WEB news Post bar know Web disk picture video map A surname message purchase encyclopedia

Baidu home page

assist

Home page

encyclopaedia

Feature encyclopedia

Knowledge topic

Join the encyclopedia

Encyclopedia team

Authoritative cooperation

Individual center

Grand Duchy of Lithuania

broadcast discuss Upload video

European monarchies

Collect

Check out my collection

0 Useful +1

Grand Duchy of Lithuania (full name: "Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Rus' and Samogitia"; Latin: Magnus Ducatus Lituania, Lithuanian: Lietuvos Did Z ioji Kunigaik? tyst?) was a European state that existed between the 13th century and 1569 monarchy Then the country became Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth The composition of the book until 1793 May Third Constitution Its independent status was abolished in order to bring the Union together. The country was founded by Lithuanians, who originated in Okstetia Poro A polytheist before converting to Catholicism. The Grand Duchy later turned to Kievan Rus The Native land and other Slavic lands expanded to include present-day Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine, Belarus, as well as parts of Estonia, Poland, Moldova, and Russia. In the 15th century, the country reached the apex of its territory and was the largest country in Europe at the time. It is a multi-ethnic and multi-faith country that exhibits great diversity in language, religion and cultural traditions.

Chinese name: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Rus and Samogitia
Foreign name: Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Abbreviated form: Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Lithuania
continent: Europe
capital: Vilnius
Official language: Lithuanian

Political system: monarchy
Major nationality: Lithuanians
Major religion: Catholicism
Founding time: The year 1253
Merge time: July 1, 1569
Extinction time: October 24, 1795

catalogue

10Kingdom of Lithuania 1918

Introduction to the duchy

broadcast

EDITOR

Coat of arms of Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Republic of Lithuania The unification of the land began in the 12th century. First in the Grand Duchy ruler Mindaugas He was crowned Catholic King of Lithuania in 1253. This polytheistic state became a nation during the Northern Crusades The Teutonic Knights and The Livonian Order The bull 's-eye. until Gediminas Later in the reign, the multi-ethnic and multi-faith state emerged and continued to expand under his son Alkildas. Alkildas's successor Jogaila signed the Union of Creva in 1386, which left a strong mark in the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: one is the conversion of Lithuania to Catholicism, and the other is the establishment of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Kingdom of Poland Royal Union (1385-1569).

During the reign of Vytautas, the Grand Duchy experienced its greatest territorial expansion, and in 1410 Battle of Glenwald Defeat the Teutonic Knights. This period also marked the rise of the Lithuanian nobility. After Vytautas' death, relations between Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland deteriorated. The Lithuanian nobility, including the Radziviu family, tried to break the princely relationship with Poland. However, the failure of the Moscow-Lithuanian War left the union unscathed.

In July 1569, Poland and Lithuania re-signed the Treaty of Union in Lublin, which provided for a common parliament, a common monarchy, and the implementation of the same foreign policy, the Ukrainian region formerly belonging to Lithuania was directly incorporated into Poland, and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania retained its political independence, with its own government, laws, army, and Treasury, according to history Lublin merger . Since then, the two countries have officially merged and established Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania . In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, the Polish elite sought to continue its eastward expansion and came into conflict with Russia. After a series of devastating wars, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was destroyed in 1795 Russian Empire , Prussia and Grand Duchy of Austria Divide, perish.

Development history

broadcast

EDITOR

Found a state

Territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 15th century

The first mention of Lithuania in history is in The Quedlinburg Chronicles Medium, this Chronicles It dates from 1009. In the 12th century, the East Slavic Chronicles recorded Lithuania as Rus The place to attack. At first Lithuanian pagans turned to Polotsk Attacked, but then gained strength and organized their own small-scale attacks. At some point between 1180 and 1183, things changed and the Lithuanians began to make continuous raids into the East Slavic zone Duchy of Polotsk and Pskov , even threatened Novgorod . Such sporadic military attacks show that the Lithuanians Okshtetia The consolidation of territory.

The Military friars The Livonian Order, founded in Riga in 1202, and the Teutonic Order, founded in 1226, appeared in the region Prussia . The Christian Knights posed a major threat to the pagan Baltic tribes and further contributed to the formation of states in the region. Signed in 1219 with Galicia - Wolichlian The treaty of the Lithuanians testifies to the cooperation between the Lithuanians and the Samogitians. The treaty listed 21 Dukes of Lithuania, including five high Dukes from Okstetia. Zywinbudas , Dauyotas , Vilicera , DOS Prengas And Mindaugas) and several from Samogitia The Duke of... Although the Lithuanians and Samogitians had fought each other before, they had to face a common enemy. Probably Zhevenbudas had the greatest power, and at least several Dukes came from the same family. The formal recognition of common interests and the establishment of a ruling class based on the treaty signatories heralded the rise of a new state.

Mindaugas, Duke of Southern Lithuania, is mentioned in the treaty with Galicia-Vorichlian as one of the five high Dukes. According to the Livonian rhyming chronicle, Mindaugas had assumed supreme authority over the whole of Lithuania by the mid-1230s. In 1236, Vykintas leading The Samogians in Battle of Soule Defeated the Livonian Order. The order was forced to become a branch of the Prussian Teutonic Order. This meant that Samogitia, the narrow strip of land separating Livonia from Prussia, was a prime target for both orders. The battle gave the Knights and Lithuania a respite during the war, and Lithuania used the opportunity to attack and annex the Ruthenian belt New Grudock and Grodno .

Baltic tribes in the 12th century

In 1248, civil war broke out between Mindaugas and his nephews Tautvilas and Edividas. The latter two are closely related to Vykintas, the Livonian Order, Daniel of Galicia and Vasilenko of Wolichlian The former grand coalition against Mindaugas. Mindaugas took advantage of the civil war to ally himself with the Livonian Order. He promised to convert to Christianity and to give part of the territory of Western Lithuania in exchange for the Order's military attacks on his nephew and the throne. 1251 Mindaugas is baptized, Pope Innocent IV Issued a papal bull proclaiming its establishment Kingdom of Lithuania . After the civil war, Mindaugas was crowned King of Lithuania in 1253, beginning a decade of relative peace. Mindaugas sought to exert its influence on the important commercial center of the Daugawa River Polatsk with Pinsker Spread. The Teutonic Knights took advantage of this period Samogitia and Livonia Strengthened the position, but it was in 1259 Battle of Skuodas And 1260 The Battle of Durbe Lose. These two losses stirred up The Semigallians And the Prussians rebelled against the Knights.

in Trainiota At the instigation of Mindaugas, he broke his peace with the Knights, possibly reverting to his old gods, and made peace with them Novgorod the Alexander Nevsky Form an alliance. He wanted to unite all the Baltic tribes under Lithuanian rule. Because the military campaign was unsuccessful, relations between Mindaugas and Trenotta deteriorated. Trenotta and Daumantas In 1263 he assassinated Mindaugas and his two sons Luklis and Rupekis. Lithuania was plunged into years of civil war.

Trakai Island Castle

From 1263 to 1269, there were three Grand princes in Lithuania Trainiota , Waishvilkas and Swaun The coexistence situation. But the country was not divided, Tredenis He came to power in 1269. He strengthened Lithuania in Black Ruthenia Took control and fought with the Livonian Order, gaining it in 1270 Battle of the Carrouse And 1279 Battle of Ezkraukeley The victory. As for the period from 1282 after the death of Trethenes to 1295 Witnes During the period between the claim to the title of Grand Duke, there is considerable debate over who the Grand Duke of Lithuania was in modern times. This was the period when the Knights decided on their conquests. The year 1274 Great Prussian uprising In the end, the Teutonic Knights went on to conquer other Baltic tribes: conquest in 1274-1277 The Naduvians and The Skalvians It was conquered in 1283 The Jotwingians ; The Livonian Order went on to conquer Semigalia, Lithuania's last Baltic ally, in 1291. The Order could now concentrate entirely on Lithuania. The "buffer zone" formed by the other Baltic tribes disappeared, and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was forced to fight the Knights himself.

Gediminas Dynasty The Grand Duchy of Lithuania had been ruled for centuries, and Vitnes was the first ruler of the dynasty. His reign was characterized by years of war with the Knights, the Kingdom of Poland, and Ruthenia. Witnesse was involved in the struggle over the succession to the Polish throne, in which he supported Boleslaw II of Mazoshe, who was allied with the Duchess of Lithuania Gudmunda Get married. In Ruthenia, Vitnes attempted to recover the lands lost after Mindaugas's assassination, taking over the Duchy of Pinsk and Turov. In the conflict with the Knights, Vitnes allied himself with the citizens of Riga. Riga used its secure position to consolidate trade routes and provide a base for further military operations. Around 1307, Polotsk, an important trading center, was surrounded by troops. Wittnis is also starting to Niman A network of fortifications was built along the coast. This network of fortifications gradually became an important line of defense against the Teutonic Knights.

Territorial expansion

Territorial expansion Gediminas His reign culminated in the establishment of a strong centralized government and an empire stretching from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea. In 1320, the Syrus duchies were either subservient to Lithuania or annexed by Lithuania. In 1321 Gediminas captured Kiev and exiled the last ruler of Kiev Rurik dynasty Member Stanislaw . Gediminas rebuilt Vilnius, the permanent capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which had probably been moved from Trakai in 1323. Including the 16th century Macie Streljkowski Some scholars believe that New Grudock It was the capital of Lithuania in the 13th century.

Gediminasta in Vilnius

Lithuania is Kievan Rus The ideal successor to the West and South. Almost all the surrounding countries were looted or defeated by the Mongols, but the Mongol horsemen stopped at the borders of modern-day Belarus, leaving much of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania untouched. The wave of Lithuanian expansion also accelerated, as the Mongols had weak rule over the places they conquered. The principalities of Rus were never incorporated directly The Golden Horde . Instead, they have remained client states, enjoying a decent degree of independence. Lithuanian expansion was met with only very weak resistance in the territory of the East Slavs, and the Mongols had very limited resistance against them, and the rise of Lithuania was ideal.

But the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was built on more than just military prowess; diplomacy was always as important to Lithuania as the military. Most, but not all, of the cities conquered by Lithuania were not defeated on the battlefield, but were willing to submit themselves to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. For most of them had previously been sent to the Golden Horde or The Grand Duchy of Moscow For them, such a decision was not a surrender of independence, but a change of master. in Novgorod This can be seen in the fact that the state often entered Lithuania's sphere of influence, but only occasionally became a vassal of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In part, Lithuanian rule was the result of internal struggles among the cities, which tried to avoid the tendency toward Mazosher Surrender. But this is not a secure way to build a nation. Changes in the city's internal policies could pull it out of the realm of Lithuanian rule, as happened many times in Novgorod and other East Slavic cities.

Union with Poland

Poland and Lithuania 1386-1434

Lithuania was converted to Christianity in 1387. This conversion was initiated by Jogaila, who in turn translated the Christian prayers into Lithuanian. Lithuania in Vytautas The Emperor's reign (1392-1430) was the height of its power. Vytautas was one of the most famous rulers of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He was Grand Duke from 1401 to 1430, in addition Grodno (1370-1382) and Lutsk (1387-1389) Maharaja. Vytautas is Kostuttis Son of God, Jogela Cousin, and Vasily the Second His grandfather, his cousin Jogaila, became King of Poland in 1386. In 1410, Vytautas joined the army of the Grand Duchy Battle of Glenwald . The Polish-Lithuanian armies won a decisive victory over the Teutonic Knights. Vytautas supported the country's economic development and carried out several reforms. Vytautas gradually centralised the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during his reign, replacing local princes who were related to the Grand Duchy with governors loyal to him. These magistrates were wealthy landowners who formed the aristocracy of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Under Vytautas, The Radziviu family and The Goshtautas family Began to gain influence.

However, the rapidly expanding influence of the Grand Duchy of Moscow made it an enemy of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and after the annexation of Novgorod in 1478, the Grand Duchy of Moscow was indeed the most prominent state in Northeastern Europe. Between 1492 and 1508, Ivan the Third In the crucial battle The Battle of Vidroza After the victory, Kievan Rus' native lands were recovered, for example Chernigov and Bryansk .

Map of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania in its heyday

The encroachment of Lithuanian territory by Moscow, and the threat the latter posed to the Lithuanian state, forced Lithuania to move closer to Poland, which it acquired with Polish support in 1514 Battle of Orsha The victory. Lithuania was united with its western neighbour in the Union of Lublin in 1569 Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth (" Federation of two States "). Under the union, many of the territories formerly occupied by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which had been largely Ruthenialized, were transferred Territories of the Kingdom of Poland Lithuania itself was gradually Polonized under Polish rule. The Grand Duchy retained many powers in the Commonwealth (including also having its own government, Treasury, and army) until 1791 May Third Constitution Yes.

Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania In its early years, it began to invade neighboring countries, such as Latvia and Estonia, and fought with the Tsarist monarchs Ivan the Terrible The Latvian War began in 1558 and lasted for 25 years. Although the kingdom won the war, it continued to fight and conflict with Tsarist Russia and Sweden, and its power was gradually depleted. Beginning in the mid-16th century, Tsarist Russia gradually invaded the kingdom by silkworm eating, and annexed large areas of land, and the kingdom was crumbling. In the 18th century, Prussia rose to power, and eventually the kingdom was divided between Russia, Austria, and Prussia. In 1795, the Polish-Lithuanian Kingdom officially collapsed.

1387 Lithuanian conversion, painting on canvas by Jan Matyko

After the partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, most of the territory of the former Grand Duchy was annexed directly by the Russian Empire, not into the Kingdom of the Polish Congress (made up of the remainder of the Federation, the monarch being the Russian Tsar), but, in 1812, in Russo-french war On the eve, riots broke out in the territory of the former Grand Duchy against Russia. Upon Napoleon's arrival in Vilnius, he proclaimed a provisional representative government of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and accordingly re-established the Polish-Lithuanian Union. However, because Napoleon's "great army" was repulsed by the Russians only six months later and continued to retreat westward, the union never materialized. In December 1812, Vilnius was recaptured by Russian forces, putting an end to all plans to rebuild the Grand Duchy.

Demographic characteristics

broadcast

EDITOR

In 1260, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the principality of Lithuania, and ethnic Lithuanians constituted the majority (67.5%) of its 400,000 people. Because of the new occupation Ruthenia By 1340, the percentage of Lithuanians had fallen to 30%. [33] By the end of the 13th and 14th centuries, when the Naran Rus' land expansion was at its peak, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania covered 800,000 to 930,000 square kilometers, and only 10% to 14% of the population belonged to ethnic Lithuanians.

In 1493, the total population of the Grand Duchy of Poland and Lithuania was estimated at 7.5 million, divided by ethnicity into 3.75 million genera The Ruthenians (Can be divided by race Ukraine People, Belarus People), 3.25 million Poles and 500,000 Lithuanians. In 1569, as a result of the Union of Lublin, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania gave a large part of its territory to the Polish dominions.

In the mid-to-late 17th century, the entire Grand Duchy of Lithuania was severely damaged by Russian and Swedish invasions, losing a large number of people, including the Lithuanian population in the area around Vilnius. In addition to the destruction, as the territory was annexed by the Russian Empire, the Ruthenian population decreased accordingly. By 1770, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania covered an area of 320,000 square kilometers and had a population of 4.84 million, the largest of which were Ruthenians, and about 1.39 million (29%) were native Lithuanians. In the following decades, the population decreased as The Three Kingdoms partitioned the Federation.

Language

broadcast

EDITOR

Court decisions of the Grand Duchy, written in Ruthenian

In the 13th century, The heart of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Most of the inhabitants spoke Lithuanian, but it was not until the 16th century that the language had a written equivalent. Elsewhere in the Grand Duchy, especially in the more economically developed Belarus There is mostly reading and writing The Ruthenian language the Ruthenian aristocrats With civilians. Nobles who moved from one place to another would adapt to the new place and adopt the local religion and culture, those who moved to the East Slavic region Aristocrats of Lithuania Families quickly adopt the local culture from generation to generation. The Ruthenians were the central and southeastern indigenous peoples of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which was an East Slavic state in the sense that Ruthenians were spread over more than half of the Grand Duchy after the union of Lublin and were also a large part of the Grand Duchy before the Union.

Ruthenian, as well as Latin and German, were used to write laws. At the time of Vytautas, there were fewer extant documents written in Ruthenian than in Latin and German, but later Ruthenian became the main language of documentation and writing. During the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th century, Lithuania was gradually Polonized and began to replace the Ruthenian language with Polish, which was officially replaced by Polish as the administrative language of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1697.

Provinces with a large Lithuanian population include Vilnius Province , Trakai Province and Duchy of Samogitia . There are also a large number of Belarusians in southern Trakai Province and southeastern Vilnius Province, and they are also an important linguistic group in some southeastern districts. In addition to Lithuanians and The Ruthenians In addition, other important ethnic groups throughout Lithuania include Jew and Tatars . Vilnius and the surrounding areas are ethnically diverse, where the languages spoken include Lithuanian , Polish, Belarusian , The Yiddish language , German, as well Tatar language and The Callum language Let's wait.

Official language

Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania written in Ruthenian

The language used in official documents and most of the paperwork of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was Ruthenian (East Slavic; Old Belarusian or Old Ukrainian), followed by Latin, German and Polish (these three languages are mostly used in diplomatic communications). The Cacimierz Code of 1468 and the three editions of the Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1529, 1566 and 1588) were written in the Old Belarusian language. The statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were subsequently translated into Latin and Polish. Ruthenian was used to communicate with Eastern countries; Latin and German were used in foreign affairs related to Western countries. After the union of Lublin and the increasing Polish influence, the Polish language became more widely spoken. Polish replaced Ruthenian as the language of administration in 1697, but documents written in Ruthenian continued to be copied until the middle of the 18th century. Although the status of Lithuanian in the Grand Duchy after Vytautas and Jogaila is still disputed, it is believed that Grand Duke Alexander I recognized the Lithuanian language, and the last Grand duke, Sigismund II August, retained the Polish language and Lithuanian courts. Since the time of Vytautas, and perhaps even further back, Lithuanian has not been used as an administrative language by the government.

From the beginning of the 16th century, and especially after the armed revolt of Michal Glinsky in 1508, there were attempts to convert the Ruthenian language to Latin. But the Ruthenian language is deeply rooted, and its place in the educational structure is very strong not only in Rus, but also in Lithuania. In the context of the introduction of Polish into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Leif Sapierha, Grand Duchy of Lithuania's court governor, stated that the code was written in the Grand Duchy's own Ruthenian language.

In his foreword to Postilla (1599), Mikaloius Doksha wrote in Polish that many people, especially those of the nobility, preferred Polish to Lithuanian, even though most of them spoke Polish poorly. This was the atmosphere between 1564 and 1566 Political reform This reform created a Polish-style political and legal system: local councils composed of nobles to elect the members of the Great Sejm, local land tribunals, special courts, and courts of Appeal. The royalist inhabitants of the Grand Duchy themselves preferred to speak Polish.

Military affairs

broadcast

EDITOR

Battle of Glenwald

Although Lithuania acquired most of its Ruthenian territory mainly by peaceful means, it could summon military forces if needed, and it was the only power in Eastern Europe capable of effectively countering the Golden Horde. The Golden Horde's attempts to defend itself against Lithuania were often unsuccessful. In 1333 and 1339 the Lithuanian army defeated attempts to retake the Lithuanian sphere of influence Smolensk The Mongol army. By about 1355, Moldavia The state was established. The Golden Horde failed to make this land a vassal. In 1387 Moldavia became a vassal of Poland and, more generally, Lithuania. By this time, the territory of the Golden Horde up to the Dnieper River had been conquered by Lithuania. During a crusade against the Golden Horde in 1398, (in a battle with disorientation In the case of an alliance), Lithuania invaded northern Crimea and won a decisive victory. Then, in 1399, Lithuania marched on the Golden Horde in order to support Totol as the Golden Horde's Great Khan. But in Battle of the Volskra River The Lithuanian army was defeated by the Golden Horde and lost the steppe region of Eastern Europe.

Religion and culture

broadcast

EDITOR

St. George's Church, Kaunas (1487)

Since the Mindaugas After his baptism in 1252 and coronation as king in 1253, Lithuania was considered a Christian state until Mindaugas supported it in 1260 Courland Revolts, (according to the German Order) and renounces Christianity. Until 1387, the Lithuanian nobility openly believed in their own polytheism . Lithuanians are very devout in their faith. Because of their deep-rooted folk influence, these pagan beliefs were able to survive under the weight of missionaries and foreign powers. Until the 17th century, Lithuania still had customs passed down from pagan beliefs, such as feeding Grass snake God Ancestor worship, etc.

Vilnius St. Anne's Church and St. Bernard's Monastery Church

But living in the contemporary Belarus and Ukraine The inhabitants, as well as the local maharajahs of these areas, were firm Orthodox Church A surname Brest Union Followed by Greek Catholicism A surname). Although Lithuanian paganism was strong enough to hold out for centuries under the pressure of military friars and missionaries, they eventually gave in. In 1387, Lithuania converted Catholicism Most of Ruthenia remained Orthodox. The Union of Brest in 1569 had the effect of dividing Orthodox Christians, through which Greek Catholics recognized the authority of the Pope and accepted Catholic doctrine but retained Orthodox liturgy. The Grand Duchy also became one of the important centers of the Reformation.

Vilnius University and St. John's Church

In the second half of the 17th century, Calvinist Spread to Lithuania, get it The Radziviu family , The Hodkiewicz family , The Sapierha family and The Dorohostayski family And the support of other families. By the 1580s, Lithuanian parliamentarians were mostly Calvinism Believers, perhaps even Arians ( Jan Kishka ).

1579 - King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Stefan Bartoli Set up Vilnius University It is one of the oldest universities in Eastern Europe. because Counter-Reformation In the Society of Jesus With the efforts of the congregation, the university subsequently developed into the most important scientific and cultural center of the region, and the most famous scientific center of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The work of the Jesuits and the conversion of the Lithuanian parliamentarian family changed the tide of The Times by the 1670s Calvinism It lost its old influence, although it still had some influence among Lithuanian peasants and some of the thoroughly Polonized middle nobility of the time.

influence

broadcast

EDITOR

According to some historians, especially in Russia, the greatest contribution of Lithuanian rule was the ethnic division of the inhabitants of the former Kievan Rus'. From this point of view, the creation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania played a major role in the division of East Slavs. After the conquest of Rus', the Mongols tried to maintain the unity of the Eastern Slavs and made the conquest of most of the land of Ruthenia a success.

Because the Prussian tribes attacked Mazov, Duke Conrad of Mazov invited the Teutonic Order to take root near Prussia. The conflict between Prussia and the Teutonic Knights allowed the more estranged Lithuanian tribes time to unite. With strong enemies to the north and south, the newly formed Lithuania focused much of its military and diplomatic efforts on eastward expansion.

Residual land of Ruthenia ( Belarus They were incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at a very early stage. Parts of Ukraine that were not conquered by the Mongols were subsequently annexed to Lithuania. The subjugation of the East Slavs by the two powers created great differences within the race that continue into modern times. According to this statement, in Kievan Rus During the period, there were certainly huge regional differences within Ruthenia, while Republic of Lithuania The annexation of much of western and southern Ruthenia resulted in Ukrainians , Belarusians and Russian There are differences that can never be erased.

Others argue that ethnic and linguistic differences between the inhabitants of Ruthenia did not begin with the Mongol and Lithuanian partitions of the region, but predate the creation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. They say that before the 20th century, Ukrainians, Belarusians and Russians did not share the same ethnic and linguistic spectrum as the political landscape.

Still, in Mindaugas It was adopted in 1253 Pope of Rome After the conditional coronation, Lithuania became a kingdom. Gediminas and Vytautas claimed the title of king, but were not crowned. In 1918, the Lithuanian Parliament attempted to restore the Kingdom of Lithuania with Prince Urach as king, but this attempt was unsuccessful.

Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1236-1569

broadcast

EDITOR

Main article: Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Title: Grand Duke (Lithuanian: didysis kunigaik? tis; Belarusian: vialiki knia Polish: wielki Ksiziez), except Mindaugas, who later became King of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos karalius). ^[1]

Mindaugas Dynasty 1236-1285

Mindaugas (Mindaugas; Circa 1236 -1263)
Treniota; 1263-1264)
Vai? vilkas; 1264-1267)
Svarnas (opera varnas; 1267-1269)
Traidenis; 1269 or 1270-1282)
Daumantas (Daumantas; 1282 -1285)

Getimenas dynasty 1285-1440

Butigeidis (Butigeidis; 1285 -1291)
Butvydas; 1291-1295)
Vytenis; 1295 -1316)
Gediminas (Gediminas; 1316-1341)
Jaunutis; 1341-1345)
Algirdas (Algirdas; 1345-1377)
Jogaila; 1377-1381)
Kestutis; 1381-1382)
Jakaivo (1382-1392)
Vytautas (the Great; 1392-1430)
Shvitrigaila (opera; 1430-1432)
Sigismund K Kestutaitis; 1432-1440)

Jagiello Dynasty 1440-1569

The Jagiello dynasty ruled Lithuania and Poland.

Casimir IV (1440-1492), son of Jagievo, was elected King of Poland in 1447.
Alexander I (1492-1506), son of Casimir IV, was elected King of Poland in 1501.
Sigismund I (1506-1548), son of Kazimir IV
Sigismund II (1548-1569), son of Sigismund I, de facto ruler from 1529.

Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth 1569-1795

broadcast

EDITOR

Main article: Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth

The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was established in 1569, and the elected king of Poland was also elected Grand Duke of Lithuania by the Lithuanian nobility.

Title: King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lenkijos karalius ir Lietuvos didysis kunigaik? tis; Belarusian: karol Pol? y, vialiki knia In Polish: Krol Polski, wielki ksi zionje litewski).

Name	Graphics	reign	Royal family	annotation
Sigismund II (Sigismund II Augustus)	-	1569-1572.	Jagello	Son of Sigismund I.
Henry of Valois (Henry Valois)	-	1573-1575.	Valois	He gave up the throne and fled to France, where he became King Henry III.
Stefan Bartoli (Stephen Bathory)	-	1576-1586.	Batory	-
Sigismund the Third (Sigismund III Vasa)	-	1588-1632.	Vaasa	Supporter of the Confederacy and King of Sweden from 1592 to 1599.
Wladyslaw IV (Ladislaus IV Vasa)	-	1632-1648.		-
John II (John II Casimir Vasa)	-	1648-1668.		Abdicated as a monk, the last ruler of the Vasa dynasty.
Mihau Krebut Wishnovecki (Michael Korybut Wi's niowiecki)	-	1669-1673.	Aristocrats of Lithuania	-
John III (John III Sobieski)	-	1674-1696.	Polish nobility	-
August the Second (Augustus II the Strong)	-	1697-1706.	Waiting	Elector of Saxony, also known as Frederick Augustus I.
Stanislaw Leszczynski (Stanislaus Leszczyński)	-	1706-1709.	Polish nobility	The Great Northern War.
August the Second	-	1709-1733.	Waiting	For the second time.
Stanislaw Leszczynski	-	1733-1736.	Polish nobility	War of the Polish Succession
August the Third (August III Wettin)	-	1733-1763.	Waiting	-
Stanislaw August II (Stanislaus August II)	-	1764-1795.	Polish nobility	During his reign, the Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland were united; Poland was partitioned and receded; He went into exile in Russia and died there.

Kingdom of Lithuania 1918

broadcast

EDITOR

Main article: Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)

On 16 February 1918, Lithuania declared its independence, and on 9 July, the Lithuanian Council proclaimed Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach of Germany, King Mindaugas II of Lithuania. On 2 November, the council rescinded its declaration and declared a democratic republic.

Name	Graphics	reign	Royal family	annotation
Mindaugas II (Mindaugas II)	100px	July 11 - November 2, 1918	Wurttemberg	The government was changed to a democratic Republic.

Hit the road

Growth task Introduction to editing Editing rule Edit by oneself

I have a question.

Content questioning Online customer service Official post bar feedback

Complaint and suggestion

Report bad information The article was not appealed Complaint infringement information Blocked query and unblocked

Beijing Public network Anbei 11000002000001