Permanent member of the United Nations Security Council

From August 21 to October 7, 1944, representatives of the United States, Britain, the Soviet Union, and China met at an old manor house near Washington Dumbarton Oaks Hold a meeting. The conference mapped out the basic outline of the Charter of the United Nations and solved the main problems of the establishment of the United Nations.

It was held in February 1945 The Yalta Conference On the meeting, the participating countries made in San Francisco At the time of the decision of the Constituent Assembly, it was suggested that China and France, together with the Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom, be co-sponsors of the San Francisco Conference (France had already established a provisional government). The Chinese government accepted the proposal. France agreed to participate in the conference, but decided not to act as an initiator, as it considered that it was not participating Dumbarton Oaks Conference Negotiations with the Yalta Conference cannot require other countries to sign a charter they did not contribute to.

On June 26, 1945, the San Francisco Constitutional Convention was successfully concluded. United Nations charter Officially signed. Article 23 of the UN Charter stipulates that the five permanent members of the Security Council are: the United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom and France. The status of the five permanent members was formally established.

charter It also stipulates the principle of "unanimity of powers" : when the Security Council votes on non-procedural issues, as long as a major power does not agree, the resolution cannot be adopted.

People's Republic of China locate Asia To the East, Pacific The West Coast, yes Working class Led by the people's democratic dictatorship Socialist country . ^[1] After the founding of New China, economic recovery and construction began in 1953 Three major transformations It was established in 1956 Socialist system And entered the stage of socialist exploration. Cultural revolution Then began the reform and opening up, gradually established The socialist system with Chinese characteristics . China is the world's second largest economy, the world's largest trading nation, and the world's largest Foreign exchange reserve China, the world's largest steel producer and the world's No Agrarian country The world's largest grain production country and one of the world's fastest growing economies. China is the world's largest recipient of foreign investment ^[5] It is also an important member of many international organizations in the world, and the People's Republic of China has the richest World cultural heritage And natural and cultural attractions, is one of the world's tourism powers.

United States (The United States of America) is the United States of America Washington, D.C. , 50 states and Guam A federation of many other overseas territories Constitutional republicanism The country. Its main part is located North America The Middle, Central Intelligence Agency " World overview The total area of the United States from 1989 to 1996 was 9,372,610km² ^[8] It has a population of 320 million, speaks English and is a nation of immigrants. America is a highly developed country capitalism Superpower, its political , economy , Military affairs , culture , innovate Lead by equal strength global . As the world's first military power, its higher education level and scientific research and technology level as well Civil space technology Also in respect of well-deserved Its large investment in scientific research funds, the number of research-oriented universities and enterprises, and the richness of scientific research results can be called a world model. For all its domestic problems, America is relatively sound Legal system , healthy Living environment , top-notch Educational resources And continues to attract people from all over the world to chase the American dream. ^[2]

Russian Federation The Russian Federation, or Russia for short, is a federation consisting of 22 autonomous republics, 46 oblasts, 9 regions, 4 autonomous regions, 1 autonomous oblast, and 3 federal municipalities Constitutional republicanism The country. The national flag is white, blue and red. The main body of the national emblem is a double-headed eagle pattern. Russia is located in the northern part of Eurasia, the land span Eurasian Two continents, with an area of 17,075,400 square kilometers, it is the largest country in the world. 25 December 1991 Collapse of the Soviet Union After that, the biggest ally Russia formally became independent and inherited The Soviet Union Most of the military forces, integrated Military strength Second in the world, with the largest nucleus in the world Arsenal . In "... One super, many strong In the international system, Russia is a powerful country with greater influence, and its military strength is strong, especially aviation Space technology occupy world Front. In addition, Russia has five BRICS One of them.

England (England was originally Kingdom of England Short for), full name United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), where the mainland is located Continental Europe Northwest of the British Isles, by Beihai , English Channel , Celtic sea , Irish Sea and Atlantic Surround. Kuni U Great Britain superior England , Welsh and Scotland , The island of Ireland north-eastern Northern Ireland And a series of dependent islands together to form a Western Europe Island country . In addition to mainland In addition, it has 14 overseas fief With a total population of more than 64 million, to English ( The Anglo-Saxons ) is Main nationality . Britain was the first industrialized country in the world to finish first Industrial revolution National strength grew rapidly. Britain is a highly developed country capitalism The country. Europe's four largest economies One of its nationals has a high standard of living and good Social security system . is The British Commonwealth Head of state, Schengen Convention and Group of eight Member states, North Atlantic Treaty Organization Founding Member.

French Republic ( French : Republique francaise, English the French Republic, or France for short, is an indigenous country located in France Western Europe the Presidential republic Countries, overseas territories including South America and South Pacific Some of the areas. French Cong Middle Ages It began to become one of the major powers in Europe, reaching its peak in the 19th and 20th centuries, and established the second largest in the world at that time Colonial empire It was also the most densely populated country of the 20th century. In its long history, the country has cultivated many famous people who have had a profound impact on human development litterateur and thinker In addition, it has the fourth most in the world World heritage site . France is a highly developed country capitalism The country. Europe's four largest economies One of its nationals has a high standard of living and good Social security system , too European Union and North Atlantic Treaty Organization Founding Member, Schengen Convention and Group of eight Member states, and Continental Europe primary Political entity One of them.

Article 23

The Security Council shall be composed of fifteen States Members of the United Nations. Republic of China (1971) People's Republic of China recover Seat), France (renamed in 1958 French Republic The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (succeeded by the Russian Federation in 1991), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America shall be permanent members of the Security Council. convention The ten other States Members of the United Nations shall be elected as non-permanent members of the Security Council with due regard, first and foremost, to the contribution of the States Members of the United Nations to the maintenance of international peace and security and to the other purposes of the Organization, and with due regard to equitable geographical distribution.

The term of office of non-permanent members of the Security Council shall be set at two years. At the time of the first election of non-permanent members of the Security Council following the increase in membership from eleven to fifteen, two of the four additional States shall serve for a term of one year. No Member whose term has expired may be re-elected immediately.

Three. Security Council Each member shall be represented by one person.

Article 24

1. In order to ensure the prompt and effective action of the United Nations, the Member States delegate to the Security Council primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security and agree that the Security Council, in discharging its functions under this responsibility, shall act on their behalf.

2. In carrying out this function, the Security Council shall comply with the purposes and principles of the United Nations. The specific powers vested in the Security Council for the performance of this function are set forth in Chapters VI, VII, VIII and XII of the present Charter.

The Security Council shall submit annual reports and, where necessary, special reports to the General Assembly for its review.

Article 25

United Nations Member States Agrees to accept and implement Security Council resolutions in accordance with the provisions of the Charter.

Article 26

In order to promote the establishment and maintenance of international peace and security and to minimize the consumption of the world's human and economic resources for armaments, the Security Council, with the assistance of the Military Staff Committee referred to in Article 47, shall be responsible for preparing and submitting to the Members of the United Nations programmes for the establishment of a system of arms control.

Article 27

Each member of the Security Council shall have one vote.

Resolutions of the Security Council on all other matters shall be taken by an affirmative vote of nine members, including the concurred vote of all the permanent members; However, the parties to the dispute shall not vote on resolutions on the matters referred to in Chapter VI and Article 52, paragraph 3.

Article 28

1. The Security Council shall be organized in such a way as to enable it to continue to function continuously. For this purpose, the members of the Security Council shall have permanent representatives in the House of the Organization.

2. The Security Council shall hold regular meetings at which each Member may, as it deems fit, be represented by senior Government officials or other specially designated representatives.

The Security Council may meet outside the House of the Organization at such other place as it considers best to facilitate its work.

Article 29

The Security Council may establish such subsidiary organs as it deems necessary for the exercise of its functions.

Article 30

The Security Council shall establish its own rules of procedure, including the method of selecting its President.

Article 31

Any Member of the United Nations which is not a member of the Security Council may participate in the discussion of any question which the Security Council considers to be of particular interest to it, without voting.

Article 32

States which are members of the United Nations and not members of the Security Council, or which are not members of the United Nations and which are parties to a dispute under consideration by the Security Council, shall be invited to participate in the discussions of that dispute without voting rights. The Security Council shall establish such conditions as it deems fair for the participation of States not members of the United Nations.

The chapter of the UN Charter on the Security Council does not explicitly stipulate "veto", but stipulates that "any non-procedural resolution must be approved by at least 9 votes of the 15 members of the Security Council and no one of the 5 permanent members of the Security Council can vote against it", that is, permanent members voting against it is usually referred to as "exercising the veto". The first veto in the history of the United Nations was exercised by the Soviet Union on 16 February 1946 Syria , Lebanon A vote against the question.

Most of the veto power in the history of the United Nations has been exercised by the Soviet Union. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States was the country that wielded the veto most frequently. By 2012, the five permanent members had exercised their veto 270 times:

Among them: the United States used 78 times, including for blocking the right Israel He used his veto power 36 times. The United States used its veto power on March 26, 2004, and did not include Hamas in the resolution Suicide bomber The killing of Israeli civilians was also included in the condemnation, rejecting a proposal by Arab states to condemn Israeli assassinations Palestine The spiritual leader of the militant group Hamas Yassin The resolution.

The United Kingdom used it 32 times, 22 of them in conjunction with the United States. Britain voted against it only seven times alone, all of them with Southern Rhodesia. Zimbabwe Is relevant to the situation.

France used it 18 times, 13 of which were in conjunction with the United States and Britain. France has used the veto alone only twice, once in 1976 in relation to France and France Comoros The other controversial draft resolution was a 1947 draft resolution on Indonesia. In 1946, France joined the Soviet Union in vetoing a resolution on the Spanish Civil War. In 1956, France joined Britain in two separate elections Suez crisis Vote against the draft resolution.

The former Soviet Union/Russia used it 119 times in total, the largest actual use of veto power. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union used the veto so many times that he served as foreign minister from 1957 to 1985 Gromyko He was known as Mr. Bobblehead. Among them, on December 13, 1955, the Soviet Union voted to admit new members ( Austria , Cambodia , Ceylon , Finland , Ireland , Italy , Japan , Jordan , Laos , Libya , Nepal , Portugal , South Korea , South Vietnam , Spain He exercised his veto 15 times in a row. Since the collapse of the former Soviet Union in 1991, Russia has used its veto only twice, on 11 May 1993 on the issue of UNFICYP contribution sharing and on 5 December 1994 on sanctions Former Yugoslavia Question.

From 1946 to 1971, the Taiwan authority exercised its veto in the Security Council once before Mongolia An application to join the United Nations. Since its restoration to the United Nations in 1971, the People's Republic of China has used its veto nine times as a permanent member of the Security Council. China is currently the least frequent user of the veto.

On July 19, 2012, China and Russia discussed the situation in the Middle East ( Syria Vote against the relevant draft resolutions

On February 4, 2012, China and Russia voted against the draft resolution on the situation in the Middle East (Syria)

On October 4, 2011, China and Russia voted against the resolution on the situation in the Middle East (Syria)

On July 11, 2008, China and Russia agreed on Peace and Security in Africa ( Zimbabwe Vote against the relevant resolution

On January 12, 2007, China and Russia Burma Vote no on resolutions related to the situation

On January 25, 1999, China Macedonia Vote no on the resolution on the situation in the Republic

On January 9, 1997, China voted against the resolution on Central America: Efforts towards Peace

On September 10, 1972, China and the former Soviet Union agreed on the situation in the Middle East. Palestine Vote against the relevant resolution

On August 23, 1972, China admitted new members ( Bangladesh Vote against the resolution

On April 26, 2022, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution authorizing the body to meet after a veto by a permanent member of the Security Council, where all UN members can review and comment on the veto. ^[7]

The Security Council consists of 15 members:

The five permanent members are: United States , Russian Federation , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , Fifth Republic , People's Republic of China .

10 non-permanent members, elected by the General Assembly for a term of two years (with the expiration of the term) :

Ireland (2022), Estonia (2021), Kenya (2022), Mexico (2022), The Niger (2021), Norse (2022), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2021), Tunisia (2021), India (2022), Vietnam (2021) Years) ^[6] .

More than 60 UN Member States have never served on the Security Council. ^[3]

A Member of the United Nations that is not a member of the Security Council may participate, without the right to vote, in the deliberations of the Council when the Council considers that its interests are affected. Members of the United Nations and non-Members of the United Nations who are parties to a dispute under consideration by the Security Council may be invited to participate in the Council's deliberations without the right to vote; The conditions for member States to participate in the discussions are set by the Security Council. ^[3]

Below are all the countries that have not been elected members of the Security Council since 1946. ^[4]

Albania , Afghanistan , Andorra , Antigua and Barbuda , Barbados , Papua New Guinea , Bahamas , Republic of North Macedonia *, Iceland , Belize , Bhutan , Democratic People's Republic of Korea , East Timor , Dominic , Eritrea , Fiji , Grenada , Georgia , Haiti , The Republic of Montenegro , Republic of Kiribati , Kyrgyzstan , Cambodia , Comoros , Latvia , Lesotho , Lao People's Democratic Republic , Liechtenstein , Maldives , Malawi , The Marshall Islands , Mongolia , Federated States of Micronesia , Burma , Republic of Moldova , Monaco , Mozambique , Republic of South Sudan , Nauru , Palau , Switzerland , El Salvador , Samoa , Republic of Serbia , Cyprus , Seychelles , SAO Tome and Principe , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , SAN Marino , Eswatini , Suriname , Solomon Islands , Tajikistan , Tonga , Tuvalu , Turkmenistan , Vanuatu , Brunei Darussalam , Uzbekistan , Armenia , Israel , Central African Republic

Note * : Following a communication from the Permanent Mission of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to the Protocol and Liaison Office on 14 February 2019, the name of the country was changed from the former "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" to "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia". Republic of North Macedonia (abbreviated as North Macedonia). Effective date: February 14, 2019. ^[4]