Appellation: refers to people because kinsman or other relation While establishing Stand up the appellation , name . The use of appellations is varied.

Chinese name: appellation
Foreign name: title ,appellation,state

synonym: appellation
pronunciation: The ch ng wei
exegesis: Address or name

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EDITOR

1. appellation ; name . (noun)

Such as: father, teacher, governor.

The Book of the Later Han Dynasty · Langxu «® biography ":" Changed the name, as the event

[Tang] Liu Zhiji "Stone · Appellation" : "Through the ages, the name is different, distinguish between different appellation."

[Ming] Hu Yinglin "The Six Dynasties" : "All the ci field appellation, to be in the proper teeth only, not must be in the front is the best, the rear is the worst."

2. state . (verb)

" Song dynasty books · Wudi Ji ":" Things are forever generation, Gong high open up, micro appellation, sense of righteousness I heart."

[Southern Dynasty · Qi] Wang Jian The inscription of Toutuo Temple "But" Line "" system" quan, poor in this area, then the title is absolutely, shape on the other side of the Yi."

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EDITOR

1. Kinship appellation

Kinship appellation Refers to the name of the relationship between family members and myself as the center, is based on Blood relation A name or term of address between relatives on the basis of marriage. It is a symbol that determines the relationship between relatives and oneself as the axis of oneself.

in Modern Chinese In, Kinship appellation Most of them can show their identity at a glance, such as generations (father: uncle, uncle; Peers: brother, sister, cousin), paternal or maternal line (aunt, aunt), direct or collateral line (grandson, nephew), age (uncle, uncle, brother, brother) and blood or in-law (brother, sister-in-law, sister, brother-in-law).

The Chinese kinship appellation system is complex and diverse, and the direct and collateral, blood relatives and in-laws, elders and juniors, old and young, male and female, close and distant relatives are strictly standardized and distinguished one by one, with detailed semantic functions and accurate descriptions.

2. Social appellation

Social appellation means to remove Kinship appellation Outside, reflecting people in Social life In the mutual relationship of the appellation custom. Social appellations are divided into non-kinship appellations and contextual appellations. The appellation of non-relatives is removed from the standard of "human" in social life kinship The appellation of those outside Interpersonal relationship The name of.

Chinese social appellations, as long as there is a title, basically can be used as appellations. All positions: minister, governor, president, factory director, manager, etc.; Rank: Colonel, Major General, Lieutenant, etc. Title: Engineer, professor, editor, etc. Degree: Master, Doctor; Occupation: Doctors, nurses, teachers, lawyers, etc., can add a surname to address others.

3. Special appellation

There are mainly seven types:

① Common people's title

Common are: cloth, Qianshou, Li people, living people, common people, Li Shu, Cangsheng, Li Yuan, people.

② Professional title

For some people who use art as a profession, the name often adds a word indicating his profession in front of his name, so that people can know the professional identity of this person at a glance. As... The skill of killing cattle In "Bao Ding", "Ding" is a name, and "Bao" is a cook, indicating a career. The "Teacher Says" A surname "And" Gang hero Jiang Gan fell into the trap "Mentioned in" A surname "Shi" means musician, indicating occupation. " Biography of Liu Jingting " Youmeng ", refers to the artist named "Meng". "You", also known as You, Actor or actress It was used as a name in ancient times Music and dance A professional entertainer Opera actor .

③ friend appellation

Friends who are poor and low in status are called "poor and low friends";

Friendship fit, close as brothers friends called "Jin LAN friends";

Friends who live and die together and share hardships are called "friends who cut their necks";

Friends formed in times of hardship are called "friends in need";

A friend who agrees with each other and has a deep friendship is called a friend who never turns back.

Good friends of the opposite sex who grew up together are called "friends of bamboo horses";

Friends who communicate with each other in the capacity of civilians are called "friends in cloth";

Friends of different generations and ages are called" Friendship between generations ";

Friends who are not confined to their identity and appearance are called "forget-hearted friends";

Friends who do not change their deep friendship because of changes in prestige are called "car friendship";

Friends who support each other morally are called "gentlemen friends";

Friends who are like-minded and know each other well are called "God friends" (" God friends "also refers to friends who have not met each other but are attracted to each other).

(4) Age appellation

The age of the ancients was sometimes expressed without numbers, not directly saying how old someone was or how old they were, but using an age-related appellation instead. "First" refers to the birthday, as in Qu Yuan " Lisao County In "Emperor Yuankui Yu first degree Xi". "Swaddling blanket" originally means a baby's quilt, and later refers to a baby under one year old. "Weeks," means the baby is one year old. Early childhood tiao is a child between the ages of three or four and eight or nine years old (tiao, short hair hanging down the head of an ancient child). "Start growing" refers to the time when a child's teeth grow at the age of seven or eight. The total Angle is a teenager from 8 to 9 years old to 13 or 14 years old (ancient children divided their hair into left and right halves, tied into a knot on the top of their heads, shaped like two horns, so it is called "total Angle"). Cardamom is thirteen or fourteen years old to fifteen or sixteen years old (cardamom is a flowering plant in early summer, early summer is not summer, metaphorical people are still underage, so it is called "Cardamom youth"). Hair is for men at the age of fifteen (at the age of fifteen, men have to dissolve the original general Angle and tie it into a bundle). Weak crown is men twenty years old (ancient men twenty years old line Capping ceremony It means that it has become an adult, because it has not reached the prime of life, so it is called "weak crown"). And stand is a man 30 years old (stand, "standing, determined" meaning). The man is forty years old (no confusion, "not confused, not confused" means). Knowing destiny, "half hundred" is a man 50 years old (knowing destiny, "knowing destiny" means). Flower nails, "ear smooth", "ear smooth" Ha Tho "Is sixty years old. The middle age is 70 years old. Eighty (mao) eighty (die), "Shang Shou" means 80 or 90 years old. I expect to be 100 years old. "Reopening" means the age of one hundred and twenty. "Double Qing" refers to two ancient people, that is, 140 years old.

⑤ Imperial house appellation

Tang Dynasty: The emperor calls himself "I". In addition, sometimes "I" or "Wu"; Others call the emperor: the Tang Dynasty used to call the emperor "saint", as like Emperor Ming of Tang Such a merry man, then close to all call him "Sanlang"; The Queen calls herself: Empress dowager When giving orders, he calls himself "Yu", and when meeting with officials in the toilet hall, he calls himself "Wu", and most of the time he also uses "I". The concubine claimed: Yes Formal occasion Use "concubine", (note that it is not a concubine) usually use "I" or "Wu"; The princess said: to the emperor, she also called "Wu" or "I".

Song Dynasty: The emperor calls himself "I". In addition, sometimes "I" or "Wu"; Others call the emperor: in the Song Dynasty, the emperor was often called "official family". When the Empress gives orders, she calls herself "Yu", and when she meets her ministers in the hall, she calls herself "Wu", and often she also uses "I". The concubine claimed to use "concubine" or "concubine" on formal occasions, and "I" or "Wu" at ordinary times; The emperor's address to the Empress Dowager, empress and concubines: The emperor called the Empress dowager (mother queen) "Niang", the emperor called the empress "saint" (this should be distinguished from the "saint" in the Tang Dynasty), the emperor called the concubine "Niang"; The princess said: to the emperor, she also called "I" or "Wu"; The emperor's name for the princess: a little affectionate can be called a nickname, usually can call her name, or call its title.

During the Tang Dynasty, the emperor was often referred to as "sage", and those close to him or her were called "everyone". Interestingly, in the Tang Dynasty, women called their mother-in-law "everyone". The Empress Dowager called herself "I", which can be seen in the conversation record of Zetian before she ascended the throne in the Biography of Wu Zetian in the Old Book of Tang; The Duke called himself "lonely", which can be seen in the" Datang entrepreneurial life notes When he was the Duke of Tang Li Yuan The speech.

To be clear," I It is only the title of the concubine and princess invented by the TV series, which does not conform to the historical facts.

⑥ Give official titles

low sign Recruitment and awarding of officials, especially directly to the imperial court.

low monarch : Recruitment officer.

low choose : Only measure and judge.

low commend : Subordinates recommend officers to superiors.

low for : Selection.

low point To appoint, especially by an emperor.

low Jane : Appointment.

low fill Appointment to fill vacancies, usually refers to filling vacancies as usual.

low Into the Promotion, especially of a senior official.

low since : Civil recruitment. Or be reappointed after dismissal.

low A gift : The granting of titles to officials who are ancestors or dead.

low entitle . An ancient title that doubles as an official.

low led : Often refers to a concurrent position.

low taken To serve concurrently, especially temporarily.

low keep A part-time job that is higher than one's current job.

low line A part-time job that is lower than one's job.

low Sentenced to : Central officials also serve as local officials.

low know : The same sentence.

low The right to : Temporary official position.

low false : The same "shot".

low agency : The position of an agent without an official, also known as "acting".

low guard : Superior officials leave the office, and the lower-level officials protect the seal.

⑦ Manchu title

Manchu The appellations people use to express the relationship between relatives have certain rules.

Address to the elders of male members: Grandpa called Sagda Mafa Big grandpa called Amba Grandpa, little grandpa called Fean Grandpa Gu, great-aunt called Aunt Amba, great-aunt called aunt Fayangu, father called Ama, uncle called Tata, uncle called Ezik, cousin called Zale Hei Ezik, Father's younger male cousin on the paternal side Said Zale black tower answer, aunt called Zale black aunt, uncle called Zale black Am son, aunt called Amba aunt. The appellation of the same generation: the elder brother called a brother, the elder sister called Ge Ge, the younger sister called Nu en, the cousin called Zale Hetu, the cousin called Zale Hea; Brother, my Cousins call me Zalajorus, my Cousins call me Zalahegge. The name of the next generation: son called ha ha zi, daughter called Sargan zi, nephew called Zal black jui, niece called Zal black gan zi. Address to the next two generations: grandson called Omolojui, granddaughter called omo Lothar His Cousins are called Zalheomolozui and his granddaughters are called Zalheomolozar.

The titles of the elders of the female members: grandmother called grandma (the same as Chinese), great-aunt called grandma Amba, great-aunt called grandma Fiangu, and mother called A surname My aunt called Amba Niang, aunt Call it Wuhamo. The appellation of the same generation: sister-in-law called a sister, sister-in-law called Wu He he, cousin called Zale black sister, cousin called Zale black Wu he. Address to the next generation: daughter called Sargan son, daughter-in-law called Ulun His nephew and daughter-in-law called Zal Heulen. For the next two generations, the grandson's daughter-in-law is called Omoluo Ulun, and the great-nephew's daughter-in-law is called Zalheomoluo Ulun.

The title of the elder male members of the outer relative clan (the clan where the woman born in the clan marries off) : the maternal grandfather calls grandpa (the same as the Chinese), big The wife of one's father's younger sister My father's name was Ambagumma, my father-in-law's name was Amma, sister-in-law Father called Uncle Amba. The appellation of peers: brother's husband called the forehead attached, brother's husband called the Mo, cousin-in-law Said the amount of Kunzi amount attached, watch brother-in-law said the amount of Kunzi mo. The title of the next generation: son-in-law called Huo Zuohong, nephew son-in-law called Zale Hei Huo Zuohong, cousin son-in-law called Zale Hei Sikun son Huo Zuohong. For the next two generations, the grandson's son-in-law called Koro omoloho as macro, and the great-nephew's son-in-law called Zalhekoro omoloho as macro.

4. Distinguished appellation

historian A specific designation given to distinguish A from B with the same name.

For example: Kyfa The dynasty established is called Zhou Dynasty , Empress Wu Zetian The dynasty established is also called Zhou Dynasty In order to distinguish the two, historians call the latter Wu Zhou Dynasty Or South Zhou. Wu Zhou or South Zhou, that is Distinguished appellation .

For example, there were many Han regimes in history, and historians named them as Western Han, Eastern Han, Northern Han, Southern Han, etc., such as "Western Han, Eastern Han, Northern Han, Southern Han".

Appellation of relatives

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EDITOR

"Orderliness" is the good character of the wise men of all ages. There are also established rules for addressing elders. ^[1]

Address object	appellation	Call oneself	Introduce to the third party	A name for a friend, colleague or classmate
Address object	appellation	Call oneself	The object is called	A name for a friend, colleague or classmate
Father's grandfather	great-grandfather	great-grandson	great-grandfather	Your great-grandfather
Paternal grandmother	Great-grandmother (old mother)	great-granddaughter	great-grandmother	Your great-grandmother
Father's father	Grandfather (grandfather)	Sun. , granddaughter	Maternal grandfather	Your grandfather
Father's mother	Grandma (grandma)	Sun. , granddaughter	grandmother	Your grandmother
father	Father (Dad, dad)	son , daughter	A surname	Your father
mother	Mother (mother, mother)	son , daughter	My mother	Your mother
Mother's grandfather	Maternal great-grandfather	great-grandson	Maternal great-grandfather	My great-grandfather
Maternal grandmother	Maternal great-grandmother	Maternal great-granddaughter	Maternal great-grandmother	My maternal great-grandmother
Mother's father	Maternal grandfather	grandson	grandfather	Your maternal grandfather
Mother's mother	Maternal grandmother	granddaughter	grandmother	Your maternal grandmother
Mother's brother	Uncle (uncle)	nephew	uncle	Your uncle
Mother brother's wife	Aunt (Limited Limited)	niece	Wife of mother's brother	aunt
Mother's brother-in-law, brother-in-law, mother's sister	Uncle (uncle)	Aunt and nephew	The husband of one's uncle	uncle
Mother's brother-in-law, brother-in-law, mother's sister	aunt	Sister's sister	aunt	aunt
Husband's grandfather	Grandfather (grandfather)	granddaughter-in-law	Maternal grandfather	Your grandfather
Husband's grandmother	Grandma (grandma)	granddaughter-in-law	grandmother	Your grandmother
Husband's father	Father (husband, father)	daughter-in-law	A surname	Your father
Husband's mother	Mother (mother-in-law, mother)	daughter-in-law	My mother	Your mother
The husband's uncle	uncle	Nephew's wife	Father's elder brother	Uncle Ling
The husband's aunt	aunt	Nephew's wife	Wife of father's elder brother	Aunt Ling
Grandfather's brother	Great uncle (Great grandfather)	grandnephew	My great uncle	Your great-uncle
Grandfather's sister-in-law	Great-aunt	grandniece	great-aunt	Your aunt
Grandfather's younger brother	great-uncle	grandnephew	great-uncle	Your great-uncle
Grandfather's brother's wife	Great-aunt (grandma)	grandniece	great-aunt	Your aunt
Grandfather's brother-in-law, brother-in-law, grandfather's sister	Uncle (uncle)	Maternal grandnephew	granduncle	Your uncle
	Great-aunt (aunt's milk)	Maternal grandniece	grandaunt	Your great-aunt
Grandmother's brother	uncle	great-nephew	uncle	Your uncle
Grandmother's brother's wife	Uncle's milk	great-niece	Uncle's milk	Aunt's milk
Father's brother	uncle	My nephew , niece	Father's elder brother	Uncle Ling
Father's brother's wife	aunt	My nephew , niece	Wife of father's elder brother	Aunt Ling
Father's younger brother	uncle	Niece and nephew	Paternal uncle	Your uncle
Father's brother's wife	Aunt (aunt)	Niece and nephew	aunt	aunt
Father's brother-in-law, brother-in-law, father's sister	Uncle (uncle)	Son of wife's brother	uncle-in-law	Your uncle
Father's brother-in-law, brother-in-law, father's sister	aunt	Wife's niece	aunt	Your aunt
The husband's uncle	uncle	Nephew's wife	Paternal uncle	Your uncle
The husband's aunt	Aunt (aunt)	Nephew's wife	aunt	aunt
Wife's grandfather	Grandpa Yue (grandfather)	grandson	A surname	Grandfather Ling Yue
Wife's grandmother	Yue Grandma (grandma)	grandson	A surname	Grandma Ling Yue
Wife's father	Father-in-law (father, father)	admitted	father-in-law	Your father
Wife's mother	Mother in law	admitted	mother-in-law	Your mother-in-law
His wife's uncle	uncle	husband	Father's elder brother	Uncle Ling
His wife's aunt	aunt	husband	aunt	Aunt Ling
His wife's uncle	uncle	husband	uncle	Your uncle
His wife's aunt	Aunt (aunt)	husband	aunt	aunt

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EDITOR

First name

There are roughly five cases: (1) claiming your name or given name. Such as "within five steps, like please to the neck blood splatter king", "Luling. Wen Tianxiang Preface his poem ". (2) For introduction or biography. As in Lu Su attainments Sun Quan "," Liu Jingting If so, raise it Taizhou The man ". (3) The person whom they despise and despise. For example, "Unfortunately Lu Shi Meng is evil in the front, Jia Yuqing is flattering in the back." (4) His Holiness addresses the inferior by name, such as, "Please, what?" (5) In the presence of His Holiness, the inferior call each other by names, such as "Master He Henyuya"

Balance character

When they are young, they are named by their fathers and elders, and when they are adults (20 years old for men and 15 years old for women), they are meaningfully related to the names. The word is to facilitate the appellation of others, and the word is called out of politeness and respect for peers or elders. Such as Cupin azahara , Sima Qian The words are long, Wang Mang The word Jujun, Tao Yuanming Word Yuan Liang, Li Bai The words are too white, Du Fu Zi Zi Mei, Han Yu The word back, Liu Zongyuan The words are thick, Ouyang Xiu The word Yongshu, Sima Guang The word Junshi, Su Shi Zi Zizhan, Su Zhe Zi Zi You, Shen Dehong, Yan Bing, Lu Xun Word Yu CAI, etc.

Title

Number is also called another number, table number. The fundamental difference between name, character and number is that the former is determined by his father or elder, and the latter is determined by himself. It is generally used only for self-expression, to show some interest or express some emotion; A person's title is also a salutation. Such as: Tao Qian No. Mr. Goyu , Li Bai Qinglian Lay, Du Fu No. Shaolin wild old, Bai Juyi No. Fragrant mountain lay, Li Shangyin No. Yuxisheng, Greeting stamp In his old age, he called himself a wild man in four bright places, Ouyang Xiu Number drunk weng, old age and number Six and one lay , Wang Anshi Old age is halfway up the mountain, Su Shi The Dongpo Kushi, Lu You A surname, Wen Tianxiang No. Wenshan, Xin Qiji The name Jia Xuan, Li Qingzhao The name Yi An Lay, Yang Wanli The Fucheng Sai, Luo Guanzhong The lake and the sea scattered people, Guan Hanqing The old man is already dead, Wu Cheng 'en No. Sheyang Shanren, No. Fangbao Wangxi, Wu Jianren No. I Foshan, Yuan Mei with the garden old man, Liu E No. No. No. No. No.

Posthumous title

In ancient times, the title that was added after the death of princes, high-ranking officials, and famous scholars was called posthumous title. supra Tao Yuanming For the peace of the festival, Ouyang Xiu For Ouyang Wenzhong Gong, Wang Anshi for Wang Wengong , Fan Zhongyan To be just and fair, Wang Ao for Wang Zhongsu A surname, Zuo Guangdou To be loyal and loyal, Shi Kefa For Shi Zhongli, Lin Zexu For Lin Wenzhong Duke. And called a treacherous minister Qin Hui For Miao Chou is a "bad posthumous title".

pseudonym

direct A surname Or room number. Such as the Southern Song poets Yang Wanli The name of the fast is Cheng Zhai, and people call it Yang Chengzhai ; Yao Nai It is called Xibaoxuan because of its fast name Yao Xibao Cherish Mr. Hug. Also known as Pu Songling For Mr. Liaozhai, Liang Qichao for icerarium My Lord, Tan Sitong Tan Zhuangfei (its fasting name is Zhuangfei Lou).

Address one's native place

Named after a person's birthplace, such as a Tang Dynasty poet Meng Haoran is Xiangyang People, so called Meng Xiangyang; Zhang Jiuling Qujiang people, so called Zhang Qujiang ; Liu Zongyuan It was Hedong (now Shanxi Province) Yongji ) People, hence the name Liu Ha Dong ; The Northern Song Dynasty (960-907) Wang Anshi is Linchuan of Jiangxi Province People, hence the name Wang Linchuan ; Ming Dynasty dramatist Tang Xianzu Called soup The city of Linchuan (Linchuan, Jiangxi); Scholars in early Qing Dynasty Gu Yanwu Is a native of Tinglin town, Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, known as Gu Tinglin ; Kang Youwei Yes Guangdong The South China Sea person Kangnanhai ; Head of the Northern warlord Yuan Shikai Be called Yuan Xiang Cheng (From Xiangcheng, Henan Province). At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there was a pair of names full of sarcasm: "The prime minister Hefei the world thin, Senong. Changshu The world is desolate." Attached "Hefei" refers to Li Hongzhang (Hefei, Anhui), the lower united "Changshu" that refers to the birth of Jiangsu Changshu Weng Tonghe .

appraise

Han Yu Although it was in Hanoi Ha Yang (now Henan Province) Meng County People, but because of Changli (now Liaoning (Province) Yixian County ) Han For the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu often called himself "Changli Han Yu", and the world then called him Han Changli . For another example Su Shi Originally Sichuan Meizhou People, but he sometimes himself jokingly "Zhaojun Su Shi", "Su Zhaojun", because Su is the famous family of Zhaojun.

Use official's name

It is named after the official name of the person, such as "Sun Tuolu intelligent and benevolent", "Sun Tuolu" is Sun Quan, because he has been awarded Detaining general The official position, hence the name. "Meihua Ling Ji" has "longitude from the north", "called Yan Taishi to Military solution , Literature underguarantee Yi Yisu Great light method Cicada off "sentence," strategy "is Hong Chengchou The official position of "Taishi" is Yan Zhenqing An official position" Prince Taiji The province said that "less protection" was Wen Tianxiang's official position. "With his wife book" : "Sima Chun shirt, I can not learn too on the ingratitude also." "Sima" means Bai Juyi He once served as Jiangzhou Sima. It was quite common in ancient times to use official names as appellations for people, such as Ming Jia Yi For Jia Taifu; " Seven sages in the bamboo forest One of Ruan nationality Be appointed as Infantry lieutenant Known as Ruan infantry; Ji Kang Zengbai Zhong SAN doctor Ji Zhongsan; The Eastern Jin Dynasty (917-907) A great calligrapher Wang Xizhi Official Zhi The Right Army General, as they still call him Wang You Legion ; Wang Wei Be appointed as Shangshu right Cheng , known to the world as Wang Yucheng ; Du Fu Be appointed as left-hander Therefore, it is called Du Gexi, and because of the inspection of the school department Scholars and foreigners It is also called Department of DU works ; Liu Yuxi Be appointed as Prince's guest , known as Liu Guest; Liu Yong Be appointed as Stationing farmers and foreign workers Is known as Willow field ; Su Shi He once served as Duan Ming Dian Bachelor of the Imperial Academy Known as Master Sue.

Call sb. a knight

The ancient emperors bestowed the title of Lord (position) on the noble achievements: Gong, Hou, Bo, son, male (five etc.). " Practice frugality and show health "Modern Kolai Gong extravagant crown for a time", Kou Zhun The knighthood is Duke of Lai Lai Gong is the provincial name. The Plum Hill" Prince He Shuo Yu In the Qing Dynasty, he was named Prince of Henan. " Biography of Liu Jingting "Ningnan southward, Wan Shuai want to knot Huan Ningnan, salute pavilion in the shogunate", Ningnan is the end of the Ming Dynasty Zuo Liangyu Jue name Ningnan Hou province called. For another example A person of great wisdom and wisdom Previously knighted Marquis of Wuxiang Therefore, posterity is commensurate with the Marquis; Poets of Northern and Southern Dynasties Xie Lingyun Following his ancestor Xie Xuan's name Lord Kangle, the deceased called Xie Kangle; Early Tang Dynasty name Wei Zheng Previously knighted The Duke of Zheng It is called by the deceased Duke Zheng of Wei ; Famous general Guo Ziyi In pacification" The Rebellion of An Shi He was knighted for merit Fenyang County king , known to the world as Guo Fenyang ; A great calligrapher Chu Suiliang create Henan County Gong, known as Chu Henan; The Northern Song Dynasty (960-907) Wang Anshi The title of Jing Guogong, the title of the world Wang Jinggong ; Sima Guang He was named Duke of Wen The Duke of Sima Wen ; Early Ming Dynasty Zhu Yuanzhang Minister of... Liu Ji Knighthood sincere uncle, people in good faith commensurate.

Crown land

It refers to the place name of the official. For example, The Battle of Red Cliff:" Yuzhou What do you want now?" Due to the Liu Bei Once served as Yuzhou governor, so to Government land Call it that. Again, as Jia Yi has been relegated to The King of Changsha Tai Fu, the name of the world Jia Changsha ; " Jian An seven son One of Kong Rong He was the minister of Beihai, known as Kong Beihai; Tao Yuanming Be appointed as Penze County magistrate, known as Tao Pengze; King Luobin Once served as the county magistrate of Linhai, known as Luo Linhai; Censhen County Be appointed as Jiazhou Shi Shi, known as Cen Jiazhou; Wei Yingwu Once served as a governor of Suzhou, known to the world Weissuzhou ; Liu Zongyuan Be appointed as Liuzhou A surname Lliuzhou ; Jia Kyun He was once the head of the Changjiang County, known as Jia Changjiang, and his poetry collection is called" Yangtze River Cluster ".

Also known as

As... Tour of Baochen Mountain "Four people, Luling Xiao Jungui Jun jade, Changle. A surname Deep father, my younger brother An Guoping father, An on the pure father ", the first two people also called the hometown, name and character, after two people write the relationship with the author, and then called the name and character; " The tombstone of the five "The wise doctor, bright minister for the Wu Gong, Tai Shi Wen Wen, Meng Yao Gong also", the first two people also called the official position, character and surname, the latter person character and surname; "Meihua Ling Ji", "Governor Shi Zhonglie Duke know potential is not possible", and called the official title and posthumous title, "Ma deputy Ming ð«§, Ren Taishou Minyu and all general Liu Du Zhaoji are dead Use one's surname , official position and name; "Promotion" "In the history hall, hear the Hanlin Tiantai Tao said bo chicken things", and called the official position, native place and honorable title.

Self-abasing term

① To express modesty, used in self-declaration. A fool, who says he is not clever. A humble person who says he has little knowledge. To call oneself or one's things bad. To call oneself humble. Stealing, there is a private, private meaning, the use of it is often bold, abrupt meaning. Minister, humble call themselves not as high as each other's status. The servant, who humbly calls himself the servant of the other party, uses it to imply service to the other party. The self of the ancient emperors Modest expression There are Gu (the king of a small country), oligo (the one with little virtue), and no valley (not good). The self-modesty words of ancient officials include lower officials, final officials, minor officials, etc. ④ the self-deprecating words of scholars include small life, late life, Evening study Etc., indicating that they are new students; If self-modesty is not talented, not fawning, not humble, it means that he has no talent or ability to mediocrity. When the ancients called their relatives and friends on one side, they often used humble words such as "home" and "she". "Home" is a humble word used when others call their senior or older relatives, such as my father, my mother, my brother, etc. "She" is used to modestly call one's own home or one's young relatives, the former such as humble house, our house, the latter such as My younger brother Sister, nephew, etc. Other self-modesty words include: Because the ancients respected the elders at the table, so the younger generation or low status people were humble below; Small but have a certain identity of self-modesty, meaning that they are very ordinary, not worth mentioning; Children are children of the younger generation of the father elder self-proclaimed; When the old man self-modesty with old decay, old man, old man, old foolishness and so on; The woman claimed to be a concubine; The old monk called himself Anak; To other countries to call their own monarch as a widow.

honorifics

To show respect and politeness, also called "honorific". ① The honorific titles for the emperor are long live, the emperor, the emperor, the son of heaven, Your Majesty, etc. The emperor's chariot. The ancients thought that the emperor should travel by car, so they used "driving" to call the emperor. The ancient emperors believed that their government was established by orders from heaven, so they called the emperor the son of Heaven. The ancient officials did not dare to go directly to the emperor, so they told the people under the stairway (palace steps), asking them to convey their message, so they used Your Majesty to call the emperor. ② pair Crown prince The prince's salutation is His Royal Highness. The salutation for a general is under his banner. ④ Salutation to persons of a certain status: to an envoy; right Sankung There are certain, such as county magistrate Social status "Your Excellency" is now used in diplomatic Settings, such as Ambassador. ⑤ For the other party or the other party's relatives, there are orders, respect, Xian and so on. Ling, meaning beautiful, is used to call each other's relatives, such as your father (the other's father), your mother (the other's mother), Ling Yu (the other's wife), Ling brother (the other's brother), your son (the other's son), and your love (the other's daughter). Zun, used to refer to the person or thing related to the other party, such as Zun Shang (called the other party's parents), Zun Gong, Zun king, Your residence (all called each other's father), respect (each other's mother), respect (each other's relatives), respect (each other), respect (each other's orders), respect (each other's meaning). Xian, used to call peers or juniors, such as Xian jia (called each other), Xian Lang (called each other's son), Xian Di (called each other's younger brother). Ren, meaning love, Scope of application More widely, such as saying that the peer friend who is older than himself is the elder brother, calling the high status person Ren Gong and so on. ⑥ Old people are called husbands and father-in-law, as in" Zilu After that, I met my father-in-law "(" Analects of Confucius "). After the Tang Dynasty, Zhang and father-in-law specifically referred to his wife's father, also known as Taishan, and his wife's mother called mother-in-law or Tai Shui. ⑦ Add "first" to the front of the title, indicating death, used to honor people of high status or elderly people, such as calling the dead emperor the first emperor, calling the dead father the first exam or My late father The deceased mother is referred to as the mother of mercy or deceased deceased persons of moral excellence. Adding "Tai" or "Da" before the title means that the older generation, such as calling the emperor's mother the empress Dowager, calling the grandfather the great (tai) father, and calling the grandmother the great (tai) mother. After the Tang Dynasty, the dead emperors were often called temple names, such as Emperor Taizong of Tang , Emperor Xuanzong of Tang , Song Taizu , Emperor Renzong of Song , Yuan Shizu , Emperor Taizu of Ming Etc.; Ming and Qing dynasties, also use the year name to call the emperor, such as called Zhu Yuanzhang For the Hongwu emperor, said Zhu Youjian He was called Emperor Chongzhen, called Xuanye Emperor Kangxi, and Hongli Emperor Qianlong. The salutations for elders and for peers include Jun, Zi, Gong, foot, master, Sir, and adult. ⑨ The honorable name of the king to the minister is Qing or Ai Qing. ⑩ People of noble character and superior wisdom use "holy" to express respect, such as calling Confucius a saint Mencius For the subst. Later, "saint" was mostly used for emperors, such as the emperor, the holy driver, and so on.

Cheap name

To express a contemptuous and reproachful attitude. As... Jing Ke stabbing the king of Qin "Those who do not turn back on the present, are also vertical." "Volunteering" :" Bai Qi "Little vertical ears." " A banquet at Hongmen "There is no such thing as a plan!" " The peacock flies southeast "The little boy is not afraid, how dare he help the woman speak!"

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