; East and southeast facing Mediterranean And head south across only 14 kilometers wide The Strait of Gibraltar Can reach Africa Morocco ; oblong Portugal It's Spain's neighbor to the west.
Spain is surrounded by the sea on three sides, with a coastline of about 3904 kilometers, and the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands, the coast is relatively flat, and the real natural good ports are concentrated in the north, such as Ferrol, Ponte Vedra and the Caribbean Vigo Let's wait. Cartagena It is the only natural harbor in the Mediterranean Sea. The southeastern coastline is known not for its harbors but for its scenic beach resorts. There are famous bays in Spain The Bay of Cadiz And the Bay of Valencia. [3]

economy

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EDITOR

summarize

The economy of the developed industrial country ranks fourth in the European Union and 14th in the world. Agriculture, industry, construction and services accounted for 3.4%, 16.3%, 6.2% and 74.1% of GDP respectively. After the international financial crisis and the European debt crisis in 2008, the economy suffered a severe shock. In 2014, it achieved a recovery of growth, and the growth rate was among the highest in the EU. In 2016, the GDP exceeded the pre-financial crisis level. The GDP in 2022 is 1.33 trillion euros, a year-on-year increase of 5.5%, with a per capita GDP of 27,900 euros. GDP growth in 2023 will be about 2.4% and inflation 3.6%. The unemployment rate is 13.0%. Public debt as of the third quarter of 2023 is 1.57 trillion euros. [1]

Farming and animal husbandry

Spanish crafts
Spain is the fourth largest producer of agricultural products in the EU, the largest exporter of fruits and vegetables in the EU and the third largest in the world, with a high level of agricultural modernization. It has developed more than 24 million hectares of agricultural and animal husbandry land, ranking second in the European Union. The main production of olives, grapes, citrus and other food crops are mainly barley, wheat, corn and so on. Olive planting area and olive oil production, annual output and export volume of wine, and annual export volume of citrus fruits rank first in the world. Livestock, Marine fishing and aquaculture are among the top in the EU.

industry

The main industrial sectors are food and beverage, automobile, electric power, chemical industry, metal products, oil refining, steel, rubber, plastic products, machinery and equipment manufacturing, non-metallic mineral products, etc., textile, shipbuilding, aerospace, pharmaceutical and other industries also have a large output value.
Automobile industry
Eu is a major automobile producer and exporter. In 2023, automobile production will reach 2.4 million units, up 13.4% year on year, ranking second in the EU and eighth in the world. 1.881 million cars were exported, an increase of 3.3%, and 70% of the car exports were sold to other EU countries.
Wind power generation
Spain has 40,000 megawatts of wind energy available on land and in the ocean. Renewable energy is growing rapidly in Spain, with 22,959 MW of wind power installed at the end of 2013. In 2013, wind power generated 54478GWh, accounting for 20.9% of the total power generation. The industry employed more than 20,000 people in 2013. [5]
Manufacturing industry
Spain has a total of 35 shipyards and 16 repair yards, including supporting factories, a total of 250, 40,000 employees, annual sales of 1.5 billion US dollars. Spain's Izar Group is the ninth largest shipbuilding group in the world, accounting for 80% of Spain's shipbuilding production. In addition to shipbuilding, the group is also involved in ship repair and modification, power and propulsion, electronic navigation and defense systems.

Service industry

Spain's service industry is one of the important pillars of the national economy, and tourism is well developed. The total number of inbound tourists in the first 11 months of 2023 reached 79.8 million, an increase of 0.8% over the same period in 2019. Tourist attractions include Madrid, Barcelona, Seville and so on. Catalonia is the autonomous region that attracts the most foreign tourists. The World Tourism Organization is headquartered in Madrid. [1]
Unionpay cards can be accepted by more than 300,000 merchants and more than 60% ATMs in Spain (card number starting with 62), covering the main business districts of Madrid and Barcelona, mainly including airport duty free shops, brand stores, hotels, restaurants and other places commonly visited by tourists, and some cash machines in tourist attractions have Chinese operation interfaces. [1]

Finance and finance

Affected by the international financial crisis and the continuing spread of the Greek sovereign debt crisis, Spain's financial situation is grim. Spain's total public debt stood at €1.19 trillion in 2019, or 95.5% of GDP. The fiscal deficit was 2.1% of GDP. Affected by the COVID-19 epidemic, the Western public debt ratio rose to 110.21% as of July 2020. The IMF expects the deficit to rise to 14.1% and public debt to 123% by 2020.
The total public debt in 2021 amounts to €1.42 trillion, or 118.4% of GDP. The fiscal deficit ratio in 2021 will be 6.87%. [1]
Main commercial bank: Banco Santander, with total assets of more than 1.57 trillion euros (as of the end of the third quarter of 2021), ranking first in the West, fourth in Europe and top 20 in the world. CaixaBank (Caixabank), after the acquisition of Bankia in early 2021, has total assets of more than 685.7 billion euros, ranking second, and is the largest bank in the West by assets, employees, branches and customers. Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria (BBVA), with total assets of more than €651.8 billion, is in third place. [1]

foreign trade

In 2022, the total value of exports and imports of goods in the West was 846.53 billion euros, an increase of 28.4%. Among them, imports amounted to 457.32 billion euros and exports amounted to 389.21 billion euros. The trade deficit was 68.11 billion euros, up 160.2% year-on-year. The main imports of petroleum, chemical products, fuels, industrial raw materials, machinery and equipment and consumer goods; Exports include automobiles, steel, chemicals, leather products, textiles, wine and olive oil. The main trading partners are the European Union, Asia, Latin America and the United States. [1]
time
Amount of imports
Value of exports
deficit
2014
2603
2388
- 215.
2015
2747
2498
- 250.
2016
2733
2545
- 188.
2017
3018
2771
- 247.
2018
3188
2850
- 338.
2019
3322
2980
- 342.
2020
2880
2746
- 134.
2021
3542
3253
- 289.

Direct investment

From January to September 2010, Spain invested 49.05 billion euros abroad. The main investment sectors are transportation, telecommunications, energy, finance, insurance, real estate, etc. The main investment area is Latin America. In 2009, foreign investment was 14.694 billion euros, down 62 percent from the previous year. [1]

culture

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EDITOR

Language

There are four main languages spoken in Spain, with Spanish being the official national language and the other three being the official regional languages:
  • Spanish (also known as Castilian) is spoken throughout Spain, accounting for 74% of the population.
  • Catalan (also known as Valencian), spoken in Catalonia, Valencia, and the Balearic Islands, 17%.
  • Basque Used in the Basque Country, 2%.
  • Galician In Galicia, 7%.
Spaniards generally use their official language in business dealings. Government officials and businessmen engaged in foreign affairs generally speak English or French. With 500 million speakers worldwide, Spanish is the third most spoken language in the world and the second most spoken language in countries. [6]

religion

96% of Spain's population is Catholic. [6]
Spain belongs to the Christian cultural circle, and many taboos are the same as those in Europe and the United States, such as seeing "13" as an unlucky number, avoiding yellow, purple, black, chrysanthemum and so on. [6]
Catholic Church in Spain
Spain since Roman From the beginning of the reign, the status of a Catholic state was established. The "Reconquest" wars of the 8th to 12th centuries AD ( Reconquista After driving the Arabs out of the peninsula, the Catholic Church took complete control of all of Spain. Medieval Spain" Inquisition "Throughout Europe, torture, killing heresy, up to the princes and ministers, down to the common people all talk about the tigers." Europe reformation Spain became a thorn in the side of Protestant Western Europe. After the 18th century, the contradiction between the church and the secular forces intensified, the anti-clerical movement was rising, and the church's power gradually declined. Still, 94 percent of Spaniards are Catholic, and so are the rest Protestant Jews and Mohammedans.
There are eleven dioceses in Spain, of which the Diocese of Toledo is the largest and most important. The Bishop of Toledo has been Spanish since the Gothic period cardinal .
The influence of Catholicism is expressed in the daily life of the Spanish people. Like other Catholics, Spaniards spend the most important moments of their lives in the church: baptism after birth, the first communion, weddings and funerals after death. One reason there are so many festivals in Spain is that every city, every village, and every profession has a saint as their patron saint. Every day on the birthday of the saint, the city or the guild held a high Mass and a religious procession. In addition, every believer also has his or her own patron saint, who not only celebrates his or her own birthday, but also the birthday of the saint, called "Dia del Santo". Most Spanish names are taken from saints, the most common male and female names are "Jose" and "Maria", and both men and women often use the two names together. For example, the former Prime Minister of Spain was named Jose Maria Aznar. Jose Maria Aznar ).

mores

The Spanish people are passionate, and the locals love it bullfight And he loves to jump Flamenco . But also GUITAR Hometown, the modern classical guitar originated and flourished from Spain.
On July 3, 2005, Spain became the third country in the world to win the World Cup Same-sex marriage Legalization of the state.

custom

Spanish etiquette
Spaniards usually shake hands when they meet guests on formal social occasions. When meeting acquaintances, boyfriends often hug each other tightly. The Spanish name usually has three or four sections, the first one or two sections are the name of the person, the penultimate section is the surname of the father, and the last section is the surname of the mother. A patronymic is usually used as a verbal address.
The Spaniards are highly reputational and always honor the contracts they sign to the best of their ability, even if it is later discovered that the contract is not in their favor, they are reluctant to publicly admit their fault. In this case, if the other party can kindly help them, it will win the respect and friendship of the Spanish people. Spaniards keep time only when attending bullfighting events, but guests should be punctual and don't blame them if they arrive late. Spaniard Cheerful, enthusiastic, but easily excited, sometimes quarrel is very normal, they have become accustomed to it.

medal

The Order of Arts and Letters is a recognition given by the Spanish Government to persons who have contributed to the dissemination of the Spanish language and Spanish culture through their participation in various fields of literary and artistic creation, and has been awarded to four persons worldwide (2009). " Don Quixote Chinese translator Dong Yansheng He was awarded the Spanish Order of Arts and Letters.

Goya Prize

Goya Prize It is an annual film award given by the Spanish Academy of Arts and Film Sciences and is known as the "Oscars" of Spain. To the Spanish master of art Francisco Goya It was first presented in 1987 and includes 28 regular awards and one lifetime honorary award. The winner gets a bronze bust of Goya.

Flamenco

Flamenco
Flamenco Together with bullfighting, it is known as the two national treasures of Spain. Flamenco is a comprehensive art in Spain, which combines dance, singing, and instrumental music. It originated from the traditional place where Gypsy people live. Today, Flamenco has become one of the most distinctive and representative arts in Spain. Upholding the freedom of Gypsy, blending the nobility of Europe and the unrestrained enthusiasm of the Americas, Flamenco has long been renowned on the world stage, and has been accepted and loved by more and more people.

The Running of the Bulls

The Spanish bull Run
The Running of the Bulls It is a traditional festival in the city of Pamplona that began in 1591 and attracts tens of thousands of people every year. Spain's annual bull run is officially known as the "Bull Run." St. Fermin's Day SAN Fermin is wealthy in northeastern Spain The province of Navarre Provincial capital Pamplona Protector of the city. The origins of the bull Run are directly related to the Spanish bullfighting tradition. It is said that it was very difficult for the people of Pamplona to drive six tall bulls from their sheds on the outskirts of the city to the bullring in the city. In the 17th century, some bystanders, on a whim, dared to run up to the bull, provoking it into the ring. Later, this custom evolved into the Running of the Bulls Festival.

mantower

mantower
mantower It's Spain. Catalonia A traditional folk activity in the region, similar to the traditional Chinese "pyramid", is called "Castell" in Spain. The practice has been around for hundreds of years and has been popular since the 19th century. The Catalan region holds an annual competition to build human towers, which can be up to ten stories high.

Coca

Coca
The custom of "Corca" performance originates from a local Spanish medieval legend, according to the Spanish local legend, in the Middle Ages, two local women relied on this dance to get rid of the entanglement of dragons and survive, and "Corca" came from it.
In the "Koca" performance, the girls wear beautiful traditional costumes, and then let their mother put them on the shoulders, mother and daughter dance.

Holidays and festivals

Spain has many festivals, in addition to national festivals, each autonomous region, province, town has its own patron saint's day. The main national holidays are: New Year's Day (January 1), Three Kings' Day (January 6), Holy Week (April), International Labor Day (May 1), Assumption Day (August 15), National Day (October 12), Halloween (November 1), Constitution Day (December 6), Immaculate Conception Day (December 8), Christmas (December 25).
Festivals rich in national style include Carnival, Faya Festival, Holy Week, April Festival, SAN Isidro Festival, Eucharist Festival, Running of the Bulls Festival, Santiago Festival, Red Persimmon Festival, SAN Pilar Festival, etc.
During the festival, the Spanish held open-air concerts, masquerade parties, religious parades, fireworks, singing and dancing, bullfighting and other activities, and the whole people went out to enjoy the carnival. Spaniards also often take advantage of the holiday "bridge" vacation, Holy Week, July-August, Christmas, New Year's Day and Three Kings Day during almost no office. [16]

Military affairs

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EDITOR
Spanish army
Spain has abolished compulsory military service and professionalised its armed forces. It mainly includes the army, navy and air force, and the National Guard is a paramilitary force. The king was the supreme commander of the armed forces, authorized by Parliament to declare war and make peace with foreign countries. The Prime Minister is responsible for setting national defense policy, handling crisis situations, and providing strategic leadership for military operations. The National Defence Council is a coordinating and advisory body on defence matters under the leadership of the Prime Minister, whose meetings are chaired by the Prime Minister or the King. Under the leadership of the Secretary of State for National Defense, the Ministry of National Defense is responsible for implementing national defense policies and regulations, and managing the construction of national defense human resources, materials and weapons and equipment. Under the Ministry of National Defense, there is the National Defense Staff Department, which is responsible for formulating military strategy, managing the construction of the armed forces, and coordinating military operations among the various services. The statutory maximum number of active military personnel is 140,000. By the end of 2022, there are about 120,000 active military personnel, including 76,000 in the army, 21,000 in the navy and 23,000 in the Air Force. The defense budget for 2023 is 12.317 billion euros, an increase of 25.8 percent year-on-year and 1.2 percent of GDP. Hosting the NATO Madrid Summit in June 2022.

traffic

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EDITOR

railway

The high-speed train enters Madrid station
The Spanish railway transport system is very advanced, leading in Europe and the world. The total railway length is 15,650 km (as of 2022). The length of high-speed railway exceeds 4,000 kilometers, ranking second in the world. The high-speed rail mainly uses the French TGV technology. Covering 50 major cities in the country, the average speed is 222 km/h, the maximum speed is 300 km/h, and the on-time rate is 99%. In 2020, the total investment in railway infrastructure in Spain is 1.921 billion euros, an increase of 7%. Among them, the investment in high-speed rail was 1.272 billion euros, an increase of 6%.
The Spanish government and RENFE continue to invest in the construction of new lines and explore the commercial potential of the railway. The development goal of the Spanish railway is to reach any city in the country in half a day. The railway network is connected with the European railway network and can be reached by train in London, Paris, Vienna and other major European cities.
In December 2014, the first international freight train of the "Yi-Xin-Europe" railway connecting the Eurasian continent arrived at the Madrid freight station in Spain, opening a new page in the history of Sino-European trade and transportation. The train started from Yiwu, passed through seven countries, lasted 21 days, and truly extended the "Yi-Xinjiang-Europe Railway" from Central Asia to Europe. [16]

highroad

The Spanish road network consists of expressways, national arteries, autonomous region roads, local roads, etc., with convenient transportation, you can drive to any place in Spain. The total length of highways at all levels is about 667,000 km (2022).
International buses operated by the Spanish company Eurolines provide direct access to major European cities. The Eurolines Bus Pass allows you to travel anywhere between stops in more than 20 European countries on Eurolines buses. [16]

Water transport

Spain ranks third in the European Union in terms of maritime freight volume, and the ports of Algeciras and Valencia are among the top 10 ports in the European Union and among the top 50 ports in the world. In 2020, the 46 ports managed by the Spanish Ports Authority will see only 1.4 million passengers, down 87.1 percent from the previous year. Freight volume reached 505.7 million tons, down 8.4% from the previous year.
The main ports are Barcelona, Bilbao, Valencia and Algeciras. The main routes are: from Barcelona and Valencia to the Balearic Islands, from Cadiz to the Canary Islands, from Malaga to Melia, etc.
On June 12, 2017, COSCO Shipping Ports (Spain) Ltd. signed an agreement with TPIH Iberia,S.L.U.(a Spanish registered company) for COSCO Shipping Ports (Spain) to acquire 51% of the Noatum Ports Holding Company (NPH) in Spain held by TPIH. In 2019, NPH changed its name to COSCO Marine Ports (Spain) Terminal Co., LTD. [16]

Air freight

Madrid Airport
There are 49 airports in Spain, In 2022, the number of passengers and freight will be 244 million and 1 million tons respectively. Larger airports include Madrid Barajas Airport, the fourth largest airport in the European Union, and Barcelona El Prat Airport, the fifth largest airport in the European Union.
Due to the impact of the novel coronavirus pandemic, the Spanish Aviation Authority's airports handled 76.06 million passengers in 2020, a sharp decrease of 72.4% year-on-year, hitting a record low. Among them, the number of passengers on international routes fell 77.8% year-on-year to 41.88 million; Domestic passenger traffic fell 60.6 per cent to 33.75 million. [16]

society

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EDITOR

Medical treatment

Spain is a country with a high social welfare system, and all people enjoy social health insurance. [7]
Spain has a high medical standard and advanced medical equipment, and is one of the countries with the best public health system in the world. The health care network is complete, and the distribution of health centers and hospitals is dense, which can provide primary diagnosis and specialized care, and medical treatment is very convenient. Spain has a sound prevention and emergency system, and a developed first aid system. [7]
In Spain, outpatient care is by appointment and the health practitioner is responsible for referring the patient to the appropriate doctor. In many autonomous regions, "mobile phone diagnosis and treatment" activities are implemented, and doctors remind patients to see a doctor on time and take medicine through mobile phones. There are about 300 public hospitals and about 460 private hospitals.
According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, the total expenditure on health care in Spain accounted for 9.3% of GDP in 2011, and the per capita expenditure on health care was $2,984 in terms of purchasing power parity. [7]

education

The Spanish education system is a centralized management system, and the state is responsible for education investment and management of the entire education system. Education is free (except for private colleges) from the beginning of early childhood education until the completion of a 2-3 year vocational college, and 87% of education funding comes from direct state funding. [16]
University of Barcelona
Primary and secondary education is free and compulsory (aged 6-16). Primary school for 6 years, secondary school for 4 years, university for 4-5 years. The main institutions of higher learning are: Comptens University of Madrid, Autonomous University of Madrid, University of Salamanca, University of Barcelona, etc. The education budget for 2023 is 5.354 billion euros, an increase of 6.6%.
Education in Spain is a five-child balance. Spain is a kingdom composed of 17 autonomous regions, each autonomous region is independent, so there is no unified subject plan and outline, interestingly, the Spanish government strictly regulates the teaching hours of each subject.
The teacher in Spain has the right to decide on the content and method of teaching according to the conditions of the school, the level of the students and the characteristics of the local area. This kind of practice without a unified outline, only the regulation of hours, not only ensures the teaching time of each subject, but also allows the teaching of each subject to provide creative space.
In 1992, Spain issued regulations, schools stipulated that under compulsory education, no more than 25 students per class, and the total number of school hours per week is 25 hours, of which sports must account for 3 hours.
Spanish schools have 3 hours of physical education every week, depending on the geographical environment of the school, there are rich teaching content, dance, football, basketball, volleyball, rhythmic gymnastics, gymnastics, track and field, swimming, boxing, judo are included.
In Spain, from a metropolis with a population of millions to a small village with a population of several hundred, schools have modern sports teaching facilities, gymnasiums, gyms, etc., both urban and rural schools have them.

Science and technology

As a traditional power in science and technology, Spain has accumulated rich and unique experience, especially in the fields of biotechnology, renewable energy, climate change, environmental protection and information and communication technology. It has maintained a high level in agricultural science and technology, health care, food safety, rational use of water resources, nano and new materials. [16]

People's livelihood

Spanish government welfare spending is rising. All employees are entitled to social insurance, with 34% of the cost borne by the state and 64% by enterprises and individuals. In 2011, the average life expectancy was 82.1 years, 79.2 years for men and 85 years for women. In 2011, there were 676,300 doctors. There are 289 public hospitals and 457 private hospitals. Per capita annual consumption in 2011 was €11,137, down 0.2% from the previous year, and the average annual consumption per household was €29,482. In 2012, the average monthly pension was 946.4 euros. In 2012, 10.5 million households applied for Internet services, 66.7% of them used broadband Internet services, 49.9% of the people in the West used the Internet every day, and 39% of the people in the West used mobile Internet services. [1]

Physical education

Football in Spain
Football is a popular sport among Spaniards. According to 2014 statistics, there are more than 800,000 registered players and 20,000 registered clubs in Spain. Spain men's national football team It won the 1964, 2008, 2012 three times European Cup Championship and 2010 World Cup champion . The Spanish football League Is one of the top domestic leagues in Europe, where Real Madrid , Barcelona , Atletico Madrid The team is the top level team in the world.
Spanish bullfight
Spanish bullfight
Spanish bullfight It is the national essence of Spain and originated in 1761. Popular throughout the country and the world, it is one of Spain's unique sights. Although this is controversial from the point of view of animal protection, it is an ancient tradition unique to Spain that has been preserved into modern times and is welcomed by many people. Bullfighting season is from March to October, and there are two bullfighting events on Thursdays and two on Sundays. It can be seen every day during festivals and national celebrations. [8]
Formula One World Championship Spain (Circuit de Catalunya)
Spain Barcelona the Circuit de Catalunya Built in 1991, the 4.730km track is internationally recognized as the closest to perfect track. [9]
Spain men's basketball team
Spain men's basketball team Always a strong team, they won the gold medal at the 2006 World Championships. In the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the 2012 London Olympics, Spain twice lost to the United States and finished second. The famous stars of the Spanish men's basketball team include the Gasol brothers.

Newspapers and periodicals

The main national newspapers are "El Pais", "El Mundo", "Abez" (ABC), "La Vanguardia" and "La Razon". The sports newspaper Marca has the largest circulation in the country.
Agencia EFE (Agencia EFE), the official news agency (a public enterprise wholly-owned by the Western government, the government appoints and removes the president but does not interfere in daily operations), was founded in January 1939, one of the top ten news agencies in the world, with branches in more than 180 cities in more than 120 countries and regions around the world, and ranks first in the world in Spanish.
Main television station: Spanish National Television (TVE) is the only national broadcaster among public television stations. The most influential private television stations are TV 4 (Cuatro), TV 5 (Telecinco), TV 6 (La Sexta), and antenna 3 (Antena 3). [1]

diplomacy

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EDITOR

Foreign policy

Spain is a member of the European Union, NATO, OECD and other countries, and a permanent guest country of the G20. We should pursue Europeanism and focus on building EU institutions. It attaches great importance to its relations with the United States, pays attention to maintaining its traditional influence on Ibero-America, strengthens its relations with the Mediterranean region, Africa and Arab countries, and actively expands cooperation with emerging countries in Asia. We should adhere to multilateralism and prioritize humanitarian issues, climate change, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, gender equality, counter-terrorism and other issues in multilateral diplomacy. We should attach importance to public diplomacy, integrate economic, cultural, sports, education, art and other positive factors, and build a good national image.

External relations

Relations with the European Union
It regards Europe as the first of the three pillars of its foreign policy, strives to play a greater role in the EU, and supports the strategic independence of the EU. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, Spain has been the second largest beneficiary of the EU Recovery Fund, receiving a total of 140 billion euros in free aid and loans to promote the EU's economic recovery through green and digital transformation. It holds the rotating presidency of the European Union in the second half of 2023. [22]
Relations with the United States
We regard relations with the US as an important fulcrum of our diplomacy. In June 2018, King Felipe VI paid a state visit to the United States. In July 2021 and May 2023, Prime Minister Sanchez visited the United States twice. On the sidelines of the NATO summit in Madrid in June 2022, King Felipe VI and Prime Minister Sanchez met separately with US President Joe Biden.
Relations with Portugal
On May 11, 2023 local time, the governments of Spain and Portugal issued a joint statement that the new Treaty of Friendship and cooperation signed by the two governments at the 32nd Spain-Portugal Summit in 2021 came into force, replacing the treaty of Friendship and cooperation signed by the two governments in 1977. [17]
Relations with the Maghreb region and the Mediterranean countries
Spain maintains traditionally close relations with the Maghreb countries and plays a positive role in the integration, peace and stability of the region. Advocates the strengthening of political, economic and cultural relations with the countries of the region on the basis of dialogue and mutual respect, in particular the resumption of friendly and cooperative relations with Morocco.
The development of relations with the Mediterranean countries is one of the pillars of Spanish diplomacy. On the issue of peace and stability in the Middle East, he stressed that peaceful negotiations are the only way to resolve the August 1 conflict and that the implementation of the peace process requires the cooperation of the international community. China supports the relevant UN resolutions and the "Road Map for Peace" plan in the Middle East, stands ready to make important efforts within the EU to resolve the Middle East conflict and continue to provide a venue for the "Middle East Peace Conference". Spain believes that the Mediterranean region is of strategic importance to the EU and that the EU should contribute to the stability and prosperity of the region. [10]
Relations with North Africa
Making North Africa a diplomatic priority. Promote peace and democracy in relevant countries. Development assistance to Africa is tilted toward health and other projects and "good governance projects." In March 2022, Spain changed its traditional position and for the first time publicly endorsed Morocco's proposal for a "high degree of autonomy" for Western Sahara.
On April 7, 2022 local time, Spanish Prime Minister Alexis Sanchez visited Rabat, the capital of Morocco, and met with King Mohammed VI of Morocco. Both sides stressed their willingness to open a new phase in bilateral relations based on mutual respect, mutual trust, long-term coordination and frank cooperation. [14]
Relations with Latin American countries
We will maintain special traditional relations with Latin American countries and take developing relations with countries in the region as a strategic priority. It advocates the establishment of an Ibero-American community, promotes the establishment of an EU-Latin America strategic partnership, and promotes the holding of a new EU-CELAC summit in mid-July 2023.
Relations with Asia
Taking the Asia-Pacific region as a diplomatic priority in the new era, China believes that the center of gravity of the world economy is shifting to the Asia-Pacific at an accelerated pace, further developing political, economic, trade and cultural relations with Asia-Pacific countries, and increasing its influence in the region.
Relations with Israel
On November 30, 2023, Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez said he doubted Israel's compliance with international humanitarian law given the number of civilian casualties in the Gaza Strip. To this end, Israel summoned the Spanish ambassador to Israel on the same day, and announced the recall of Israel's ambassador to Spain. [21]
On January 4, 2024, according to Al Jazeera news, the Israeli government said that the Israeli ambassador to Spain will return to Madrid, Spain, after being recalled. [23]
Relations with China
【 Bilateral Political Relations 】
On March 9, 1973, China and Spain established diplomatic relations. The two countries established a comprehensive strategic partnership in November 2005. In October 2014, Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy paid an official visit to China. In September 2016, Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy attended the G20 Summit in China. In May 2017, Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy attended the first Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation in China. In March 2023, Prime Minister Sanchez attended the Boao Forum for Asia Annual Conference 2023 and paid an official visit to China. [11]
【 Bilateral Economic and Trade Relations 】
Spain is China's fifth largest trading partner within the EU, and China is Spain's largest trading partner outside the EU. In the first 11 months of 2023, bilateral trade reached 44.551 billion U.S. dollars, down 6.3 percent year on year. Of this total, China exported 36.369 billion US dollars, mainly textiles, mechanical and electrical, chemical and light industrial products, and imported 8.181 billion US dollars, mainly pork, machinery and equipment, transportation equipment, plastics and their products, mineral products, pharmaceuticals and so on.
By December 2022, Spain had invested $4.27 billion in China, mainly in finance, energy, telecommunications, transportation and other industries.
Cooperation in science and technology, culture, education and tourism
In 2006 and 2013, the Cervantes Institute and the Chinese Cultural Center were established in Beijing and Madrid respectively. At present, there are nine Confucius Institutes and one independent Confucius classroom in Spain. About 15,000 Chinese students are studying in Spain. The two countries have 29 pairs of sister provinces and cities. [11]
2023年11月24日，中国外交部发言人毛宁宣布，为便利中外人员往来服务高质量发展和高水平对外开放，中方决定试行扩大单方面免签国家范围，对西班牙国家持普通护照人员实行单方面免签政策。 [20]

Territorial dispute

1. Gibraltar
The Strait of Gibraltar It is the main route of the Mediterranean Sea out of the Atlantic Ocean, and its strategic position is extremely important, and Spain and Britain have long been competing for sovereignty here. The Spanish government demanded that the British hand over a tiny peninsula in southern Spain Gibraltar .
In 1704, the British were in War of the Spanish Succession The conquest of Gibraltar. After losing the war, Spain signed the Treaty of 1713. The Peace of Utrecht Gibraltar was ceded to Britain forever. For many years after the war, the people of Gibraltar wanted to remain under British rule and voted overwhelmingly for British rule in numerous referendums. In resolutions 2231 (XXI) and 2353 (XXII), the United Nations requested the United Kingdom and Spain to reach an agreement on Gibraltar to end the colonial status. The Spanish government claimed that the UN settlement overrode the Treaty of Utrecht and therefore made a claim for the territory. In addition to the issue of sovereignty, the demarcation of the border is also a constant dispute between the two countries. The United Nations recognizes Gibraltar as a Non-Self-Governing Territory. [3]
2. Spanish Territories in North Africa
Territories of Western North Africa In northern Africa Ceuta , Melilla And uninhabited areas Gomera , The Hoceima Islands , The Shevarin Islands and Perehill Island These areas are currently under the de facto control of Spain.
Morocco Claims sovereignty over these areas. According to the Moroccan side, these areas were taken by Spain when Morocco could not protect itself, and Morocco had not signed any treaty with Spain to cede these lands. Spain claims that these lands were part of the Kingdom of Spain when Islam invaded them before 711 AD. Spain also claimed that Morocco only claimed the land for geographical reasons. Egyptian pair Sinai Peninsula The sovereignty of Turkey against Istanbul Ownership is often seen as an argument in support of the Spanish claim. [3]
3. Olibinsha
Portugal Spanish sovereignty over Olibinza was never recognized, for reasons dating back to 1815 Congress of Vienna It was stipulated that Spain would return the land to Portugal, and Spain said that the decision of the Congress of Vienna was a precondition for maintaining the integrity of the Treaty of Badajoz. [3]

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Scenic spot

Famous tourist destinations in Spain include Madrid, Barcelona , Seville Costa del Sol, Beautiful Coast, etc.
The Canary Islands - Tropical scenery, Costa del Sol - Mediterranean beaches, The Balearic Islands - Mediterranean bath, Madrid - Cultural Old Town.

Cultural heritage

The historic Center of Cordoba , Granada the Alhambra Palace And the Gardens of Genella Liffe, the Cathedral of Burgos, The Convent of Escorial , Barcelona's Guel Park, Palazzo Guire The Homira Building, The Altamira Caves , Segovia Ancient Town and Elevated aqueduct, The Kingdom of Asturias Period churches, Santiago de Compostela, Avila Town and churches outside the city, The Mudejar architecture of Teruel , the historic city of Toledo, Garahonai National Park , Caceres Ancient Town, Seville Cathedral , Alcazar and Archives of the West Indies , the ancient city of Salamanca Caboblette Monastery, Archaeological remains of Merida , Guadalupe The Royal Convent of Santa Maria, Santiago de Compostela" Pilgrimage path ", Donana National Park With walls Cuenca The City, the Silk Market of Valencia, Las Madras, the Catalan Concert Hall and the SAN Pau Hospital in Barcelona, the Convent of Euso and Suso in SAN Milan, the rock art of the Mediterranean Basin on the Iberian Peninsula, the University of Enares and the Historic District, the landscape of Ibiza, SAN Cristobal in Lala Guana, the archaeological site of Atapilca, the Vere in Catalonia The Romanesque Church of Debuy, the archaeological site of Taraco, Elche Palmeral, Lugo The Roman walls, the cultural landscape of Aranjuez, Renaissance period The architectural complex of Uveida and Baeza.
The Eccules Lighthouse It is a lighthouse built in ancient Rome and still in use, with a history of about 1900 years. The lighthouse tower is 55 meters tall and stands on a peninsula near La Coruna, Spain. On June 27, 2009, UNESCO The World Heritage Committee has listed the lighthouse of Eccules (the god of Hercules in ancient Roman mythology) in the" World Heritage List ".
On 14 November 2017, at the Conference of the Parties to the UNESCO Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, held at its headquarters in Paris, he was elected a member of the World Heritage Committee. [12]

Gourmet

Spain is a country rich in resources and developed economy. Its horticulture industry occupies an important position in the world. It is also a large producing area of grapes, olives and oranges. Spain is a foodie's paradise, and every region has a famous food culture.
Spain is rich in potatoes, tomatoes, peppers and olives. Olive oil and garlic are preferred for cooking. Spanish cuisine brings together the cooking methods of Western northern and southern dishes, with a wide variety of dishes and unique tastes; The main dishes are: Pelleri, cod, The Iberian ham Wine, shrimp, oysters, Madrid bouillon, etc.
sherry
sherry It is a Spanish protected brand grape produced in Andalusia, southern Spain, derived from the place name Jerez ; To be picked under the grapes after exposure to the sun and then juice, grape juice has a high sugar content, after a certain period of fermentation into the brandy to prevent fermentation, so into a high degree of alcohol and residual sugar, alcohol content of 15% to 21%, sweet taste. Because the word "sherry" has a long history and is already in English culture, sherry is also produced in other countries such as the United States and Australia, but it is not the authentic sherry in Spain.
paella
There are many kinds of paella, mostly yellow, which is modulated with special paella raw materials. This ingredient is the key ingredient saffron, a yellow plant powder, which not only fills with fragrance, but also removes the fishy smell of seafood.
Thapa
Thapa
tapa is an appetizer or a snack between meals and occupies an important place in Spanish food culture. There is a wide variety of tapas, including meat, seafood and vegetarian dishes, but they are all salty, and there are cold and hot dishes. Cold food part, mainly bread clips, various fillings with olive oil, sprinkle some minced onion, egg yolk layer when adding, very delicious. Hot food Tapado number is fried, such as fried squid, fried cuttlefish, fried chicken wings, and roasted salted shrimp, garlic shrimp, garlic mushroom and so on.

museum

The Guggenheim Museum
Spain Bilbao The city The Guggenheim Museum Located on the edge of the Narvin River, it covers an area of 24,000 square meters, with 11,000 square meters of exhibition space, by American architects Frank Gehry Design, officially opened in 1997, is a dedicated exhibition of modern and contemporary art museum. The museum is famous for its beautiful shape, unique structure and new materials, and is a representative of architectural deconstruction.

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EDITOR
celebrity
Domain
Roll call
ACTORS
Antonio Banderas , Penelope Cruz , Javier Bardem
Architect
Anthony Gaudi
WRITER
Miguel de Cervantes , Benito Perez Galdos , Mateo Aleman Federico Garcia Lorca, Luis de Gongonola, Francisco de Quevedo, Francisco Ayala
Explorer/Conqueror
Hernan Cortez , Francisco Pizarro
statesman
Queen Isabel, Francisco Franco , Juan Carlos
Musician
Paco Delucia , Isaac Albeniz Paul Casals
singer
Placido Domingo , Jose Carreras Alejandro Sanz
Painter
Pablo Picasso , Salvador Dali , Francisco Goya
Philosopher
Maimonides George Santayana
Scientist
Isaac Pelar
Physical education
Rafael Nadal , Samaranch , Pau Gasol , Raul Gonzalez , Igor Casillas Fernandez , Fernando Hierro , David Villa , Fernando Torres , Harvey Hernandez Kreus , Andres Iniesta , Victor Valdes Arivas , Harvey Alonso , Jose Manuel Reina , Fernando Alonso , David Ferrer .
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