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Finland

[fēn lán]
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Republic of Finland
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Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta, Swedish Language : Republiken Finland), the capital of Finland for short Helsinki , located in Europe North. with Sweden , Norse , Russia Border, south Gulf of Finland Face the west The Gulf of Bothnia . The total area is 338,000 square kilometers, the coastline is 1,100 kilometers long, and the terrain is high in the north and low in the south. It has a temperate maritime climate. As of November 2023, Finland has a total population of 5.603 million, The main ethnic group is Finnish. Finnish and Swedish are both official languages.
Around 9,000 years ago, at the end of the Ice age, the ancestors of Finns moved here from the south and southeast. Finland became part of Sweden in the second half of the 12th century and officially became part of Sweden in the mid-14th century. In 1809 Finland became a Grand Duchy of Russia after the Russo-Swiss War. On 6 December 1917, Finland became independent and in 1919, the Republic of Finland was established.
Finland is a developed capitalist country. Finland began the process of industrialization and urbanization after World War II and joined in 1995 European Union He joined in 1999 euroland , yes Nordic The only member of the eurozone. [22] Finland has strong comprehensive competitiveness, advanced technology and sound laws and regulations. Finland's economic development relies on the international market to a large extent, advocates free trade, wood processing, paper and forestry machinery industries as important pillar industries, with the world's leading level. 2022, Finland Gross domestic product It was $280.5 billion. According to the World Happiness Report 2023, the Nordic country of Finland has retained its title as the happiest country in the world for the sixth consecutive year. [29]
  • They say
Sociophobic Finns spent $760 million to build a library for me 2024-04-10 17:38
If the "20-minute effect in the park" is true, then the Carol library should also apply to this theory - just stay in there for 20 minutes, even if you do nothing, you can see what Borges described as "the appearance of heaven." ... details
The content comes from
Chinese name
Finland
Foreign name
The Republic of Finland
Abbreviated form
Finland
continent
Europe
capital
Helsinki
Major city
Espoo , Tampere , Rovaniemi , Turku Etc.
National Day
December 6, 1917
National song
" Our country "
Country code
FIN
Official language
Finnish , Swedish Language
currency
Euro
Time zone
UTC+2
Political system
republicanism
National leader
Alexander Stubb (President) , Petrie Orpo (Prime Minister)
Population number
5.603 million (November 2023)
Population density
16.4 persons/km2 (August 2022)
Major nationality
Finns , Swede , Sami
Major religion
Lutheranism
Land area
338000 km²
Water area ratio
10%
Total GDP
$280.5 billion (2022)
Per capita GDP
$50,300 [22] (2022)
International telephone area code
358
International domain name abbreviation
.fi
Road access
Drive on the right
Official website
http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/
reputation
Land of a thousand lakes
Leading institution
University of Helsinki , Aalto University , University of Oulu Etc.

catalogue

  1. 1Historical evolution
  2. 2Geographical environment
  3. ▪Regional location
  4. ▪landform
  5. ▪climate
  6. ▪Natural resources
  7. 3Administrative division
  8. ▪Zoning details
  9. ▪Major city
  10. 4National symbol
  11. ▪Country name
  12. ▪flag
  13. ▪National emblem
  14. ▪The national flower
  15. 5population
  16. 6political
  1. ▪regime
  2. ▪constitution
  3. ▪congress
  4. ▪government
  5. ▪judiciary
  6. ▪Political party
  7. ▪dignitaries
  8. 7economy
  9. ▪summarize
  10. ▪industry
  11. ▪Agriculture and forestry
  12. ▪Service industry
  13. ▪Information technology
  14. ▪finance
  15. ▪currency
  16. ▪foreign trade
  17. ▪Two-way investment
  18. ▪Foreign aid
  1. 8culture
  2. ▪Language
  3. ▪religion
  4. ▪custom
  5. ▪diet
  6. ▪movie
  7. ▪MUSICIANS
  8. ▪Festivals
  9. 9Military affairs
  10. 10traffic
  11. ▪highroad
  12. ▪railway
  13. ▪Air freight
  14. ▪Water transport
  15. 11society
  16. ▪Science and technology
  17. ▪education
  1. ▪hygiene
  2. ▪medium
  3. ▪Physical education
  4. ▪Public security
  5. ▪communication
  6. ▪electricity
  7. ▪payroll
  8. ▪Labour force
  9. 12diplomacy
  10. ▪Foreign policy
  11. ▪External relations
  12. 13travel
  13. ▪Main attraction
  14. ▪World heritage site

Historical evolution

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EDITOR
Subject article: History of Finland
Around 9,000 years ago, at the end of the Ice age, the ancestors of Finns moved here from the south and southeast.
In the second half of the 12th century, Finland became part of Sweden.
In the mid-14th century, Finland officially became a part of it.
In 1809 Finland became a Grand Duchy of Russia after the Russo-Swiss War.
On 6 December 1917, Finland became independent.
In 1919, Finland became a republic.
After the Finnish-Soviet War of 1939-40 (known in Finland as the "Winter War"), Finland was forced to sign the Finnish-Soviet Peace Treaty, which ceded territory to the Soviet Union.
From 1941 to 1944, when Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union, Finland participated in the war against the Soviet Union (Finland called the "Continuation War").
In February 1947, Finland signed the Paris Peace Treaty with the Soviet Union and other countries.
In April 1948, Finland signed a Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance with the Soviet Union.
In 1955, Finland joined The United Nations .
Finland joined in 1995 European Union .
In 1999, Finland joined the European Economic Union (Euro area) and is the only member of the euro area in Northern Europe. [22]

Geographical environment

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EDITOR

Regional location

Finland is located in northern Europe, bordered by Russia to the east, Norway to the north, Sweden to the northwest, the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, and the Gulf of Finland to the south. The land area of 338,000 square kilometers, the terrain is high in the north and low in the south, and the coastline is 1,100 kilometers long. One third of the land is inside the Arctic Circle.
Finland

landform

Finland is high in the north and low in the south, the Manselkia Hills in the north are 200 to 700 meters above sea level, and the middle is 200 to 300 meters Moraine hill The coastal areas are plains below 50 meters above sea level. The longest north-south distance is 1,157 km, and the widest is 542 km from east to west. Finland has the world's second highest capital, Helsinki, after Reykjavik, Iceland.
Finland is known as the "land of a thousand lakes", the inland water area accounts for 10% of the country's area, there are about 179,000 islands, about 188,000 lakes. Finland is flat, and the Haltitunturi peak in northern Lapland, on the border between Finland and Norway, is the highest point in Finland at 1,328 meters. The longest river in Finland is Kemi (Kemijoki), 512 km long. Most of the islands are located in the southwest and the southern coast of the Finnish Peninsula Aland Islands .
Landforms of Finland

climate

Finland has a temperate maritime climate, with an average temperature of -14 ° C to -3 ° C in winter, 13 ° C to 17 ° C in summer, and an average annual precipitation of 600 mm.

Natural resources

Finland's forest coverage reaches 80%, covering an area of 22.82 million hectares, 4.2 hectares per capita, ranking first in Europe and second in the world, with wood storage of 2.189 billion cubic meters. Rich water resources, mineral resources in more copper, a small amount of iron, nickel, vanadium, cobalt and so on. Peat is rich in resources, with proven reserves of about 69.094 billion cubic meters, equivalent to 4 billion tons of oil.

Administrative division

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EDITOR

Zoning details

On January 1, 2010, Finland officially abolished provincial divisions and governorships. In 2013, the country was further reformed into six regional administrative bodies, divided into more than 320 municipalities, which are autonomous and decide their own financial affairs.
The administrative divisions of Finland
The six regional administrations are: Province of Southern Finland , Eastern Finland , Province of Western Finland , Auru , Department of Lapland (The Lapi province on the map is a translation problem) and Oran Autonomous region; The province is divided into 20 districts (Maakunta). The 6 provinces are divided into 90 districts (kihlakunta/ harad), which are only national service organizations. There are 416 local governments, including 114 townships (kaupunki/ stader) and 302 townships (kunta/kommuner). [22]

Major city

Helsinki
Views of Helsinki
Helsinki It is the capital of Finland, located on the Viloniemi Peninsula on the northern shore of the Gulf of Finland, surrounded on three sides by the Baltic Sea. Founded in 1550, Helsinki was made the capital of Finland after the country declared independence in 1917. It has an area of 715 km2 and a population of 673,000 (as of November 2023).
Helsinki is the national cultural, financial and economic activity center, is also the largest industrial center in Finland, the main industries are machine building, shipbuilding, printing and clothing industries, electronics, paper, food, textile, chemical, rubber and material industries are also very developed . The city is also the country's largest wholesale center and foreign trade center, with more than half of Finland's foreign trade coming and going from here. Helsinki city is also the national transportation hub, the transportation is convenient. [23]
Views of Helsinki
Helsinki is well developed in science, education and culture, with many museums, galleries and universities. The University of Helsinki is the largest institution of higher learning in Scandinavia and the oldest in Finland. The larger theatres in the city include the Finnish National Theatre, Helsinki City Theatre and Swedish Theatre. There are many churches in Helsinki, the most famous of which is the 500-year-old Helsinki Cathedral. [23]
Helsinki's architectural styles are diverse, with neoclassical buildings preserved and a considerable number of modern buildings. The main attractions are the Senate Square, the Sibelius Monument, the Rock Church, the Finnish Fort and so on. [24]
On July 14, 2006, Beijing Established sister city relations with the city of Helsinki. [23]
City of Rovaniemi
City of Rovaniemi
The city of Rovaniemi is the political, economic, cultural and tourist center of northern Finland. It has about 30,000 residents and is mainly engaged in commerce, transportation and tourism. More than 300,000 tourists visit the country every year. There are polar days and polar nights, the sun basically does not set between June and July every year, and there is almost no daylight for about 50 days from the end of November to January of the following year. 10 kilometers north of the city, there is a "Santa Claus Village" located on the Arctic Circle. The main attractions are: Santa Claus Village, Sami reindeer breeding park. [24]
Lahti
View of Lahti City
The city of Lahti is located in southern Finland, at the southern end of Lake Paienai. It has a population of about 100,000. Located 100 kilometers north of Helsinki, Finland is a famous winter sports city in Finland. The Sarpaus Ridge runs through the city of Lahti from west to east and is a famous ski resort, where national and international ski and snow jumping competitions are held every winter. Lahti is not only the winter sports center of Finland, but also an industrial, commercial and tourist city.
Lahti's architecture cleverly combines Russia and Western Europe, from the eastern and Western charm of the building, forming a unique local landscape, separate trees, and the classical and modern, urban and nature style. The uniqueness of Lahti cuisine is the selection and materials of its dishes, and many of the main ingredients of food come from Lahti's rich mountains and forests and lakes.
On November 25, 2018, Zhangjiakou City of China and Lahti City officially concluded the international sister city relationship.

National symbol

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EDITOR

Country name

Republic of Finland (Finnish: Suomen Tasavalta). Finland for short, the country's name means the country of the lake.

flag

Flag of Finland
Flag of Finland Called the "Blue Cross" (Finnish: Siniristilippu), it was officially adopted as the national civil flag in May 1818. Rectangular in shape, the ratio of length to width is 18∶11. The flag ground is white. A cross shaped blue strip slightly to the left divides the flag into four white rectangles. Finland is known as the "land of a thousand lakes", southwest of the Baltic Sea, the blue flag symbolizing lakes, rivers and oceans; Another one symbolizes the blue sky. The blue and white flag also symbolizes what Finland used to be with the 19th century Tsarist Russia The Grand Duchy. The flag of Finland reflects its relationship with Sweden and the Scandinavian countries. Finland has a third dominion In the Arctic Circle, the climate is cold, and the white color on the flag symbolizes the country covered with snow.
The other flag is a special flag, that is, a blue cross with a national emblem (a yellow lion on a red background) on the civil flag, which is used by the president and the military. The Finnish flag was designed by Eero Snellman and Bruno Tuukkanen, and the national coat of arms and the Freedom Cross on the presidential flag used today were designed by Olof Eriksson.

National emblem

Coat of arms of Finland
Coat of arms of Finland The King of Sweden Gustav the First When used. It was also adopted during Finland's time as a Grand Duchy and is still in use today. red Coat of arms . On its shield was a golden lion with a crown on its head, holding a sword in its front PAWS and a machete in its back PAWS. Nine white roses dotted around the lion. The lion on the coat of arms is from the Fulcon family, and it also appears on the Swedish coat of arms. The sword and machete are similar to the national emblem of Karelia. The Russian machete at the foot of the lion reflects the political situation of the time. At the time, Sweden was engaged in a long war with Russia. The nine roses supposedly represent the nine provinces of Finland throughout history, but the number of roses has varied.

The national flower

Lily of the valley
The national flower of Finland is Lily of the valley It symbolizes purity and happiness.

population

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EDITOR
As of August 2022, Finland has a total population of 5.556 million people, of which about 86.9% are Finnish and 5.2% are Swedish. [22] There are also a small number of Sami. The Finns are also divided into four tribes: the Pohjola, Savo, Karelia and Hame.
Most of Finland's population lives in the temperate south. The Helsinki region (which includes the cities of Helsinki, Heisbourg, Vantaa and Kauniainen and their surrounding towns) is the main populated area with a population of about 1,694,000. Other densely populated cities include Heisbourg (293,000), Tampere (241,000), Vantaa (238,000), Oulu (207,000), Turku (194,000) and others. According to Statistics Finland, as of the end of 2018, the total number of local Chinese was 10,214, mainly distributed in Helsinki, Heisbourg, Tampere, Turku and other cities.

political

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EDITOR

regime

The political system of Finland is Parliamentary democracy [33] inferior Democratic republic . The legislative power of the state is exercised jointly by the Parliament and the President. The President is the head of state, and most executive powers are held by a cabinet headed by the Prime minister, who is chosen by Parliament. The Cabinet consists of the Prime Minister, central government ministers, and a chief justice.

constitution

The Constitution of Finland came into force on 17 July 1919. The Constitution stipulates that the legislative power of the State shall be exercised jointly by the Parliament and the President of the Republic; The president is the head of state who has the real power to appoint the government, manage foreign affairs, and command the military, and is elected every six years. In 1999, the Finnish Parliament adopted a new constitution, the name of which was changed from the Government Organization Act to the Constitution. The new constitution strengthens the role of parliament and the government in the country's political life and reduces some of the president's powers. [22]

congress

The Finnish Parliament is the highest legislative body of Finland and acts Unicameral, the highest legislature of the country. It consists of 200 members directly elected by the electorate for a four-year term. Its main functions are to legislate, supervise the government and supervise finance. Speaker JussiHalla-aho (Finns Party) took office in June 2023. [22]

government

In April 2023, Finland held a general election, the National Coalition Party replaced the Social Democratic Party as the largest party in parliament, and the party president Petre Orpo led the formation of a government. In June of the same year, a coalition government consisting of the National United Party, the Finns Party, the Swedish People's Party and the Christian Democrats was sworn in, with Orpo as Prime Minister and ElinaValtonen (female, National United Party) as foreign Minister. [27]
On the evening of February 11, 2024, according to data released by the Finnish Ministry of Justice, the candidate of the National Coalition Party, the largest party in the Finnish parliament, former Prime Minister Alexander Stubb, won the second round of the presidential election held on the same day and was elected the new president of Finland. [32]
The main government departments in Finland are the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ulkoasiainministeri), the Ministry of Justice (Oikeusministeri), the Ministry of Interior (Sisasiainministeri), the Ministry of Defense (Puolustusministeri), and the Ministry of Finance (Valtiovarainm) inisteri, Ministry of Education and Culture (Opetusministeri), Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Maa-Ja Metstalousministeri), Ministry of Transport and Communications (Likenne-Ja Viestintministeri), Ministry of Economy and Employment (Ty-Ja) Elinkeinoministeri, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health (Sosiaali-Ja Terveysministeri), Ministry of Environment (Ymp rist ministeri).

judiciary

Finnish Civil law system The highest judicial organs of the state are the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court. The Supreme Court consists of a president and 18 judges who hear civil and criminal cases. The Supreme Administrative Court, composed of the president and 22 judges, is responsible for hearing administrative cases of government agencies and provincial, city (county) agencies. The prosecuting organs are procuratorates at all levels. There is also a National Legal Ombudsman, who has the power to attend cabinet meetings and monitor the constitutionality of the decisions of the President, the Cabinet and various government departments. The presidents of the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court, the judges and the Supreme Prosecutor are appointed by the President.

Political party

A multi-party system. The main political parties are:
Political party
introduce
The national coalition party (TheNationalCoalitionParty)
The ruling party. It was established in 1918. It mainly represents the interests of the industrial and commercial community, and takes safeguarding national independence, safeguarding the political and economic interests of the nation, and pursuing the development of economic and spiritual life as its basic goals. Currently, there are about 27,000 party members and 48 current lawmakers. Chairman Petrie Orpo.
Finns Party
The ruling party. Established in 1995. We advocate protecting the interests of small farmers, urban civilians and small and medium-sized enterprises, and encourage an innovative economy. Foreign policy is nationalistic and Eurosceptic. It has 15,000 party members and 46 current members of Parliament. Chairperson Rika Pula (female).
SwedishPeople's Party (TheSwedishPeople 'sParty)
The ruling party. Founded in 1906. It's made up of Swedish people in Finland. To uphold the social status and rights of the Swedish population. Currently, there are about 26,000 party members and nine current members of Parliament. Chairperson Anna-MajaHenriksson (female).
Finland Christian Democrats (TheFinnishChristianDemocraticParty)
The ruling party. Established in 1958. For the purpose of Christian doctrine, we advocate the implementation of a socially and ecologically responsible market economy, pay attention to environmental protection and sustainable development, and demand the guarantee of equal and efficient social welfare. Externally, we advocate the building of an open and secure Europe and the development of common defense. Currently, there are about 8,400 party members and 5 current members of Parliament. SariEssayah (female), Chairperson.
Finland's social Democratic Party (TheFinnishSocialDemocraticParty)
The opposition party. It was founded in 1899. Internally, we should advocate political and economic democracy, achieve full employment and fair distribution, ensure social welfare and develop social democracy. Externally, we advocate disarmament and achieve international peace. There are about 40,000 party members and 43 current members of Parliament. Chairman AnttiLindtman.
CentrePartyofFinland (Centrepartyinland)
The opposition party. Founded in 1906. With the goal of establishing an equal and just society, it opposes the monopoly of political and economic power internally, advocates protecting the position of agriculture and forestry in the national economy, and protects the interests of small and medium-sized enterprises and agricultural producers; Externally, it advocates a positive foreign policy of peace and attaches importance to relations with countries in Northern Europe and the Bosnian Sea region. There are 77,000 party members and 23 current members of Parliament. Chairperson AnnikaSaarikko (female).
TheGreenLeague
The opposition party. Established in 1988. Advocates environmental protection, supports Finland's foreign policy of peace, and actively participates in peace and environmental protection activities. It has 7,800 party members and 13 members of Parliament. Chairperson MariaO 'Hisalo (female).
FinnishLeftAlliance (TheFinnishLeftAlliance)
The opposition party. Established in 1990. It is advocated that the government expand investment, stimulate economic development, ensure social welfare, and develop renewable energy. Externally, we advocate active participation in UN peacekeeping operations and strengthening national defense. It has 11,000 members and 11 members of Parliament. Chairperson LiAndersson (female).
MovementNow (Action Now)
The opposition party. Founded in 2018, it was officially registered as a political party in November 2019. It currently has 8,000 members. Focus on Barents Sea protection and corporate social security issues. There is one incumbent member. Chairman HarryHarkimo.
Reference materials:

dignitaries

Finnish Prime Minister Petrie Orpo
Alexander Stubb : The President. Born in 1968, he has served as Prime Minister of Finland, Minister of Finance, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Foreign Trade and European Affairs, and Member of the European Parliament. On 11 February 2024, he was elected President of Finland. [31]
Petrie Orpo: Prime Minister. Born in 1969. Master of Science in Political Science. He was elected to Parliament in 2007. He was appointed Minister of Agriculture and Forestry in June 2014. He became Minister of the Interior in May 2015. He has been chairman of the National United Party since 2016. He served as Minister of Finance from June 2016 to June 2019 and as Deputy Prime Minister since 2017. He became Prime Minister in June 2023. [28] [30]

economy

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EDITOR

summarize

It joined the eurozone in 1999 and officially circulated the euro in 2002. In recent years, the economy has developed steadily on the whole, and it ranks among the forefront in the world in the fields of ecological protection, information and communication, clean technology, new energy and machinery manufacturing. It is ranked 13th in the Global Competitiveness Ranking 2023 by IMD.
Key economic indicators for 2022 are as follows:
Gross domestic product
$280.5 billion
Gross domestic product per capita
$50,300
Economic growth rate
- 5.4%
Inflation rate
7.1%
Unemployment rate
6.8% [22]
In 2021, the added value of Finland's agriculture, forestry, fisheries, industry and services will account for 2.38%, 24.77% and 59.57% of GDP respectively. In 2021, Finland will have a fiscal deficit of 6.8 billion euros, or about 2.7% of GDP. In 2021, Finland's total government debt is 166.4 billion euros, or about 65.8% of GDP, down 3.2 percentage points from 2020, but still over 60% of the reference value. As of April 2022, Finland's total foreign exchange reserves stood at 15.427 billion euros. As of March 2023, Finland's debt credit is rated AA+ by international rating agencies Standard & Poor's and Fitch, and Aa1 by Moody's, the second highest rating.

industry

Finnish industry developed rapidly in the 1990s, shifting from Labour and capital intensive to technology intensive. The forest-based wood processing, paper and forestry machinery manufacturing industry is the backbone of the economy and has the world's leading level. The forest industry accounts for 5% of the world's total output, and is the world's second largest exporter of paper and paperboard (accounting for 25% of world exports) and the world's fourth largest exporter of pulp.
Forest industry
The forest industry has always been Finland's traditional advantage industry, and its technology is in a leading position in the world. The main products include sawn timber, plywood, fiberboard, furniture and other wood processing products, pulp and paper products. Stora Enso, UPM and Metsa Group are the three largest forestry companies in Finland. Stora Enso is the world's largest producer of cartons and paperboards and the third largest producer of sawn timber. Upm is the world's largest producer of magazine paper, label paper and Europe's largest producer of plywood. The Fenlin Group is Europe's leading manufacturer of high-quality paper and paperboard.
Over the past decade, Finland's forest industry has been transforming into the bio-products industry, and the modern Finnish Pulp Mill has become a multi-functional bio-refining center to promote the use of different ingredients in wood raw materials.
Metal industry
The metal industry grew rapidly after World War II and became one of the pillar industries of the Finnish national economy. The main products are steel, pig iron, copper, nickel, zinc, etc. The scintillation copper and nickel smelting technology invented in Finland is the world's leading. Outokumpu is the leader and one of the four largest stainless steel producers in the world. Other major players include Outotec, the world's leading provider of metallurgical and mining processing technology and services.
Machinery industry
The machinery industry is one of Finland's important advantages and pillar industries. The main products include agricultural and forestry machinery, paper machines, elevators, lifting equipment, icebreakers, Marine equipment and so on. Big players in the industry include Metso, the world's largest producer of paper machines; Kone, the world's largest supplier to the elevator and escalator industry; Wartsila, the world's largest manufacturer of Marine diesel engines and diesel generators; KCI, the largest crane manufacturer in Northern Europe; Meyer Turku Shipyard, one of the world's three largest cruise ship shipyards.
Energy and environmental protection industry
Finnish technology is a global leader in energy efficiency, clean processes, water conservation, waste management and environmental monitoring. In the field of bioenergy and cogeneration, Finnish technology has reached the highest level in the world. At present, Finland's renewable energy accounts for 30% of its total energy consumption, which is among the highest in the world. Puzair's systems for sorting and transporting waste and central vacuuming are global leaders in similar technologies and markets. Vaisala isa world leader in temperature and humidity sensor technology.
Chemical industry
The chemical industry is an important competitive industry in Finland, which has maintained a good momentum of development in recent years and has gradually become the largest export industry in Finland. The main products are petrochemical products, paper chemical products, plastic and rubber products, coatings and so on.
Food industry
The food industry is one of the most important industries in Finland and has maintained steady growth. The main products include meat products, dairy products, beer drinks, chocolate, snacks and so on. The Finnish food industry is known for being green and non-polluting and is a European pioneer in functional foods.

Agriculture and forestry

Finland's forestry is well developed and its agricultural and livestock products are more than self-sufficient. Agriculture and forestry are closely integrated, and almost all farmers manage some amount of forest land. The arable land is about 2.298 million hectares, and the labor force engaged in agro-forestry is 99,000, accounting for about 4% of the total labor force.

Service industry

Finnish services include business, tourism, finance, communications and public services. The information industry is developed, and it is one of the countries with the highest proportion of Internet access and mobile phone ownership per capita. The main tourist destinations are Helsinki, Turku, the Eastern Lake District, the Northern Rabi region and the island of Oran.

Information technology

The Information and communication technology (ICT) industry is a pillar of the Finnish economy, including games, mobile phone hardware and software, communication services and networks, information and communication security technology, geographic information technology and systems, and exports of products and services.
Nokia Nokia is Finland's flagship company in the field of mobile communications and network operations. At the end of 2013, Nokia's shareholder meeting approved the sale of its handset business to Microsoft. On April 15, 2015, Nokia announced that it would acquire telecom equipment manufacturer Alcatel-Lucent for 15.6 billion euros (about $16.6 billion) to strengthen Nokia's position in the telecom equipment market. In addition to Nokia, many companies in the industry also have certain advantages in the field of mobile communication technology and equipment. For example, Benefon mainly produces GSM+GPS mobile positioning communication equipment and has the world's leading mobile phone positioning technology.
The game industry is a new industry in Finland, and according to the Finnish National Technology Innovation Agency and the Finnish Game Industry Center, 95% of the games developed in Finland are exported, which is an important part of its cultural exports. The Finnish games industry relies on exports for 95% of its sales and is growing at 33% a year, with the majority of revenues coming from Asian markets. The sales are dominated by mobile games, but important games are also available on other platforms. Created" Angry Birds Rovio is the face of the Finnish gaming industry, and the upstart Supercell has been named by Forbes as the fastest growing gaming company in history. Many well-known international game companies have established research and development departments in Finland. EA , Ubisoft Well-known game companies such as Ubisoft, Zynga and Wargaming, as well as well-known game engine and graphics card developers such as Unity, Nvidia and AMD entered Finland through acquisitions and the establishment of subsidiaries.

finance

bank
According to the Finnish Financial Supervisory Authority, there are currently more than 200 banks in Finland, including domestic deposit banks, investment banks, and branches and subsidiaries of foreign credit institutions. The regulator is the Financial Supervisory Authority of Finland (FIN-FSA) and the central Bank is the Bank of Finland. The main commercial banks include Nordea Bank, OP-Pohjola Bank Group, Danske Bank, etc. Nordea and Danske are foreign-controlled banks, and OP Bank Group is a Finn-controlled bank.
China has yet to establish a bank branch in Finland. In August 2012, Bank of China and Bank of Pohjola, a subsidiary of OP-Pohjola Banking Group, cooperated to set up service counters in each other's country.
Securities market
Finland's stock market is developed and highly open. There is only one Stock Exchange, the OMX Helsinki Stock Exchange, which was founded in 1912 and is now part of NASDAQ OMX, the largest stock exchange in the world. On June 4, 2021, there were 141 companies listed on the Helsinki Stock Exchange, and the Helsinki Stock Exchange 25 Index reached 5309 points, up 15.78% from the beginning of 2021.
Credit card use
Credit cards are very popular in Finland, most hotels, restaurants, car rental companies, department stores, gas stations, taxis and other business places accept a variety of major credit cards such as Visa, Master Card, American Express, Eurocard, Access, etc. Use your credit card for easy cash withdrawal at all ATMs in Finland.
Since May 2016, stores in cities frequented by Chinese tourists have begun accepting China UnionPay cards. On September 20, 2019, China UnionPay and the Nordic acquiring agency Nets A/S cooperated to open UnionPay card acceptance service for all Nets A/S merchants in Finland. Through the cooperation, UnionPay has reached 70% coverage of Finnish merchants.
In order to better serve Chinese travelers, Helsinki Airport in Finland began to promote Alipay in January 2017, becoming the first airport in Europe to accept Alipay payments. Airport travelers can also use Alipay for tax refunds. Alipay is already available in several shopping malls and stores in Finland.
Foreign exchange control
In Finland, all convertible currencies, including the euro, are freely convertible, freely imported and exported, and there is no quantity limit. Foreign-funded enterprises may open foreign exchange accounts in the local area, and foreigners carrying cash over 10,000 euros (including bills of exchange) must declare.

currency

The local currency of Finland is Euro , freely convertible.

foreign trade

The total foreign trade in 2022 is about 173.8 billion euros, of which imports 92.3 billion euros, an increase of 24.9%, exports 81.5 billion euros, an increase of 26.5%, a trade deficit of 10.8 billion euros. The main imported commodities are metals, crude oil, etc. The main export commodities are metal, paper and cardboard, chemical products and so on. Main trading partners: Germany, Sweden, China, the United States, etc.
Sino-finnish economy and trade
The economies of China and Finland are highly complementary. In 1980, Finland granted our country GSP treatment. Trade between the two countries continues to grow. At present, Finland is our third largest trading partner in the Nordic region. China has been Finland's largest trading partner in Asia for many years in a row. According to Chinese Customs statistics, from January to November 2023, bilateral trade volume was 7.58 billion US dollars, down 16.9% year-on-year, of which China's exports were 3.02 billion US dollars, down 29.5% year-on-year, and imports were 4.56 billion US dollars, down 5.8% year-on-year.

Two-way investment

Finland's direct investment destinations are mainly Sweden and other EU countries, and foreign direct investment in Finland mainly comes from Sweden, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Denmark and other countries. By the end of 2022, Finland had invested 155 billion euros in foreign direct investment and attracted 79.8 billion euros in foreign investment.

Foreign aid

The total amount of foreign aid in 2021 is about 1.26 billion euros, or 0.50% of GNI. The total amount of humanitarian assistance for January-November 2023 is about 113 million euros. The main recipient countries are: Afghanistan, Nepal, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Mozambique, Kenya, Myanmar, Palestine, etc.

culture

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EDITOR

Language

Finnish and Swedish Language All Finland Official language . [22] According to official Finnish statistics, by the end of 2021, 86.5% of the Finnish population spoke Finnish, 5.2% Swedish and 0.04% Sami. Sami is an ancient minority language in Finland. The most popular foreign language is English.
In 2021, Finland's population increased by 14,448 people, the number of native speakers of Finnish, Swedish or Sami decreased by 10,747, and the number of speakers of other foreign languages increased by 25,195, the highest level in 40 years.

religion

Christianity was introduced to Finland from the east and West about a thousand years ago. Lutheranism and Orthodoxy are both officially recognized religions and have the same status. As of the end of 2020, about 72% of Finns are of Lutheran Christianity, 1.1% of Finns are Orthodox, 1.7% of Finns are of other religions, and 25% of Finns have no religious affiliation. The country's constitution protects freedom of religious belief.

custom

Finns are reserved and simple. The harsh weather conditions, the beautiful natural environment, the special geographical location and historical reasons have made the Finns form a very distinctive national character and culture. They like to describe their national character with the word "sisu", which cannot be translated into other languages. The word basically refers to the Finns as kind, honest, law-abiding, introverted, not talkative, and possessing a tenacious spirit and unusual patience.
Finns have a strong sense of national pride and pride, and a strong sense of equality between men and women. The main religious beliefs include Christianity, Catholicism, and Eastern Orthodoxy, and there are not many religious and folk taboos. Strong sense of time, attach importance to personal privacy and private space, love nature, advocating environmental protection. Generally do not like to talk to people too close, do not ask strangers about political orientation, family economic status, marital status, age, religious belief and action direction and other issues, do not make loud noise in public places, hinder others. Smoking is strictly prohibited in public places and indoors. [24]

diet

Finland is rich in forests and water resources, which contributes to Finnish people's eating habits. There are a large number of fruits in Finland's forests, such as blueberries, strawberries, raspberries, cranberries and other wild berries. Under the unique Northern European climate, low temperature makes plants grow slowly and fully, creating the unique fragrance and rich nutrition of wild food, which has become a "super food" given by nature. Finns love to eat seafood, and due to their deep location in northern Europe, the waters here are clean, and the North Atlantic and the Gulf of Berdinia nurture a large amount of high-quality seafood. Salmon, cod, salmon, herring, mackerel, sea bass, lobster, scallops, Arctic shells, sharks, Arctic shrimp, the list is really endless. The long winters in old Finland made vegetables more precious. Look forward to the summer, broccoli, cauliflower, Onions, cucumbers, lettuce and so on are abundant at this time. In order to celebrate the maturity of this rich ingredients, the Finns beat them all in a "pot" and invented "summer soup", boiling seasonal vegetables and potatoes first, then adding peas, and finally putting milk and cheese into the boil, a pot of fragrant milky summer soup filled with summer joy.

movie

Finland also has a variety of film themes, the most famous of which is the film "Winter War" (Winter War), shot in the early 1990s, reflecting the Soviet-Finnish border war, and "Winter War", co-produced with China in 2006. Jade Soturi ", Cannes Film Festival Grand Jury Prize and Best Actress Award A man without a past "The Man Without A Past" (City Unplugged) also known as (Black Tallinn) by the famous Finnish director Ilkka Jarvi-Laturi, the film premiered in 1993, has won many awards at international film festivals, In The Times of London and NY POST New York Post, it was named the second best crime film of all time, behind only The Silence of the Lambs. [1]
Others: "City Unplugged"; " The light of twilight Laitakaupungin valot; "Shades Of Happiness"; " Black ice "(Black Ice) - Finnish-German co-production, paha maa (Cold Banknote); " Christmas legend " [1]

MUSICIANS

In the late 1980s, the country was dark Death metal It has become extremely powerful, and there are already a lot of really good underground death metal bands. Gradually some bands became commercially successful, such as Stratovarius, impaled nazarene, Amorphis, children of bodom, Nightwish, Eternal tears of sorrow made it to the top of the local music charts, and since then, metal fans around the world have turned their attention to Finland, famous music fans such as Demigod,Abhorrence, Sentenced, Amorphis, Impaled Nazarene, Yxysma,Beherit, Sarcofagus, etc., Finnish new generation band Nightwish, HIM, Entwine, Charon, To Die For, 69 Eyes, Shamrain, Soulrelic's Finnish Metal army is even more popular around the world.
Of course, Finns did not abandon their traditions while making metal music Folk music In a batch of Moonsorrow Ensiferum, Finntroll, Korpiklaani (before 3 Viking The Three Musketeers is a metal band that perfectly integrates traditional folk music, heroic legends, polar scenery and pagan forces. Similar bands include viikate, Tenhi (Dark wave), Eternal Tears of Sorrow, Calvarium, and so on. [2]

Festivals

National holidays in Finland include: New Year's Day (January 1), Epiphany (January 6), Good Friday (the Friday before Easter), Easter (the first Sunday and the following Monday after the full moon after the vernal equinox), University Student's Day (or Wap's Day), May 1), Ascension Day (39th day after Easter), Advent Day (49th day after Easter), Midsummer Eve and Midsummer Day (Friday and Saturday between June 19 and 26), Halloween (Saturday between October 31 and November 6), Independence Day (December 6), Christmas Day (December 24-26). Finns work five days a week, with Saturday and Sunday as public holidays.

Military affairs

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EDITOR
Finland has a national "total defense" system, which consists of the president, the Parliament, the Cabinet and the commander of the Defense Forces. The President is the supreme commander of the armed forces. The Defence Council of the Cabinet is the highest coordinating body for defence policy and planning and the advisory body to the President on defence decisions. It is chaired by the Prime Minister (in the presence of the President) and consists of the Ministers of Defence, Foreign Affairs, Interior, Finance, the Minister of Foreign Affairs for EU Affairs and Foreign Trade and the Commander of the Defence Forces and the Chief of the General Staff. The Commander of the National Defense Forces is the top military aide to the President and the supreme military leader of the country's armed forces, responsible for defense planning and armed forces building. Finland has a general compulsory military service system with a period of 6 to 12 months. The standing armed force is 24,000. [22]
After Finland joined the European Union, it pursued a military non-alignment and an independent and reliable defense policy. After Russia began special military operations against Ukraine in February 2022, Finland submitted its application to join NATO on May 18, 2022. On April 4, 2023, Finland officially joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), becoming the 31st member of the alliance. Once one of the most stable regions in the world, the situation in northern Europe has changed radically with the accession of Finland to NATO. [26]

traffic

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EDITOR

highroad

Finland has 454,000 km of roads, including 350,000 km of private and forest roads, 26,000 km of municipal streets, 78,000 km of expressways (13,000 km of primary and secondary roads, 65,000 km of regional and connecting roads), with road links to Sweden, Norway and Russia.

railway

Finland has 5,923 km of railways, of which 3,331 km are electrified and 5,234 km are monorails. The maximum speed limit for passenger and freight trains is 220 km/h and 120 km/h respectively. The annual railway maintenance cost in Finland is about 200 million euros. The railway connects with Sweden and Russia.
On November 10, 2017, the first China-Europe train set off from Kovola, Finland, bound for Xi 'an, China. This is another new international railway line opened by Xi 'an International Port Area after Xi 'an to Almaty, Warsaw, Hamburg, Moscow and Budapest. It is also the first freight train between China and Northern European countries, which has the significance of "weather vane". On October 17, 2018, the freight train from Helsinki Port to Xi 'an was officially launched. The train, operated by Finnish logistics company NURMINEN, will operate once every two weeks in 2019. Since the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020, China and Finland have launched railway freight trains from Chongqing and Zhengzhou to Helsinki, transferring a large number of cargo sources by air and sea, effectively playing the role of strategic routes for China-Finland freight trains, and making positive contributions to stabilizing China-Finland foreign trade, combating the epidemic and maintaining bilateral economic and trade cooperation.

Air freight

There are 25 major airports in Finland. Helsinki - Vantaa International Airport is Finland's busiest and most important modern airport, with approximately 120 international flights arriving daily. It is located 19 km from Helsinki city center, about 30 minutes by car. Between the airport and downtown Helsinki, you can take Finnair's own airport bus or a bus from the city center train station. A taxi ride from the airport to the city centre costs around €35 to €40. [24]
On 13 May 2018, Finnair launched a flight between Helsinki and Nanjing, with a flight time of approximately 9 hours. On April 8, 2019, Tibet Airlines' Helsinki-Jinan - Lhasa route was successfully launched, making Tibet Airlines the first Chinese airline to fly to Finland. On June 28, 2019, Juneyao Airlines and Finnair realized codeshare cooperation, and the company's first direct flight "Shanghai - Helsinki" was successfully launched. On September 16, 2019, Sichuan Airlines added Helsinki as a stopover to the original Chengdu-Copenhagen route, becoming the third Chinese airline to fly to Finland. Before the coronavirus outbreak, Finnair operated seven direct flights in Greater China, including Beijing (Capital Airport, Daxing Airport), Shanghai, Xi 'an, Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Nanjing. On April 15, 2020, Juneyao Airlines announced the signing of a cooperation intention with Finnair, and the two sides will launch joint operation cooperation on the Shanghai-Helsinki route. Finnair flights offer in-cabin Alipay, cloud pay and Wi-Fi connectivity, Chinese cabin crew on Chinese routes and signs in Chinese at Helsinki airport. In 2020, due to the continuous spread of the global novel coronavirus epidemic, direct flights between China and Finland have been reduced and suspended, and for a period of time, only China Juneyao Airlines retained a weekly flight between Shanghai and Helsinki. In July 2020, with the improvement of the domestic epidemic situation, Finnair resumed weekly flights to Shanghai.

Water transport

Finland has a total of about 20,000 kilometers of waterways, about 60 ports, and a total cargo volume of about 96.032 million tons in 2020, of which about 45.829 million tons of imports and about 50.203 million tons of exports. [16]

society

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EDITOR

Science and technology

Finland has a high level of scientific and technological development and leads the world in information and communication technology. According to the latest data released by Statistics Finland, in 2020, Finland's R&D expenditure is 6.9 billion euros, an increase of 3.2% year-on-year, and its share of GDP is 2.9%. The Finnish Science and Technology Award Foundation has the world's largest science and technology award - the "Millennium Science and Technology Prize", awarded every two years, the prize of 1 million euros, the first award in 2004.

education

Education is well developed in Finland. Compulsory education will be extended to the age of 18 from autumn 2021. At present, there are 4,023 schools of all kinds, with more than 1.89 million students (including students in adult education and various amateur schools). Famous universities include University of Helsinki, Aalto University, Tampere University and so on. China has 7,765 libraries, ranking first in the world in terms of borrowing and publishing per capita.
In December 2015, the Finnish Parliament passed a bill allowing Finnish universities to charge tuition fees to international students from countries outside the European Union and the European Economic Area from the autumn semester of 2017. According to Statistics Finland, Finland's total national expenditure on education in 2020 is 13.9 billion euros, down 1% from the previous year, accounting for 5.3% of GDP that year.

hygiene

Finland has good medical and health conditions. Every citizen and permanent resident in Finland has a KELA card (KELA is short for "Citizen Aging Center"), a social security card, which acts as an ID card. Citizens can enjoy basic medical insurance with this card. There are both public and private hospitals in Finland. Public hospitals are public utilities funded by the government, and citizens go to public hospitals according to their place of residence and pay a small fee. In the case of private hospitals, the relevant expenses are also partially reimbursed by KELA. Foreigners cannot enjoy the above preferential treatment.
According to the Finnish National Institute of Health and Welfare (THL), Finland's total national health expenditure in 2019 was 22 billion euros, an increase of 3% in real terms, accounting for 9.2% of GDP that year, and per capita health expenditure of 3,983 euros.

medium

There are 182 newspapers and 3,029 magazines and periodicals in Finland. The main newspapers are "Helsinki News", "Evening News", "Morning News", "Turku News" and "Finnish Daily".
There are five news agencies in Finland, the largest of which is the Finnish News Agency. Founded in 1915, the FNS is semi-official and has business links with the world's major news agencies. There are 15 foreign communications bureaus in Finland.
Finnish National Radio and Television (YLE) is the main radio and television broadcaster in Finland, founded in 1926 and nationalized in 1934. The National Radio and Television of Finland broadcasts in Finnish, Swedish, English, German and French, and began broadcasting in 1958.

Physical education

Finland is a nation that advocates sports, and it is a Finnish tradition to love sports.
In Finland, the Ministry of National Education, the Finnish Mass Sports Association and a number of national sports associations conduct a large-scale National Physical Activity Survey of Finnish Adults every four years. The aim of the survey is to understand the participation of Finns in sports during their leisure time, as well as the demand and implementation of services when they do. Based on the feedback received, measures will be adjusted to popularize mass sports activities and improve the physical fitness of the people.
In every city in Finland there is a Department for Sport, whose task is to provide facilities for sports activities and outdoor recreation, to provide information on these services, to promote sports activities, to support sports activities organized by the local population, and to contribute to the improvement of the quality of life of the people through sports activities. For this reason, in Helsinki and other cities in Finland, the Sports Department organizes a wide range of cultural and sporting events, most of which are free or require a small entry fee. Surveys show that nearly half of Finnish adults do physical activity at least four times a week. Among children and adolescents, more than 90 percent are engaged in physical exercise in their daily lives.

Public security

The public security situation in Finland is generally good and the society is stable. In 2021, the total number of criminal cases in Finland was 483,000, down 11.2% from the previous year. The main cases were theft, followed by damage to property and assault. Homicides and other vicious cases are rare, accounting for less than two in 10,000. Finland allows citizens to legally carry guns, but most of them are long guns for hunting and shooting. Short guns account for just 6 percent of the roughly 1.5 million legal guns in the country. Finland has one of the highest number of guns per capita in the world, but the government has strict controls on short guns.
For foreign tourists, handbag theft is a common occurrence in public places such as airports, train stations, restaurants (especially when eating). There are often cases of theft of property and documents of Chinese citizens who come to Finland for travel or business trips, so we should be vigilant since the beginning of entry, especially when eating should be packed, different strangers chat up, do not carry a lot of cash, and take care of valuables when going out. [24]

communication

Finland has excellent communication facilities, high mobile phone and Internet penetration, and one of the highest mobile phone penetration rates in the world. In 2021, the Networked Readiness Index (Networked Readiness Index) published by the World Economic Forum ranked Finland fifth in the world. At present, the submarine cable project from Finland to Germany has been laid, and a number of companies have moved their data centers to Finland, such as Google, Telecity Group, Yandex, and others.
Finland is one of the first countries to introduce 5G technology. In 2018, with the government's first auction of 5G's 3.5GHz spectrum, the construction of 5G infrastructure network officially opened. After more than a year of construction, 5G officially began commercial use at the end of 2019. By the end of 2020, Finland's three major telecom operators have completed the construction of nearly 3,000 5G base stations in 109 cities, covering 2% of the country's land area, providing 100 MB/ s 5G connections to more than 1.8 million Finnish households, and the home network coverage rate has reached 67%. The 300MB/ s mobile network covers 1% of Finland's land area, and 60% of households are covered. The 100MB/ s 4G network covers 17% of China's land area and 93% of households.

electricity

Finland is a member of the European Interconnected Grid (ENTSO-E), which includes five synchronous grid regions in continental Europe, Northern Europe, the Baltic Sea, the United Kingdom and Ireland, as well as two separate systems in Iceland and Cyprus.
In 2021, Finland's total electricity consumption was 86.78 terawatt hours (TWH), up 6.2%, and production was 69 TWH, with about 79.51% of electricity consumption met by Finland's own electricity production. In 2020, Finland imported 17.77 TWH of electricity, or 20.49% of its total consumption, mainly from Sweden, Russia, Norway and Estonia, to which it also exports some of its electricity. In 2021, 26.1% of Finland's self-generated electricity will come from nuclear power, 22.2% from combined heat and power (CHP), 17.9% from hydropower, 9.4% from wind and 0.4% from solar. In Finland, industry and construction account for 43.45% of electricity consumption (20.74% for forestry, 6.9% for chemical industry, 10.9% for metals), household and agricultural consumption account for 28.3%, and services and public consumption account for 25.2%.

payroll

A national minimum wage that Finland cannot fix. Minimum wages for specific types of work are usually set by collective contracts negotiated between employee unions and employers' associations in that industry. According to the National Statistics Office of Finland, the average income of employees in Finland in 2020 will be 3,228 euros per month. In 2021, wages and salaries in the non-financial corporate sector will increase by 5.4%, with a corresponding increase of 4.4% in the broad government sector. According to the relevant provisions of the Finnish social insurance system, individuals between the ages of 16 and 67 are required to pay health insurance (0.68% of their income in 2020, and 1.18% if their annual income exceeds 14,574 euros) and unemployment insurance (1.25% of their monthly salary for ordinary employees in 2020).
In terms of pension contributions, the average contribution rate of the employer's pension is 16.95% of the employee's salary, and the employee's personal burden is 7.15-8.65%. Business owners or the self-employed pay their own pension.

Labour force

In Finland, the proportion of the core workforce aged 25-54 with a tertiary degree is the highest in Europe and Central Asia. Finland also scored highest for ease of finding skilled employees and even had the highest proportion of people aged 55-64 with a tertiary degree in the world, underscoring the continued benefits of the country's long-term investment in human resources.

diplomacy

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EDITOR

Foreign policy

After the war, we pursued a "positive policy of peace and neutrality" of maintaining good-neighborly and friendly relations with the Soviet Union, not getting involved in conflicts between major powers, and developing friendly relations with other countries. Cold war That's it, Collapse of the Soviet Union Since then, Finland has made a major change in its foreign policy, making the development of relations with the European Union a diplomatic priority. It became a full member of the European Union on 1 January 1995. Finland continues to adhere to the military non-alignment and independent and reliable defense policy, close to North Atlantic Treaty Organization While continuing to maintain good-neighborly relations with Russia and supporting Russia's integration into the international community. However, due to the Russia-Ukraine conflict, Finland officially joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) on April 4, 2023. [26]
Regarding the world situation: Finland believes that the international situation is generally easing, but after the September 11 incident, the world security situation has undergone profound changes, such as ethnic contradictions, regional conflicts, terrorism, terrorism, etc. Weapons of mass destruction Issues such as proliferation and environmental pollution pose new global security threats. We call for addressing these challenges through international cooperation and the central role of the United Nations.
Regarding the globalization process: Finland sees both positive and negative aspects of globalization. The application of new technologies brought about by globalization, in particular information technology, has increased the interdependence of States and, to some extent, the importance of democracy and human rights. But globalization has also created a widening gap between the rich and the poor and uneven regional development. The Helsinki Process, jointly proposed with Tanzania and other countries, aims to establish a forum to discuss globalization issues and make concrete proposals on the proper direction and management of globalization through dialogue and cooperation.
Regarding the situation in Europe: Finland believes that there is no danger of war in Europe, but Non-traditional security Factors have an increasingly profound impact on European security. consider European Union And NATO are the main determinants of the OSCE mechanism. NATO eastward expansion Its political significance is greater than its military significance. NATO is developing into a political organization, but will retain the nature of a collective defense organization. The eastward enlargement of the EU has strengthened the overall stability of Europe. Supports the development of the EU's common foreign and security policy, but is opposed to undermining transatlantic cooperation. It supports the constitution of the EU, emphasizes the protection of the interests of small countries and the balance of powers among EU institutions, and does not support the establishment of a permanent president of the EU.
On the role of the United Nations and its reform: Finland considers that the United Nations and its The Security Council It is to safeguard world peace and practice International law It advocates strengthening the role of the United Nations, safeguarding the authority of the United Nations and opposing unilateralism. We believe that the reform of the United Nations is imperative and support the expansion of the Security Council. Actively participate in UN peacekeeping activities and advocate that all regional organizations should work closely with the UN in resolving conflicts and crises.
With regard to anti-terrorism Fight: Finland supports and participates in the international fight against terrorism, while advocating the importance of poverty and development to prevent terrorism at its source. We believe that unilateralism and antagonism between different civilizations and religions should not be practiced in the process of counter-terrorism. Terrorism could not be eradicated by military means alone. Extensive international cooperation was needed and the central role of the United Nations should be brought into full play.
With regard to Iraq Question: Finland stressed that the UN is providing assistance to Iran Humanitarian aid It should play a leading role in post-war peacekeeping and reconstruction efforts. We believe that the international community should actively cooperate and jointly participate in peacekeeping operations. Fern made it clear that she wanted to be here United Nations Security Council Send peacekeepers to Iraq under the condition of authorization. Adopted in 2004 World Bank And the United Nations Reconstruction and Development Fund (UNCDF) provided about 5 million euros to Iran.

External relations

Relations with China
Finland recognized New China on January 13, 1950, and established diplomatic relations with China on October 28 of the same year. In the spring of 1951, the two countries sent envoys to each other, and Chinese Minister to Denmark Geng Biao served as Minister to Finland. In 1954, the diplomatic missions of the two countries were upgraded to embassies. Since the establishment of diplomatic ties more than 70 years ago, China-Finland relations have developed steadily and exchanges and cooperation in politics, economy and trade, science and technology, culture and other fields have achieved remarkable results.
In July 1995, the foreign ministers of China and Finland exchanged notes in Helsinki on the establishment of consulates General in each other's countries. In November of the same year, the Consulate General of Finland in Shanghai opened. In December 1996, the governments of China and Finland reached an agreement on the exchange of letters on the retention of Finnish Consulate-General in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region after 1997. In November 2004, Finland opened a Consulate General in Guangzhou. On January 1, 2005, Tu Hanlong, the first Consul General of the Consulate General of Finland in Guangzhou, arrived to assume his new post. In 2007, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland added an immigration liaison officer to the Finnish Consulate General in Guangzhou. In 2008, the Consulate General of Finland in Guangzhou expanded its territory from the former provinces of Guangdong, Fujian, Hainan and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region to Yunnan Province. In 2011, Finn closed the Consulate General in Guangzhou. In May 2015, Finn opened its visa agency centers in Beijing and Shanghai. In 2016, Finland opened 13 additional visa centers in Changsha, Chengdu, Chongqing, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Jinan, Kunming, Nanjing, Shenyang, Shenzhen, Wuhan and Xi 'an. [25]
Relations with the European Union
It joined the European Union on 1 January 1995. On 1 January 1999, it was the first Nordic country to join the euro. On March 25, 2001, the law was officially implemented. Schengen Agreement ". Finland's trade with other EU member states accounts for about 56% of the country's total foreign trade, and nearly half of its foreign investment goes to EU countries. We support and participate in the EU's unified foreign and security policy, support the EU's eastward expansion and the realization of economic and trade union. Finland proposed the Northern Region Policy Initiative to the EU in 1997, advocating that the EU strengthen cooperation with the northern region of Europe, including Russia, to promote economic development and regional security and stability, and the plan was adopted in 2000. President of the European Commission, 2004 Prodi Eu High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy, Javier Solana, European Commissioner for External Relations Chris Patten And Trade Commissioner Lamy respectively visited Finland.
Relations with Russia
In January 1992, Finland and Russia signed the Treaty on the Basis of relations between the two countries and announced the abolition of the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between the two countries. Finland believes that European common values, democracy and human rights have become the foundation of Finn-Russia relations, and actively supports and calls on the international community to support Russia's democratic reform process and promote the development of EU-Russia relations. Finland and Russia have close relations and cooperation mainly covers energy, environmental protection, nuclear security, maritime security and other fields. Russia is Finland's third largest trading partner. In 2004, the Finnish President, Prime Minister, Foreign Minister and Foreign Trade Minister visited Russia respectively Fradkov Visit Finland.
On September 21, 2022 local time, Finnish Foreign Minister Havisto announced that the Finnish government decided on the same day to take nationwide measures to ban Russian tourists from entering the country. [15] No timetable was given, but the plan could involve some new laws or amendments to existing ones.
On October 27, 2023 local time, the Russian Foreign Ministry announced that Russia will terminate the agreement with Finland to promote cooperation in border areas. The Russian Foreign Ministry summoned the Finnish ambassador on the 25th and informed him that the agreement will be terminated 90 days later, on January 24, 2024. [30]
Relations with neighboring countries
Traditional cooperation with the Nordic countries is an important pillar of Finland's foreign policy. We believe that the Nordic member states of the EU should coordinate their positions on major issues concerning the Nordic countries, so as to safeguard the interests of the Nordic countries, and further deepen cooperation between the Nordic countries in energy, environmental protection and military industry. Finland, Switzerland and Denmark have established a mechanism for consultations before the EU summit. In 2004, Finland hosted the "Conference on Cooperation in the Northern Region after the enlargement of the European Union", and the Finnish Prime Minister attended the fifth summit of the Council of Bosnian Sea States. Visit by Prime Minister of Finland Denmark Finnish Parliament Speaker and Foreign Minister visited Sweden respectively. Prime Ministers of Sweden Persson Prime Minister of Norway Bondevik , Estonia Prime Minister Patz visited Finland respectively.
Relations with the United States
Finland attaches great importance to its relations with the United States and believes that the United States still plays an important role in Europe. Since the 1990s, Finland has purchased 64 F-18 fighter jets and supporting protection from the United States. In 2004, Finland's President, Foreign Minister, defense Minister and foreign trade minister visited the United States respectively, and Speaker Finland led a delegation of speakers from Nordic and Bosnian countries to visit the United States. Finland advocates closer cooperation with NATO, but it is not ready to join the alliance. In June 1992 Finland became an observer in the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC) and in May 1994 signed a treaty with NATO. Partnership for Peace Program Framework agreement. Finland sent 156 people for the first time in 1997 Rapid reaction force Went to Norway to participate in NATO joint military exercises. In November of the same year Brussels Officially set up a representative office in NATO. 2004 - Secretary-General of NATO Jaap de Hoop Scheffer In Finland, the Finnish President attended the Summit of the Council for Euro-Atlantic Partnership.
Relations with developing countries
Finland attaches great importance to its relations with developing countries. The economic and social problems of developing countries are not decreasing and poverty is increasing. Industrial countries should attach importance to the issue of development. We actively support and advocate the establishment of North-South dialogue New international economic order . In 2004, President Finland visited Nicaragua and Foreign Minister Finland visited India. Kyrgyzstan , Armenia Finland's foreign trade minister visited Vietnam, Thailand, Ukraine and other developing countries. Pakistan Pres. Musharraf Visit Finland. In 2004, Finland significantly increased its foreign development assistance to 0.7% of GDP for the first time.
Relations with NATO
In March and October 2022, Finnish Defense Minister Antti Kekkonen said that now is not the right time for Finland to join NATO and should focus on the Russia-Ukraine conflict. [3]
On March 20, 2022, Finnish President Sauli Niinisto said in an interview that after the outbreak of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, Finland is considering how to strengthen the country's security. He believes there are benefits for Finland to join NATO, but acknowledges that a bid for membership could trigger an "impulsive" response from Russia, including air and territorial violations. Niinisto said Finland faced two options: join NATO; The second is to strengthen military cooperation with the United States and neighboring Sweden, but not join NATO. [3]
On March 28, 2022 local time, Niinisto spoke with NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg, and the two sides discussed "the principles and procedures for new member states to join NATO." [3]
On March 31, 2022, according to local media reports, since the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine conflict on February 24, the support of Finnish people for their country to join NATO has risen sharply. The latest poll, published on March 30, showed that nearly 62 percent of Finns support joining NATO, up from 53 percent after February 24. Over the past few decades, that number has stabilized at around 20 to 25 percent. [3]
On April 22, 2022, according to TASS Stockholm, Erkki Tuomioja, deputy chairman of the Finnish Parliament's foreign Affairs Committee, said that Finland will submit a request to join NATO in the coming weeks. [4]
On 25 April 2022, it was reported that Finland intends to apply for NATO membership as early as mid-May. [5]
According to Finnish Broadcasting company (YLE) reported on May 10, 2022 local time, the Finnish Defense Committee has endorsed joining NATO, and a total of ten Finnish parliamentary committees will comment on the report talking about whether to join NATO, but the opinion of the defense committee will be the core of the final decision.
Local time on May 12, 2022, the President of Finland Sauli Niinisto And premier Sanna Marin Issued a joint statement formally declaring support for Finland's bid to join NATO. [6]
On May 14, 2022 local time, the ruling Social Democratic Party of Finland held a meeting and voted to support Finland's accession to NATO. [7]
On May 15, 2022, in an interview with the Swedish newspaper Aftonbladet, Finnish Foreign Minister Havisto said that Finland may submit an application to join NATO on May 18. [7]
On May 15, 2022 local time, Finnish President Sauli Niinisto and Finnish Prime Minister Marin held a joint press conference on Finland's security policy decision, at which they said that the Finnish President and the government's Ministerial Committee on Foreign Affairs and Security Policy approved Finland's application to join NATO. [8]
At 1 PM local time on May 15, Finnish President Sauli Niinisto and Prime Minister Sanna Marin announced at a press conference held at the Presidential Palace in Helsinki that Finland has formally decided to apply for NATO membership.
On May 17, 2022 local time, according to the Finnish Broadcasting Company, the Finnish Parliament voted for Finland to join NATO, with 188 votes in favor, 8 votes against and 3 votes absent. Parliament approved Finland's application to join NATO. [9]
On May 17, 2022 local time, Swedish Prime Minister Andsson and Finnish President Sauli Niinisto held a joint press conference in Stockholm, Sweden. The two countries will submit applications for NATO membership together on June 18. [10]
At 8 o 'clock local time on May 18, Finnish NATO Ambassador Klaus Korhonen and Swedish NATO Ambassador Axel Weinhofer submitted the application letter for the two countries to join NATO to NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg at NATO headquarters in Brussels. [11]
On June 29, 2022, NATO leaders formally invited Finland to join the alliance. [12]
On June 30, 2022, according to the Russian satellite news agency, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said at the end of the NATO summit in Madrid that the protocol on Finland's accession to NATO will be signed on July 5.
July 5, 2022, China International Television news, Finland and Sweden officially signed the protocol to join NATO on Tuesday local time, which is a necessary step to promote the two countries to join the NATO. [13]
On August 9, 2022 local time, U.S. President Joe Biden signed the protocol on Finland's accession to NATO, which will be submitted to NATO after Biden's signature. [14]
On December 5, 2022 local time, the Finnish government submitted to the parliament Finland's accession to NATO Proposal. [17]
In March 2023, the Hungarian Parliament voted to block Sweden and Finland from joining NATO.
On the morning of March 23, 2023 local time, Finnish President Sauli Niinisto signed the bill approving Finland's accession to NATO in the capital Helsinki. [18] Turkey's NTV television reported on March 23 local time that the foreign affairs committee of the Turkish Grand National Assembly passed the bill agreeing to Finland's accession to NATO on the same day. According to the protocol, the bill will also be submitted to the Grand National Assembly for consideration, and once passed, it will mean that Turkey has officially approved Finland's accession to NATO. [19]
On April 4, local time, at the NATO foreign ministers' meeting held at the NATO headquarters in Brussels, Belgium, Finland officially joined NATO, becoming its 31st full member. This is also the first expansion of NATO since North Macedonia joined the alliance in 2020. [20-21]
Relations with Ukraine
On April 3, 2024, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky and visiting Finnish President Alexander Stubb signed an agreement on security cooperation between the two countries in Kiev, under which Finland will provide long-term financial and military support to Ukraine. [34]

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Main attraction

Helsinki Cathedral
Helsinki Cathedral
Helsinki Cathedral is the cathedral of the Finnish Lutheran Diocese of Helsinki, located in the center of Helsinki, Finland. Originally dedicated to Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, the church was known as St. Nicholas' Church until Finland became independent in 1917. Helsinki Cathedral has a large green dome surrounded by four smaller domes, forming a unique view of downtown Helsinki. The church was built in 1830-1852 in neoclassical style and can accommodate 1,300 people. It forms the climax of Parliament Square and is surrounded by many other buildings. The plan of the church is a symmetrical Greek cross, with colonnades and triangulars on all sides. The main entrance is on the west side and the altar is on the east side. Four small domes mimic the Cathedral of St. Isaac in St. Petersburg. There are also two separate bell towers with galvanized statues of the Twelve Apostles on the roof. More than 350,000 people visit the church each year, some of them for religious services, but mostly just tourists. The church holds daily services as well as special events such as weddings.
National Museum of Finland
National Museum of Finland
The National Museum of Finland (National Museum of Finland) is located in the center of Helsinki, the capital of Finland, built from 1905 to 1910, a national romantic style, opened to the public in 1916, after the independence of Finland in 1917, officially became a national museum.
The National Museum of Finland is one of Finland's new architectural masterpieces, commonly known as the "High Tower", its main tower mimics the style of Turku Cathedral. The museum has four floors, rich collections, an area of about 3,200 square meters, showing the development of Finland from prehistoric civilization to the present society. The collection covers 170 years of archaeological, historical, numismatic, ethnographic and other discoveries in Finland, and especially details the social and cultural development of Finland from the Middle Ages to the present day.
Fort Finlandia
Fort Finlandia
Built on a string of islands in the sea off Helsinki, Fort Finland is a masterpiece of Ocostine's design. Built more than 250 years ago, it is one of the world's largest surviving sea defense forts and one of Finland's most important and famous attractions. Finnish castle also has churches, barracks, gates and other historical sites, there are rare maritime military remains in the world, in 1991, the Finnish castle has been listed in the UNESCO World Heritage List was protected.
There are also a variety of interesting museums, including the Suomenlinna Museum, which introduces the history and construction of the walled city, The Ehrensvard Museum, which exhibits artifacts from the period of Swedish rule, the Toy Museum, which collects old toys from the 19th century, and the manege Military Museum, which exhibits former military installations The Museum, the Vesikko Submarine, the Coast Artillery Museum, which displays heavy artillery from different eras of the castle, and the Customs Museum, which details the work and history of the old Customs.
Santa Claus Village
Santa Claus Village
Santa Claus Village is a group of wooden buildings featuring Christmas sights and experiences. Located in the city of Rovaniemi in northern Finland, a large number of tourists come here every year to see Santa Claus. The Santa Claus office in the village is responsible for receiving children from all over the world, and the "certified" Santa Claus will answer the children's strange questions here. The Arctic Circle is right across the village, and when you come here, you can find a white line painted with the Arctic Circle dimension, and you can get a certificate to cross the polar circle. Santa Claus Post Office has a variety of fairy-tale stamps, cards and gifts, and letters sent from this place will be postmarked by Santa Claus and sent around the world.
Lao Ma ancient city
Rauma Museum
The ancient city of Rauma is located on the Bay of Portnia and is one of the oldest ports in Finland. The old town was built around a Franciscan monastery, and the mid-15th century Church of the Holy Cross still stands tall. This is a typical wooden structure of Northern European cities; Despite being destroyed by fire in the late 17th century, the ancient folk architecture remains, and UNESCO added Rauma to its World Heritage list in 1991. Entering the old city of Rauma, visitors walk in the stone streets left over from the Middle Ages, you can admire the old mansions made of narrow wood panels and their elegant decoration. The wooden buildings are not empty house museums, most of them are still inhabited, some are converted into art galleries, some are converted into boutiques and restaurants, and they also add some new life to the monuments. For example, in the Marina ship owner's mansion, visitors can visit the home of the 18th century rich; The Sailor's House in Kirsty shows how ordinary people lived more than 200 years ago. The 14th century medieval Church of the Holy Cross and the town hall converted into the Rauma Museum are also highlights of the tour.

World heritage site

Finland became a member of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee on 4 March 1987. By the end of the 37th World Heritage Assembly on June 27, 2013, Finland had seven World Heritage sites, six cultural and one natural; One is shared with Sweden and one is shared with nine other countries.
World Heritage List of Finland
name
type
Selection time
Fort Finlandia
World cultural heritage
The year 1991
Lao Ma ancient city
World cultural heritage
The year 1991
Old Church of Peteyevesi
World cultural heritage
The year 1994
Wella mill board
World cultural heritage
The year 1996
The remains of the Bronze Age cemetery at Semoladne
World cultural heritage
The year 1999
High Coast/Valken Islands
World natural Heritage
It was selected in 2000 and expanded in 2006 to be shared with Sweden
Struve geographic exploration arc
World cultural heritage
It was selected in 2005 and shared with Belarus, Estonia, Russia, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Moldova, Sweden and Ukraine
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