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Lion dance

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Lion Dance, known as "Peace music" in ancient times, is an official sport in the People's Republic of China [12] It is also an excellent folk art in China.
The lion dance is divided into north and south, and the South lion is also called Awake lion While the North Lion is divided into "Wen Lion" and "Wen Lion". Martial lion " [11] . In the Tang Dynasty, the lion dance movement was mainly in the form of lion dance as a court entertainment for the emperor to enjoy, and its status was extremely high [22] . After the five dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, with the migration of immigrants from the Central Plains to the south, the lion dance culture was introduced into Lingnan [24] . Lion dance activities are also widely spread in overseas Chinese communities Ethnic Chinese There must be a lion dance, which has become an important ceremony to raise the strength of the nation and establish the soul of China, as well as overseas compatriots Identify one's ancestors Its cultural value and influence are very far-reaching [1-2] .
The highest organizational body of lion dance is International Federation of Dragon and Lion Sports Founded in 1995, headquartered in Beijing, China [13] ; The official Chinese lion dance organization is Chinese Dragon and Lion Sports Association Founded in 1995, headquartered in Beijing, China [14] .
Chinese name
Lion dance
Foreign name
Lion Dance
alias
Peace music
class
tradition Folk art
Origin time
Southern Lion (Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms); Northern Lion (Northern and Southern Dynasties)
Place of origin
China
Representative figure
Huang Qintian, Deng Minghua, Yang Jingwei et al
Main game
World Dragon and Lion Championship, China Dragon and Lion Open, etc

catalogue

  1. 1Development history
  2. 2The difference between the southern lion and the northern lion
  3. 3Hardware requirements
  4. ▪Playing field
  5. ▪Competition equipment
  1. 4Competition category
  2. ▪Optional routine
  3. ▪Prescribed routine
  4. ▪Traditional item
  5. ▪Skill project
  6. 5Competition rules
  7. ▪Personnel requirement
  1. ▪Action classification
  2. ▪Musical accompaniment
  3. ▪Scoring standard
  4. ▪Penalty rules
  5. ▪Scoring method
  6. 6Major tournament
  7. 7Organizational structure
  1. 8Representative figure
  2. 9Cultural inheritance
  3. ▪Overseas communication
  4. ▪Derivative work
  5. ▪folklore

Development history

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EDITOR
In the first year of Zhang He (87) of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the neighboring countries such as Xicheng Dayuei and Rest in China sent the auspicious and mighty lion to China as a gift in order to tie up the hero room, which soon attracted the attention of the government and the public, and also aroused the love of the masses for this auspicious beast [15] . Ban Gu, a historian of the Eastern Han Dynasty, mentioned "Elephant Man" in his Liyue Annals. [17] It seems that the first "lion" and "play" in historical records can be considered that the performance form of the play is the beginning of the lion dance [18] .
In The Three Kingdoms Period, Meng Kang, the Wei people and the Marquis of Guangling Pavilion, wrote in The Elephant Man: "If today's drama is like shrimp, the lion is also." During the Northern Dynasty, dragon dance was retained by the rulers at that time [20] .
Emperor Wu of Northern Wei (386-534) made an expedition to Hexi in Gansu Province and captured more than 100,000 Hu people. Emperor Wu of Wei ordered the Hu people to perform dances for entertainment. Hu people carved animal heads with wood, two big and five small, dressed in animal clothes, set eight music, more than 30 warriors, dancing in front of the king. Emperor Wudi Longxin big joy, gave the name of "Northern Wei Rui Lion", and allowed the captives to return home. The lion dance spread in the north, and later it was called the "Northern lion" [15] .
Yang Xuanzhi in the Northern Wei Dynasty Luoyang Jalan Records It is recorded in: "As a six-toothed white elephant bearing Shakya (Buddha)... On the 4th of April, this image often appeared to ward off evil spirits (the name of the beast), and the teacher (the lion) son guided it." [19] . It can be seen that at that time, people not only used lions as good luck to protect the Fa and drive away evil spirits, but also opened the way for Buddha to lead. In addition, during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Buddhist leaders prospered and temple fairs were held frequently. Naturally, lion dance came into being [16] .
In the Sui Dynasty, performances including dragon and lion dances had a more grand scene, and the Lantern Festival night of the Sui Dynasty can be seen dancing with other animal-like dances [21] .
In the Tang Dynasty, the lion dance movement was mainly in the form of lion dance as a court entertainment for the emperor to enjoy, and its status was extremely high [22] . The Tang Dynasty "Peace Music" has "Five square lion dance", accompanied by 140 people singing "Peace music", five square lion dance (played by Chi people) led by dozens of "lion Lang", held a grand lion dance performance [21] . The lion dance and shape seen today were all formed in the Tang Dynasty, and the lion shape in the later generations also became the norm of the lion image in the later generations, laying the foundation for the shape in the lion dance in the future [19] . Bai Juyi, a Tang Dynasty poet, wrote in his poem "Xiliang Chi" : "A fake lion with a fake face, carved wood for the head and silk for the tail; Gold-plated eyes with silver teeth, Fen Xun sweater with ears..." It can be seen that in the Tang Dynasty, there was a similar modern lion dance [23] .
After the five dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, with the migration of immigrants from the Central Plains to the south, the lion dance culture was introduced into Lingnan [24] .
In the Southern Song Dynasty, there were as many as 100 busking groups, boxing, lion dance, sword practice with guns and sticks, and various acrobatic arts, often performing in the open Spaces in the capital. The acrobatic arts such as "Seven Holy Swords", "moving and changing" and "climbing the pole and falling the board" were all influenced by lion dance and martial arts. There are not only lion dance performed by adults, but also lion ball dance performed by children, lion dance and lion club. In the Song Dynasty, there were also people who specialized in busking for a living, called "road disambiguation people". The painting of Hundred Children in Spring by Su Hanchen of the Southern Zong Dynasty has left precious information about the lion dance of children in the Song Dynasty [21] .
In Yuan Dynasty, lion dance was used to welcome guests [22] .
The lion dance belongs to the Chinese lion dance South lion Historically, it was born out of the lion dance of the Tang Dynasty court [62] . According to relevant historical records, Nanhai in Guangdong is the earliest and most authentic birthplace of the Southern lion. In the early Ming Dynasty, there were skilled craftsmen in the South China Sea who specialized in making lion dances, gongs, drums and cymbals. The lion dance has become a traditional folk sports activity in nearby fairs, villages, festivals or major festivals. There are many villages and adjacent counties Foshan Purchasing lions and gongs and drums, which makes the South China Sea lion dance skills spread and promoted. [63]
In the Qing Dynasty, various lion halls were organized in the name of lion dance. The content of lion dance was more colorful, and there were more types and performance forms of lion dance [21] . It can be seen from the "Puqing Shengping Map" of the Qing Dynasty that it has been one of the indispensable performances for the major festivals of the court and the folk [25] .
Foshan Xingshi formerly known as Rui Shi, meaning good luck, is a folk celebration of Foshan. Until the Opium War spread to the south, because the word "rui" dialect homophonic "sleep", with a sense of national anxiety Foshan people changed it to" Awake lion From then on, "Where there is a Chinese, there will be a lion", which has become an important ceremony to raise the strength of the nation and establish the soul of China. [64]
Over the years, lion dances have become famous around the world following the footsteps of Chinese emigrants and can be seen in Chinatowns of many countries when the old year is over and the New Year is over [66] . In 1953, lion dance, as one of the performance items, first appeared on the stage of the National Ethnic sports Performance and competition Conference [22] . In the 1980s, many countries and regions in Southeast Asia developed lion dance into a sports competition and organized competitive lion dance competitions [26] .

The difference between the southern lion and the northern lion

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EDITOR
  • Appearance modeling
Lion of the North
Based on realism, the northern lion resembles a real lion, with a relatively simple head and golden hair; The pants and shoes of the lion dancers are covered with hair, which looks like a vivid lion, with a red knot on the lion's head for a male lion, and a green knot for a female.
The shape of the southern lion is fierce and more romantic. The lion's head is marked by dramatic spectrum, bright color, exquisite manufacture, and movable eyes and mouth. The lion head of the southern lion also has a horn, which is said to have been made of iron in the past to cope with the fighting that often occurs during the lion dance. The traditional southern lion lion head has "Liu Bei", "Guan Yu" and "Zhang Fei". The three kinds of lion heads are not only different in color and decoration, but also different in dancing according to the personalities of the three. South lion in addition to the appearance of different, there are different personalities. The white beard lion dance method is not wide, the color varieties are not much, but it is calm and strong, dignified and powerful, and the folk is called "Liu Bei Lion". Black beard red face lion, known as "Guan Gong lion", dance bold and majestic, extraordinary spirit. The grey bearded lion, rough and belligerent movements, commonly known as "Zhang Fei lion". [65]
  • Performance form
South lion performance pays attention to "portrayal of the spirit", combined with martial arts, focusing on strong and swift, agile, rigid and soft. Because of this, the southern lion's dancing movements are much richer than those of the northern lion: the dancing shape has the potential, normal, rising, questioning, scratching, greeting, offering gifts, jumping, examining, sleeping soundly, going out of the cave, becoming angry, crossing the mountain, climbing the stairs, etc.; Dancing, but also to show the lion joy, anger, sadness, music, movement, quiet, surprise, doubt and other eight expressions, with the green as their own responsibility, with the rhythm of the gong and drum, through the difficulties to win.
North lion emphasis on imitation, performance strive to be vivid, more close to juggling. In terms of movement, the northern Lion dance is mainly dominated by flapping, falling, turning, rolling, jumping and rubbing. In general, male and female pairs appear, and sometimes a pair of northern lions will match a pair of small northern lions, and the small lion plays the big lion, and the big lion plays the small lion, showing the joy of family. In the north lion, the two cooperated as a big lion called "too lion", by a head wearing a lion mask, wearing a lion skin dressed as a small lion, called "little lion"; The person holding the hydrangea to attract the lion is called "Yinshilang", which not only requires heroism, but also has good martial skills, and can perform stunts such as "front somersault over the lion", "back somersault over the high table", "cloud under the plum blossom pilework", and Yinshilang and the lion have a understanding cooperation, forming an important feature of the northern lion dance. [65]

Hardware requirements

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EDITOR

Playing field

The competition venue of the dragon and lion dance shall be a square with a side length of 20 meters (in special cases, the minimum area shall not be less than a square with a side length of 18 meters), and the ground shall be smooth and clean. The width of the side line of the court is 0.05 meters, and the inside of the side line is the playing field. There is a barrier free area of at least 1 meter wide around the boundary line, and a barrier free space of at least 8 meters from the ground above the lion dance competition venue [28] ; The South Lion also requested that the playing field should be wooden or carpeted [27] .

Competition equipment

  • South lion
Lion head, lion quilt
The frontal width of the lion head is not less than 0.55 meters, the height is not less than 0.5 meters, the length is not less than 0.7 meters, and the size is required to be symmetrical and coordinated.
Pile array
The height of the pile array shall not exceed 3 meters, the minimum shall not be less than 0.5 meters, half of the pile height must reach 2 meters, the diameter of the pile top foot disc shall not exceed 0.38 meters (including the protective ring pad), the length of the pile array shall not exceed 15 meters, the shortest shall not be less than 10 meters (including curve calculation), the width shall not exceed 1.5 meters, not less than 0.5 meters.
other
The conference provides public equipment, or you can replace a set of self-provided equipment in the prescribed public equipment, but must ensure safety and meet the requirements of the rules, and use after approval by the conference. The equipment of traditional projects should be simple, the height should not exceed 2 meters, the length should not exceed 10 meters; No ceramic or porcelain shall be specially made; It is not allowed to use any dangerous and inflammable articles, raw birds and animals as equipment. In addition, the traditional events and the competition equipment of the youth group and the children group can be specified by the organizer in the competition regulations [27] .
  • Lion of the North
Approach ball
The diameter of the ball shall not be less than 0.3 meters, and the color and pattern are not limited. There is no limit to the lead form of the traditional routine lion lead, but it should be combined with the theme of the routine, mainly standardized and beautiful, reflecting cultural characteristics, and can be used after approval by the chief judge.
Lion head
Vivid image, in addition to decoration, the front of the lion head is not less than 0.46 meters high, not less than 0.56 meters wide, not less than 0.66 meters long before and after, the neck is not less than 5 bells, the diameter of the bell is not less than 0.05 meters.
Lion quilt
The lion is covered by the body, the lion hair is uniform and appropriate, and the color of the two lions should be different or have different signs; The lion's clothes and pants shall be the clothing of the lion's limbs (i.e. the front and back legs of the lion), which shall be consistent with the lion's quilt; Lion shoes should be covered with lion claw surface; The lion head, lion quilt, lion clothing, lion pants and lion shoes are required to be symmetrical and color-coordinated. (4) Square table: the square table is 1.5 meters wide and 0.8 meters high; The height of the high platform (multi-layer square table) is not more than 3 meters, and the minimum height (two layers) is not less than 1.6 meters.
other
No decorations shall be added to the square table, table and other equipment of self-selected sets; Other equipment, such as large balls, pile array, strips, etc. are mainly standardized and beautiful, reflecting cultural characteristics. Those who do not meet the regulations are not allowed to participate in the competition [28] .

Competition category

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EDITOR

Optional routine

  • South lion
The southern lion movement is the use of a variety of human body posture and lion head, lion tail pair cooperation, in the dynamic and static changes in the movement of strength, amplitude, speed, endurance and so on into the southern lion skills, to complete a variety of difficult actions, or dynamic or static, to form a beautiful image of the lion sculpture, showing the lion's brave, bold, playful and other habits [29] .
The routine arrangement requires rich content, ingenious conception, novel structure and unique style. The southern lion's skill difficulty and innovative movements are interpreted by means of the design of instruments, expressing the artistic conception of mountains, mountains, rocks, valleys, streams, streams, streams, streams, rivers, Bridges, caves, etc., and showing the traditional forms of the lion such as joy, anger, drunken, sleeping, waking, moving, quiet, startled, questioning, afraid, seeking, exploring, looking, playing and turning, rolling, lying, flash, jumping, jumping, etc. The movement is in harmony with the accompaniment of drum music; The whole routine should not only have ornamental value, but also have the role of exercising and enhancing physical fitness [29] .
  • Lion of the North
The Northern lion movement is a kind of sports activity that uses various movements of the human body and shows various forms of lions through the cooperation of two people. In the process of the exercise of the North Lion routine, through the completion of various difficult movements, the use of the lion's form and spirit performance and the cooperation with the lion guide, the formation of a variety of beautiful lion shapes, showing the lion's brave, fierce, playful and other habits [30] .
The routine arrangement requires the double lion exercise to be rich in content, ingenious in conception, novel in structure and unique in style. The skill difficulty and innovative movements of the North Lion should be interpreted by means of the design of the equipment to express the artistic conception of mountains, water, Bridges and caves. The whole set of theme and story plot should be shown through the lion's anxious, afraid, frightened and beautiful movements as well as the shape movements such as lifting and rolling. The movements should be in harmony with the accompaniment of music and drum music. The arrangement of the whole routine should reflect the close coordination of the double lion and the lion lead, and there should be no single lion pause and rest, and the plot is divorced from the theme. It should have the ornamental value, and at the same time, it should have the role of exercising and enhancing the physique [30] .

Prescribed routine

According to the direction of the development of lion dance technology, the prescribed routine is a carefully choreographed routine which selects the representative basic and technical movements of lion dance. The movement specification, order, direction and action route shall not be changed. The public equipment provided by the conference shall be used during the competition (the South lion shall use the public pile array and the North lion shall use the public square table). The players participating in the prescribed routine competition shall be the same as the self-selected routine and shall not be replaced [32] 31 - .

Traditional item

  • South lion
The traditional southern lion is a comprehensive human sport. The lion head and the lion tail make full use of various gestures of the human body, and combine the strength, shape and spirit and traditional lion dance art in the south lion in motion or static, vividly interpreting a variety of lifelike gestures, showing the lion's habits of grandeur, bold and rough, playful and lively, cautious and suspicious [32] .
Traditional South lion routine arrangement requirements: The traditional south lion, the first to pick green, green, array (theme) variety, rich content, requires different content of each different routine theme, according to the traditional dance method (basic law, logic, procedures), with the help of simple equipment, Furnished with abstract mountains, mountains, rocks, valleys, streams, streams, water, Bridges, caves, Wells, towers, cars, sheep, fish, shrimp, crabs, turtles, snakes, scorpions, bees, spiders, centipedes, birds, finches, etc. Interpretation and performance of the lion happy, angry, drunk, sleeping, waking, moving, quiet, startled, suspicious, afraid, seeking, seeing, probing, looking, playing and turning, rolling, lying, flashing, jumping, lunging, jumping, rising, crouching, sitting, squatting, biting, licking, etc. Reasonably show the lion's traditional lion nature forms such as wiping feet, scratching, washing face, digging ears, stretching waist, going out of the hole, chasing bees, flapping butterflies, watching the moon, alarming the sky, shining water, splashing, drinking water, wiping mouth, shaving, brushing teeth, wiping eyes, biting lice, etc. Drum beats should be round, light, heavy, fast, slow and orderly, with accurate coordination, and the movements are in harmony with the accompaniment of traditional drum music. So that the whole routine should not only have the ornamental value, but also have the role of exercising the body, strengthening the physique and inheriting the traditional characteristics [32] .
  • Lion of the North
Each sports team is limited to 16 people, including 1 leader and 1 coach. In traditional games, there are no more than 6 lions on the field and no less than 3 lions. The traditional Northern lion competition is divided into three lion races and pride races (4 to 6 lions) according to the type of competition. The competition equipment must be brought by itself and must be safe and comply with the requirements of the rules [31] .

Skill project

  • Lottery item
The drawing project refers to the drawing of the required action cards before the game, and the immediate composition of the combination (the South lion is the combination of action cards), the completion of the required number, the calculation time, is a competition project to test the special technical combination ability, basic skills and quality of the lion dance team [33] .
  • Racing event
The racing event is that the sports team uses skilled techniques and standardized standards (the southern lion takes the theme of high green and low green) to complete the specified content and number of movements of the lion dance competition in the specified venue at the fastest speed; It is a competition to test the special technology, physical quality and skill level of the lion dance team [34] .
  • Obstacle project
Obstacle event refers to the skilled skills of the participating teams, the southern lion team through the lion head and lion tail close cooperation, through or over the various green array set in the field; The North Lion team uses the North Lion's skillful technical movements such as leap and roll to complete a competition project with specific competition content in the form of jumping, traversing, etc., through the equipment and obstacles designed in the field [35] .

Competition rules

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EDITOR

Personnel requirement

The participants include team leaders, coaches and athletes.
The number of each southern Lions team and Northern Lions team is not more than 10, including 1 leader, 1 coach and 8 athletes;
The above includes replacement players and accompaniment players, the minimum number of players for each southern Lions team is 6, and the minimum number of players for each Northern Lions team is 5 [36] .

Action classification

  • South lion
The south lion movement is divided into basic movement and difficult movement according to the difficulty of the movement, and the main difficult movement has the straight up pile movement; The leap is connected with occupying, turning, pushing, hanging step, clamping pile, sitting head, reflexive (the leap can exceed the actual size); Continuous leap connecting with occupying, turning, hanging step, clamp pile, sitting head, reflexive (leap can exceed the actual size); The aerial propulsion is connected to the occupying position, the turning, the horizontal hanging step, the clamp pile, the low to high propulsion (can exceed the actual size); Single and double legs at the same time leap to occupy, turn, hanging step, clamp pile, sitting head (can exceed the actual size); Suspension transversal transfer rotating body, reflexive, hanging step, clamp pile (can exceed the actual size); Sitting head leap to turn, borrow, push, occupy, hang step, clamp pile leap (can exceed the actual size); Leap and then leap, occupy, four-foot grinding, hanging step, clamp pile, clamp waist (can exceed the actual size); Liontail volley grinding (can exceed the actual size); Leap, volley between two piles to occupy the upper leg (can exceed the actual size); Fast lift back (can exceed the actual size); The cable is attached to the leg, marching, turning, jumping, standing shoulder (can exceed the actual size); Bridge, wall clamp waist, upper leg, bending, sitting head (can exceed the actual size) [37] .
  • Lion of the North
The North lion movements are divided into basic movements and difficult movements according to the difficulty of the movements, and the main movements are divided into rotating movements, somersault movements, modeling movements and lion lead movements [38] .
Action type
Main action
Rotary action
1. The single lion sits on the shoulder on the high platform, and the lion's body is rotated 720° by the lion's waist; 2. Double lion high left and right rotation 360°; 3. Double lion high platform swinging lion tail 720°; 4. Double lion high platform sitting shoulder cross lying flat rotation 1080; 5. Double lion platform rotation 360° transfer 180° swing tail on the high platform.
Somersaults
1. Two lions worship 270° on the high platform; 2. Double lion high platform about 180° leap directly standing leg; 3. Double lion high platform swing tail leap 180° to swing tail leap 180° to rotate lion tail 360°; 4. Double lion high platform leap 180° transfer 360° directly standing leg; 5. The lion's head is on the platform, and the lion's tail is turned 360° on the ground (off); 6. Jump 2 meters between the equipment to lift the rotary 180° to the rotary 360°; 7. Double lion square table side flip down; 8. Double lion high platform front (back) somersault to the ground.
Modeling action
1. Double lion high platform overlapping, leading lion driver lion; 2. Double lions stand on the back and lead the lion to stand on his head.
Lion lead action
1. The lion guide backflips down the high platform; 2. The lion guide's tendon back handspring is connected to the back somersault sitting lion.
Reference materials: [39]

Musical accompaniment

The musical accompaniment of lion dance is an integral part of setting off the atmosphere, changing the rhythm and stimulating the emotions of the team members. The instrument configuration varies according to the region, the accompaniment can choose a variety of forms such as drum music, wind music, etc., can also be used in line with the characteristics of the lion dance music belt for accompaniment. The instruments commonly used in lion dance are drum, big gong, small gong, cymbals, suona and so on [40 and 41] .

Scoring standard

  • South lion
category
Scoring item
score
demand
Optional routine
Action specification
5 points
The human body posture is correct, the lion's shape is full, the technical method is reasonable, the step type and step method are standardized (no less than 10 kinds), and the coordination is complete.
If there is any discrepancy with the specifications, 0.1 points will be deducted for each other mistake, 0.3 points will be deducted for each slight mistake (small fall), 0.5 points will be deducted for each obvious mistake (medium fall), and 1 point will be deducted for each serious mistake (big fall).
Artistic expression
3 points
The athlete is full of spirit, the expression demonstration is rich and vivid, can show the lion happy, angry, drunk, awake, moving, quiet, frightened, suspicious, looking, looking and other expressions, fully display the lion's spirit and charm, with strong artistic appeal, depending on the completion of 0.5~1 points.
Those who meet the requirements of the arrangement, the theme is clear, the structure is reasonable, the plot is vivid, the action is novel, the lion jewelry, the clothing is well made, the equipment is unique, depending on the completion of the score of 0.5~1.
The music accompaniment is closely coordinated with the South Lion movement, the tone should highlight the light, heavy, slow and urgent, the music is complete, the style is distinct, and the atmosphere of the South Lion is well set off. Depending on the completion, 0.5~1 points are given.
Movement difficulty
Two points
The South Lion self-selected routine difficulty action requires 5 (including innovation difficulty), the completion of the routine difficulty action requires 1.5 points, each less 1 deduct 0.1 points.
For more than 5 actions beyond the difficulty, 0.1 points will be added for each action beyond one difficulty, 0.2 points will be added for each action beyond two difficulty, and so on, up to 0.5 points will be added [42] .
Prescribed routine
Action specification
Seven points
The posture of the human body is correct, the shape of the lion is full, the technical method is reasonable, the step type and step method are standardized, and the coordination is complete.
If there is any discrepancy with the specifications, 0.1 points will be deducted for each other mistake, 0.3 points will be deducted for each slight mistake (small fall), 0.5 points will be deducted for each obvious mistake (medium fall), and 1 point will be deducted for each serious mistake (big fall).
Artistic expression
3 points
The athlete is full of spirit, the expression demonstration is rich and vivid, and the lion's spirit is fully displayed, with strong artistic appeal, and 0.5~1 points are given according to the completion.
The structure is rigorous, the layout is reasonable, the action is coherent, the cooperation is tacit, the action order, the orientation and the route are correct, the lion jewelry and the clothing are well made, and the rules are met. Depending on the completion, 0.5~1 points are given.
The music accompaniment is closely coordinated with the movements of the South Lion, the music is complete, the rhythm is clear, and the atmosphere of the South Lion is well set off. Depending on the completion, 0.5~1 points are given [42] .
Traditional item
etiquette
1 point
Be full of spirit, polite and generous, enter and exit etiquette norms, depending on the completion of 0.5~1 points.
theme
1 point
Where the theme is clear, the content is rich, and the basic laws, logic and procedures of traditional folk customs can be expressed, 0.5~1 points will be given according to the completion.
form
1 point
The form and movement are perfect, the technique and method are reasonable, the step type and step method are standardized, and the coordination is given 0.5~1 points according to the completion.
mien
1 point
The expression is rich, the demonstration is vivid, the spirit is full, and the spirit of the dance is displayed. 0.5~1 points are given depending on the completion.
MUSICIANS
1 point
The music accompaniment is in harmony with the movement, the rhythm is clear, the style is unique, has a typical traditional style and sets off the atmosphere of the dragon dance, and gives 0.5~1 points according to the completion.
feature
1 point
Strong folk characteristics, outstanding traditional art style, unique style, depending on the completion of 0.5~1 points.
arrange
1 point
The arrangement is clever, the structure is compact, the layout is reasonable, the equipment is fully used to show the various forms of the dance object, and 0.5~1 points are given according to the completion.
effect
1 point
Has a strong artistic appeal, the live performance effect is remarkable, the atmosphere is good, depending on the completion of 0.5~1 points.
craftsmanship
1 point
The performance is perfect, the movements are skilled, and the theme can be displayed reasonably through certain technical movements, and has strong viewing value, depending on the completion of 0.5~1 points.
Clothing equipment
1 point
Clothing has certain characteristics, style color and equipment coordination, equipment design ingenious and meet the needs of the theme, depending on the completion of 0.5~1 points [42] .
  • Lion of the North
category
Scoring item
score
demand
Optional routine
Action specification
5 points
Correct posture, reasonable method, coordination, skilled, excellent completion of all actions to give full marks
Artistic expression
3 points
If there is a gap with the action specification, one point will be deducted for each serious mistake, 0.5 points will be deducted for each obvious mistake, and 0.3 points will be deducted for each minor mistake
Where the expression is rich and vivid, the theme is outstanding, the layout is clever, the dress is appropriate, the spirit is full, the music accompaniment is closely matched with the action, and the artistic expression is very good
Where the completed routine movements are slightly inconsistent with the requirements, depending on the completion of the situation, between 2.5 and 2.9 points are given
Where the completed routine movements are obviously inconsistent with the requirements, depending on the completion of the situation, between 2.0 and 2.4 points will be given points
Where the completion of the routine movement is seriously inconsistent with the requirements, depending on the completion of the score between 1.5 and 1.9 points
Where the completed routine movements are completely inconsistent with the requirements, depending on the completion of the situation, the score is below 1.4 points
Movement difficulty
Two points
The North lion difficulty action requires 5 (including innovation difficulty), the successful completion of the 1.5 points, each less 0.1 points deduction
For more than 5 actions beyond the difficulty, 0.1 points will be added for each action beyond one difficulty, 0.2 points will be added for each action beyond two difficulty, and so on, up to 0.5 points will be added [43]
Prescribed routine
Action specification
Seven points
Correct posture, reasonable method, coordination, skilled, excellent completion of all actions to give full marks
If there is a gap with the action specification, one point will be deducted for each serious mistake, 0.5 points will be deducted for each obvious mistake, and 0.3 points will be deducted for each minor mistake
Artistic expression
3 points
Where the expression is rich and vivid, the theme and plot are prominent, the layout is reasonable, the clothing is appropriate, the spirit is full, the music accompaniment is closely matched with the action, and the artistic expression is very good
Where the completed routine movements are slightly inconsistent with the requirements, according to the completion of the situation between 2.5 and 2.9 points
Where the completion of the routine movement is obviously inconsistent with the requirements, depending on the completion of the 2.0 to 2.4 points
Where the completion of the routine movement is seriously inconsistent with the requirements, depending on the completion of the score between 1.5 and 1.9 points
Where the completed routine movements are completely inconsistent with the requirements, according to the completion of the 1.4 points below the score [44]
Traditional item
etiquette
1 point
Full marks will be given to those who meet the etiquette standards, are polite and generous, and enter and exit etiquette norms
Where there is a slight discrepancy with the requirements, the score will be given between 0.8 and 0.9 points according to the completion
Where there is an obvious discrepancy with the requirements, the score will be given between 0.6 and 0.7 points according to the completion
Where there is a serious discrepancy with the requirements, the score will be given according to the completion of 0.5 points or less
theme
1 point
Full marks will be given to those who are in line with the theme, unique style, plot and features
Those who require slight inconsistency, those who require obvious inconsistency, and those who require serious inconsistency check the "Etiquette" item
form
1 point
Full marks will be given to those who conform to realistic shape, correct posture, coordination and accurate method.
Those who require slight inconsistency, those who require obvious inconsistency, and those who require serious inconsistency check the "Etiquette" item
mien
1 point
Full marks will be given to those who are rich, accurate, full of spirit and vivid
Those who require slight inconsistency, those who require obvious inconsistency, and those who require serious inconsistency check the "Etiquette" item
effect
1 point
If it is in line with the scene performance effect is significant, the North lion art appeal is strong, give full marks
Those who require slight inconsistency, those who require obvious inconsistency, and those who require serious inconsistency check the "Etiquette" item
MUSICIANS
1 point
All who conform to the music accompaniment rhythm bright, beautiful melody, harmonious with the movement, well set off the atmosphere of lion dance, give full marks
Those who require slight inconsistency, those who require obvious inconsistency, and those who require serious inconsistency check the "Etiquette" item
arrange
1 point
Full marks will be given to those who conform to the routine arrangement, compact structure and reasonable equipment layout.
Those who require slight inconsistency, those who require obvious inconsistency, and those who require serious inconsistency check the "Etiquette" item
feature
1 point
Full marks will be given to those who conform to the characteristics of Beishi, have reasonable technology, outstanding traditional style and rich content
Those who require slight inconsistency, those who require obvious inconsistency, and those who require serious inconsistency check the "Etiquette" item
craftsmanship
1 point
Full marks will be given to those who meet the difficulty of the routine and arrange the technical movements skillfully and are skilled
Those who require slight inconsistency, those who require obvious inconsistency, and those who require serious inconsistency check the "Etiquette" item
Equipment and clothing
1 point
Full marks will be given to those who conform to the clever design of the equipment, and the lion decorations and costumes reflect the traditional characteristics
Those who require slight inconsistency, those who require obvious inconsistency, and those who require serious inconsistency check the "Etiquette" item [45]

Penalty rules

  • South lion
category
Demerit points
Point deduction
The referee deducted the points
-
Not grade
Anyone who fails to complete the routine within the prescribed time and withdraws midway
Serious mistake (plunge)
One point is deducted for each appearance
The lion's head and tail fell on a stake or on the ground
One of the lion's head or tail falls on a stake or on the ground and the lion and man are separated
No choice, no choice or no theme (no name of routine submitted)
Obvious error (mid-fall)
Half a point is deducted for each appearance
Either the lion's head or the lion's tail falls on a stake or on the ground but the lion does not separate
Could not take back green, did not complete the theme
In traditional projects, the green content (theme, procedure) violation: the lion out of the hole, no hole form; Cliff green, jump from high; Bridge green, from the bottom of the bridge; Snake, crab, centipede green from the front green, etc
Slight error (small fall)
0.3 points are deducted for each appearance
Slip or fall on instruments or upper legs; The upper leg appears to slip below the knee
Imbalances occur in the race, additional support
The device is damaged or fallen down during loading and unloading
The lion green fell off carelessly when picking, but it was still able to pull back the green with its skill
Unreasonable green (green under the neck, the whole hand above the lion's mouth)
Other mistakes
0.1 points are deducted for each occurrence
The upper leg is uncoordinated, unnatural and slippery
The upper gear is unstable and out of position
Lion's head and lion's tail collide
Lion ornaments, costumes (including lion head accessories, lion dance costumes, shoes, headdress, waist ornaments, etc.) fall off
Falling off equipment, ornaments, scenery, etc
Any musical instrument falling on the ground (including drumsticks, gong sticks)
During the green picking process, the broken parts of the lion green fall (such as leaves, petals, etc.)
The referee deducted the points
out-of-bounds
0.1 points will be deducted per person
A player goes out of bounds or steps on the line
time
Deduct 0.1 points
1 to 15 seconds under or over the specified time
Deduct 0.2 points
Fall short or exceed the specified time by 15.1 seconds to 30 seconds, and so on.
Omission, addition and change of routine
0.3 points are deducted for each appearance
Where there is missing action, increasing action and changing action sequence, route, direction
redo
No penalty
If a sports team is interrupted due to objective reasons, it may redo the routine
Deduct 1 point
If the competition routine is interrupted due to subjective reasons such as athlete injury, equipment damage, accompaniment music, etc., it may be redone and arranged in the last match of the competition with the permission of the chief referee
Break the rules
Each person will lose half a point
Sports teams are overrepresented or underrepresented
0.5 points will be deducted for each item
Pile array height, length or disc diameter does not conform to the regulations
Violators will lose 0.5 points
The number of protection personnel shall not exceed 4
Half a point is deducted each time
If a protection officer touches a lion or a device during a game
Deduct 1 point
Late submission of the lion dance routine registration form
Deduct 1 point
The relevant personnel inside and outside the venue have any form of prompt to the athletes
Half a point is deducted each time
Violation of etiquette
Each person will lose half a point
The prescribed routine players are inconsistent with the self-selected routine players, and replacement occurs
1 point is deducted for each item
In traditional projects, raw birds and animals, special ceramics, porcelain, and dangerous and flammable items are used as decorations
Reference materials: [46]
category
Determining party
Punishment
demerit
Draw the south lion
-
disqualification
Two fouls in the starting motion
Not grade
The team did not complete the entire content of the game, and left in the middle of the game
The number of groups is not counted
Do less to specify the number of groups wrong. Where the combination of actions is not completed according to the rules
Each occurrence increases by 5 seconds
The lion's head and tail slipped and fell to the ground
Additional support
Lion ornaments, clothing off
The feet are not blue
Sign pole knocked over [47]
Racing dragon dance
The referee on the field
Each occurrence increases by 5 seconds
Do less of the prescribed actions
Lion's head and lion's tail slip, fall on a high platform or flat ground, attach support
Lion ornaments, clothing off
Knock down marker
Unreasonable green picking (green picking under neck, hand out of lion's mouth, etc.)
When picking, the Lizzie drops off
Did not perform the three lion salute
Chief judge
Not grade
The team did not complete the required content of the competition (missed action), and left in the middle of the game
The team did not complete the course (did not go around the pole)
Teams do one less set of work
The green theme has not been completed
Give a warning
First start foul
disqualify
Second start foul [48]
Hindrance lion
The referee on the field
Each occurrence increases by 5 seconds
Do less of the prescribed actions
Lion head and lion tail slip foot, fall on a bridge or flat, attach support
Lion ornaments, clothing off
Knock over the marker barrier
Wear less, less obstacles, etc
Unreasonable green picking (green picking under neck, hand out of lion's mouth, etc.)
When picking, the Lizzie drops off
Did not perform the three lion salute
The green is not placed in the specified position
The lion's tail must step over each block, and if it misses one, it adds five seconds, and so on
Chief judge
Not grade
The team did not complete the required content of the competition (missed action), and left in the middle of the game
The team did not complete the course (did not go around the pole)
Teams do one less set of work
The team did not complete the race according to the prescribed route
The green theme has not been completed
Give a warning
First start foul
disqualify
Second start foul [49]
  • Lion of the North
category
Demerit points
Point deduction
The referee deducted the points
-
Not grade
Anyone who fails to complete the routine within the prescribed time and withdraws midway
Slight error
0.3 points are deducted for each appearance
Where there is a stumble on an instrument; The upper leg appears to slip below the knee
The device is damaged or falls down during loading
Lion head, equipment collide, hit the ground
The rest time of the modeling action is less than 3 seconds
The lion leader falls (kneels, sits) on a platform or on the ground
Obvious error
Half a point is deducted for each appearance
Either the lion's head or the lion's tail appears to kneel and attach support
Serious error
One point is deducted for each appearance
The lion's head and tail fell on the platform or on the ground
One of the lion's head or tail falls on a stake or on the ground and the lion and man are separated
Other mistakes
0.1 points are deducted for each occurrence
Any clothing or decoration falls off; Any musical instrument, lead the ball to the ground
The referee deducted the points
time
Deduct 0.1 points
Penalty points for exceeding or exceeding the specified time: from 1 second to 15 seconds
Deduct 0.2 points
Under or over the specified time 15.1 seconds to 30 seconds, and so on
redo
No penalty
If the match is interrupted due to objective reasons, it may be repeated with the permission of the referee
Deduct 1 point
If the game is interrupted due to the athlete's mistake, injury, equipment damage and other subjective reasons, you can apply for a redo
Omission, addition and change of routine
0.3 points are deducted for each appearance
Where there is missing action, increasing action and changing the action sequence, route, direction, including the lion lead action
out-of-bounds
0.1 points are deducted for each occurrence
During the game, players step on or out of the sideline, and equipment is thrown out of the court
Break the rules
Half a point is deducted for each appearance
More or less than one member of the team
The height of the high platform, pile array, disc diameter and other equipment do not conform to the standard
Set up the venue in excess of the required time
Violation of etiquette
Late submission of registration form for optional routine
Prompt violation
The prescribed routine players are inconsistent with the self-selected routine players, and replacement occurs
Reference materials: [50]
category
Determining party
Punishment
demerit
Draw the lion of the north
The referee on the field
Each occurrence increases by 5 seconds
Errors in combination (serious, obvious, minor)
out-of-bounds
Knock over, move, damage equipment
The specified number of movements, distance is not enough
Prescribed error
Action sequence, specified orientation is wrong
Chief judge
Each occurrence increases by 10 seconds
Athletes enter and exit etiquette does not match
Give a warning
First start foul
disqualify
Second start foul
Not grade
Who left the game midway without completing the entire content
Do one less set of games
The team does not have a stylist at the start
The team did not complete the race according to the prescribed route [51]
Racing North Lion
The referee on the field
Each occurrence increases by 5 seconds
Do less of the prescribed actions
Lion's head and lion's tail slip, fall on a high platform or flat ground, attach support
Lion ornaments, clothing off
Knock down marker
Unreasonable green picking (green picking under neck, hand out of lion's mouth, etc.)
When picking, the Lizzie drops off
Did not perform the three lion salute
Chief judge
Each occurrence increases by 10 seconds
Athletes enter and exit etiquette does not match
Give a warning
First start foul
disqualify
Second start foul
Not grade
Who left the game midway without completing the entire content
Do one less set of games
The team did not complete the race according to the prescribed route [52]
Barrier lion
The referee on the field
Each occurrence increases by 5 seconds
Errors (serious, obvious, minor) occur in the combination
Step on the sideline to get out of bounds
Knock over, move, damage equipment
Drill less, wear less, jump less equipment
The specified number of movements, distance is not enough
Prescribed error
Action sequence, specified orientation is wrong
The action does not conform to the specific requirements of each district
Chief judge
Each occurrence increases by 10 seconds
Athletes enter and exit etiquette does not match
Give a warning
First start foul
disqualify
Second start foul
Not grade
Who left the game midway without completing the entire content
Do one less set of games
The team did not complete the race according to the prescribed route [53]

Scoring method

Referee rating
South Lion, North Lion competition is a skill class, performance, graded by the judges of the competitive collective competition events.
There are three methods for judges to score on the spot: 5-person scoring system, 7-person scoring system and 9-person scoring system (each with 1 referee on duty).
According to the technical level of the sports team, according to the scoring standards of the South Lion and the North Lion rules, the referee will subtract the corresponding deduction points from various errors, and the remaining part will be the score of the team.
The score should be determined
(a) When five or seven referees score, the average of the three valid points in the middle shall be the score due to the team.
(b) When 9 judges score, the average of the middle 5 valid points shall be the score due to the sports team.
(3) The score should be taken only two decimal places (the third digit after the decimal point is not rounded).
The difference between valid points is specified
(1) When the score should be 9.5 points or above, the difference shall not exceed 0.2 points.
(2) When the score is more than 9 points and less than 9.5 points, the difference shall not exceed 0.3 points.
(3) When the score is less than 9 points, the difference shall not exceed 0.5 points. Article 28 Use of reference points
When the difference between the valid scores of the referee does not conform to the rules, the score determined by the referee is the benchmark score. Add the two (or four) valid points closest to the base score and divide by 3 (or by 5) to give the team the score it deserves.
Final score
According to the rules, the referee deducts the points to be deducted from the points due to the team, which is the final score of the team [55] 54 - .

Major tournament

broadcast
EDITOR
International competition
The World Lion Championship
World Chinese Lion King Competition and water Double lion Challenge
World Dragon and Lion Championships
The Lion Battle International
World Lion Dance Championships
-
Regional competition
Asian Dragon and Lions Championship
Pan American Lion Dance Championships
South American Lion Dance Championship
Asian Lion Dance Championship
Southeast Asian Lion Dance Championships
-
Competitions in China
The Chinese Dragon and Lion Competition
National Youth Dragon and Lion Dance Championship
National Dragon and Lion Dance Championship
China Dragon and Lion Open
Reference materials: [61]

Organizational structure

broadcast
EDITOR
World and regional Dragon and Lion Sports Association
International Federation of Dragon and Lion Sports
World Lion Dance Federation
Asian Dragon and Lion Sports Federation
World Dragon and Lion Sports associations
Chinese Dragon and Lion Sports Association
Dragon and Lion Association of America
American Dragon and Lion Sports Association
Indonesian Dragon and Lion Sports Federation
Singapore Wushu Dragon and Lion Association
-
Chinese provincial Dragon and Lion Sports Association
Tianjin Dragon and Lion Sports Association
Inner Mongolia Dragon and Lion Sports Association
Shanghai Dragon and Lion Association
Jiangsu Dragon and Lion Sports Association
Henan Dragon and lion dragon boat Sports Association
Guangxi Dragon and Lion Sports Association
Zhejiang Dragon and Lion Sports Association
Fujian Dragon and Lion Sports Association
Jiangxi Dragon and Lion Sports Association
Shandong Dragon and Lion Sports Association
Hunan Dragon and Lion Sports Association
Guangdong Dragon and Lion Sports Association
Hainan Dragon and Lion Sports Association
Sichuan Dragon and Lion Sports Association
Shaanxi Folk Sports Association
Gansu Province Dragon and Lion Sports Association
-
-
Reference materials: [56]

Representative figure

broadcast
EDITOR
Huang Qintian, male, born in 1965, is currently Vice chairman of China Dragon and Lion Association, Executive Vice chairman of Guangdong Dragon and Lion Association, honorary president of Foshan Dragon and Lion Association, president of Foshan South Sea Huang Feihong Zhonglian Cable Martial Arts Dragon and Lion Association, and representative inheritor of national intangible cultural heritage representative project Lion Dance (Guangdong Lion Dance) [57] .
Deng Minghua, male, Han nationality, born in June 1941, primary school culture, farmers, Wuzhou City, Tangbu Town, Teng County, Huanzhou village. In 2009, he was named the second batch of municipal representative inheritors of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region level project "Lion Dance skill" [60] .
Yang Jingwei, born on November 1, 1958 in Xicheng, Beijing, is a representative inheritor of the national intangible cultural heritage project Shiwu (White paper Square Taishi) [58] White paper square Tai lion seventh generation descendant [59] .

Cultural inheritance

broadcast
EDITOR

Overseas communication

With the continuous increase of China's national strength and the expansion of its international influence, the cultural activities represented by the lion dance of Chinese people around the world have shown a booming trend. During the Spring Festival, cities in New York, Chicago, London, Yangon, Myanmar, Cape Town, Prato, Italy, Paris, Toronto, Canada, Buenos Aires, Argentina and other countries and regions, as well as international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank will hold a variety of celebrations, including dragon and lion dances, Spring Festival couplets. Some countries such as Canada and Brazil will also issue Spring Festival commemorative stamps, while New York and Recife, Brazil, have made the Spring Festival a legal holiday. In addition, East Asian countries such as Japan, South Korea, and Southeast Asian countries such as Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Myanmar also hold lion dances during major festivals. During the traditional Chinese New Year, museums around the world have launched colorful lion dance themed celebrations [9-10] .

Derivative work

  • poetry
Bai Juyi mentioned in "Xi Liang Chi" : Xi Liang Chi, a fake lion with a fake face, wood for the head and silk for the tail, gold plated eyes and silver teeth [3] .
Heat the wine and boil the meat [4] .
  • Literary works
"Little Monk Looking for a Lion" by Qi Wei and Shan He, "Dancing South" by Zeng Yingfeng, "Lion Dancing Flowers" by Huang Jijian, etc.
  • repertoire
In 2018, Guangzhou Song and Dance Theater created China's first large-scale dance drama with the theme of the national intangible cultural heritage project "Guangdong Lion Awakening", which won the highest award of Chinese dance "Lotus Award" and was widely popular in performances around the country [5-6] .
In 2020, the Liuji Lion Dance Troupe of Cangxian County, Cangzhou City, Hebei Province, joined hands with Tianjin TV Station to create the stage play "Cangzhou Lion Soul". [7] .

folklore

  • Buddha theory
According to legend, the mountain people had been threatened by a fierce lion long ago, and they could not solve the problem, so they decided to ask Buddha for help. After hearing this, the Buddha, with compassion, personally went down to the mountains to lead the lions away, so that the residents could resume a peaceful life. This old legend was later reflected in the lion dance movement, especially in the lion dance performances in the south. The performance featured a "big head Buddha" character, symbolizing Buddha's wisdom and strength, leading the lion dance. This plot symbolizes the arrival of the Buddha and the departure of the lion, implying peace and unity. This legend is passed on through the lion dance movement, which not only enables people to enjoy wonderful performances, but also conveys people's yearning for wisdom and peace. Such legends not only enrich the culture, but also inspire people to seek solutions in the face of difficulties and to believe in the power of kindness and wisdom [8] .
  • Theory of military achievements
According to legend, in the birthplace of the ancient Chinese nation, there is a mountainous area where a fierce lion lives. Lions often haunt the surrounding villages, causing great harm to the villagers, harming their livestock and threatening the safety of the villagers. In order to get rid of the threat of the lion, the villagers decided to learn martial arts, hoping to kill the fierce lion. After hard training and efforts, they finally mastered the unique skills and successfully defeated the lion. To commemorate the feat, the villagers created a dance modeled after a lion to show their heroic fighting spirit. The spirit of bravery and solidarity embedded in this legend was reflected in later dance performances, especially in the art form of lion dancing. The movement and posture of the lion dance performance imitate the shape of the lion, and show the heroic deeds of the villagers. Such a performance is not only an art form, but also a tribute to the wisdom and courage of our ancestors. With the passage of time, the story of this legend has been preserved and passed on to the present day, inspiring people to face challenges. It conveys the values of solidarity and cooperation and emphasizes the importance of wisdom and courage in overcoming difficulties. Such stories enrich the cultural heritage of the Chinese nation and become a symbol of people's eternal pursuit of courage and unity [8] .
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