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The Miao, an ancient ethnic group, are scattered all over the world, mainly in China
qian
,
hunan
,
hubei
, Chuan,
yunnan
,
guangxi
,
Joan
And other provinces, as well as Southeast Asia
Laos
,
Vietnam
,
Thailand
And other countries and regions
[1-3]
.
According to historical documents and Miao public praise information, Miao ancestors first lived in
The Yellow River
In the middle and lower reaches, its ancestors are
Chiyou-warrior
,"
Sanmiao
The Times moved again
Jianghan plain
Later, due to war and other reasons, it gradually migrated south and west, entering the southwestern mountainous areas and regions
Yunnan-guizhou Plateau
. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, some Miao emigrated to Southeast Asian countries, and from these places to Europe and America in modern times
[3]
.
The Hmong have their own language,
Miao language
Belong to
Sino-tibetan family
The Miao language branch of the Miao Yao language family is divided into three dialects: Xiangxi, East Guizhou and Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan. Due to the long-term communication between the Miao people and the Han people, some Miao people can speak Chinese and use Chinese
[1]
. Miao
Religious belief
mainly
Nature worship
and
Ancestor worship
.
[3]
.
- Chinese name
- Hmong (Hmong: Hmongb)
- Foreign name
- Hmong (in English), Meo /H 'mong (in Vietnamese), Shandang (in Vietnamese), Shandang (in Thai)
- Population number
- Approximately 13 million (worldwide)
- Primary distribution area
- China, Laos, Vietnam, the United States and other countries
- species
- Miao language
- Religious belief
- Nature worship and Ancestor worship
- Formerly known as
- "Jingchu", "Jingman", "Nanman"
- System of language
- Sino-tibetan family Miao-yao language group
- Main economic form
- Agriculture, oil tea, oil tree, sumac, etc
catalogue
- 1name
- 2history
- ▪Legendary age
- ▪National development
- ▪Ethnic migration
- 3population
- 4distribution
- ▪Distribution in China
- ▪Southeast Asian distribution
- ▪Euro-american distribution
- 5culture
- ▪Language and writing
- ▪Religious belief
- ▪costume
- ▪Family name
- 6literature
- ▪concept
- ▪Folk literature
- ▪Official literature
- 7science
- ▪Astronomical calendar
- ▪Medical science
- 8ART
- ▪MUSICIANS
- ▪Song and dance
- ▪unit
- ▪embroidery
- ▪batik
- 9custom
- ▪Social system
- ▪diet
- ▪taboo
- ▪Festivals
苗族自称Hmub（谐音：牡）、Hmongb（谐音：蒙）、Hmaob（谐音：摸）、maob（谐音：毛），有的地区自称ghab nus（谐音：
Ga camphor
), ghab Xongb (homophonic: Ian bear), deb songb (homophonic: belt old) and so on. He called "Maxi Miao", "Maxi Miao"
Short skirt seedling
","
Red seedling
","
White seedling
", "Green seedling","
Flower seedling
And so on, after the founding of New China, they were collectively referred to as MIAO or HMONG in English.
Miao people in ancient times have"
Jing and Chu Dynasties
","
Jing Man
","
Nanman
Such is the name of it. The War of Yu
Sanmiao
After the brutal war, there were no more records of "three Miao" in the Central Plains literature. Jingchu, Chujing, Jingman, Nanman and other different calls, are generally referred to the Miao people's community, his predecessor, or three Miao, calendar Shang, Zhou to the Warring States period, three Miao descendants in the "Jing", "Chu", "man" under the abstract cover, and appeared in the annals of history
[4]
. These names confuse Miao with other ethnic names. After the Song Dynasty, Miao was separated from a number of mixed names of "man" and used as a single national name
[4]
.
Chiyou, the first ancestor of the Miao people [2]
Yan Emperor and Yellow Emperor developed along the Yellow River from west to east, and successively fought Chiyou
Zhuolu County
There is war in the region. Chiyou first defeated Yan Emperor, "Chiyou is the emperor, the Zhuolu, nine corners." Later, Yan Di and Huang Di jointly defeated Chiyou, "Xuanyuan, Chiyou the most violent, Mo can fire, so Huang Di is the expedition division vassal, and Chiyou battle in the Zhuolu field, then birds kill Chiyou.
[2]
"
After Chiyou died, the world was in chaos, and the Yellow Emperor painted a picture of Chiyou to intimidate the world, and the world settled down. After the defeat of Chiyou's Jiuli Group, most of them migrated south, which began the difficult migration history of the Miao people. Miao people still widely spread the legend of Chiyou, they have always believed in Chiyou as their first ancestor
[2]
.
Guizhou (Province)
Guanling County
There is a "Chiyou myth", legend ancient, Miao people live on the Yellow River, a total of "eighty-one" village, their leader called Chiyou, Chiyou for the people to get rid of the harm of Miao people's "Dangle witch", so that the people live a happy life, and then the three demon children of the witch invited Red dragon and Yellow Long Gong (that is, Yan Emperor and Yellow Emperor) revenge, Chiyou led the Miao people to fight bravely, He defeated Red Dragon and Yellow Dragon many times. Red Dragon, Yellow dragon two joint thunder Lao five (that is, thunder Gong), water flooded Miao soldiers, captured and killed Chiyou, burned the "eighty-one village". The remaining Hmong were forced to leave their homeland
[2]
.
The Miao people are the earliest rice-growing people and have been cultivating rice since ancient times
rice
. In primitive society, the Miao people used leaves as their clothing, caves or tree nests as their homes, and women as their leaders, which are reflected in a large number of Miao ancient songs. From the kinship appellation system in some areas, we can also see that
matriarchy
Transition to
patriarchy
, from
Consanguineous marriage
to
Dual marriage
Traces of evolution. After Qin and Han dynasties, feudal dynasties were established in most Miao areas
Shire and county
The practice of "accepting supplementary rules but not reversing them, and abandoning them but not pursuing them if they rebel"
Control policy
.
Five khe
The Miao ancestors in the area have begun to engage in agricultural production, mastered the spinning and dyeing technology with wood bark and straw dye, and there was an exchange of products
[5]
. To Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Wuling area due to the continuous development of productive forces, the original society of the Miao began to gradually disintegrate
Blood relation
constituent
The clan commune
Has gradually developed into
Geographical relationship
the
Rural commune
. During the Tang and Song dynasties, the Miao gradually entered
Class society
The head of the rural commune already had the right to control land. The feudal economy of Han nationality promoted the formation and development of the feudal economy of Miao nationality through the frequent contact between Han nationality and Miao nationality. Some "barbarians" and "barbarians" became hereditary.
A surname
He owned a large amount of land. The Miao people in these "soil officials" were reduced to serfs (called "Tian ding"), who tilled the land of their lords and paid for it
rent
Do unpaid servitude and must participate in interlord meetings
Fight with weapons
To work for it
[5]
.
The Southern Song Dynasty began to use official positions to recruit leaders of all ethnic groups to strengthen the relationship between the central and local governments. Many land officials were honored and later became large and small
A surname
[5]
.
During the Yuan and Ming dynasties, the economy of feudal lords in the Miao area had developed quite well. The central government of the Ming Dynasty
Great governance
Fifteen years (1502) in Hunan Chengbu Miao District began to implement"
Return to the land
Other regions began sending officers. Miao nationality area
landlord
The rise of the system has also enabled
Boss
The chiefdoms, whose system was the basis of the economy, were weakened. The restriction of the feudal dynasty to the chieftain made the chieftain system decline. By the end of Ming and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, some other areas of the Miao nationality began to return to their native land, which enabled the landlord economy to develop smoothly. But Xiangxi's
Lar Mountain
District, Qiandongnan
Leigong Mountain
The mountain area of the ancient state is still in a state of "no king long, no unity", which is collectively referred to as "birth realm" by the feudal dynasty. Its social development is still in the late stage of rural commune
[5]
.
Miao nationality dance
The year 1840
Opium Wars
After that, the Miao areas were successively reduced to
Semi-colonial and semi-feudal society
. For national independence and liberation, the Miao people, together with the people of other ethnic groups, have waged a hard and arduous struggle
The old democratic revolution
and
The new Democratic Revolution
The period has contributed. After 1949, the Miao ethnic areas underwent democratic reform and socialist transformation
Regional ethnic autonomy
[5]
.
According to the research of experts, the Miao nationality has been big five times in history
migrate
The situation is as follows:
-
The first great migration It is the birthplace of the Miao ancestors in today's Sichuan Province Ya-lung River , The Minjiang River (in Shandong Province) , Pa Giang , Jialing River Four rivers in the upper middle watershed zone, along Yangtse River Migrate east to the north and south banks of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River: the south bank reaches Dongting, Peng Li To settle down between; Reach the north shore Jianghan plain . Lived here for many years, with the development of production, life improved, the population increased, Science and technology culture The level is also improving day by day. This is the first great migration of the Miao people from west to east, and the reason for the great migration is ancient Qiang people Southward, forcing the Miao ancestors to migrate east, about a few thousand years ago (primitive primitive society) [6] .
-
The Second Great Migration After the Miao ancestors lived in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River for a long time, the number of people is large, known as" Gyuri ", with the South Yan Emperor Ethnic conflict, defeated the Yan Di, part of the chase Yan Di directly The Yellow River The North Shore. And after many more years here, Jiuli nationality Has become more and more powerful. contemporaneous Chiyou-warrior Smart and studious, brave and good at fighting, he later became the leader of the Jiuli nationality, manufacturing a variety of weapons, Military force Powerful, armed conflict with the Yellow Emperor ethnic group from the upper reaches of the Yellow River. At first, the Yellow Emperor was defeated in nine wars, and later, he united with the Yan Emperor clan and so on Zhuolu wild As a result, Chiyou was defeated and killed, and his body was different. Since then, although the departments of the Jiuli fought against the Yellow Emperor for a long time, they were defeated repeatedly because they were leaderless. This migration from south to north is about 4300-4600 years ago (ancient to Yellow Emperor ) [6] .
-
The third Great Migration Long after the defeat of Chiyou, most of the Jiuli's subordinates retreated to the south after a long journey. Between Dongting and Pengli in the south of the Yangtze River, it was established Sanmiao The Tribal Alliance. This was a migration from north to south, about 4200-4100 years ago (the Yellow Emperor to Yao ) [6] .
-
The fourth Great Migration Miao ancestors worked hard between Dongting and Pengli to establish the three Miao tribal alliance, and after a long period of rest and recuperation, they gradually became stronger. Tang Yao was very afraid of three Miao, Gonggong, happy pocket (that is, "驩 pocket"), etc., so to Shun took the throne, immediately "divided north three Miao", flow Gonggong in You Zhou ; Let's have fun Chongshan ; Three seedlings appeared Three dangers ; When Gun was killed in Yushan, the powerful Sanmiao tribal alliance was disintegrated. Some fled to the East China Sea, and the ancestors of the Miao preserved a separate group. Only one of the three dangers was displaced, and the struggle continued until Xia Yu The period is only a preliminary submission, in Sanwei Mountain Settle down in one area. This time is a separate migration, the direction of migration is different, such as three Miao is from the south to the northwest migration; Some of this is eastward migration; Joyride is basically unmoved, that is, from the Dongting, Peng Li Between transferred to the west of present-day Hunan. About 4,100 years ago ( Yu Shun - Xia Yu Period) [6] .
-
The Fifth Great Migration The migration was a separate return. For example: the one who was pushed to the three dangers (three Miao) is the strongest one in the original. They were repeatedly armed and plundered during their overall escape, resisted again and again, lost again and again, fled again and again, came out of Sanwei Mountain, and passed Big Snowy Mountain Cross the Hunshui River (Yellow River), move step by step in the direction of the south wind, through Gansu, Qinghai, the production yak Camel's "Tibetan-Yi corridor", along Jinsha River To south Sichuan, northeast Yunnan and northwest Guizhou, the Miao people migrated from north to south. The one who was exiled to Chongshan (Huandou) was a close migration, that is, from Chongshan to the east, once reached the present Hunan Province Changde Along the way, they also reached Dongting and Pengli along the water, and later the Zhou Dynasty regarded it as a hidden danger, and King Xuan "ordered Fang Shu south to cut man Fang". By the Warring States Period Wuqi County Armed "south and barbarian, Yue", occupy Dongting, Cangwu and other barbarian, Yue land. The Miao were forced to flee Wuling mountain area As soon as it became stronger, it was attacked again and again by the Eastern Han Dynasty, and was forced to flee "towards the place where the sun sets", and finally reached the area of today's west Hunan, northeast Guizhou, southeast Sichuan and southwest Hubei. The direction of migration of the Miao people is first east and then west. The branch that fled to the east (some of the three seedlings) did not settle on the East coast for long, but slowly left the coast and gradually moved back to the west. Some of them (around 4,000 years ago) may have crossed the sea to Japan [6] .
Miao migration map
|
Provinces, autonomous regions and cities
|
Miao population
|
Ranking
|
|---|---|---|
|
Guizhou (Province)
|
3968400
|
1
|
|
Hunan (Province)
|
2060426
|
2
|
|
Yunnan (Province)
|
1202705
|
3
|
|
Chongqing
|
482714
|
4
|
|
Guangxi
|
475492
|
5
|
|
Zhejiang (Province)
|
309064
|
6
|
|
Kwangtung
|
251970
|
7
|
|
Hubei (Province)
|
177490
|
8
|
|
Sichuan
|
164642
|
9
|
|
Fujian (Province)
|
88017
|
10
|
|
Hainan (Province)
|
74482
|
11
|
|
Jiangsu (Province)
|
49535
|
12
|
|
Shanghai
|
31351
|
13
|
|
Anhui (Province)
|
13856
|
14
|
|
Peking
|
12957
|
15
|
|
Hebei (Province)
|
9703
|
16
|
|
Jiangxi (Province)
|
9125
|
17
|
|
Shandong (Province)
|
8414
|
18
|
|
Xinjiang
|
7626
|
19
|
|
Henan (Province)
|
4321
|
20
|
|
Liaoning (Province)
|
3952
|
21
|
|
Tianjin
|
3751
|
22
|
|
Inner Mongolia
|
3349
|
23
|
|
Shaanxi (Province)
|
2787
|
24
|
|
Amur River
|
2575
|
25
|
|
Shanxi (Province)
|
2205
|
26
|
|
Ji Lin
|
1446
|
27
|
|
Gansu (Province)
|
1212
|
28
|
|
1113
|
29
|
|
|
Qinghai (Province)
|
911
|
30
|
|
Xizang
|
416
|
31
|
|
total
|
9426007
|
-
|
Note: Data from the 2010 Chinese census shows that the Miao population ranks fourth among ethnic minorities
[1]
.
In 2021, according to the
China Statistical Yearbook -2021
The Miao population in China is 1,067,929.
[24]
General situation
From the perspective of the distribution of Miao nationality in China, it is characterized by large scattered, small concentrated. In terms of numbers, there are more people living in colonies and fewer people living in diaspora
[3]
.
Autonomous region
|
Autonomous county
|
date
|
|---|---|
|
Rongshui Miao Autonomous County, Guangxi
|
November 26, 1952
|
|
Guizhou Weining Yi Hui Miao autonomous county
|
November 11, 1954
|
|
Guizhou Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture
|
July 23, 1956
|
|
Guizhou Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture
|
August 8, 1956
|
|
Hunan Chengbu Miao autonomous county
|
November 30, 1956
|
|
Guizhou Songtao Miao Autonomous county
|
December 31, 1956
|
|
Hunan Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture
|
September 20, 1957
|
|
Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province
|
April 1, 1958
|
|
Yunnan Pingbian Miao autonomous county
|
July 1st, 1963
|
|
Zhenning, Guizhou Buyi and Miao autonomous county
|
September 11, 1963
|
|
Ziyun Miao Buyi Autonomous County, Guizhou
|
February 11, 1966
|
|
Guizhou Guanling Buyi Miao autonomous county
|
December 31, 1981
|
|
Guizhou Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture
|
May 1, 1982
|
|
Chongqing Xiushan Tujia Miao autonomous county
|
November 7, 1983
|
|
Chongqing Youyang Tujia Miao autonomous county
|
November 11, 1983
|
|
Hubei Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture
|
December 1, 1983
|
|
Chongqing Pengshui Miao Tujia autonomous county
|
November 10, 1984
|
|
Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County, Yunnan
|
The year 1985
|
|
云南金平苗族瑶族傣族自治县
|
The year 1985
[1]
|
|
Yinjiang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County, Guizhou Province
|
December 13, 1986
|
|
Hunan Jingzhou Miao and Dong autonomous county
|
February 19, 1987
|
|
Guizhou Daozhen Gelao nationality Miao autonomous county
|
November 1987
|
|
Guizhou Wuchuan Mulao and Miao autonomous county
|
November 1987
|
|
Hainan Qiongzhong Li and Miao autonomous County
|
November 20, 1987
|
|
Hainan Baoting Li and Miao autonomous County
|
December 1987
|
|
Hunan Mayang Miao autonomous county
|
October 31, 1988
|
The Miao people in Southeast Asia have lived for generations
Slash-and-burn farming
Swidden (also known as Swidden), travel to live in the main, the flow is very large, there is no fixed arable land, large-scale planting
poppy
, and often carry out periodic migration.
Vietnam
,
Laos
,
Thailand
and
Burma
Although the Miao people have some paddy fields, they mainly grow dry land crops by slash-and-burn method. Because the land is poor, the land is easy to cultivate, and there is no fertilizer, after two or three years of cultivation, they will find a new land, as long as the land is far from the village, they will move. The Hmong mostly move forward continuously, but sometimes return to refarm the abandoned mountains after a few years
fallow
The land capacity has been restored to a certain extent.
[7]
Distribution in Vietnam
In Vietnam, most Hmong call themselves "Mon" Hmongb, with only a small minority calling themselves "Na Miao". There are many Miao clans in Yue, which can be roughly divided into five main branches: "white Miao" Hmongbdleub, which calls itself "Mengdou"; "Black seedling", which calls itself "Mona" Hmongb dlob; "Red Seedling", self-proclaimed "Monsi" Hmongb shib; "Flower seedling" or "green seedling", calling itself "Mengleng" Hmongb Lab or "Monzo" Hmongbnzhuab; "Han Miao", self-proclaimed "brush" Hmongb shuab.
[7]
According to Vietnam's 1991 data, there are more than 500,000 Hmong in Vietnam. They live in a wide area along the north Vietnam
Ha Xuan
,
Huanglianshan Province
,
Laizhou Province
,
Khao Binh
,
Son Lo
, Yi 'an Province,
Khao Yong
,
Ha Giang
,
Lao CAI Province
,
Thanh Hoa
, Ngee Ching Province,
Ampak
In the mountainous areas of North Pacific Province and Heshan Ping Province, they live together with other ethnic groups, but they are not like them
The Yao nationality
,
The Lisu nationality, living in Yunnan Province
,
The Bouyei nationality, living in Yunnan Province
Like many other ethnic groups, the Miao are distinctly and regionally concentrated. Among the various ethnic groups living together, the Miao population accounts for a much higher proportion. The main concentration areas of Miao nationality in Yue are: Tongwen Plateau, Huangshufei, Fengtu, Xinghu, Tumiao, Dien Bien, Shunzhou, Xun Jiao, Shaba, Muzhou County, Beihe Distribution and change of Miao nationality outside China, Sabah, Duozo State, Mgense State and other regions.
[7]
In Yue Miao people usually live in the sea 800-1700 meters in the mountain jungle, where the terrain is steep, belonging to
Subtropical monsoon climate
In most areas, rainfall is abundant, and there are rainy and dry seasons. The Hmong inhabited areas of Vietnam are not contiguous as a single zone, and are often separated by many settlements of other ethnic groups, but the people of different regions, especially adjacent areas, still have some religious and marital ties.
[7]
Distribution in Laos
Subject article:
laosong
In Laos, the Hmong and
The Yao nationality
Often collectively referred to as
Lao Song man
Or "Top Lao", meaning the Laotians who lived in the mountains. At the beginning of the 21st century, there were more than 300,000 Hmong in Laos. Mainly concentrated in Bansari Province, Udanmusai Province, Porikan Province,
Xieng Khouang
,
Sangnur
,
Luang Prabang Province
,
Xayaburi Province
,
Gammon
Among them, Xieng Khouang Province is the most. They usually live in high mountain areas on both sides of the mountains, mostly at altitudes of more than 1,000 meters. The Hmong in Laos call themselves "Meng". Most of the Miao people in Laos belong to the "white Miao", calling themselves "Mengdou", the number of "green Miao" is second, and the number of "black Miao" is the least, with only two villages.
[7]
Distribution in Thailand
The number of Hmong in Thailand is 132,000 (including 50,000 Thais
Refugees' Camp
7 Miao), second only to the largest number
Karens
It accounts for 15.10% of the total number of mountain people in the country, mainly distributed in the northern provinces, among which
Obstinate palace
,
Chiang Mai Province
,
Chiang Rai province
and
Thafu
At most, these four provinces account for more than 75% of the total Hmong population in Thailand, and in addition, the Hmong are in
Phetchabun Province
, Gu Yaluo, Nambang,
Pha Fu
,
Jepong Song
,
Le Prefecture
It is also distributed in Kamphang Pik, Nakhon Sawang, Chai Na, Sukhothai, Utai Thani and other provinces. In northern and central Thailand, the Hmong live in at least 13 provinces. If causes are not included
Vietnam War
Of the Lao Hmong who fled to Thailand, there are about 245 Hmong villages in Thailand. The Hmong in Thailand are the second largest mountain ethnic group in the country after the Khao. The Thai Hmong also call themselves "Meng", mainly "white Miao" - "Hmong Njew".
[7]
Distribution in Myanmar
The Hmong ethnic group in Myanmar numbers about 10,000. They are mainly distributed in Dakang, Jiadimao, Bison Ba, Bawei, Manlo, Palmashai, Songkran, Masu Ba, Hedian Ba, Kamen, Tenni, Monai, Rakhine and other places in Kokang District of Bump State. They claim to have moved into Myanmar from Guizhou.
[7]
A large number of Miao people in Southeast Asia have moved to some countries and regions in Europe, the United States and Australia
Vietnam War
While traveling across the ocean as a refugee. Since the 1970s, Southeast Asia has been plagued by endless wars and unstable political situations. Most of the young Miao men in this area were forced by their lives to enlist in the army; Others were forced to flee from Laos to Thailand because of the fighting, and most were housed in refugee camps. Based on the above historical background, the Hmong people began to emigrate from Laos, Thailand and Vietnam in batches to some western countries in 1975.
[7]
In the late 1970s, while a large number of Miao people moved to the United States, many Miao people also came to France, Canada, Australia and other countries. There are 11,500 Miao people in France, about 1,000 Miao people in Canada, and more than 15,000 Miao people in Australia.
French Guiana
There are about 1,500 Hmong in South America, including about 130 in Argentina. As a result, the Miao people have dispersed in many countries and regions in the United States, Europe, Australia and other continents except Asia.
[7]
American distribution
By the end of the 20th century, more than 200,000 Hmong had migrated to the United States, most of them from Laos, and a small number from Vietnam and Thailand. The Miao people living in the United States are mainly concentrated in
California
The city of Fresno,
The state of Wisconsin
Each small community and St. Paul Minneapolis Twin Cities and
Minnesota
The other cities. Others such as
Wisconsin
Illinois, Michigan, North Carolina,
Tennessee
,
Texas
,
Georgia
,
Oregon
,
Washington State
, Montana,
Nevada
There are Miao people living there. Miao people in the United States live in large dispersion, small settlements and all live in cities. From the linguistic point of view, their languages belong to
Sino-tibetan family
Miaoyao Language Group
Miao branch
The sub-dialect of Sichuan-Qian-dian dialect is similar to the Miao language of Sichuan-Qian-dian dialect in China. Although the vocabulary and tone have some changes, they can still be used directly with each other
Miao language
Talk.
[7]
Australian distribution
At the end of the 20th century, there were 1,500 Miao people in Australia, mainly in a few major cities on the east coast of Australia,
Hobart
There are about 350 Miao people in the city,
Melbourne
Up to 410 Hmong, in
Canberra
There are more than 30, in
Sydney
There are 280 Hmong people, a group of about 11 Hmong families relocated from southern Australia in accordance with traditional migration methods
Brisbane
City and Pinskland.
[7]
In Australia, the Hmong are all from Laos, and the vast majority belong to the "white Miao". There are only three "green Miao" Hmongb Njua, but they speak the "white Miao" dialect. They set it up with the help of the Australian government
Miao writing
Schools, in much the same way (during the Southeast Asian period) developed their own cultural education.
[7]
French distribution
Two groups of Hmong arrived in 1976 and 1979 (French)
Guyana
The local government helped them set up two villages there, Koko Village and Jia Sooo Village, one with 100 families and the other with 120 families. The government also helped them set up a school there, teaching French and other subjects, but also taught an hour a day of Miao language, and taught the children to sing their own folk songs.
[7]
Language
Miao language genus
Sino-tibetan family
Miaoyao Language Group
Miao branch
. In the early '50s,
Chinese Academy of Sciences
After field investigation, the second task force of the investigation of Ethnic languages divided Miao into three dialects, namely: Xiangxi dialect, Qiandong dialect, Sichuan-Qiandian dialect (also known as Eastern dialect, central dialect, western dialect), seven sub-dialects, and eighteen native languages, after scientific research on the characteristics of different Miao languages
[8]
.
Xiangxi dialect (Eastern dialect) is mainly used in
Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture
, northeast of Guizhou
Songtao Miao Autonomous County
Hubei
Enshi
,
Xuan 'en
,
Phoenix
,
Hefeng Mountain
And Chongqing's
Xiushan Mountain
,
Youyang
,
Pengshui
Such counties, divided into 5 native languages;
[9]
East Guizhou dialect (Central dialect) is mainly used in
Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture
, Guangxi
Rongshui Miao Autonomous County
,
Dong Autonomous County of Sanjiang
Hunan
Jingzhou
,
Jointly with others
Such county, Guizhou
Anshun area
and
The southwest of Guizhou
,
The south of Guizhou Province
Buyi Miao Autonomous Prefecture, part of the Miao, divided into 5 native languages;
[9]
Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan dialects (western dialects) are mainly used in the central, western, southern, northern and southern Guizhou provinces and Yunnan province, and are divided into 8 native languages.
In addition, some Miao people speak Chinese,
Dong language
,
Yao language
,
Bouyei language
,
Zhuang language
And other national languages. Although there are some differences in dialect, dialect and dialect, the common part still accounts for more than 60% of Miao language.
[9]
Text
Legend has it that the Miao people once had a script in ancient times, possibly homologous with Chinese characters, and later lost, these legends are now difficult to verify. At the beginning of the 20th century, some Miao intellectuals created some dialects for the development of Miao culture and education, such as Xiangxi
Flagstone pool
Created blocks Miao,
Shi Qigui
The creation of shorthand Miao, Guizhou
Songtao
Long Shaohua use
International phonetic alphabet
Hmong text books and so on. Some foreign country
Preacher
In order to missionary needs also created some Miao language. However, due to various restrictions, these Miao characters could not be carried out among the Miao people
[9]
.
"
Miao ancient songs
It is recorded that the Miao ancestors were exposed to the enemy because of war and national cultural migration secrets, so they had to burn and erase the text, and when the only few intellectuals died, the text was also lost, leaving only the text written on the clothes. In the late 1950s, the Miao began to create again
latinization
Pinyin characters. Nowadays most people speak Chinese. Miao's music and dance have a long history and are loved by the masses
Lusheng Dance
The skill is very high.
In the northwest of Guizhou
Weining City
Pollard, a British missionary in Shimenkan area, worked with Miao, Han intellectuals Yang Jacob, Zhang Wu, Li Stiwen and others to use part of the Latin alphabet and some single symbols, using Shimenkan Miao's pronunciation as the standard pronunciation, creating a pinyin script called "Po-Latin Alphabet Miao" (commonly known as "Po-Latin Alphabet Miao").
Lao Miao Wen
"), for translation
Christianity
Bible
Compiling textbooks, recording Miao folk stories, poems and memorizing events. In the 1940s, some Miao people who spoke the northeast sub-dialect of Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan dialects migrated and settled in Xinchi Village, Shiyanhe Township, and introduced "Pola alphabet Miao language"
Purple cloud
It is still in general use, and Xinchi Primary School uses it and Chinese for bilingual teaching. In the 1950s, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the People's Government, a large number of linguists, including Miao scholars, were trained to conduct a general survey of the Miao language across the country, reform the "old Miao language", and create the Latin pinyin Miao language in the eastern, western and central dialects. However, due to the complexity of the internal branch of the Miao, the language is very different, and it is extremely difficult to unify
[8]
.
In addition, the Hmong in Southeast Asia use a Latin phonetic Hmong invented by French missionaries, which gradually developed into the "International Hmong".
The Miao have had their own religious beliefs from a very early age. After a long history of development, the religious beliefs of Miao people in different regions are different. Some Miao people believe in primitive religion because the traffic is blocked in some Miao areas. There are also a few Hmong areas, such as
Weining City
Stone gate and Xiangxi
Yuanling
Other places were converted in modern times due to the influence of foreign missionaries
Catholicism
and
Christianity
Yes. But generally speaking, the majority of Miao people still believe in the primitive religion formed by the nation for a long time, which includes nature worship, totem worship, ghost worship and ancestor worship
[9]
.
Nature worship
Miao totem
Tuteng worship
The Miao ancestors had their own totems to worship. Because of the diversity and wide distribution of the Miao tribe, they worship a variety of totems. Such as phoenix, maple, butterfly, God dog (
Panhu
), dragon, bird, eagle, bamboo, etc. The Miao people in southeast Guizhou worshipped maple as a totem and believed that their ancestors came from maple. In addition, they also regard the butterfly as a totem, believing that its ancestor Jiang Yang was born of "Mother butterfly". The Miao ancestors in the border areas of Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou also took Panhu as a totem, and so far, there are still many Panhu temples and Xinnu palaces in this area. In western Guizhou, the Miao ethnic group takes birds as their totem
[9]
.
Ancestor worship
Today, ancestor worship is still very popular among the Miao people. The Miao people in southeast Guizhou province have changed their worship from maple trees and butterflies to Jiang Yang, the ancestor of human beings, who is regarded as the ancestor of the Miao people. Each drum club has set up "drum grottoes" to worship "Yang Gong" and "Yang Po". The ancestor of Miao worship in western Hunan is "Nuo male" and "Nuo mother". In order to pray for the blessing of the ancestral gods, there are large-scale activities to kill cattle and worship ancestors all over the country, such as southeast Guizhou
Drum Festival
Tongren and Songtao are called "eating cows" or "working cows", and Qianxi and Anshun and Zhenning are called "cutting cows". Xiangxi has"
Hoan Exorcism
Sacrifice "Nuo male", "Nuo mother". Every festival, the Miao people will also hold ancestor worship ceremonies. In many Miao areas, there are ancestral tablets in the middle of every house, and they offer sacrifices every day
[9]
.
Witchcraft exorcism culture
Miao people's belief in ghosts and witches has a long history, and it is still very common after the founding of New China, and they believe in dozens of ghosts and gods. They divided ghosts into good and evil types: good gods were believed to be able to bless people and should be sacrificed frequently for this purpose, while evil spirits were believed to haunt people and cause disasters and disasters and should be dispelled and expelled. It was believed that the way to achieve this was to practice witchcraft through sorcerers. The sorcerer is an intermediary between human beings and ghosts and gods. He has a high cultural accomplishment and is respected by the Miao people. The witchcraft practiced by witches mainly includes divination,
禳解
, and so on
[9]
.
Miao costume
Miao women generally wear narrow sleeves, large collars, short jackets, and pleated skirts. Dresses or long enough to reach the feet, elegant and colorful, or short knee, graceful. Casual clothes are more in the head covering the head, the upper front skirt, the lower body trousers, embroidered edge, tied to an embroidered waist, and a little delicate silver foil. Miao men's attire is relatively simple, the jacket is mostly a short jacket or a right skirt gown, the shoulder is woven with geometric patterns of sheep felt, the head is wrapped in blue baotou, the calf is wrapped with gaiters
[3]
.
Index entry:
Miao surname
The Miao people have two surnames, one is Miao and the other is Han. Miao surname is original inherent; The Han surname was entered later. Because in the past, the Miao people did not have a script to write their own Miao family name, and only used Chinese characters to write the Han family name, so that people would mistakenly think that there was only a Han family name, and they did not know that there was a Miao family name. Before the use of "Han family name", Miao people had their own "Miao family name" to distinguish blood relatives and family lines. The Han literati and other foreigners in the past dynasties often knew one but not the other, and only took the Chinese surname commonly used by the Han nationality as the standard, resulting in illusion and misunderstanding
[10]
.
The distribution area of the Miao nationality is vast, and the internal dialects and branches are numerous. Every region, every language area and every branch of the Miao people once had their own Miao surname passed down from generation to generation, and it is still popular in the interior
[10]
.
Xiangxi dialect area
According to the "Ancient Song Words" circulated by the Miao people in the Xiangxi dialect (that is, the eastern dialect) area, the Miao ancestors
Panhu
After marriage with Princess Gaoxin, six children and six daughters were born, and the descendants of these six children and six daughters were the six major branches of the eastern Miao, that is, the six major Miao family names of the Eastern Miao. The names of the six seedlings are ghob xot, ghob miel, ghob ghueas, ghob khad, ghob lel and ghob kheat.
East Guizhou dialect area
Most of the Miao family names circulating in the Qiandong dialect (central dialect) area can also be studied.
For example, in Taijiang County, there are "Zifang", "Zaili", "Zailxiang", "Zailgou", "Zailliu", "Zailao" and other village names. Among them, "Fang, Li, Xiang, Gou, Liu and Ga nao" are Miao's surname.
[11]
Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan dialect area
In Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan dialects (western dialects) of Miao nationality, there are many dialects and different local languages, so the Miao surname is complicated.
"Dahuamiao" (a major branch of the Miao nationality in the western dialect) has eight family names (zong branches), namely "Mengzhou", "Mengtang", "Mengjie", "Mengyi", "Mengwei", "Monza", "Mengye" and "Mengzhu".
The local Miao nationality (" White Miao "branch) in Gongxian County, Sichuan, has 28 family names. Namely "kua leaf", "kua bases" and "praise", "glory", "kua block", "said about" and "glory", "kua bar", "praised the", "glory", "glory", "praised the", "glory road", "kua catch", "glory to", "praised the", "kua temporarily", "glory", "kua check", "glory" and "praise", "kua reason", "said le", "kua shrugged" , "Kuagan", "Kua Na", "Kua Knead", "Kua Ce"
[12]
.
Miao literature can be simply divided into folk literature and official literature. Folk literature is the literature of oral inheritance and development of folk, while official literature can be understood as the literature of writing, dissemination and creation. Folk literature is the most important literary form of any nation, with strong original vitality, and its main form is the poetry that can be chanted. Official literature is developed on the basis of folk literature, mainly characterized by Chinese writing, communication and creation.
Miao poetry emphasizes rhyme, with five characters, seven characters, long and short sentences. The language is simple, harmonious, symmetrical, easy to understand, can express rich thoughts and feelings, and has strong artistic appeal. It is the most important expression form of Miao folk literature, and it is widely used. If relatives and friends are ushered in, men and women fall in love, and even make matchmaking, mediate disputes, formulate village rules and conventions, educate children, describe family trees, family rules, and sometimes express them in poetry. When working, he also uses poetry to add fun, and after working, he borrows poetry to eliminate fatigue
[13]
.
-
Creation song: is a very old fairy tale song, mainly narrating the origin of heaven and earth, the sun and the moon, and the production of all things. Such songs include "The Song of the Beginning of the World" and "The Song of the Beginning of All Things". Ancestor song: mainly describes the emergence of human beings, the origin and migration of nations, such as "Human origin Song" and "Flood". The theme of this kind of song is active and progressive, reflecting the real history to a considerable extent, and has the value of historical data research [13] .
-
Ancestor song: mainly describes the emergence of human beings, the origin and migration of nations, such as "Human origin Song" and "Flood". The theme of this kind of song is active and progressive, reflecting the real history to a considerable extent, and has the value of historical data research [13] .
-
Li Ge, Yi Lang Ci: reflect the Miao ancient social organization, mainly narrates various social ethics, norms of behavior, exhorts people to go from evil to good [13] .
-
Migration song: exists in large numbers among the Miao people. The Miao people everywhere have their own migration history, so they all have their own migration songs. Among them are the famous "Crossing Mountains and Rivers" in southeast Guizhou, "Xiuxiang Xiuma" in Songtao and Tongren areas, "Yanglu Dialect" in northwest Guizhou, and "Guiyang Area". Grogesang ", etc. Songtao and southeastern Guizhou migration songs, reflecting the grand scene, expressed the fierce struggle between man and man and man and nature. It is a heroic epic, which is of great value to the study of Miao history [13] .
-
Uprising struggle song: also known as anti-song, mostly accuse the darkness of the old society and sing the people's resistance struggle. For example, the Song of Zhang Xiumei in southeast Guizhou and the Song of Qiannan Liu Tiancheng ", "Northwest Guizhou" Tao Xinchun ", are very representative. The songs were passionate and combative [13] .
-
Production labor song: everywhere. Among them, the southeast of Guizhou is the most complete, such as "Embroidery song", "cotton planting song", "spinning and weaving song", "batik song", "wine making song" and "shipbuilding song". The theme is positive, and most of them are works that encourage people to work hard and create a better life [13] .
-
Love song: a song sung by young men and women when they are in love. The words are subtle and beautiful, full of lyricism. There are confession style, question and answer style, etc., more is a token of affection [13] .
-
The marriage song of the Miao nationality reflects the evolution of the Miao nationality from intra-clan marriage to extra-clan marriage, from matrilineal system to patrilineal system, and is a rare material for the study of marriage history. Among them, the more famous are the "Brother and sister marriage" widely spread around, "Opening song", "male and female marriage", "change marriage song" (women change men to marry), "Pick up son-in-law" and "send off song" in Zunyi region of northern Guizhou [13] .
According to its specific creative characteristics. The earliest representative of Miao official literature is
Qu Yuan
[14, 15]
But there is great controversy. later
Shen Congwen
[16]
He is a veritable Miao writer. In recent years, there have been a steady stream of Miao writers, but few or none have really had an impact on a larger scale like Shen Congwen.
The Miao calendar includes trade wind calendar, Dou Bian Calendar, Lianshan Calendar, Tiansuoyi Calendar, migratory insect calendar, migratory bird calendar,
Phenological calendar
The astrological calendar developed to
Solar calendar
,
Lunar calendar
And yin-yang calendar, one lineage. However, the trade wind calendar, the Dou handle calendar, the Lianshan calendar, the Tiansuoyi calendar, the migratory insect calendar, the migratory bird calendar, and the phenological calendar are the initial forms of the calendar, while the astrological calendar, the solar calendar, the lunar calendar and the Yin-yang combined calendar are the advanced forms of the calendar. The solar calendar, lunar calendar and yin-yang calendar are also astrological calendars in a certain sense.
[17]
Parameter yes
Xia Dynasty
The calendar was derived from the Taihaolong calendar of Fuxi, and was formulated in summer with Ginseng as the reference star. Therefore, it is called the reference calendar, which is the October solar calendar. The whole year is divided into two half years, a year has five seasons, two months per quarter and ten months per year. 36 days per month, 72 days per season, 360 days per year. The remaining 5 to 6 days, which are neither included in the old year nor included in the New Year, are called Chinese New Year days.
[17]
The 84-year calendar system of the Miao nationality is called "Aijin", "Street Bureau", "Gan Jin", "Ga Jiong", "Ga Jin" and so on. By Guo Zhu
A study of Miao mythology
(Guangxi People's Publishing House, December 1988, 1st edition) said: The ancient Miao society once implemented a calendar with a counting cycle of eighty-four days, in which each day has a name, and each name has a certain meaning, such as
otter
,
Swan
Let's wait. The Republic of China
Bazhai County records
It is called "Miao Jiazi".
[17]
In the mountainous area where the Miao live, there are many kinds of medicine resources, large output and good quality, which are beyond the reach of many Pingba areas.
Common drugs can reach 1500 kinds, about 200 kinds of commonly used, the most common medicinal materials, such as various
bloodvine
,
Iron chopstick
, hundred gold bars,
White Dragon Pauldron
,
Blue cloth
, the Earth star,
epiphyll
,
Blackbone vine
,
Dragon's paw blood
,
Radix aconiti aconiti
,
chastevine
,
Octagon gold
,
epimedium
,
lygodium
,
Bone-penetrating fragrance
Let's wait. Some other rare varieties such as
Illicium chinense
, September birth,
Iron lock
,
An arrow
,
Peach grass
,
pangolin
, and airgrass,
Ganoderma lucidum
It is also occasionally sold on the market.
[18]
In the vast areas where the Miao people live in China, a number of planting and production bases for medicinal materials have been established, and efforts have been made to develop commonly used medicinal materials. Some become the raw materials of medicine, health care products, cosmetics and so on. Some have entered hospitals in minority areas for hospital formulations. Some provinces have also explored, screened and sorted out some effective Miao folk prescriptions, and some prescriptions with real development value have been included in the "Local Standards for Ethnic Medicines".
[18]
Lao Hmong
Miao musical instrument: Lusheng
According to its content, Miao folk songs can be divided into travel songs (love songs), wine songs, bitter songs, anti-songs, funeral songs, labor songs, political songs, children's songs, riddle songs, etc., with different tunes.
[20]
flysong
It is a special form of folk song singing popular in southeast Guizhou, generally singing in the mountains, its melody is high, bold and bold, lingering sound shaking the mountains, very characteristic, its content includes love songs, political songs, singing forms include solo, duet, chorus and so on. The various forms of folk songs include both traditional lyrics and improvised singing.
[20]
Gabaifu Song is a kind of rap literature popular in southeast Guizhou. It is a fusion of folk poetry and legends. The singer sometimes narrates and sometimes sings, and its content mostly reflects the real people and events in civil disputes and social phenomena.
[20]
Disc song
It is an ancient way for young Miao men and women to express their wishes and show their talents to each other.
Zhaotong
The "Pan song" of the Miao people in the area is very interesting. The young man took a fancy to a young woman, he took two companions of the same age, and went to the girl's home to explain to her elders the purpose of coming. If the girl's parents answer: "no family, is the same generation." He was allowed to play a song. Disc song will be arranged by the woman's old man. Both men and women participate in the companion song, both as a counselor, but also to find objects for themselves.
[20]
Miao musical instrument: Awn tube
Miao Musical Instruments, usually have
A reed pipe wind instrument
,
suona
,
flute
,
Huqin
,
A plucked stringed instrument with a full moon
Let's wait.
[19]
In the Miao nationality, the self-entertaining collective song and dance of young men and women is often called "treading tang", but because the "treading tang" dance cannot be separated from the accompaniment of Lusheng, now the traditional name of "treading tang" has been basically changed to "Lusheng dance". However, in order to reflect the differences and characteristics of "Lusheng dance" in different regions, people had to put regional names before "Lusheng dance" to distinguish it. Therefore, there are many forms of "Lusheng Dance" such as "Guangxi Rongshui Lusheng Dance", "Guizhou Southeastern Lusheng Dance" and "Guizhou Huaxi Lusheng Dance".
It is a traditional custom of the Miao and Dong nationalities to play the Lusheng while the female dances. But only in Guizhou, Miao women who are not inferior to men, hold Lusheng while blowing and dancing in the "stomping hall", which can be described as a scenery that the "Lusheng nationality" in other regions does not have. A young man of the Miao nationality, in addition to playing the Lusheng well and participating in the collective "Lusheng dance", can also master the "Lusheng dance" in the form of single or double performance with special difficult skills, then he will become a leader among men and win more favor from unmarried women
[21]
.
Guizhou Province
Huaxi
Miao young men and women, whenever the festival will automatically gather together, while blowing Lusheng, while dancing "Lusheng dance". In the crowd playing the Lusheng, there are not only young men but also young girls. They stand in the same dance circle with the male lusheng hand, and dance with the female in the outer circle as well as playing the lusheng hand. The two dance circles cross each other and change positions, while jumping to the center, while swirling to the outside, like flowers in a hundred gardens in bloom, and like colorful butterflies in the song and dance.
[21]
Although these dancers are not from the professional dancers, but the style of the dance is simple, smart and dancers from the heart of joy, so that the side of the viewer, will be infected by this full of vitality of the song and dance, and can not help but clap with the song and dance.
[21]
A model of a stilted building
The materials of houses vary from place to place. The Miao nationality area in southeast Guizhou has more wood, so there are more wooden houses and tiled houses, and fewer straw houses and earthen walls. In south-central Guizhou area, wood-board houses, tiled houses, straw houses and earth wall houses are both, and straw houses and earth wall houses are the most in general. In addition, many Miao people take"
Forked house
"Living, the house is not divided into rooms, unfurnished, wooden beds, straw MATS, and straw piers for benches.
In southeast Guizhou and parts of North Guizhou, there is a special form of housing called"
Stilted building
". Built on the slope, the foundation is cut into a "factory" -shaped earth platform, supported by long wooden columns under the earth platform, and installed on the beam and the beam according to the height of the earth platform, and the floor is placed on the beam, as the front hall of the house, and the bottom of the pig and cattle pen, or storage of debris. Above the vestibule of the long column, it was connected with the main room on the platform by a architrave, forming a part of the main room. The main room on the platform is divided into two floors: the first floor lives people, and the upper floor contains sundries. The roof is covered with tiles (or fir bark), and the walls are decorated with wood or brick.
Miao embroidery [22]
Southwest China's Guizhou Province is home to a large number of Miao ethnic compatriots, who have created different styles and styles of clothing. Their clothing is divided into casual clothes and costumes, ordinary clothes, programs or girls are dressed up when they get married, whether it is clothing or headwear, the process is complex and the work is fine.
The subject matter of Miao embroidery is rich, but relatively fixed, with dragons, birds, fish, bronze drums, flowers, butterflies, and images reflecting Miao history. Miao embroidery is very beautiful, there are 12 kinds of techniques, namely plain embroidery, cross-stitch embroidery, pile embroidery, lock embroidery, applique embroidery, seed embroidery, broken thread embroidery, nail thread embroidery, crepe embroidery, braid embroidery, tangle embroidery, horsetail embroidery, tin embroidery, silk embroidery. These techniques are divided into a number of stitches, such as lock embroidery has double needle lock and single needle lock, broken thread embroidery has broken thick thread and broken fine thread.
[22]
There are many kinds of Miao embroidery, which can be generally divided into monochrome embroidery and color embroidery. Monochrome embroidery is mainly green thread, embroidery technique is relatively simple, its works are elegant and heavy, simple and generous; Colorful embroidery with colorful silk embroidery, embroidery techniques are more complex, or flat embroidery or pan embroidery or pick embroidery, mostly to the nature of flowers, birds, insects, fish or dragon and phoenix kirin as the theme, embroidery products colorful, lifelike, is the phoenix national crafts in the fine.
[22]
The Miao batik [23]
Danzhai County, Anshun County and Zhijin County are multi-ethnic populated areas with Miao people as the main group. In the harsh environment of isolation for a long time, the residents here gradually formed a self-sufficient lifestyle, so the ancient batik technology has been preserved. According to Miao custom, all women are obligated to pass on the batik technique, and every mother must teach her daughter how to make batik. Therefore, Miao women have learned this skill since childhood, and they plant indigo cotton, spin yarn and weave cloth, paint wax and pick out, dye and cut, and pass it on from generation to generation. In this situation, these Miao inhabited areas formed waxprinting art as the leading clothing and costumes, marriage and festival customs, social ways, funeral customs and other customs and cultures.
[23]
Miao batik is an art created for the needs of the producers themselves. Its products are mainly daily necessities, including women's clothing, bed sheets, quilt covers, bundles, headscarves, backpacks, bags, suspenders, and funeral bills for funerals.
[23]
Drum club system
Before the founding of New China, Miao nationality
Drum club
A group of people united by a common male ancestor. Drum society is generally composed of one or several natural villages of the same clan, small dozens or hundreds of households, large hundreds or even thousands of households. A community sets up a drum to worship ancestors, has a common religious festival, a common regional concept and common customs and laws, wears the same dress, and speaks the same dialect. One clan is a big drum club, called "black club", and there are many branches, Miao people called brother drum club, also known as "white society". The "Black Society" generally has Guo Luo (that is, drum head), Guo Xu (that is, song head), Guo Dang (table head), Guo Xi (Li head), Guo Zha (Wutou), Guo Yang (Living road head), Ding Wang (head protection), Ding Bang (guard officer), Jia Yeyang (food head) and other leaders, collectively called "Drum Society nine drum heads", by which they jointly lead the affairs of the whole society. The highest authority of the drum Club is the general Assembly of its members, which is held every 13 years
Drum Festival
. Men, women and children are expected to attend. Drum Society festival to hold a grand ancestor worship activities, worship Yang Gong, Yang Po, and election of a new drum head, discuss and decide the drum society statute and other important matters. The drum Society has the basic functions of organizing and developing production, adjusting marital relations, promoting population growth, adjusting internal and external relations, etc. It also has the function of a military unit and has the duty of safeguarding the honor and revenge of the clan. Miao Drum Society is a very closely integrated blood group, the kinship appellation system,
Ancestor worship
The concept of region and the spirit of mutual assistance embodied in people's production and life are important pillars, which strongly support the organizational concept of Drum Society. Therefore, the drum club is a remnant of the clan system. In modern times, the Drum Society organization only remained in the Qiandongnan region where the central dialect was spoken, and other regions had disappeared or mostly disappeared
[9]
.
Penelope system
A surname
It is a regional village organization composed of different families, that is, a rural commune organization. The name of the Miao people varies from place to place. Southeast of Guizhou is called "Langang" or "hook ramming", also known as "Langang meeting"; Guangxi is called"
Petrology conference
"Or" Buried rock Conference "; Most areas in western Hunan are called"
Combination of funds
";
assembly
"Or" Reisha meeting." It is a system of agreement in Miao society and a regional political and economic alliance organization. The size of the organization varies, and the most common is composed of several or dozens of stockades. The highest authority of the council is the Council, whose task is to discuss major issues, formulate the Council, and elect various deacon leaders. The council hammer maintains social order according to the "Council Statute". Its main duties are to mediate and deal with disputes over the ownership of land and mountain forests, marital disputes, theft incidents, internal national disputes, taboos violations, mutual killings, and organize people to fight together against the enemy and fight against foreign aggression. Village elders and hammers are generally not divorced from production, but with the development of society, where class divisions are sharp, there are some changes. In some areas of southeast Guizhou, some village old, hammer also served concurrently
Nail length
,
Stay in a long-term position
The Co-guarantors, transformed into the landlord class, used the discussion nut to safeguard the interests of the class, so that the nature of the discussion nut has changed. Penang is governed by the customary laws and regulations formulated by the organization, which become unwritten laws once passed by the masses. In the past, the regulations of the Miao people's discussion on penang played an important role in maintaining the local production, life and social order. Until modern times, in many Miao areas, the form of penang still exists, and the penang statute has been changed into the content suitable for modern social life, and has become an effective supplement to the government's administrative organization and laws and decrees, playing a very important role in social production and maintaining social stability
[9]
.
Aging management system
Li Lao (also known as "village Lao", "township Lao") is the natural leader of the Miao village, he is naturally formed, not elected, and not hereditary. There are roughly three levels of elder management: the elder management of a village, called "village elder" or "hook to", mainly mediates disputes occurring in the village; The elder management of a drum society (clan), called "drum Gong" or "Lou Fang", mainly mediates and manages disputes occurring within the clan; The elders of a place (including several villages), called "Gou Jia" or "Dali head", are responsible for mediating major disputes that occur in the film. Li Lao is familiar with the ancient principles and ancient rules, uphold justice, work seriously, eloquent, in people's minds enjoy a high reputation and prestige, to maintain the production and life order of the Miao society, has played a very positive role
[9]
.
Fish in sour soup
Miao people especially like to eat acid, almost every family are homemade sour soup, sour cabbage, hot and sour, pickled fish, Miao's sour soup fish tender soup, delicious fragrance, famous. The Miao people enjoy drinking alcohol. Usually after work, drink a little wine, relax the muscles and blood circulation, eliminate fatigue; Relatives and friends visit, on New Year's festivals, red and white wedding, will be wine hospitality, over time formed a set of drinking traditional customs and etiquette, many places of Miao banquet and toast, there is the custom of singing wine songs. Miao people in the border areas of Hunan, Guangxi and Guizhou also drink oil tea, which is not only a necessary food for Miao family when receiving guests, but also a special beverage before and after meals, and some places even eat oil tea in the rice. In western Hunan, northeast Guizhou and southern Chongqing, stir-fried rice tea is used as a high-end drink for drinking and entertaining relatives and guests during the festival
[9]
.
Sour soup
Sour soup
It is made of rice soup or tofu water, which is fermented in a crock for 3-5 days and can be used to cook meat, fish and vegetables. Miao food preservation, the general use of pickling method, vegetables, chicken, duck, fish, meat are like pickled into sour taste. Almost every Miao family has a jar of pickled food, collectively known as the sour altar. Miao people have a long history of making wine, from koji, fermentation, distillation, blending, cellaring have a complete set of technology. Oil tea is the most common daily drink. Xiangxi Miao people also have a special kind
Flower tea
. Sour soup is also a common drink. Some areas of the Yang Miao have not eaten
Pig heart
In addition, the Miao people do not have too many food taboos and requirements. The typical food of the Miao people in China mainly includes: blood irrigation soup,
Chili bone
, Miaoxiang Turtle Phoenix Soup,
Cabbage cake
,
Worm tea
,
Flower tea
,
Pound fish
,
Fish in sour soup
Let's wait.
Glutinous rice
Glutinous rice is one of the Miao staple food, occupies an important position in the life of the Miao people, for men and women, the old and young favorite food, people think that eating sticky rice is not hungry, light taste, not as sweet as glutinous rice, without dishes can also eat, without chopsticks, hand pinch to eat extremely convenient. Gifts for visiting relatives and friends, various festivals (
Sister segment
The staple food, mostly made of glutinous rice. There are glutinous rice steamed white, dyed colorful flowers sticky rice, pillow shaped and triangular zongzi, glutinous rice cake, as well as wine, long-distance travel or uphill work, mostly in bamboo boxes filled with glutinous rice storage to take with you to eat.
Braised chicken with small black medicine
In the Miao village, as long as the family comes to the guest, they will stew the fragrant little black medicine chicken for guests to taste. This delicious food not only has a unique fragrance and rich nutrition, but also "clearing lung detoxification, dispelling cold and relieving cough, nourishing Yin and tonifying kidney, and promoting blood circulation", which has always been regarded as a feast for guests and a tonic medicine for major diseases.
nigra
Aliased grass
maple
It is a perennial herb, growing in cool and humid mountains, its roots, stems, leaves can be used as medicine, Miao compatriots commonly use it to treat kidney deficiency, back pain, asthma and other diseases. The chicken produced by its stew not only has unique flavor, tender meat and fresh soup, but also has special effects such as tonifying and curing diseases. Important food for Miao pregnant women after childbirth.
Life customs taboo:
In some Miao areas, it is forbidden to wash the retort, rice bag, and rice basin at any time, and can only be washed when eating new rice to show that the old rice will welcome the new rice. Washing all the time will wash away the money, not enough food. Do not drink raw water directly on the mountain, must first hit a straw, to kill the disease ghost. Do not touch other people's clothes left on the roadside, so as not to spread leprosy. Avoid children playing small bows and arrows at home, afraid of shooting ancestors. Do not cross the child's head, otherwise the child will not grow tall. It is forbidden for women to sit on the same bench as their elders. The taboos of the Miao people vary according to different branches.
Taboo:
Maternity, avoid outsiders to enter the house. Accidentally strayed into, go out to wash the feet, and drink a bowl of cold water, to prevent the maternal milk "step dry". Mothers do not eat old mother yellow beef, female pork, male chicken, small fish, vegetables, peppers and so on. In some Miao areas, it is forbidden for pregnant women to meet with pregnant women or go to other mothers' homes, otherwise it will be considered to extend the period of delivery.
Farming taboo:
The Miao people do not see foreigners when they return from sending manure to the fields for the first time every year, and if they meet them, they do not greet them. When planting seedlings, if there are fish in the rice field, avoid saying fish, otherwise the fish will eat the root of the seedlings. some
Stockaded village
When the harvest millet leaves the ear small do not collect, if the child asked, avoid saying "don't", say "they did not grow up", otherwise later millet because of sadness and refuse to grow again. Do not mention rats in the field, lest they hear to come and spoil the crops, can only be referred to as "their father and son". Avoid the E day, the first month
Beginning of Spring
After that, no moving the earth to carry water in the event of a day.
Funeral taboo:
In some Miao areas, it is forbidden for men to die during the day and women to die at night, believing that the time is not right and the deceased must be accompanied by a heterosexual deceased. Therefore, when he died, the bereaved family often asked the wizard to recite the curse "change", and at the same time, a wooden coffin the size of a palm was buried with him to show that he had a companion. Put iron, copper and other non-silver metals and cotton and coated with tung oil inside the coffin, thinking that if the dead can not buy water on the way back to the East, iron and copper will toss the dead. In some Miao areas, the dead in the village can work on the day of death, but do not go to the field. On that day, people in the same village should not pick wood to go home, otherwise the pick wood will have disaster. During the mourning period, family members refrain from eating vegetables. Within one month after the burial, nothing in the home may be sold or borrowed.
Subject article:
Miao nationality festival
Sister day photo
2, quality exchange festival;
3, men and women social, love, mate selection festival;
4. Sacrificial festivals;
5. Commemorative and celebratory festivals.
There are twelve months in a year, and each month has more than one festival day.
Hanayama Festival
In addition, due to different branches and regional cultural differences, the Miao people also have some unique festivals in their local branches, such as
Hanayama Festival
Let's wait.
