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The Western Xia Dynasty (206 B.C.)

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The Western Xia Dynasty (1038 [148-149] - 1227 [150] ), is the Chinese history by Tangut people in China northwest The dynasty founded by the Ministry called itself "the State of Bangni Ding" or "the State of Great White Gao". [1] . Because it is in the northwest, it is called the Western Xia Dynasty. [2-3] Preceding sum liao , The Northern Song Dynasty (960-907) , late and Jin Dynasty Side by side. After ten emperors, 189 years in total. From 881 Li Sigong ren Determine the order of the difficult army Up, [151] The Lee regime lasted 346 years.
Party item in the late Tang Dynasty Tuoba leader Li Sigong Inbinh Dinh Huang Chao Meritorious service was awarded Determine the order of the difficult army , [151] Grant the land of the five States. The party has succumbed to Tang Dynasty , The Five Dynasties Various regimes and The Northern Song Dynasty (960-907) . After the five states were annexed by the Northern Song Dynasty, Li Jiqian Ran away to start a business in 990 Liao Dynasty He was crowned King of Xia. [4] Successively occupy Hexi Corridor The states. In 1038, Li Yuanhao Declare himself emperor and establish a state. [101] In the Western Xia Dynasty Song and Summer Wars with Liao Xia War The Three Kingdoms were formed. Xia Yizong to Chongzong of the Western Xia Dynasty In the early days, the power was in the hands of the mother party, Liang. The Western Xia Dynasty revolted because of the confrontation between the imperial party and the mother party. After the rise of the Jin Dynasty, the Western Xia Dynasty changed its submission to the Jin Dynasty. Xia Renzong During the occurrence of natural disasters with Let the kingdom be divided Events, but after reform, to the Tiansheng years appeared prosperous. [5-6] mobeian Great Mongolia The rise of the Western Xia Dynasty ended in the second year of Baoyi (1227) Mongolia . [7]
The territory of the Western Xia Dynasty was in the present Ningxia , Gansu (Province) , Qinghai (Province) The northeast, Inner Mongolia Western and Shaanxi (Province) The northern region covers over 20,000 miles. In external relations, the surface of the Liao Song and Jin vassal, in fact, the internal independence of the emperor. In the early period, there were frequent wars with Liao and Northern Song, maintaining the situation of three kingdoms, and in the later period, it stood side by side with Jin, and was threatened by Mongolia in the late period.
From the early Song Dynasty Li Jiqian to the founding of Li Yuanhao, the Party-item society was completed The clan commune The period of transformation from ownership to feudal ownership. [8] Won Ho's founding was marked by slavery Transformed into a feudal master system, after the dry, enter landlordism Mainly in agriculture and animal husbandry. Since the end of the Qing Dynasty, the archaeological research of the Western Xia has developed continuously, forming a very popular Tangutology .
  • They say
Where is the Western Xia Dynasty? 2021-08-31 10:57
It was a mysterious and long-neglected dynasty called the Western Xia Dynasty. Together with the Song and Liao dynasties, it created the second Three Kingdoms era in China, but it was ignored by the official history. All of its heritage has been destroyed by many storms, by many wars, by many robberies, and it is fortunate that it has survived to this day. If it were not for the Western Xia Dynasty, it is likely that there would not be today's Yinchuan, nor would there be today's "Ningxia" name. ... details
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Chinese name
The Western Xia Dynasty (206 B.C.)
Foreign name
Kingdom Of Xia
alias
State mud determines the state , White high Bactrian country , Shirakami Kuni , Great white High country [10] , Bai Ya , Pang Mian Ling , Tang Wuti , Tangut , Medicine of elimination , Mio , Hexi [146-147]
Time frame
From 1038 to 1227
metropolitan
Xingqing (Renamed Zhongxing Prefecture in 1205)
Major city
Lingzhou, Liangzhou, Ganzhou, Xiazhou, Silver state
species
Western Xia, Chinese
currency
Fu Sheng Bao money, Great An Bao money, dry you Bao money
Population number
Around 3 million (early 12th century)
Land area
770,000 square kilometers (1142)
Major nationality
Dangxiang, Han, Tubo, Uighur and so on
Political system
Department of books, Department of Secrets, Department of three
inaugurator
Li Yuanhao (Wei Ming past Xiao)

catalogue

  1. 1Title of a kingdom
  2. 2history
  3. ▪Divided into five states
  4. ▪Taizu built the industry
  5. ▪Xing Qing founded the country
  6. ▪And the Northern Song Dynasty
  7. ▪Mother party exclusivity
  8. ▪Internal troubles and external troubles
  9. ▪Mongolian summer extinction
  10. ▪Subsequent development
  11. 3territory
  12. ▪Territorial scope
  13. ▪Administrative division
  14. 4political
  15. ▪Central agency
  1. ▪Official body
  2. ▪Legal system
  3. 5Military affairs
  4. ▪Military system
  5. ▪Branch of the services
  6. ▪defend
  7. ▪Major war
  8. 6economy
  9. ▪agriculture
  10. ▪Animal husbandry
  11. ▪Handicraft industry
  12. ▪commerce
  13. ▪ground
  14. ▪taxes
  15. ▪population
  16. 7culture
  1. ▪Text
  2. ▪Confucianism
  3. ▪etiquette
  4. ▪literature
  5. ▪history
  6. ▪religion
  7. 8ART
  8. ▪painting
  9. ▪penmanship
  10. ▪engrave
  11. ▪Music and dance
  12. 9Science and technology
  13. ▪Medical science
  14. ▪calendar
  15. ▪astronomy
  16. ▪atmosphere
  1. ▪Weapon making
  2. 10nation
  3. 11diplomacy
  4. ▪Foreign policy
  5. ▪The Northern Song Dynasty
  6. ▪Yojin Dynasty
  7. 12society
  8. ▪Nuptial burial
  9. ▪lodging
  10. ▪Lv.
  11. ▪hair
  12. ▪warrior
  13. 13Imperial lineage

Title of a kingdom

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EDITOR
In the middle of Zhenyuan Dynasty of the Tang Dynasty, the two sections of Zhenwu Shuofang were placed in Xia Prefecture, and Xia Prefecture was governed in the northwest of Hengshan County, Shaanxi Province. Late Tang Dynasty Huangchao Uprising After the outbreak, Li Sigong with 鄜 the state (Ruled in present Fuxian County, Shaanxi Province) Lee Hyo-chang With an oath to punish the thief, 唐僖宗 To him for the left Wuwei general, the right to know Xia Suiyin festival degree. After Huang Chao was pacified, Li Sigong paid homage to the governor of Xia Prefecture and was given the title of "Duke of Xia". [11-12] The name "Summer" comes from this. [119]
After the establishment of the Western Xia Dynasty, it called itself the "State of State". [2] Or "white high big summer country", Western Dynasty [3] . An expert in the history of the Western Xia Dynasty Wu Tianzhi It is believed that the state of Bangniding is probably a transliteration of the Chinese character "Bai Shangguo" in the Western Xia language. [13-14] The rulers of the Western Xia Dynasty called their country "Bai Shang State", which has been documented in literature and also has cultural relics evidence. "Bai Shangguo" is the meaning of "the country of Bai". The rulers of the Western Xia Dynasty used Shang Bai as the symbol of their regime, inheriting and utilizing the theory of Yin-yang and five elements, which was widely popular in China, in order to establish the image of "Western Dynasty" and stand together with the Northern Liao Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty. [110] It is also known as "Hexi" [15] It is located in the northwest of China and is known as the Western Xia Dynasty. [7]

history

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EDITOR
Subject article: Tangutology

Divided into five states

Ancestors of the Western Xia Dynasty Dangxiang people Native to Sichuan Songpan Plateau . [16] The historical roots of the Western Xia Dynasty can be traced back to the early Tang Dynasty. Tangut is Qiang ethnic minority A branch of, The History of Sui Dynasty Upload "Party Xiang Qiang, Sanmiao After that also ". [17] " Book of Tang "Read:" Dangxiang Qiang...... han Sichaung Other kinds of also. After the Wei and Jin dynasties, the West and Qiang were weak, either in China or in the mountains. Since Zhou's death (tan) After Chang and Deng arrived, the party began to strengthen." [18] Tang Dynasty, life in Tibetan plateau The party Xiang Qiang and Tuyu-hun Often united against Tibet. Emperor Gaozong of Tang When Tuyuhun was destroyed by Tubo, Dangxiang Qiang, who had lost its attachment, requested it to be annexed, and was placed in Songzhou (now Songpan, Sichuan) by the Tang Dynasty. [16] . After Dangxiang and Qiang gradually multiplied into several large tribes, among which the main tribe Tuoba clan It probably occupied only the southeast of Qinghai Province and the south of Gansu Province. During the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, Dangxiang was occupied in the southeast of Qinghai and the south of Gansu Tibetan regime in ancient China The army is attacking, to Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Mayday, moved to Gyeongju (now Qingyang City, Gansu Province).
When Tang Xizong was king, he was head of the party loyal department Li Sigong He was appointed by the imperial court as the governor of Xia Prefecture, because of Ping Huangchao Uprising Good work, once recovered Chang 'an He was once again given the surname Lee [19] He was named "Duke of Xia". [119] From then on Tuoba Sigong and his descendants with the surname Li became the local duke of Xia Vassal state Power. This part of the Dangxiang and Qiang armed forces is also known as" Casualty Force ". At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Dangxiang Tuoba's rise, and reached the peak stage, the name of the four towns (Dingnan, Baoda, Jingnan, Ningsi), the real Dingnan, Baoda two towns of summer, Sui, silver, Yu, 鄜 five states. In the second year of Ganning (895), Tuoba Sigong died, and his brother Sijian succeeded him as the commander of the Dingnan Army. [120] In May, Jingnan led Wang Xingyu, Fengxiang led Li Maozhen and other allied forces to invade Chang 'an, and Emperor Zhaozong used Dingnan to recruit Li Sijian as an envoy to the east. In this battle, the two armies of Dingnan and Baoda still adopted the policy of wait-and-see and did not advance and preserved their strength.
The situation of separating the difficult army
Five dynasties and ten Kingdoms Period, regardless Central Plains Who is in power, Lee (Tuoba family) all "bowed to the throne" in exchange for the dominance of the region and a large number of rewards. [20] On the eve of the fall of the Tang Dynasty, Xia Zhou was in control Li Sijian Attached to the King of Liang Zhu Quanzhong Zhu Quanzhong established the later Liang regime, and once granted Xia Zhou to make Li Sijian a "captain of the inspection school and a servant" to become one of the ambassadors of Liang Taizu. Liang Kaiping two years (908), Sijian died of illness, the three armies push Li Yichang In order to stay, Liang soon took Yichang as his successor Determine the order of the difficult army "Is giving Yak a yak. [121] In the third year of Longde (923), King of Jin Li Cunxu After the destruction of the Liang, the establishment of the Tang regime, history said The Later Tang Dynasty . The governor of Xia State Li In-bok Subordinated to the Later Tang Dynasty. In April 924, the second year of Tongguang (924), the later Tang Zhuang Emperor "ordered Li Renfu to appoint the Shuofang King according to the former Imperial School inspector, the Order of the Book of the People's Republic of China, and the governor of Xia Zhou". [122] In the second year of Qing Tai (935), the late Emperor of the later Tang Dynasty, Li Yichao The pawn, his brother Li Yiyin After taking over the Xia state government, the later Tang imperial edict ordered Li Yiyin to be the governor of the Dingnan Army. [123] After the establishment of the Later Jin Dynasty, Shi Jingtang In the first month of the second year of Tianfu (937), when the town was granted, he ordered Li Yiyin to "increase the inspection of the colonel and the same peace chapter". [124] "And add food Yi real seal".
Later Jin Tianfu eight years (943) in August, Xiazhou Dangxiang Li clan within the unrest, Yi Yin brother Suizhou Li Yimin Conspire with Di Yijun and others to seize power. [125] The matter was revealed, Yi Min and others voted for the later Jin, sent the emperor's imperial edict to return Yi Min and others, in order to fight for Xia Zhou against the Khitan. [126] The emperor of the later Jin Dynasty Li Yiyin was appointed to the southwestern part of the Khitan. [127] Three years after the start of the campaign (946), the Khitan again marched south and destroyed the later Jin. The former governor of Hedong after Jin Dynasty Liu Zhiyuan In the first four years (947) declared emperor, is later Han. Li Yi Yin Chen belonged to the later Han Dynasty. In the first year of Qianyou (948), Later Han Yin Emperor After taking the throne, in March, the imperial edict was issued to "Xia Prefecture governor, procurator Taiji, and Li Yiyin, with the peace chapter, and to be in the middle." In the first month of the second year, Li Yiyin borrowed the later Han Dynasty Li Shouzhen When the three towns revolted, they asked the later Han Dynasty to subordinate Jingzhou (currently located in Mizhi, Shaanxi) to the Dingnan Army, which was allowed to increase the number of Xia Zhou from four to five. [128]
The Third year of Emperor Yin of the Later Han Dynasty (950) Guo Wei He seized power and established Later Zhou in the first month of the following year (951). The former governor of Hedong of the later Han Dynasty Liu Min [Liu Zhiyuan brother], with the support of the Khitan, declared himself emperor in Jinyang, according to history The Northern Han Dynasty (206 B.C.) . Later Zhou still inherited the policy of the later Han Dynasty to control the separatist forces in Xia, and at the beginning of his accession, he named Li Yiyin as the "King of Longxi County". While accepting the title of Later Zhou and subordinate to Later Zhou, Li Yi Yin secretly presented himself to the Northern Han Dynasty. [129] In the first month of the first year of Xiande (954), the later Zhou granted Yi Yin the title of "King of Xiping". [130]

Taizu built the industry

Later Zhou Xiande seven years (960), later Zhou temple before the inspection Zhao Kuangyin He usurped the later Zhou regime and established the Song Dynasty as Emperor Taizu. Xia Zhou made Li Yiyin hear Zhao Kuangyin that the throne, immediately sent an envoy to congratulate, and avoid grandfather Hongyin taboo, renamed Yixing, to show submission. [131] Song Kande five years (967) in September, Li Yi xing died, son Li Guangrui Inherit. [132] In 976, Li Guangrui avoided Taizong and changed his name to Kelui, and Taizong praised his contribution to the North Han Dynasty. [133] Taiping Xingguo three years (978) May, Li Kerui died, son Li Jijun In March, four years, Song Taizong personally invaded the Northern Han Dynasty, and Jijun sent the Yellow River to the east to cross the Yellow River to the Northern Han Dynasty to Zhang Song army. [134]
Taiping Xingguo five years (980) in October, Li Jijun died, the factor of the child not heir, to his brother Yai command Li Jihold heir to stay. When the summer state Li Jipeng Since taking office, things have changed. [21-22] At that time, there was internal strife in the Li regime of Xiazhou due to the succession issue, and Li Keyuan and his brother Keshun of Yinzhou led troops to attack Xiazhou and were executed by Li Jibao. [135] In March 982, in the seventh year of Taiping and Xingguo, Li Jibao went to the Song Court from his father, Li Kewen, the governor of Suizhou, and asked him to join the court to avoid chaos. Emperor Taizong sent an envoy to order Li Kewen to know Xia Prefecture, and to use the workshop in Xijing to make Yin Xian know the prefecture. [136] Li Jibao was forced to go to the capital in May, and offered the "Yin, Xia, Sui, Yu, Jing five states" to the Song Dynasty, and stayed in the capital. [137] But Li Jibao's brother Yinzhou Bo made Li Jiqian Refusing to enter the capital, pretending to bury the nursing mother, leading dozens of people, fled to the northeast of Xia prefecture 300 miles Dijinze Bayannaoer (present-day Ikchao League, Inner Mongolia) assembled armed forces and carried out activities to harass the Song Dynasty border. [17] [109]
Xia Taizu Li Jiqian
In the second year of Yongxi (985), Li Jiqian used it Zhangpu Trick him into surrendering Cao Guangshi About time in Jialu River to be surrendered, ambush to destroy it. To the day of surrender, following the move of pro-Ying, Cao Guangshi in the ambush capture, and wipe out its ride, take silver State. [138] After Li Jiqian occupied Yinzhou, his subordinates elected Jiqian as King of Xiping. [139] Taking advantage of his victory, Li Jiqian marched to capture Huizhou (present Jingyuan in Gansu Province) and Sanzuzhai (present Mizhi West in Shaanxi Province). In April, Li Jiqian's army was at Turulunchuan (present-day Shenmu North, Shaanxi) and Song Dynasty Wang 侁 Led by the reinforcements encountered, the successor army was defeated, more than 5,000 casualties, subordinate generals, relatives or killed, captured, or surrendered to the Song Dynasty. [140] After the relocation of the remnants did not dare to return to the silver state, the path into the Xia state Dangxiang tribe. Once again in trouble, Li Jiqian and his subordinates conspired to form an alliance with the Liao, hoping to use the power of the Khitan Yelu against the Song Dynasty in order to restore the cause. When Yongxi third year (Liao Dynasty and fourth year, 986) February, Liao Shengzong Jeremiah Lonch Grant Li Jiqian the difficult army, the governor Xia Zhou military. Jiqian also asked Liao to marry, Liao to the daughter of the imperial family Yeruxiang Feng Yicheng princess married Jiqian. The Xialiao League was established. [141]
In the fourth year of Yongxi (987) in February, he followed the move to attack Xia Zhou, defeated the Song army in Wangting Town, and besieged Zhou city. [142] They also cooperated with the Liao Army to constantly attack the northwestern border of Song. Song with repeated military failure, suspected that Li Jizhou leaked the secrets of the dynasty, Jizhou for Chongxin army control envoy; Following the move to Shaanxi West Road Weide Army control envoy. In May of the first year of Duan Gong (988), he adopted the prime minister Zhao Pu "In order to reduce the Yi" strategy, the re-use of Li Jihold for the difficult army and Yin, Xia, Sui, Yu, Jing and other states to observe the disposal of Bo Bo make, give the name Zhao Baozhong, back to the town of Xia, so that its appeal to move. [143] Li Jihold back to Xia zhou, and Li Jiqian Tong, after moving is through after holding and Song Xu and deal. In the first year of Chunhua (990), in October, Jiqian attacked Xia, won, and reported the victory to Liao, Liao and Song lost the battle at Xuhe, in order to encourage Jiqian to advance, but in December, Jin named Jiqian king of Xia. [144] In August 2000, the imperial emissaries sued Liao to recover the Yin and Sui prefectures, and issued imperial orders to the upper Song Dynasty, and stationed troops at Wangting Town, waiting for an opportunity to restore Xia Prefecture. In September, following the move was followed by a night attack, defeat on the way to escape, and was hit by the army, so fled into the ground Jin Ze. [145]
In the second year of Tao (996), Li Jiqian seized four hundred thousand yuan of grain and grass from the Song army, and sent out a large army to surround Lingwu City. Emperor Taizong of Song Furious, sent the fifth route army to defeat the summer, all defeated. After the collapse of Emperor Taizong, Emperor Song Zhenzong When he ascended the throne, he ceded Xia, Sui, Yin, and Yu (Shaanxi Jingbian ), Jing (Shaanxi Rice fat To Li Jiqian, in fact, recognized the independent status of the Western Xia. [21-22] In the fifth year of Xianping (1002), Li Jiqian led his tribes to capture the important town of Lingzhou in the Song Dynasty, renamed it Xiping Prefecture, and then captured the important town in the Northwest Lliangzhou Cut off the commercial route between the Song Dynasty and the Western regions, cut off the tribute from the Western Regions to the Song Dynasty, and prohibited the Western Regions to sell horses to the Song Dynasty, which seriously affected the national defense military construction of the Song Dynasty. During the alliance with the Tubo, Li Jiqian was secretly attacked by the Tubo, shot by a crossbow, and later died of his wounds at the age of 42. [21-22]

Xing Qing founded the country

Xia Jingzong Li Yuanhao
After Li Deming took the throne, he made great efforts Hexi Corridor Development, the south against Tibet, the west attack Uighur Greatly expand the living space of Dangxiang Qiang nationality, Li Deming believes that Xiping House is located in four places, which is not conducive to defense, it is better to Huaiyuan situation. In 1020, He Chengzhen, a minister, was sent to the north to cross the Yellow River to build the city, build the palace and the community, and set the capital here, named Xingzhou. He continued to be courted by Song and Liao, [20] [23] Inside, it was all imperial. And waiting for an opportunity to move west. Within a few years, the western invasion Tibetan regime in ancient China and Uighur , Seize Nishiryongfu , Ganzhou , Kwa Chau , Sand state Etc. [18] Its sphere of influence extends to Jade Gate Pass And the whole Hexi Corridor .
Ten Years of Song Tiansheng (1032) Li Deming Son of Li Yuanhao Succession to the Xia principality [7] , [22] Began to actively prepare to break away from Song. He first abandoned his surname Li and called himself Wei Ming. In the following year, the name of Song Mingdao was changed to Xiandao in the name of avoiding his father's taboo, and he began to use his own name. [24] In the next few years, he built a palace, established civil and military classes, regulated the official and civilian costumes, determined the military system, established the military name, and created his own national script. Tangut writing ) and issued a baldness decree. And sent an army to attack Tibet Kwa Chau Shazhou, Suzhou three strategic areas. In this way, Yuan Hao already owned Xia, Yin, Sui, Yu, Jing, Ling, Hui, Sheng, Gan, Liang, Gua, Sha, and Su states, namely northern Ningxia, small Gansu, northern Shaanxi, eastern Qinghai and parts of Inner Mongolia. [22]
Song Bao Yuan Yuan Year (1038) October 11, Li Yuanhao proclaimed emperor, Jianguo name Daxia. The Song Dynasty did not want to recognize Li Yuanhao's throne, and issued an edit to "cut and give the surname Guan Jue" and stop trading. Li Yuanhao frequently sent detailed agents to the border to spy on military intelligence, and incited the Song Dynasty's party members and Han people to attachxia. Publicly broke off the diplomatic exchanges between the Western Xia and the Song Dynasty, sent to the Song Dynasty "Man book", in the "Man book" accused the Song Dynasty of treachery, and mocked the Song Army corruption and incompetence. He also threatened the Song Dynasty with Liao's influence, and finally showed that the Western Xia was still willing to make peace with the Song Dynasty. The war between Xia and Song was finally inevitable.

And the Northern Song Dynasty

The Battle of Good Mizukawa
After Li Yuanhao declared himself emperor, the Song Court was extremely angry, and the relationship between the two sides was officially broken. In the following years, Yuan Hao launched one after another Battle of Mikawaguchi , The Battle of Good Mizukawa , Battle of Lin Fu Feng , The Battle of Dingchuan Village In the four major battles, the Song Army wiped out tens of thousands of elite troops in the northwest. And in the ordination of Projo for seven years (1044), in The Battle of the River Bend Defeated the one with 100,000 elite soldiers 辽兴宗 . At this time, the total strength of the Western Xia army was about 500,000. [22]
After the defeat of the Song and Liao Dynasties, Yuan Hao indulged in wine and sex and enjoyed great achievements, which led to the internal corruption of the Western Xia Dynasty and the desertion of all the people. Fornication with the unzang family, birth of understanding. Deposed queen Noni Change and prince Ningling brother did not move for the new queen. There's no hiding a pen Encourage Ning make brother chaos. In 1048, Brother Ningling murdered his father, Li Yuanhao, and was executed by Buzangliangpang. No Tibetan Pen proclaimed the one-year-old Liangzuo emperor for Xia Yizong. [25]
Emperor Yi of Xia Li Liangzuo
The Western Xia also suffered a great loss of national strength. During the period of Xia Yizong and Xia Huizong, Xia Ting further consolidated his rule internally, and was often in a state of war and peace with Song and Liao. Xia Yizong When he succeeded to the throne at a young age, his mother did not hide the empress Dowager and did not hide the Pen dictatorship. Liao Dynasty 辽兴宗 Once again attacked the Western Xia, besieging Xingqing Prefecture, and finally the Western Xia declared itself a minister to the Liao Dynasty. [26] In 1056, due to Li Shougui and eat more than himself, Li Shougui killed No Zang. Later was also killed by no Tibetan Pen. [27] No Tibetan Pen and his daughter married Xia Yizong, with the dual identity of uncle and uncle, alone in charge of the government. [25]
With the growth of age, Xia Yizong became more and more dissatisfied with the authoritarian behavior of the emperor. Yizong and do not hide Pen pen daughter-in-law Liang's fornicious, later Pen Pen father and son plot to kill Yizong. 奲 In April 1061, Liang reported that Li Liangzuo, with the support of General Manba, killed Bao Pang and his family, as well as his wife Mu Zang, thus ending the dictatorship of the Mu Zang family. [28] After the government, Xia Yizong appointed Liang as the empress and appointed him Liang Yimui With Jing Xun et al. The internal rectification army separated the local military and government, and the civil and military officials kept each other in check. Promote Han culture and technology. Abolish the Tibetan ritual, change to Han Yi, and in hogging In the first year (1063), his surname was changed to Li. Externally, the borders with Song were redrawn and restored forum Normalize trade. He fought many wars against Tibet, occupied Hehuang and Qinghai, and in the first year of Gonghua, he appealed to Tubo leaders in the Western regions Yu Zanghua hemp . [29] In the fifth year of Gonghua (1067), Li Liangzuo lured and killed him Security force General Song (now Zhidan, Shaanxi). In December, Emperor Yizong Liangzuo died. [22] [24] After Bingchang ascended the throne, the political situation in the Western Xia Dynasty was in turmoil. Emperor Shenzong of Song Thought the opportunity to take advantage of, sent troops five roads to attack the summer, ready to recover Lingwu. However, there were many defeats and few victories, especially in the Lingzhou and Yonglecheng wars, the loss of soldiers and civilians amounted to more than 600,000 people, and the cost of military expenditure was unlimited. [22] [30]
After the rise of the Jurchen, the Western Xia conquered the border army of the Song Dynasty and proclaimed itself to the Jin Dynasty. The emperor of the Jin Dynasty was pleased to give King Qian Shun of the Western Xia, the former land of the Western Xia, such as Lezhou and Jishi, and the territory of the Western Xia reached the peak. After the rise of Mongolia, it has always regarded the Western Xia as a thorn in the side, and used it as a training ground, and constantly sent troops to harass raids and drill troops. [22] [30]

Mother party exclusivity

Xia Chongzong Li Qianshun
As Xia Huizong was young, by his mother Empress Dowager Liang In control of the power, the formation of the Empress Dowager Liang and Liang Yimui Head of the mother party dictatorship. The mother party vigorously develops its power, advocates the ceremony, reuses all Luo tail and Be mistaken To sideline Xia Jingzong's younger brother Meet someone on the way Wait for the opposition. In the sixth year of Da 'an (1080), Xia Huizong was finally able to govern himself with the assistance of the imperial family Wei Ming. In this regard, Xia Huizong wanted to use the minister Li Qingce's suggestion to return Henan to the Song Dynasty, in order to use the Song Dynasty to weaken the influence of Qi. Unexpectedly, the secret leaked, the Empress Dowager Liang killed Li Qingce, and imprisoned Xia Huizong. This led to the Emperor's party, Renduozu rebellion, and even Tubo Yu Zanghua hemp They all asked the Song Dynasty to send troops to attack the Empress Dowager. This is the Song Dynasty positive Emperor Shenzong of Song Wang Anshi's reform And the national strength has increased, and in Godsend National Day Three years (1071) by Wang Shao In the Battle of Xihe, they occupied Xihe Road and threatened the Xixia Right Wing area. [31] In the seventh year of Da 'an (1081) Song Shenzong obeyed spermatode It is suggested to take advantage of the internal unrest in the Western Xia, to Li Xian, Zhe 'e and other five roads army to launch five roads to beat the summer, the goal Xingqing Prefecture . Empress Dowmother Liang adopted the strategy of fortifying the walls and clearing the countryside, attacking the Grain Road to crush the Song army on the five roads, and the Song army finally only captured Lanzhou. The next year, the Song Army adopted bunker tactics and sent Xu Xi construct Yongle City The military space of the Western Xia in Hengshan was compressed step by step. The Empress Dowager Liang took advantage of Yongle City at the beginning of the construction, led 300,000 troops surrounded and captured, and the Song army was defeated, according to history The Battle of Yongle City .
Although the Western Xia defeated the Song army many times, the economic decline caused by the interruption of trade with the Song Dynasty, frequent wars and great depletion of national power, and the people were dissatisfied. In the 9th year of Da 'an (1083), Empress Dowager Liang and Liang Yizhu finally restored Xia Huizong to peace, but Xia Huizong still did not have real power. After Liang Yibo's death, political power passed to his son Liang Qibu. The peace of heaven is set In the first year (1086), Xia Huizong died in anger and was succeeded by his 3-year-old son Li Qianshun Xia Chongzong . [24] [32]
At this time, the Western Xia regime fell into the hands of Empress Dowager Liang and Liang Qi Bu. Song Dynasty Emperor Zhezong of Song Period, Zhang Dun Ruling, sending Wei prefecture governor Chapter 楶 In the campaign against the Western Xia Dynasty, Zhang 楶 proposed economic sanctions against the Western Xia Dynasty as well as fortifications and submerging and farming warfare. To put these tactics into practice, he built Pingxia City and Lingpingzhai in the western Weichuan River in the seventh year of Tian Youmin An (1096) and repelled the attacking troops of the Western Xia Dynasty several times. The next year, the Song army invaded Hongzhou in the east, Yanzhou . Yong 'an In the first year (1098), Empress Dowager Xiao Liang accompanied her Xia Chongzong With 300,000 men, he stormed Pingxia and suffered a crushing defeat, General The name of the man buried with Sister Le do Bu All captured, History says The Battle of Pingxia . After the defeat, the remaining troops were destroyed by ambush arranged by Zhang 楶. Empress Dowager Xiao Liang was almost captured, and the Song army was subsequently built Xi 'an Prefecture And Tiandu Village, open Jingyuan Road and Xihe Road, Qinzhou Become inland. After the Song Dynasty controlled the Hengshan area, the situation of the Western Xia was increasingly difficult. There followed a period of time between the Western Xia and Chapter 楶 Repeatedly defeated, Yongan two years (1099) in Liao Daozong Under the circle, Song Xia peace talks again, Xixia to the Song Dynasty apologies. In the ten years of the mother Party's dictatorship, Liang Qi Bu, relying on the power of "Liang's one family and two descendants", repeatedly launched wars with the Northern Song and Liao Dynasties, causing the Western Xia to suffer serious losses. He often boasted to his ministers in the court about his merits, and believed that the main purpose of Xixia's successive campaigns was to make the Song Dynasty yield, and only in this way could XiXia obtain peace. The Battle of the Ring At that time, Liang Qi Bu was stopped by Empress Dowager Liang and held a grudge. He tried to mutiny, but he got caught. Trabecular Queen Decree The name of Wu Ren many zong Bao and Sa Chen rate soldiers arrested death. After Empress Dowager Xiaoliang came to power in person, in order to strengthen the war against the Song Dynasty, he repeatedly requested reinforcements from the Liao Dynasty but was refused. The Liao Court was extremely disgusted with Empress Xiaoliang, believing that she was the cause of the Liao-Xia War, and Empress Xiaoliang also lashed out at her for being rejected many times. The second year of Yongan Xia Chongzong The government was about to take power, but "Liang was unbridled and not allowed to govern state affairs." Liao Dynasty Liao Daozong An envoy was sent to the Western Xia Dynasty to kill Empress Dowager Xiao Liang with poison. At this point, the long-term dictatorship of the Empress Dowager ended, and the Western Xia emperor was able to govern himself. [24]

Internal troubles and external troubles

Western Xia royal mausoleum, located away from Yinchuan city.
mobeian Krebe Very friendly with the Western Xia, however, later the Mongol department in Temujin Under the leadership of the annexation of many tribes. Tian Qing Ten years (1203) the Krei Ministry was annexed by Temujin, its leader Wang Khan Son of Sankwin Run away to the Western Xia. Two years later, Temuzhen led an army to invade the Western Xia and plunder the border cities of the Western Xia. Xia Huanzong thought that to repel foreign aggression, he changed the name of Xingqing Prefecture to Zhongxing Prefecture, taking the meaning of the revival of the Western Xia, but in fact the Western Xia was under the threat of the Mongols.
Tianyuan year (1206) Tiemuzhen was established Great Mongolia , that is Genghis Khan He was later honored as Yuan Taizu. In order to defeat the enemy Jin Dynasty, Genghis Khan was bound to cut off the Jinxia Alliance, so the Western Xia became one of his targets. The following year, shortly after Xiangzong took the throne, Genghis Khan led his army to defeat the Western Xia fortress Orao City (the western border of the Wulat Banner in Inner Mongolia), and repelled it due to the vigorous resistance of various Xia armies. Should days four years (1209) Mongol surrender Gaochang Uighur The Hexi region was also exposed to Mongol threats. Mongolia's third summer invasion from Hexi, out Blackwater City Besieging the pass of Orus. Lee Seung Jeong Rate army resistance failed, summer will Gao Yi was captured and died. The Mongol army fell again West wall answer The garrison city of Orus, pressing on Zhongxingfu The last line of defense. Summer general The king of the way Led the army to ambush the Mongolian army, and was finally defeated by the Mongolian army. Zhongxing Prefecture was besieged by the Mongolian army, 夏襄宗 Send an envoy to the emperor of the Jin Dynasty Wanyan Yongji He called for help, but the emperor refused, taking pleasure in the attacks on his neighbors. [33]
Genghis Khan
On the domestic front, the people of Xixia were very poor, the economic production was damaged, the army was weak, and the politics were corrupt. Huangjian Two years (1211) King of Qi Li Zunxu 发动宫庭政变，废夏襄宗自立为帝，即夏神宗，史书称为状元皇帝 [34] . In spite of the opposition of the minister of State, Xia Shenzong still insisted on attaching the Mongol anti-gold, Kim Sun Jong And fought back many times. At this time, the social economy of the Western Xia faded, and the people kept changing. The light was fixed for six years (1216) because the West Xia refused to help Genghis Khan The following year, Genghis Khan led the fourth attack on the Western Xia. Summer God Zong to prince Lidewang guard ZTE house, he fled to Xijing Lingju . Finally, Ridvan sent emissarians to negotiate with the Mongols to end the war.
Dry fixing In the first year (1223), because Xia Shenzong did not want to be king of the subjusted kingdom, he gave the throne to the crown prince Li Dewang, i.e 夏献宗 . At this time, Xia Ting had already realized that the Mongols would destroy the Western Xia, and Xia Xianzong decided to adopt the strategy of uniting Jin against Mongolia. When Genghis Khan invaded the West, he sent an ambassador to unite Mobei tribes against Mongolia in order to consolidate the northern border of the Western Xia. A Mongolian general in charge of the Han Dynasty at that time Chiru ( Mu Huali Aware of Xixia's intentions, in the second year of Gan Ding (1224), he led an army to invade Xixia from the east, captured Yinzhou, and Xia General Tahai was captured. The following year, Genghis Khan returned victorious and led an army to attack the Sandbar. Finally, Xia Xianzong agreed to surrender the Mongol army on terms and the Mongols withdrew. [33]

Mongolian summer extinction

In the first year of Baoyi (1226), Genghis Khan attacked Xixia from east to west on the grounds that Xia Xianzong had failed to fulfill the covenant, which was the Battle of the Mongols against Xixia. Genghis Khan led the main forces to the city of Ulayi (Inner Mongolia, the west of the Wulat Banner) to the west to capture the city of Black water, and then circuitously march Helan Mountain (Northwest of Yinchuan, Ningxia), defeated the Xia general Asha Dare not, and finally tun army Hunchui Mountain (north of Jiuquan, Gansu). The Western Route Army is led by Adachi Led with Hudu Timur, Xi Li Lingbu, general of the Western Xia, Chahan Wait for someone to excuse me Xizhou Uighur One after another Sand state , Sukju with Ganzhou . However, during the siege of Ganzhou, he was subjected to strong resistance from the defenders and the defenders, and finally Genghis Khan himself captured and surrendered Lliangzhou Garrison general orso Surrender. At this point, the Hexi corridor was completely lost. Xia Xianzong died of anxiety, and was given over to his nephew King Nanping Li Fu 继位，即夏末帝 [33] .
In August of the same year, Genghis Khan led his army across Satyr March into the Yellow River nine river, captured the Ying Li (Ningxia Centre half ). Then divided troops captured Xia Zhou, the main force surrounded Lingzhou. The late Summer Emperor The king of the way Led the army rescue, the two sides in the frozen Yellow River decisive battle. Then Wei Ming make the duke and guard will abolish the prince Li Deren Rendezvous. The city falls and they are killed. The Mongkes surrounded Zhongxing Prefecture and divided their troops south to capture it Jishi Prefecture (Qinghai Province) recycle ), Sining (Xining, Qinghai) and other Western Xia territories, and stationed in the summer Liupan Mountain . In the second year of Baoyi (1227), Emperor Zhongxing surrendered to the Mongols at the end of the summer after the Zhongxing Prefecture was besieged for half a year. Genghis Khan had died of illness in Liupan Mountain at this time, but he did not mourn in secret, so as not to regret the Western Xia. Towing mine Kill Li Che in accordance with Genghis Khan's will After the Mongolian army captured the Zhongxing Prefecture, the massacre was carried out, and the palace and cemetery were burned down Chahan The remonstrance stopped, but the population of the city was low. [32] [35]
In the two years of Baoyi, Li Zhi surrendered to Mongolia, and finally all the Western Xia fell to Mongolia The Mausoleum of the Western Xia Dynasty Three feet of ground were dug nearby, and all were destroyed, so that from the Ming Dynasty, there were not many valuable items near the Western Xia mausoleum. After the death of Genghis Khan, there was no mourning, so as not to regret the Western Xia Dynasty. After the surrender in accordance with Genghis Khan's will was killed, the Mongolian army general Chahan efforts to make Yinchuan avoid the fate of the city, into the city to appease the city's army and people, the city's army and people can be [36] The Western Xia Dynasty fell.
Mongol Mixi picture below

Subsequent development

When the Mongol hordes invaded and devastated the Xixia, the people of the Xixia fled abroad. They traveled thousands of miles toward China and settled in the Muya area of the Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province (the area west of the Kaduoshan Mountains in Kangding County, east of the Yalong River, south of Ganning County, and north of Jiulong County), establishing a small regime. To this day, there is a legend among the local Tibetan residents, who call the head of this small regime "the King of Western Wu", which is actually the title of "the King of Western Xia". This small regime was not completely eliminated until the reign of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty. [102]
Yuan to Yuan 25 years (1288), the Yuan Dynasty changed the former capital of the Western Xia Zhongxing Fu for Ningxia Road. The name is still used today.

territory

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Territorial scope

After Li Jiqian captured Lingzhou, he extended his power to the Huanghe River Tao area and Hexi Corridor. Hexi Corridor And the founding of the empire, the territory expanded to 20 states.
At the time of the founding of the Western Xia Dynasty in 1038, the territory covered today's Ningxia, northwest Gansu, northeast Qinghai, Inner Mongolia and northern Shaanxi. The Yellow River in the east, Yumen in the west, Xiaoguan in the south (now Ningxia concentric south), the desert in the north, [103] It covers an area of more than 20,000 miles. The northeast of the Western Xia Dynasty and Liao Dynasty Xijing Road is adjacent, east and southeast with Song Dynasty As neighbours. Seesaw battle The two sides occupied each other's fortresses and fortresses, and expanded to the Hehuang Qinghai region. The loss of Hengshan area in the late Xia Chongzong caused a crisis.
After the Jin Dynasty destroyed the Liao Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty, the Western Xia Dynasty gradually recovered the lost territory and occupied the Yellow River Qiantao area. After the Jin destroyed the Liao and Song dynasties, the northeast, east and south of the Western Xia Dynasty were in harmony Jin Dynasty It's adjacent. The southern and western parts of the western Xia Dynasty are Tibetan regime in ancient China Various parts, The Uighurs of Ganzhou with Xizhou Uighur It's adjacent. More than two-thirds of the country is desert terrain, and the water source is mainly groundwater formed by the Yellow River and the snow water on the mountain. The Yinchuan plain, where the capital Xingqing Prefecture is located, is protected by the Helan Mountain in the west and irrigated by the Yellow River in the east, and is known as "the Yellow River in the world rich Ningxia". However, its power was limited by the Jin Dynasty and its territorial expansion was limited. [30]

Administrative division

According to the History of Song Dynasty and Biography of the State of Xia, the administrative divisions of the Western Xia Dynasty were generally state ( fu ), county level. A total of 22 states: Henan 9 states, Hexi 9 states, Xi, Qinhe 4 states. There are also twelve military superintendents, which serve as military districts.
district
state
Henan prefecture
Lingzhou, Hongzhou, Yu State, Silver State, Xia State, stone State, Salt State, South Wei State, Hui State
State west of the River
Xingzhou, Dingzhou, Huaizhou, Yongzhou, Liangzhou, Ganzhou, Suzhou, Guazhou, Sha Zhou
Four states beyond the river
Xining, Le, Guzhou, Jishi
Source of the above information: [37]

political

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Central agency

The state system and ruling mode of the Western Xia Dynasty were deeply influenced by the Confucian political culture. The official system was established after the establishment of Xia Jing Zong in 1038, and it was generally learned from Song Dynasty System, official penniless military two classes. Zhongshu Division, Shumi Division and Sanji Division (Salt and Iron Division, Degree branch And the Ministry of Household) respectively manage the administration, military and finance. The Imperial Palace was in charge of supervision and the Kaifeng administration of the affairs of the capital region. Other institutions include the Department of Yi Wei, the Department of official calculation, the Department of receiving, the Department of farmland, the Department of herd Husbandry, the Department of Feilongyuan, the Department of Grinding and prospecting, the Institute of Literary Thought, Fanxue and Sinology.
1039年，夏景宗仿照宋朝制度设立总理庶务的 Order of a minister In the Song Dynasty, the 24 divisions were changed into 16 divisions, which were divided into six Cao, such as Gong, cang, household, soldier, law and scholar, so that the official system and institutions of the Western Xia Dynasty had a considerable scale. to Xia Yizong At the same time, it also added various departments of Shang Shu, attendants, North and South Xuanhui ambassadors and Chinese Shu, bachelor and other officials. On the one hand, officials and institutions became more and more divided, and on the other hand, the reform of the government system shifted from expanding political and military posts to expanding social, economic and cultural posts. [5] [38]

Official body

Xixia seal unearthed in Xixia mausoleum area
The system of the Western Xia gradually changed from the dualistic politics of the Han Dynasty to the unified system of the Chinese law. The imperial power of the Western Xia Dynasty was troubled by the challenges of nobles, mother party and powerful ministers [38] .
The fan official is an official position exclusively held by the Dangxiang nationality, and some people say that this is the title system. The Fan official was mainly to maintain the dominant position of the party aristocracy in the regime, and the non-Party Xiang nationality could not serve, there were Nining (King), Munningling (King of Heaven), Ding Lu, Ding Nu, Su Zhai, Zulu, Lu Ze, Shu Ming and so on. Xia Jingzong After adding an official, also learn Liao Dynasty with Tibetan regime in ancient China Some systems, such as the North-South system of government. The system of Tibetan officials in the Western Xia Dynasty was chaotic. Xia Yizong When a number of official posts were added, it is still not clear what their official functions are, there is a saying that the Bo official is only Tangut writing It's just a Han official name [39] . Xixia proverb also mentioned that "Yamen officials have been what, to count the number of medicine is the most", indicating that there are a large number of Dangxiang officials. With the emperor of Xixia advocating more and more Han law, changing Tibetan rites and using Han rituals, the Tibetan official system gradually declined. After Xia Chongzong, the fan official did not appear in the relevant literature. [5] [38] [40]
The politics of the Western Xia was the combined politics of Tibet and Han. Dangxiang people It was the main ruling ethnic group, and ruled jointly with the Han, Tubo and Uighur. The royal family pays attention to the relationship with the party aristocracy, and uses intermarriage and power to gather the party aristocracy, while the mother party "favors you". All these make the royal family and the mother party, the party between the nobility often conflict. In the early period of the Western Xia Dynasty, there was a Bo Han official system like the Liao Dynasty, but it was fully adopted in the middle and late period Song Dynasty After the regime, the Bo government gradually declined. [38]

Legal system

On the legal side, because of the unknown obstacles in the old law of the Western Xia Dynasty, Xia Renzong Under the proposition of "Shangwen heavy law", the "Tiansheng Reform New Law Order" was promulgated, also known as "Tiansheng Law Order" and "Kai Sheng Law Order". Mainly by the north king and order of the book Wei Ming ground storm and the book, Privy Council prime minister and Zhongxing House, Dianqian Department, He Men Department and other important officials participated in writing. The code refers to the code of Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty, and combines the national conditions, people's and military conditions to make it more practical. In some aspects (such as animal husbandry, military system, folk customs, etc.) more with the characteristics of the nation [41] .

Military affairs

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Military system

Western Xia warriors
Tangut Military system It's in the party Tribal military system On the basis of absorbing the Song system and developed. The Privy Council was the highest military governing body in the Western Xia Dynasty, consisting of various departments. The army consists of the Central Guards, Capturing Army And the local army consists of three parts.
The Central Guard consists of" Proton Force ", the Imperial Guard and the garrison of the Capital. [42] The "Proton Army" has a number of about 5,000 people, and is a garrison force composed of those who are good at riding and shooting selected from the children of the rich family, responsible for protecting the safety of the emperor. Six classes straight inside the imperial wai ", divided into three guards. There were also 3,000 members of the emperor's trusted guard, composed of brave men selected from various armies in the territory, all of whom were heavily armored cavalry They were divided into ten teams, each of three hundred men, to go out and fight with the emperor. The capital area also housed a well-trained garrison of 25,000 men, well-equipped and the main force of the Central Guard. The number of captured soldiers is about 100,000, which is the elite troops of the Western Xia Dynasty. The main task is to undertake offensive and mobile operations. For capturing the enemy alive in battle Slave Hence the name.
The local armies of the Western Xia were divided Inspectorate of military affairs Under the jurisdiction of a total of 500,000 people, the army is mainly cavalry and infantry two kinds of. The military service system of the Western Xia was a military system for the whole people, which did not leave production in peacetime and participated in combat in wartime. The smallest unit is "copy", each copy is composed of three people, the main one, the auxiliary master one, and the burden one [41] .

Branch of the services

The Western Xia was surrounded by the great powers Hexi Corridor with The bend of a river Externally, the region adopts a diplomatic strategy of relying on the strong, attacking the weak, and pursuing peace through war [24] . The military means are very flexible, with the desert terrain, adopt the advantageous advance, disadvantageous retreat, lure the enemy to set up, cut off the enemy's food route tactics; And have Iron sparrow , Buba with hurry-cheer And other special military assistance [43] .

defend

The focus of the troops of the Western Xia Dynasty was set on a triangular line centered on Xingqing Prefecture, guarded by 70,000 men Xingqing Fifty thousand people guarded the Xiping Prefecture in the southeast, and fifty thousand people were stationed in the Helan Mountains in the northwest. Troops were also deployed on the left and right wings and four lines north of Henan Province. Among them, 50,000 people on the left side of Yuzhou Road and 50,000 people on the Yanzhou Road in Henan Province defended Song, 70,000 people on the North Road in Hebei Province defended Liao, and 30,000 people on the right side of Ganzhou Road defended Tubo and Uighur. Whenever you want to move west, you gather from the east point to the west, you gather from the east point to the east, and on the middle road, you gather east and west to the center. [104]

Major war

Subject article: Song and Summer Wars ( Battle of Mikawaguchi , The Battle of Good Mizukawa , The Battle of Dingchuan Village , Battle of Dashun City , The Battle of Yongle City ), Liao Xia War , The Mongol War against the Western Xia Dynasty

economy

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agriculture

Sand lake in the Western Xia Dynasty [44]
Dangxiang is a nomadic people, whose agriculture developed later than animal husbandry, and both agriculture and animal husbandry were the social and economic characteristics of the Western Xia Dynasty. [35] [45] During the period of Li Jiqian, he successively owned Hetao and Hexi Corridor areas such as Lingju (Wuzhong City, Ningxia), Xingqing (Yinchuan, Ningxia), Lliangzhou (Wuwei, Gansu Province) and Kwa Chau (Anxi, Gansu) and other places, because of the abundance of grain in these areas, "the land Rao the grain, you Yi rice and wheat." Which Xingling area and Hengshan The area was the main producing area of grain in the Western Xia Dynasty. [46] The production can also be used to provide relief to victims, [47] Grain in the Hengshan area was often provided for the use of the Song and summer armies. The main agricultural products of the Western Xia were barley, rice, cubeb bean and cubeb bean Highland barley Wait for things, [48] When there is war or natural disaster, we can only eat barley, cubeb beans, green hemp seeds and other things, and wait for the food shipped from the spiritual summer. Among the more famous medicinal materials are rhubarb Wolfberry and licorice are one of the key commodities that businessmen try to purchase. [35] [45] There are others Musk belly , ibex horn, bupleurum , cistanche , Safflower flower and beeswax Let's wait. The Dangxiang people learned more advanced farming techniques from the Han people and generally used iron farming tools and cattle farming. [49] The territory of the Western Xia is mostly desert, water is not easy to get, so it attaches great importance to water conservancy facilities. The ancient canals of the Western Xia Dynasty are mainly distributed in Xingzhou and Lingzhou, among which Hanyuan Canal and 唐徕渠 in Xingzhou are the most famous. [45] Xia Jingzong The Times are changing from now on Qingtongxia to Binh Ra The irrigation canal, known as" Hao Wang Canal "Or" Li Wang Qu ". In the area of Ganzhou and Liangzhou, the snow water of Qilian Mountains is used to dredge canals and divert water to irrigate fields. Among these water sources, the black water in Ganzhou is the most famous. In the Hengshan area, Wudinghe River and Hakuchon River are used as water sources [45] . Xia Renzong codex Tiansheng reformed the old and new law He encouraged the people to reclaim wasteland and provided for water irrigation. [39] [45] [50]

Animal husbandry

The artistic scene reflecting the migration of Dangxiang nationality
Animal husbandry was very developed in the Western Xia Dynasty, and Xia Ting also set up the department of animal husbandry for exclusive management. [51] Pastoral areas are distributed in the north of Hengshan and Hexi Corridor Regions, important pastoral areas have Xia Zhou (Beibaicheng Zi, Jingbian, Shaanxi Province), Suizhou (now Suide), Silver State (present Mizhi Northwest), Yanzhou Yanchi North, Ningxia) and Youzhou (Dingbian east of Shaanxi) the states, and Ordos Plateau, Alxa and Ejin Grassland and Hexi Corridor grassland, are thriving pastoral areas. [51] Livestock mainly cattle, sheep, horses and camels for the bulk, others are donkeys, mules, pigs and so on. [51] Horses can be used for military and production purposes, and are key commodities and tributes to the outside world, with the most famous "Dangxiang horse". Camels are mainly produced in Alxa and Ejin areas, and are an important means of transport in plateau and desert areas. [51] In the Western Xia dictionary" Wenhai The study of livestock is very detailed, with detailed explanations on feeding, disease, production and breed differentiation, showing that the people of the Western Xia had rich experience in animal husbandry. In addition to animal husbandry, hunting industry is also very prosperous, mainly rabbit, sand fox skin, dogs, horses and so on. [51] Its scale is not small, for example on Liao Dynasty In the tribute, there are 1,000 pieces of shufflefox skin. [52] The hunting industry was still prosperous in the middle and late period of the Xixia and was valued by the Xixia ministers. [53] The Western Xia army often used hunting as military training or exercise. [39]

Handicraft industry

There were two kinds of handicraft industry in the western Xia dynasty, mainly official and private. Its production purpose was mainly for the use of the Western Xia nobles, followed by the production of export. The handicraft door is relatively complete, Xia Renzong The revised code "Tiansheng reformed the old and new law of the Division Preface writing Gate" is classified in detail. [54] The handicraft industry is mainly based on textile, smelting, gold and silver, wood making, salt mining, brewing, ceramics, construction, brick and tile, and weapons manufacturing is also relatively developed. [39] [55]
In order to absorb the Han culture and maintain their own culture, the Xixia people carved and printed books with the Xia and Han languages. In order to develop the printing industry, Xia Tin also set up a lettering department to specialize in publishing, and private and school books may also be printed. There are many kinds of engraved books, including Buddhist sutras, Sinology classics, literary poetry books, phonics, divination incantations, medical techniques and so on, among which Buddhist sutras are the most numerous. Like in 1189 Xia Renzong At the Dafa meeting in the Dado Min Temple, 100,000 volumes of the Han Dynasty's "Guan Maitreya Rising up to the Rate of Heaven Sutra" were distributed, and 50,000 volumes of the Han Dynasty's "Diamond Universal Virtuous Action Chanting Sutra" and "Guan Yin Sutra" were distributed. [57]
Western Xia gilt bronze ox [56]
The Western Xia Dynasty originally had no porcelain, and mainly obtained it by looting. Celebrate the calendar and discuss peace Later, the Western Xia Dynasty learned porcelain making technology from the Han. Xia Yizong The porcelain industry began to develop in the period, mainly in Xingqing as the production center. From the archaeological unearthed ceramics, the Western Xia porcelain fired mostly white porcelain bowls, white porcelain plates and so on. Its porcelain technology is not as good as Song porcelain, but simple and dignified, forming a unique style of Western Xia porcelain. [39]
  • Iron and metal manufacturing
King Jing had placed iron smelting in the east of Xiazhou, and was in charge of the mining and smelting of iron ore. In the existing Western Xia murals in Anxi Yulin Grottoes, there are wrought iron drawings, in which two people hold hammer wrought iron and one blows wind behind a vertical bellows. In 1976, the gilt bronze ox unearthed in Xia Wang Mausoleum District was huge in shape, weighing 188kg and realistic in shape, showing the superb level of smelting and casting technology at that time. [58]
  • Ceramics industry
The Western Xia porcelain found in Lingwu County, the wall is very thin, the porcelain body is gray and white, the fetal quality is not delicate, some of the molding is irregular, the glaze is white, but unstable, the lower part of the surface and the part of the ring foot are not hanging glaze, the bottom of the ware has sand marks, its quality obviously can not be compared with the Song porcelain. The brown glaze picked vase found in Yijin Huoluo Banner, Inner Mongolia, is engraved with peony pattern painting, its shape and fancy dignified and generous, is the fine porcelain of the Western Xia Dynasty. [58]
Western Xia porcelain
  • Block printing industry
The Western Xia Dynasty imported a large number of Chinese classics from Song and Jin dynasties. Most of the books printed in the Western Xia Dynasty were Buddhist sutras. The existing printed books include Yin Tong, engraved in the sixth year of Zhengde in Chongzong (1132), Fan Han Heshi Palm Pearl, published in the 21st year of Qianyou in Renzong (1190), and Mi Mantra Round Yin Sheng Collection, engraved in the seventh year of Tianqing in Huanzong (1200). In the twenty years of Qianyou, Emperor Renzong held a Dafa meeting at Dadamu Min Temple, and at one time distributed 100,000 volumes of the engraved summer and Chinese versions of the "Guan Maitreya Rising Up to the Rate of Heaven Sutra" and 50,000 volumes of the Chinese versions of the "Diamond Puxian Action Vow Sutra" and the "Guanyin Sutra". In addition to Buddhist sutras, there are also poems, texts, novels, proverbs, characters, rhymes, laws, medical techniques, calendars, divination, incantations and other books, as well as a large number of Chinese books translated in Western Xia, including Confucian classics, Zhuzi, history, war books, medical books and engravings. The government set up a "lettering Department" as the official publishing agency. [39] [41] [58]

commerce

  • trade
The green salt of the Western Xia Dynasty was the favorite commodity of the people in the border of the Song and Summer dynasties, and it was also one of the important financial resources of the Western Xia Dynasty. The main producing area is Yanzhou Wu Chi, Bai Chi, Wa Chi and Xixiang Chi (North of Yanchi, Ningxia) Hexi Corridor and Xi 'an Prefecture Yanzhou and Yanshan in Haiyuan West of Ningxia, Lingju (Wuzhong City, Ningxia) hot spring pool and other old Wells. The green salt produced is sweet and cheap, which is more welcome than the Hedong salt of the Song Dynasty, and the alkali Kuma River in Xi 'an Prefecture also produces white salt and red salt, but the quality is not as good as green salt. In addition to the Western Xia people to eat, the western Xia green white salt was mainly used for official trade with the Song Dynasty, Liao Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, which was shipped to the Song Guanzhong area, and in exchange for a large number of grain. For this reason, the Song Court banned the import of green salt from the Western Xia Dynasty, and the Song Dynasty could only make huge profits through smuggling imports. [59] The felt carpet of the Western Xia Dynasty is a precious commodity for export, among which White Camel White felt of wool The Travels of Marco Polo Recorded "for the world's best felt" reputation. [60] The Western Xia is rich in minerals, so its weapons manufacturing industry, such as God arm bow, cyclone cannon and cold forged armor that can not be shot into the crossbow are praised by the world, especially worth mentioning is the "Xia sword", sharp and valuable for a time. [39] [60]
The early Western Xia Dynasty, mainly with the Song Dynasty; The later period was Jin Dynasty. The trade between the Xia Dynasty and the Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty mainly adopted the following ways. [59] [61] The Song Dynasty used the opening and closing of the opening and closing of the opening and closing of the opening and closing of the trade to contain the Xia side, in order to achieve the political effect of appeasing the border. [59] [61] The city has set up small-scale consultation centers along the border, mainly to meet the daily needs of border residents on both sides. In the Song Dynasty, Hedong Road, Shaanxi Road Jiuliangjin, Wu Bao, Silver star, Jintang, white leopard, shrimp sesame, folding ginger and other places have opened and city. For example, in 1002, Li Jiqian's headquarters set up "hui" trade in Chishachuan and Clumhuokou. A "hui" is a kind of regular fair. [61]
  • Trade was conducted through tribute envoys
Xixia envoys sent tribute to Kaifeng every year according to the regulations, and the Song government allowed the envoys to trade at their own pleasure in Beijing in addition to returning the gifts. This trade is often very large and very profitable. Xia and Liao also traded through tribute envoys. Shangjing Linhuang Yi and Zhongjing Lai Hotel have places to receive summer ambassadors. The Xia envoy entered the country and allowed private trade along the way. In the trade between Xia and Jin in the later period, Xia Zheng traded with rich merchants when he entered Jin, and stayed in Du Ting for trade after arriving in Zhongdu. [39] [41]
The prosperity of the Western Xia market
The goods obtained from Song Dynasty and Jin dynasty were mainly Zeng, silk, Luo, Qi, incense, porcelain, lacquer, ginger, cinnamon and so on [61] . [59] Tea was the most interesting commodity of the Western Xia Dynasty. In addition to the consumption of Xia people, it is also used to trade with the northwest neighbors and make huge profits. The Western Xia also tried to trade iron products in many ways, but the Liao and Jin capitals prohibited the outflow of iron. The exports of Xixia include sheep, horse, ox, camel, salt, jade, felt blanket, licorice, honey, wax, musk, brown hair, ammoniorsal horn, bupleurum, cistanche, rhubarb, safflower, feathers, etc. Among them, livestock, fur products and wool textiles are the bulk. The green salt produced in Yanzhou area is pure in quality and slightly green in color. As early as before the founding of the Western Xia Dynasty, the local people obtained salt grains from the salt lake and shipped them to Guanzhong to supply the needs of the mainland people, and then bought back food and other necessary items for production. Later, the Western Xia monopolized salt production, which became an important financial revenue, and forced the Song government to buy it in exchange for supplies. In order to protect the monopoly of salt (produced by Jie Zhou), the Song Dynasty always rejected it and prohibited smuggling into the country. [59] However, because of the low price and high quality of green salt, the wind of smuggling can not be banned, and the number of smugglers is quite huge. Among the medicinal materials, the rhubarb produced in the Western Xia Dynasty was the most famous, and merchants sold it far and wide. The Western Xia Dynasty was located on the main road between China and Central Asia. It extracted goods from Uighur or Central Asian traders or bought and resold them, making a large profit. In order to facilitate transportation, the western Xia built post roads through the whole territory. Twenty-five stages east and west, ten stages north and south, twelve stages from the northeast of Xingqing Prefecture to the Khitan. [61] The building of post roads facilitated the development of commerce. [58-59]
  • currency
Due to the prosperity of commerce in the Western Xia Dynasty, it is also very important as a currency in circulation: One is the local minted Western Xia currency; The other type of currency was imported from the Song and Jin dynasties. As early as Xia Jingzong The period is cast according to the currency, in addition to the emperors 夏献宗 , Xia Late Emperor The casting of coins in the Western Xia Dynasty was mostly exquisite, and the calligraphy was elegant and smooth. Five kinds of coins have been found with Western Xia characters, namely "Fu Sheng Bao Qian", "Da 'an Bao Qian", "Zhenguan Bao Qian", "Qian You Bao Qian" and "Tianqing Bao Qian". [39] [41] [61]

ground

The land ownership system in the Western Xia Dynasty generally had the following forms.
  • State or royal ownership
The emperor represented the state in addition to the direct control of the large-scale "Yuzhuang" and other vast free land, with the nature of the state. Canals and water conservancy are also mainly in the hands of the state. [39] [50] [62]
  • Owned by aristocrats and bureaucrats
The leaders of the party and nobles owned a large amount of land, which was partly derived from the land owned by the original tribe, and partly given by the emperor. The nobles and bureaucrats also took advantage of the situation. Some Han intellectuals, Tubo leaders, and Uighur elites were granted official positions by the Western Xia and thus received a certain share of the land. In later years, the number of bureaucrats occupied more and more land. [39] [50]
  • monasteries
Western Xia worship Buddha, the territory of the temples. The upper monks played a special role in politics, economy and culture, and became powerful assistants to the rulers. The temple received generous alms from Xia Ting, owned a large amount of land, opened pledge houses, and issued usury loans. [39] [50]
  • Small land holdings for farmers and herdsmen
The "Fan" and "Xiang" who lived in the border area adjacent to the Xia and Song Dynasties often bought and sold their land and mortgaged it. There were individual small clothes herdsmen and even small and medium-sized common landlords or shepherds in the Western Xia Dynasty. The New Law for the Reform of Tiansheng Year, revised by Emperor Renzong of the Western Xia Dynasty, stipulated that the uncultivated land belonged to the reclaimants, who themselves and their clansmen could possess it forever and have the right to sell it. This proves that small land ownership by farmers and herdsmen is legally recognized. [39] [50]

taxes

Taxes in the Western Xia Dynasty can be divided into three kinds: land taxes, livestock taxes and industrial and commercial taxes. [63] In the early years of the founding of the Western Xia Dynasty, due to the frequent wars against the Song Dynasty, the military supplies mainly depended on the looting of the Song and Xia border areas. The Western Xia royal family and the Dangxiang nobles also used their power to occupy the land, making landless peasants farm and charging high rents. Some even directly plundered land in the border areas of the Song Dynasty and turned it into private fields. [64]
The period of Chongzong and Renzong in the middle of Xixia Dynasty was the heyday of feudal economic development. During Emperor Renzong's Tiansheng Period (1149-1169), the "Order of Tiansheng to Reform the Old and the New Law" had complete and detailed provisions on the system of labor service in the Western Xia. In the fifteenth to seventeenth chapters of the Decree on agricultural taxes, the standards, quantities, time limits, warehousing, and penalties for overdue non-payment and rent-evading of different crops in different regions of the Western Xia Dynasty were specified in detail. [64]

population

There is no record of the population history of the Western Xia Dynasty, and people's research on the population of the Western Xia Dynasty is basically based on the number of military defense troops recorded in historical books at the beginning of the founding of the Western Xia Dynasty. Most researchers take the total number of troops stationed on the roads of the Western Xia Dynasty and add to it "another 100,000 captured students, another 25,000 skillful soldiers, and 70,000 soldiers for support," to a total of 695,000, or about 700,000. This is based on the number of the standing army of the Western Xia to deduce the number of the population of the Western Xia. In the Western Xia Dynasty, all the people were soldiers, and during the war, "everyone under 60 years old and above 15 years old had their own bows and armor." According to the "fit able-bodied men" that is, the people who are suitable for soldiers generally account for one-third to one-fourth of the total population, if the soldiers are more than 500,000 to more than 700,000, the population should be about 2 million to 3 million. [65]

culture

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EDITOR

Text

On the eve of the founding of the Western Xia Dynasty, Xia Jingzong In order to suggest a language belonging to the country, PI Renei Noni Created after the structure of Chinese characters Tangut writing Issued in 1036 AD, also known as "Guoshu" or "Fan book", and the surrounding dynasty exchanges, documents, all use the Western Xia language. Most of the characters are similar to Chinese characters The six Categories of Chinese characters Structure, but the strokes are more numerous than Chinese characters. [74] Western xia litterateur Bone lemao talent It is believed that the relationship between Xixia literature and Chinese is "different in the end and the same in the examination". After the creation of the Tangut, it was widely used in history, law, literature, medical works, inscriptions, coins, symbols and so on. Xia Ting also established the Tibetan Study, presided over by Ye Li Renrong, and selected the children of aristocrats and bureaucrats to translate Chinese classics and Buddhist classics. In order to translate the Hanxia script, there is Gulemaocai written in 1190 AD" The pearl in the palm is in good time The preface has two types of Western Xia and Chinese, and the content is the same. He said, "If you do not learn the words, you will not be with the people; If you can't speak Chinese, you can't count as a Han." It shows that the purpose of this book is to facilitate the Western Xia people and the Han people to learn each other's language, which is an important key to the study of the history of the Western Xia. [30] [71] [75]

Confucianism

Classroom restoration map of the Western Xia Dynasty
The development of Confucianism in the Western Xia Dynasty was a bureaucratic system and political culture under the influence of Confucianism, and the system was deeply influenced by Confucianism Li Jiqian From the beginning to the end of the Western Xia Dynasty, all dynasties learned and imitated the Han system. For example, Li Jiqian "secretly set up officials, all different from the body of the Qiang people, extending Confucian scholars, and gradually walking the wind of China." , Li Deming "Great chariot square, halogen thin instrument, just like the Chinese system." . The Dangxiang dynasty of the Western Xia Dynasty worshipped Confucius and admired Han culture. [66]
In addition to worshiping Confucianism and upholding literature, he also wrote a number of books integrating and propagating Confucianism, such as" The Holy Sea of Righteousness "Sancai Miscellaneous characters", "Virtue Record", "New collection of Filial piety", "New collection of truth", "Virtue to Wen" and so on. His Confucianism passed through Xia Jingzong, Xia Yizong , Xia Huizong with Xia Chongzong Advocate, to the time of Xia Renzong appeared flourishing. [105]
The Western Xia was also established Phlogistic studies and The Imperial College (in feudal China) . Historian Dai Xichang once said in the Book of the Western Xia: "Fu Xixia declared that cultural relics could not be compared with the Song Dynasty, but it was important to observe its writing of the state, determining the official system, establishing new rules, reviving Sinology, establishing the cultivation of virtuous affairs, and setting up doctors and disciples." Respect Confucius as Emperor Wenxuan, Binbin quality has its text, solid and Liao Jin than lie!" [39] [67-68] Knowledgeable and talented Renei Noni He presided over Tibetan studies to attach importance to Tibetan studies, and set professors in various Tibetan studies to teach. There were roughly five schools in the Western Xia Dynasty: Tibetan studies, Chinese studies, primary schools, imperial studies and Imperial Studies. The purpose of establishing schools in the Western Xia Dynasty was to train talents and honor Confucius as Emperor Wenxuan. The imperial examination system was also developed in the middle and late period of the Western Xia Dynasty. Xia Chongzong Later began to set up children's section to implement imperial examinations, 1147 Xia Renzong Counsel, set up the law of singing names, and set up the children's section. [106] In the later period of the Western Xia Dynasty, officials were selected by imperial examinations, and it was an inevitable way to enter the official career, regardless of the Han Dynasty or the Han Dynasty. [107]

etiquette

The establishment of the Western Xia Dynasty needed to consolidate and develop the slave system, and carry out large-scale plunder and repression. Of course, conservative Confucianism was completely unsuitable for the needs of the newly emerging Western Xia Dynasty. Won Ho Hwa Renei Noni To eliminate the influence of Confucianism and conform to the development needs of the nation, a series of reforms were carried out in the cultural field.
The Book of the Golden Light and the Most Victorious King engraved in the Western Xia Script
Ding Yi clothing: Yuan Hao Jianguo proclaimed himself emperor, no longer using the clothes of the Song Dynasty, but wearing a white narrow shirt, a red felt hat, and a red knot hanging from the top of his head. This is the suit adopted by the Tubo Zapu and the Uighur Khan. The uniform of civil and military officials is also regulated. Civil officials wore heads, boots, and purple and crimson clothes, which were basically the style of the Song Dynasty. The military attache wears a crown of gold, silver, and black lacquer according to his rank, a purple robe, and a silver girdle painted with gold. Commoners wear green to distinguish between high and low rank. [108]
System of rites and music: Yuan Hao also used the Song system and changed the dynasty instrument. Every six days, officials appeared before the emperor, called "Chang Shen". The ninth day of the meeting, called "life" (greetings to the emperor's life). All good and bad luck, guests, Zong Si, Yan enjoy, etc., change the Song nine worship to three worship. In the time of Deming, all rites and music followed the Song system. Yuan Hao said to Ye Li Renrong: "The custom of the family, to be faithful first, to fight for the thing. I don't like the overtones of Tang and Song dynasties." Yuan Hao ordered the abolition of the Song Dynasty's five tones and the replacement of one tone. [108]
Building Fan study: After Yuan Hao created the Western Xia script, he ordered Ye Li Renrong to preside over the establishment of "Fan study" (Dangxiang study). Translated the Classic of Filial Piety, Erya, Siyan Miscella and other books in the Western Xia language, and selected the children of Party cadres and Han bureaucrats to study in school. After learning, ask questions. Those who study well and write correctly will be given official posts. [108]

literature

Western Xia characters on rock paintings
The Western Xia Dynasty advocated Han culture, but few literary works created in Chinese were handed down, mostly poems and proverbs. Poetry includes court poetry, religious exhortation poetry, enlightenment poetry, chronicle poetry and epic poetry. Western Xia poetry has a rhythm, generally symmetrical structure, usually five or seven characters, but also multiple characters, each verse has a different number of syllables. One of the more famous is to praise the creators of the Tangut Renei Noni The Great Odes. The poetic work "Hymn of Xia Shenggen", the content is mostly folklore, the words and sentences with strong folk color. [69] Among them, the first three sentences: "Black head stone city desert water, red face father tomb on the white river, high Mi medicine country in the other side" were used by scholars in the Western Xia Dynasty to study the historical origin of Dangxiang. In addition, there is a praise for the reconstruction of the imperial school "New Xiu Imperial School Song", which has the style of court poetry. Xia Chongzong Attach importance to literature, I have made "Ganoderma Ganoderma song" and minister Wang Renzhong honoraria, spread as a good story. [70-71]
The proverbs of the Western Xia Dynasty reflect various aspects of the society and involve people's production, customs, religion and so on. The famous collection of proverbs of the Western Xia, "New collection of Mixed Ci", was written by the people of the Western Xia Liang Deyang It was supplemented in early 1176 and 1187 by Wang Renche, comprising 364 articles. [72] Its contents include the record of "Don't speak if you are not familiar with proverbs", "thousands of people" and "tens of thousands of people" are inseparable from proverbs, highlighting the importance of proverbs to the people of the Western Xia Dynasty. [70-71]

history

The emperor of the Western Xia attached great importance to the compilation of the national history of the Western Xia. Ordochong in Li Deming During the period, he was in charge of writing and repairing the national history of the Western Xia Dynasty, and his descendants did the same. Xia Renzong When setting up the academy of Hanlin, life Wang Yang , Jiao Jingyan Compiling national history with reference to the method of compiling records of the Song Dynasty, responsible for revising "Li Shi Records". 1225 South court proclamation Luo Shichang After his dismissal, he wrote "Xia Guo Shi Shi", but it was lost. [30] [73]

religion

Dangxiang national customs - the country of Buddha worship
The people of the Western Xia generally took Buddhism as their main belief, and before the founding of the people, they mainly worshipped nature. The Dangxiang people worshipped "heaven" in Songpan area of Sichuan Province during the Tang Dynasty. [76] When the Dangxiang people moved to northern Shaanxi, they developed from nature worship to belief in ghosts and gods. [77] After the founding of the People's Republic, it still advocated the belief in multiple gods, such as mountain God, water God, dragon God, tree God, and land god. [78] Such as Xia Jingzong Had "since the attainment of the west Liang house temple God". Xia Renzong Have been Ganzhou Blackwater The Blackwater Bridge monument was erected on the side, offering sacrifices to the gods, praying to protect the bridge and quell the flood. In addition to worshipping ghosts, Dangxiang people He also believes in witchcraft and is highly regarded. The Dangxiang people call witches "servants", and witches are called "servants", which are the Bridges between people and ghosts and spirits, mainly responsible for exorcising ghosts and divination. Before the war, the practice of divination to ask for good luck and evil, and often in the war, the witchcraft of "killing ghosts and summoning spirits". [79]
Buddhism spread east in the 1st century Liangzhou Imperial History Department After that, Buddhism gradually flourished in the area, and began to create its own unique Buddhist art and culture after the founding of the Western Xia Dynasty. Inner Mongolia Etoke Banner Baiyan Kiln Grottoes Temple is a treasure house of Buddhist mural art in the Western Xia Dynasty. The Western Xia was the period when a large number of stupas and Buddhist temples were built to Pagoda of Chengtian Temple The most famous. in Ejin Banner Blackwater City The Buddhist sutras in the Western Xia script, the Buddhist stupa in Shakya, and the colored sculptures of the Guan Yin statues found in the desert are important discoveries. In addition, the Western Xia Dynasty also vigorously developed the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes. In 1036, the Western Xia Dynasty conquered the city Returning Army After, occupy Kwa Chau , Sand state Owns the Mogao Grottoes. from Xia Jingzong to Xia Renzong The emperor of the Western Xia repeatedly ordered the modification of the Mogao Grottoes to add more glory. At that time, the Mogao Grottoes were painted green and accepted the culture and culture of the Central Plains gynophobia , Turpan Style. [80] In addition, the expression of Western Xia culture also Tangut writing , also known as Fan book. The establishment of Tibetan studies and Sinology in the Western Xia Dynasty enhanced the national consciousness of the people, "Tibetan characters", and increased their culture. [42]
In addition to Buddhism, the Western Xia Dynasty also tolerated other religions. Ward off a valley Death by art. [81] " Wenhai The word "Xian" is "the one who seeks the way in the mountain" and "the one who seeks the longevity in the mountain". In the late Western Xia, it was still popular in the Shazhou and Ganzhou areas nestorianism and Islam . For example... The Travels of Marco Polo It is recorded that Dunhuang (Tanggute Province) and Ganzhou have some Nestorianism and Islam. [82-83]

ART

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painting

Hand-drawn drawing - Dangxiang girl
In art in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes , ANSI Yulin Grottoes There are abundant Buddhist murals, with the characteristics of "green murals". In addition, it is unique in sculpture, music and dance. [84] The art culture of the Western Xia Dynasty was diverse and rich, with achievements in painting, calligraphy, sculpture, dance and music.
In terms of painting, Buddhist painting has been handed down to the present day, mainly presented in grottoes and temple murals Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes , ANSI Yulin Grottoes Etc is the most abundant. Early learning of the Northern Song Dynasty style, later by the Uighur Buddhism and Tibetan Tibetan Buddhism of the influence of the mural art, and finally formed a unique artistic style. The lines are mainly painted with iron wire and blue leaves, supplemented with folded reed and water shield strips. The use of a large number of stone green as a base, so that the picture is a unique style of cold color "green mural". The contents of the paintings are Buddhist stories and sayings, offering Bodhisattvas and figures, and cave decoration patterns, etc., with "Manjusri Transformation Map", "Universal Sage Transformation Map", "Manjusri Transformation Map". Water moon Avalokitesvara diagram "And" Thousand-hand thousand-eye Guanyin Sutra Change Map "are the most famous. In addition, the contents of social production and life of the Western Xia Dynasty can also be observed in the "Farming map", "Treader Map", "Wine making Map" and "Wrought iron Map" in the "Thousand Hands and Thousand Eyes Avalokiteshine Image". Woodcut prints, mostly from Tangut writing And Chinese Buddhist sutras. in Blackwater City A large number of Buddha paintings unearthed, there are "Manjusri map", "Universal Sage Map", "Sheng III Ming King Mandala map" and so on. The content is heavy in color and deep in tone. The engravings "Selling Meat" and "Devil's Life" depict vividly, reflecting the depth of Western Xia painting. [70]

penmanship

Calligraphy is mostly found in regular script and inscriptions, and seal characters are found in inscription and official seal.

engrave

Sculpture is very developed, there are cast copper, stone carving, brick carving, wood carving, bamboo carving, clay sculpture and ceramics. Its characteristic proportion is balanced, the knife is delicate, very realistic. The clay sculpture is represented by the statue of the Buddhist temple, which uses realistic and artistic exaggeration techniques to depict the image of real life. Such as Xia Chongzong period-built Ganzhou Buddha Temple Sakyamuni Nirvana statue, Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes Cave 491 Western Xia goddess of heaven and so on. Other ceramic works are also finely carved and vivid. [40] [70]

Music and dance

In the Western Xia Dynasty Tangut The instruments of this period were mainly pipa, transverse blowing and drums, among which transverse blowing was bamboo flute. Later accepted the culture of Central Plains music, Li Deming The Song system was used to make music and gradually diversified. Xia Jingzong After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Tang and Song overtones were abolished, and "the five tones of revolutionary music were one tone". [85] In 1148, Xia Renzong The music official Li Yuanru changed the rhythm and gave it the name" Tripartite law ". Western Xia music is very rich, [86] And there is a Bo Han music academy, Xia Huizong At that time, he attracted prostitutes and musicians from the Han Dynasty to join the Music Academy, and operas such as" Liu Zhiyuan Zhugong tunes "Etc have also been introduced into the Western Xia Dynasty. [71] The dances of the Western Xia Dynasty have vivid images in the inscriptions and cave murals, which are rich in the styles of Tang and Song dances and Mongolian dances. Such as "Liangzhou Huguo Temple induction tower monument" on both sides of the forehead of the line carved dance chi, symmetrical dancing, naked, bare feet, wearing a handkerchief Maya, in bold and charming. The third cave of Yulin Grottoes in the Western Xia murals Music and dance diagram ", left and right relative suction leg dance, strong posture. [70-71]

Science and technology

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Medical science

In terms of medicine, in the Dangxiang period, medical knowledge was very scarce, and people were superstitious about ghosts and gods, and most of them sought medical treatment from gods. [88] After the establishment of the state in the Western Xia Dynasty, he actively absorbed the medicine and pharmacy of the Song Dynasty, and published medical works such as "On the Treatment of Evil Sores". " Qianqian prescription "" Shennong Herbs "And other Han medical books were introduced into the Western Xia Dynasty. The Western Xia rulers also repeatedly requested medicine from the Jin Dynasty. [67] There is also a "Medical Hospital", which is a "secondary department" in government institutions. Most of the Xixia people's cognition of pathology is divided into blood obstruction, [89] Infect, [90] Views such as the "Four feuds" (earth, water, fire, and wind), [91] Four of these disagreements are attributed to Tibetan Buddhism. Because the medicine of the Western Xia itself was not as good as that of the Central Plains regime, some difficult diseases could not be cured, and they had to resort to help Song Dynasty Or the Jin Dynasty. Such as Xia Renzong When, powerful minister Ren Dejing A disease that lasts a long time. [92] 夏桓宗 When his mother fell ill, he also sent an envoy to the Jin Dynasty to seek medical treatment. [93] All these indicate that the medicine of the Western Xia Dynasty was inferior to that of the Central Plains Dynasty. [67]
In 1971, in Wuwei, Gansu Province, the remnants of Xixia script prescriptions were found to treat typhoid fever, and the drugs included achyranthosa, pepper, etc., which clearly reflected the influence of Han medicine. [67]

calendar

Among the Dangxiang people, they follow the habit of the ancient northern nationalities to record the years with the zodiac; The Tibetan calendar has a clear influence on them. The Song Dynasty issued a new calendar to the Western Xia every year, which was used in the Western Xia. Before the founding of the Western Xia Dynasty, when people fell ill, they invited wizards to exorcise ghosts, or moved patients to another room in order to avoid disasters, called "flash disease". [67]

astronomy

In terms of astronomy and meteorology, the Western Xia Dynasty mainly studied the astronomy and calendar of the Song Dynasty. The Western Xia people set up the department of heaven supervision to observe astronomy, and there were "imperial history", "Department of heaven" and "occupiers" to analyze astronomy. in Bone lemao talent 's The pearl in the palm is in good time Tianxiangzhong has detailed records of astronomical stars. For example, the sky is divided into green dragon (east), white tiger (west), Suzaku (south), Basalt (north) and other directions, with 7 in each direction constellation .

atmosphere

There is also a detailed analysis of the weather in the Western Xia Dynasty, such as the wind is mild wind, breeze, gold wind, north wind, black wind, cyclone; Rain has paste rain, grain rain, seasonal rain, silk rain; Clouds are clouds of smoke, clouds of cranes, clouds of fists, clouds of Luo, clouds of the same, and so on. In terms of calendar, it was not until 1004 that the Yi Tian Calendar, the first almanac of the Western Xia Dynasty, was obtained from the Northern Song Dynasty. After the establishment of the country, the "Daheng Calendar House" was set up to take charge of the preparation and issuance of the calendar. There are two kinds of almanacs in the Western Xia Dynasty, namely the combination of Han and Han almanacs and the Song Dynasty almanacs. [71]

Weapon making

An inscriptions iron sword unearthed from the ancient city of Xixia in Ningxia
Tangut weapon production is very precise, among which Xia State Sword The most famous, in the Song Dynasty was known as "the first in the world". Northern Song writers Su Shi Have invited Chao Buzhi For its songs, there are "try a wisp of people stand 褫 soul, play guest three moves Sen." And the Western Xia armor is known as the firm smooth light, not the crossbow can enter, specially for Iron sparrow Use. Other famous siege weapons were chariots called "counterparties," which could enter across ditches; The "cyclone gun" mounted on the camel's saddle can fire large stone bombs; And the most powerful "God arm bow", can shoot 240 to 300 steps, "can re-tie the hole". [94]

nation

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EDITOR
The ethnic situation around the Western Xia Dynasty
The culture of Xixia was deeply influenced by the Han Helong culture Tibetan regime in ancient China , Uighur Cultural influence. And actively absorb the Han culture and regulations system. [95] Develop Confucianism, promote Buddhism, and form a Buddhist kingdom with Confucian rules and regulations. [80] [96] However, it was also an empire that advocated Confucianism and Chinese law, and was actively sinicized before the establishment of the country. In order to maintain his own culture, Xia Jingzong advocated the Dangxiang, Tubo and Uighur cultures and founded Tangut writing Measures such as setting up officials and establishing customs; since Xia Yizong to Xia Renzong After that, the Western Xia Dynasty had changed from Fanhan counterparts to general Sinicization [38] .
Tangut Uighur , Tibetan regime in ancient China The way of conciliation and appeasement of other ethnic minorities seems to be better than that of the Song Dynasty. For example, Xizangcheng (present-day Gansu Province) Dingxi City Southwest) Leader of Tubo Yu Zanghua hemp Unwilling to surrender to the Song Dynasty, and by the Song army Wang Shao The attack of... Xia Yizong Send troops to support him immediately and marry his daughter. Yu Zanghua Masui dedicated Xidang City and Lanzhou to the Western Xia Dynasty. [24] [97]

diplomacy

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EDITOR

Foreign policy

The geography of the Western Xia was in the land of the Four Wars, which had to be dealt with one after another The Later Tang Dynasty , Uighur , Tibetan regime in ancient China , Song Dynasty , Liao Dynasty , Jin Dynasty with Great Mongolia So diplomacy is a very important part of Schatin's agenda. The diplomatic strategy is mainly to unite or cling to the strong, and to attack the weak and seek peace by war. These strategies enable themselves to continue and develop. However, the dependent state is too strong, and eventually it cannot escape the fate of destruction. [24]

The Northern Song Dynasty

The Western Xia Dynasty began as early as the Xia Zhou regime ( Casualty Force ) In the Tang Dynasty, The Five Dynasties The states and the Northern Song became suzerainty states to maintain their own power. Annexation by the Northern Song Dynasty Xia Zhou The regime, Li Jiqian Raise an army and rise again. At this time, he adopted the strategy of serving the Liao Dynasty and connecting the Liao against the Song, repelling the Song army many times, and expanding his power. It was taken over by the Liao Dynasty in 990 Emperor Shengzong of Liao He was made King of Xia. to Li Deming In order to consolidate the new territory, peace talks with the Northern Song Dynasty were signed in 1006. However, Li Deming maintained his relationship with the Liao Dynasty. In addition to dealing with Liao and Song wars, in order to dominate Hexi, he has attacked and destroyed The Uighurs of Ganzhou , sandbank Returning Army Against Tibet Six tanabe , 唃 Et al. Xizhou Uighur As neighbours. [24]
Xia Jingzong When officially declared the emperor, claiming to be the state mud Ding state, said that men did not call ministers, and repeatedly invaded the Song Dynasty border. Emperor Renzong of Song Dissatisfied with the independence of the Western Xia, sent troops to attack it, so far Song and Summer Wars Eruption. The Song Dynasty gave the title of "Xia State Lord", and the Western Xia Emperor proclaimed himself to the Song Dynasty, but in fact, the Western Xia Emperor still claimed to be a king in the country. The Song Dynasty gave money, tea and other goods in large quantities. Although the Western Xia defeated the Northern Song Dynasty, it provoked Liao Dynasty Dissatisfied, the two sides fought three wars ( The Battle of Helan Mountain ), and finally to the western Xia as a minister. Later the Northern Song Dynasty Emperor Shenzong of Song In order to defeat the Xixia, take advantage of the internal unrest of the Xixia launched five ways to destroy the Xixia and The Battle of Yongle City In the end, the victory of the Western Xia. However, the strength of Xixia gradually declined, Hengshan area was occupied by the Northern Song, and then the Liao Dynasty could stabilize the relationship between Song, Liao and Xixia. [24]

Yojin Dynasty

After the rise of Jin Dynasty, Liao Dynasty and Northern Song Dynasty were destroyed. In order to protect itself, Western Xia gave up the Liao-Xia alliance and surrendered to Jin Dynasty. The Jin Dynasty surrounded the eastern and southern parts of the Western Xia Dynasty and controlled the economic power of the Western Xia Dynasty, so the Xia Ting dared not act rashly against the Jin Dynasty, and only had small battles at most. After the rise of the Mongols, they repeatedly invaded the Western Xia and destroyed the Jinxia League. 夏襄宗 with Xia Shenzong He adopted the strategy of allying with Mongolia to attack gold and repeatedly fought wars with the Jin Dynasty, but this was a wrong policy. to 夏献宗 It was only then that I changed my mind, but it wasn't long before War of Monchard China was conquered in 1227. A surname Called the Western Xia "for more than two hundred years, to contend with Liao, Jin, Song three countries, violating the country, depending on the strength of the three countries think the same." [24]

society

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Nuptial burial

Tangut people Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the prevailing inheritance marriage system is allowed to marry the concubine, uncles, brother's sister-in-law, children's women, but not to marry the same surname. The male head of a wealthy family can adopt a large number of women and practice polygamy. The old custom of the Dangxiang people is to burn the body after death, which is called cremation. After the founding of the Western Xia Dynasty, the royal family and nobles changed to earth burial and built extravagant mausoleums imitating the Han system. [67]

lodging

Dangxiang houses have unique habits. Ordinary people build houses with stone foundations, loess rammed walls, and earth for the top, or oxtail and wool woven to cover the roof, which is replaced once a year, instead of bricks and tiles. Only those with official titles can use tile roofs. Tang and Song eight masters One of Zeng Gong In... Long and flat set "Said in Dangxiang," the dwellings are earth houses, and those who have official titles have been covered by tiles." Ming "Jiajing Ningxia New Annals" also said: Dangxiang "common house, only life can be covered by tile" in addition, Dangxiang house in the middle of a special worship God, set incense, people can not live in the two sides of the room. Housing customs are not only documented in books, but in The Mausoleum of the Western Xia Dynasty It is also reflected in China.
The Mausoleum of the Western Xia Dynasty [87]
Dangxiang people mostly live in felt tents. In settled houses, only those with official titles were given imbricate. Before and after the founding of the People's Republic of China, a large number of Han craftsmen came to the Western Xia and Dangxiang craftsmen together to build palaces and temples. The emperor's mausoleum also has a large scale. The No. 8 Mausoleum of Xia Wang Mausoleum, which was cleared in 1972 (it is presumed to be the mausoleum of Xia Shen Zong Zunxu), consists of buildings such as the palace, tablet pavilion, Moon City, inner city, dedication hall, spiritual platform, inner God wall, outer God wall, corner tower, etc. They spread out symmetrically along the central axis, strictly following the architectural format of the Tang and Song dynasties, but also showing some ethnic characteristics of the Dangxiang and the influence of other ethnic burial customs. The existing pagoda of Chengtian Temple (in Yinchuan, Ningxia Province) built in the first year of Tian You Chui Sheng (1050) and the pagoda of Liangzhou Huguo Temple (in Wuwei, Gansu Province) rebuilt in the fifth year of Tian You Min 'an (1094), although rebuilt by later generations, still present the magnificent architecture of that time. [71]
The large reclining Buddha in the Reclining Buddha Temple in Ganzhou is a masterpiece of sculpture, with a large body and a solemn posture. The stone horse unearthed in the Xia Wang Mausoleum area is a round sculpture with vivid expression. The stone statues found at the site of the King's Mausoleum stele Pavilion are peculiar in shape, with strong lines and strong faces and limbs. On the damaged bamboo carvings found in the same area, there are courtyards, pines, rockeries, flowers and figures, which are appropriately arranged and beautifully shaped. [39] [41]

Lv.

The Western Xia Dynasty was a feudal dynasty, and the rank of officials and people was very strict, so the dress of Dangxiang mainly marked the identity and status of the dress by color. The emperor is "white narrow clothes, felt crown red, crown after the hanging red knot slow." Civil officials wear turbans, purple clothes and tripwires; The military attache wore a gold crown, a silver crown, and a black lacquered crown. Officials' civilian clothing is purple soap background embroidered tray balls purple flowers spiral, ribbon. [98] Ordinary people wear green and green clothes. Men wear red on their hats, while women wear their hair in updos. [99] The Yuan Dynasty poet Ma Zuchang described the dress of the Western Xia girls in his Song of the River:" Helan Mountain Down the river, a girl with an updo. Anise-root dyed her clothes as bright as clouds, but she asked Xia County to be her husband."

hair

The Dangxiang people have the custom of baldness, and after the Dangxiang people moved east, they suffered Han custom The influence of learning Han people. Lee Won-ho once issued Baldness decree He ordered all men in the country to be bald for three days and kill them on sight. The unearthed heads of Western Xia porcelain figures reflect the social custom of baldness in Dangxiang. The History of Liao also recorded the custom of baldness in the Western Xia Dynasty. [111]

warrior

From its rise to the establishment of the country, Dangxiang has been in the period of disputes between ethnic forces in northern China, other ethnic groups such as Han, Qidan, an ancient nationality in China , Jurchen Uighur Tibetan regime in ancient China and Mongolia Etc., the forces are relatively strong, for their own survival and development, in order to overcome the harsh natural and social environment, they shared the same hatred, formed an iron backbone, martial and aggressive national spirit, this martial spirit is also the foundation of the party, "the Western Xia advocate old customs, so can preserve the country for hundreds of years", the so-called old customs refers to the martial customs of the party Xiang. According to historical records, Dangxiang people are "brave folk". The martial spirit of the Party members was prominent in the process of founding the country and for a long time after the founding of the country, but it was seriously weakened in the later period. [100]

Imperial lineage

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Subject article: Western Xia monarchs
Temple title
Honorific title given to an emperor
Posthumous title
Han name
Time in place
Reign title
The first founder of a dynasty
(Emperor Jingzong honors)
-
Emperor Shenwu
(Emperor Jingzong honors)
孝光皇帝
(Emperor Taizong honors his honor)
Li Jiqian
(Tuoba Jiqian, Zhao Baoji)
From 991 to 1004
-
A surname
(Emperor Jingzong honors)
-
Emperor of Light
(Emperor Jingzong honors)
Li Deming
(Tuoba Deming)
From 1004 to 1031
-
Jing Zong
Wind horn city emperor, (beginning) Sheng Wu (Xing) law building ceremony Lord Xiao Emperor [112] Shengwen Yingwu Chongren to filial piety emperor [113]
Emperor Wulie [114]
Li Yuanhao
(Last night)
From 1032 to 1048
1032 -1033 Opening 1034 -1034 Guangyun 1034 -1035 Daqing 1036 -1037 Heaven bestowing Rites Yanzuo 1038 -1048
Emperor Yizong
-
Emperor Zhaoying
Li Liangzuo
(Wei name Liangzuo)
From 1048 to 1067
Yanji Ningguo 1049 -1049 Tian Youchuisheng 1050 -1052 Fu Shengchengdao 1053 -1056 奲 do 1057 -1062 arch Hua 1063 -1067
Huizon
Emperor Mingsheng [115] Sheng Ming Emperor, Face wall City emperor [116]
Kangjing Emperor
Li Bingchang
From 1067 to 1086
Qiandao 1067-1068 Godsend National Day 1069-1074 Da 'an 1075 -1085 Tian 'an Liding 1086 -1086
Chong Tsung
Mingcheng Emperor, Baicheng emperor, Shenggong Shenglu teaching and virtue rule Shu Renjing Emperor, Renjing Emperor [117]
Emperor Sengwen
Li Qianshun
From 1086 to 1139
Tian Yi Zhi Ping 1087 -1089 Tian You Min An 1090 -1098 Yongan 1099 -1101 Yongning 1115 -1119 Yuan De 1120 -1126 Zheng De 1127 -1134 Dade 1135 -1138
Emperor Renzong
Fengtian show way (light) Yao Wu Xuanwen God seek to make justice to evil alcohol mu Yi Gong emperor [118] 、奉天显道耀武宣文圣（睿）智醇睦懿恭皇帝、护城皇帝、仁尊圣德皇帝或大夏仁尊圣德珠城皇帝 [118]
Emperor Sengde
Lee In-hyo
From 1139 to 1193
Daqing 1139-1143 Renqing 1144-1148 Tiansheng 1149-1170 Qianyou 1171-1193
A surname
-
Emperor Zhaojian
Li Chunyou
From 1193 to 1206
Tian Qing 1194-1205
A surname
-
Respect Emperor Mu
Li Yongan
From 1206 to 1211
The Emperor was established from 1206 to 1209 and from 1210 to 1211
Shentong
-
English emperor
Li Zunxu
From 1211 to 1223
It dates from 1210 to 1223
consecrate
-
孝哀皇帝
Li Devan
1223 -1226
1223-1225
-
-
The Last Emperor
Li Fu
1226-1227
Baoyi 1226-1227
Hit the road
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Content questioning Online customer service Official post bar feedback
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