Qinling Mountains are divided into Qinling Mountains in narrow sense and Qinling Mountains in broad sense. The narrow sense of the Qinling Mountains is limited to Shaanxi Province The South, Weihe River with Han River Between the mountains to the east The Ba River with Danjiang River The valley is the boundary and the west ends Jialing River ^[1] . The broad Qinling Mountains, from the west The Kunlun Mountains , the middle of Longnan, Southern Shaanxi , east to Hubei, Henan and Anhui provinces - Dabie Mountains and Bengbu nearby Zhang Baling , yes Yangtse River and Yellow River basin watershed ^[1] .

The Qinling Mountains are not only north and south of China Boundary mountain North and south Geography , climate , ASSETS The dividing line of difference. Different climate, different soil and water, different social living habits such as diet, construction, transportation, and so on, have evolved into different overall social customs and habits over time. ^[52]

Because the temperature, climate and topography in the north and south of the Qinling Mountains show different changes, so Qinling Mountains - Huai River line Have become Geography of China On the most important North-south line . In winter, the Qinling Mountains block the cold wave from moving south into the southern region; In summer, it blocks moist sea breezes from the north. Qinling Mountains, Huaihe river basin It is a transitional area between the rainy south and the arid north. From the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River to the north, the rainfall decreases sharply. ^[2-3]

The Qinling Mountains are revered as Huaxia civilization the Dragon vein , the main peak Mount Taibai It is 3771.2 meters above sea level and is located in Shaanxi Province Baoji City Within the borders. Qinling Mountains are in Shaanxi Province Guanzhong plain with Southern Shaanxi The boundary hill of the district.

In March 2024, a research team from the Hubei Academy of Geological Sciences conducted a survey of important fossil beds in Daliang area, Yunxi County, Shiyan City, and found a wealth of typical Devonian coral fossils, which provides important scientific physical evidence for the occurrence of sea and land changes in the Qinling Mountains. ^[53-54]

They say

Coming, China mountain snow map! 2022-11-08 19:18

China has many mountains, thousands of miles of mountains and rivers with thousands of miles of snow, approaching the start of winter, heavy snow has fallen in Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang and other places, are you already looking forward to the first snow of this winter? To this end, we selected the southeast hills, Qinling, Taihang, Yanshan, Changbai, Nianqing Tanggula, Hengduan, Qilian, Altai, Tianshan 10 large mountains, produced this "China Mountain Snow map". ... details

The content comes from

Chinese name: Qinling Mountains
Foreign name: Qinling Mountains, Chin Ling, Qin Ling
alias: The south mountain ends in the south
Subordinate mountain system: Qinling mountain system
Geographical position: Shaanxi (Province) , Gansu

Go to: West-east direction
length: More than 1600 km
Initial point: Lintan County, Gansu Province
Terminal point: Mingguang City, Anhui Province
Principal peak: Mount Taibai

catalogue

General situation of mountain system

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EDITOR

Mountain features

Qinling Mountains in narrow sense

Qinling Mountains

In the narrow sense, the Qinling Mountains are located between 32° -34 ° north latitude, between the Guanzhong Plain and the Han River Valley to the south Jialing River , Luohe River The Wei River Han River The watershed of four rivers. It stretches for 400-500 kilometers from east to west and is 100-150 kilometers wide from north to south. ^[4]

The Qinling Mountains in a broad sense

The broad Qinling Mountains, from the west The Kunlun Mountains , the middle of Longnan, Southern Shaanxi , east to Hubei, Henan and Anhui provinces - Dabie Mountains And near Bengbu Zhang Baling . Its range includes the Minshan Mountains north, Longnan and southern Shaanxi meandering along the Taohe River Weihe River To the south, Han River With tributaries of Jialing River - Bailong River North of the area, east to the western Henan Funiu Mountain, Xiong 'er mountain, in the Fangcheng, Nanyang area of the mountain faulted, formed the Nanxiang pass, at the junction of Henan, Hubei Tongbai Mountain, in prepare , hubei , anhui At the junction of Dabie Mountain, the trend becomes northwest to southeast, to Huoshan Mountain in southern Anhui, Jiashan area is hilly, the trend is northeast-southwest. The Qinling Mountains in a broad sense are the watershed between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River basins. South of Qinling Mountain is subtropical climate, natural conditions for the southern type, the north is warm temperate climate, natural conditions for the northern type. There are also significant differences in agricultural production characteristics between north and south of Qinling Mountains. Therefore, people have long regarded the Qinling Mountains as the geographical dividing line between the "south" and "north" of China. ^[1]

Mountain segment

Xiduan

North and south China border mountains

The Qinling Mountains can be roughly divided into three sections: west, middle and east. The western section is divided into three branches, the northern branch is Qinling, also known as South Qishan or Dasanling; midlimb Bongnyeong There is loess accumulation, soil erosion is more intense; Southern branch is Zibaeksan , in Liuba The northwest is called Chai Guanling. These mountains are above 1,500 meters above sea level, and Zibai Mountain is the highest at 2,610 meters above sea level. The western part of Qinling Mountains is divided into Qingjiang River and Jialing River, the left bank tributaries of Jialing River and the trunk and tributaries of Jushui River The Bao River Watershed and source of some tributaries. ^[1]

midpiece

The central part of Qinling Mountain in Shaanxi Province is called Zhongnan Mountain, and the main mountains are Sifang Tai, Suyangsan Zhongnan Mountain and Dongguang Bald Mountain, all at an altitude of 2500-3000 meters. is Feng River , Waterlogged river , The Chanhe River (in Shaanxi Province) , Ziwu River , Ngai and Money River The birthplace of etc. From Qinling Liang to the southeast of Pinghe Liang, the main peak is Guangdong Mountain, elevation of 2675 meters. In the Sentence river and Shechuan River basin, there are near east-west extension of the ancient Dao Ling, Haitang mountain and Yangshan, the mountain is slow and broken, at an altitude of about 1500 meters, is the main tributary of the Moon River The Ganges Fujia River and Shu River, Chi River and other dry, tributary sources. ^[1]

Li Mountain It is a fault block mountain extending from the northern foot of the middle Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi province. The main peak is Renzong Temple, with an elevation of 1302 meters. Some streams from Li Mountain become tributaries of the Ba River, while others flow directly into the Wei River. ^[1]

Eastern sector

The eastern part of the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi is finger-like, spreading out to the southeast. From north to south are: Taihua Mountain , Python Mountain , Stream ridge , Uighur Mountains and Sinkailyeong At an altitude of 1500-2600 meters; The Nanluo River, Danjiang River and their tributaries Yinhua River are distributed among them, and become the terrain of mountains and rivers. Caolianling and Taihua Mountain, the main ridges of the Qinling Mountains, are the watersheds and birthplaces of Danjiang River, Nanluo River and mountain streams on the north slope of the eastern part of the Qinling Mountains. ^[1]

Qinling scenery

Major peak

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EDITOR

Zhongnan Mountain

Mainstream Taoism Quanzhen school The Holy Land, aka Taiyi A mountain, Chifei Mountain Zhong Nan Shan, Zhou Nan Shan, referred to as Nan Shan, is Qinling Mountains A section of the west Baoji City Meixian County East to Xi 'an Lantian county , there is" Sendu ", "the crown of the sky" and "the first blessed land under heaven" laudatory name.

" The Book of Songs , Qin wind There is a verse of "What is the end of the south, there is a plum". Tang Dynasty officials and gentry built villas here, among which Wang Wei The Wangchuan Villa is the most famous. Most of Wang Wei's beautiful landscape poems are about this scene. The mountains have been built since Ming and Qing dynasties Taiyi Gong , Laojun nunnery There are more than 40 temples of equal size. ^[5-6]

Zhongnan Mountain

Huashan Mountain (Dun Wu Mountain, Taihua Mountain)

Formerly known as" Western mountain ", famous for China The five Mountains One is located in Shaanxi Province Weinan City Huayin City 120 kilometers east of Xi 'an City, the highest point is 2160 meters, one of the peaks in the eastern section of the Qinling Mountains, there are five peaks in the south, west, north, east and middle, also known as Taihua Mountain. Huashan Mountain has an abrupt and magnificent peak, and has been known to the world since ancient times.

Huashan is the mainstream of Taoism Quanzhen school Holy land. It is said that Lu Dongbin and Liu Haitchen, one of the five ancestors of Quanzhen North Taoism, once practiced here. There are seventy-two semi-hanging voids, more than 20 Taoist temples, of which Yuquanwon , Durong Temple , A surname , Zhenyue Palace It is listed as a national key Taoist temple. There are Nanshan Qiu, Jinhua Cave, Yuquan Cave, Sun Moon Rock and other historical sites, one of the tourist attractions of Xi 'an. ^{7 [10]}

Huashan Mountain

Mount Taibai

The Xia and Shang dynasties were called Fengwu Mountain, the Zhou Taiyi Mountain, the Yueshan Mountain in the Historical Records, and the Taibai Mountain in the beginning of the Wei and Jin Dynasties. The vertical zone spectrum of soil, vegetation and climate in the mountain is complex, the zoning is obvious, and the trees are flourishing. The mountain is high and steep, the valley is deep and narrow, and the stone peaks are numerous and varied. At an altitude of 2500 meters above sea level, the cold weathering is strong, and the rock river and rock pile landform landscape are formed in the valley bottom of the gentle slope. The Haomaliang, extending southeast from Basendai, is 3500-3700 meters above sea level, about 6 kilometers long and several hundred meters wide. It is the residual part of the Mesozoic Qinling peneplain, and it is also the best preserved, largest and highest mountain planation surface in the Qinling Mountains. There are periglacial landforms such as stone sea, stone ring, stone multilateral and shape. Taibai Mountain has been subjected to the effects of quaternary ancient glaciers for many times, and the ancient glacial remains above 3000 meters above sea level are well preserved, with a variety of forms, such as angular peaks, blade ridges, ice dips, ice dipper lakes, trough valleys, glacial erosion lakes, moraine lakes, end moraine bars, etc. ^[7]

Touma Foal Mountain

Located 36 kilometers north of Fengxian County, the highest point is 2739 meters, one of the peaks of Qinling Mountain, the highest point of Fengxian County, stone mountain, birch forest. ^[7]

Daiwangsan

Located in the northeast of Fengxian County and Baoji City junction, the highest point of 2598 meters, one of the Qinling Mountains, Baoji City's highest mountain, stone mountain, birch forest, oak forest, Jialing River originated from the south side of Daiwang Mountain. ^[7]

Zibai Mountain (Zibai Po)

Located in the southeast of Fengxian County and Liuba junction, the highest point 2610 meters, one of the peaks of the Qinling mountains, approximately east-west extension of about 20 kilometers, stony mountains, Liuba County's highest point, there are pine, oak, lacquer, poplar forest, mainly distributed in the south slope and the east, the top of the meadow, and there are ancient karst depression, funnel, the eastern foot of the Zhangliang Temple, beautiful scenery, beautiful architecture. ^[7]

Zibaeksan

Yuhuang Mountain

Located 20 kilometers northwest of Taibai County, the highest point is 2819 meters, one of the peaks of the Qinling Mountains, stone mountain. There are birch, poplar, lacquer, oak forests, mainly distributed in the south slope and east slope. The top of the cold weathered strong, there are pebbles, mountains, meadows. ^[7]

Aosan

Located 16 kilometers southeast of Taibai County, the highest point is 3476 meters, one of the peaks of the Qinling Mountains, stone mountain. There are traces of ancient glaciation. There are birch, spruce, fir forests, part of the Taibai Mountain Nature reserve. ^[7]

Aosan

Xinglong Mountain

Located in Taibai County, Zhouzhi County, Foping County, Yang County junction, the highest point 2810 meters, one of the Qinling highlands, stony mountain, lush forest, mainly birch, spruce, fir. ^[7]

Motianling Mountain

Located in Yang County, Chenggu, Liuba County junction, the highest point 2603 meters, one of the Qinling highlands, stony mountain, forest, lush, pine, birch, poplar mainly. ^[7]

Bareheaded mountain

Located at the junction of Zhou-Southwest Xushui County and Fuping County, the highest point is 2838 meters. It is one of the Qinling Highlands, a rocky mountain, branch of the Hanjiang River, the Liuxushui River and the Weihe River tributary Heihe originates from the north slope of the mountain. The hillside is densely wooded, mainly birch and pine, and the top is meadow. ^[7]

Qinling beam

Located at the junction of Zhouzhi County, Ningshan County and Huxian County, the highest point is 2822 meters, which is one of the peaks of the Qinling Mountains. It is a stony mountain with lush forests on the hillside, such as birch, pine and fir, and the top of the mountain is weathered gravel and shrub meadow. ^[7]

Qinling beam

East Laojun Ridge

Located 29 kilometers southwest of Zhouzhi County, the highest point is 2557 meters, for the Qinling Taibai Mountain eastward extension of the branch, stony mountains, dense oak forest. ^[7]

Square station

Located 29 kilometers south of Zhouzhi County, the highest point is 2631 meters, for Qinling beam to the northwest extension of the branch, stony mountains, dense oak forest. ^[7]

Cuifeng Mountain

Located 19 kilometers southwest of Zhouzhi County, the highest point is 1773 meters, for the northeast extension of Taibai Mountain, the mountain is dominated by rocks, the lower part of the north slope is covered by loess and slope deposits. Vegetation is poor, mainly grass irrigation. ^[7]

Suyangsan

Located at the junction of Huxian County and Zhouzhi County, the highest point is 2720 meters, and it is the branch of the Qinling Mountains extending to the north. There are oak forests on the hillside, and the top is rock, weathered gravel and meadow. ^[7]

Quiet valley brain

Located 30 kilometers south of Huxian County, the highest point is 3015 meters, one of the peaks of the Qinling mountains, stony mountains, the top of the cold and weathering strong, there are gravel, meadows, hillside birch, oak forest. ^[7]

Wheat straw compound

Located 35 kilometers southwest of Chang 'an District, the highest point is 2887 meters. It is one of the peaks of the Qinling Mountains. It is a stony mountain with lush forests on the hillside, including birch, spruce and fir. ^[7]

oxback

Located 30 kilometers south of Chang 'an District, with the highest point 2802 meters, it is one of the peaks of the Qinling Mountains. It is a stony mountain with poplar, lacquer and pine forests on the south slope, shrubs on the north slope, and weathered gravel and meadows on the top. ^[7]

Nanwutai

Located 18 kilometers south of Chang 'an District, the highest point is 1688 meters. It is the northwest extension of Zhongnan Mountain, a branch of the northern Qinling Mountains. It is named for its large platform, Manjusri, coolness, spiritual response and five peaks platform. The peaks are in a row, the valley is deep and the water is flowing. Coupled with artificial cultivation of green pine bamboo, beautiful environment, pleasant scenery. In the Sui and Tang dynasties, it was already one of the holy places of Buddhism in China. There are more than 40 large and small temples built since Ming and Qing dynasties. ^[7]

Nanwutai

Cuihua Mountain

Located 20 kilometers southeast of Chang 'an District, the highest point is 1515 meters, for the Qinling Zhongnan Mountain to the northwest extension of the branch, stony mountain. The mountains and waters are beautiful and the scenery is beautiful. There is a water pond among the mountains, for the Tang Tianbao years landslide peak crack, accumulation of stones blocked the river. There are wind tunnels, ice caves, waterfalls and other scenic spots around the pool, which is one of the summer resorts in Xi 'an. ^[7]

Cuihua Mountain

Wanhua Mountain

Located 25 kilometers southwest of Chang 'an District, the highest point is 1988 meters, the northern branch of Qinling Mountain, stone mountain, beautiful scenery, built temples. ^[7]

Taehungsan

Located 29 kilometers southeast of Chang 'an District, the highest point is 2320 meters, the northern branch of Qinling Mountain, the stone mountain, along the valley built a number of temples, such as five long Palace, Taixing Palace, Xinglong Palace and so on. ^[7]

Yuntai Mountain

Located 21 kilometers southwest of Lantian County, the highest point is 2224 meters, the northern branch of Qinling Mountain, stony mountain, one of the peaks of Lantian County. ^[7]

Five Feng Mountain

Located in Lantian County south-southeast 28 kilometers, the highest point 2005 meters, the northern branch of the Qinling mountains, stony mountains, group peaks dislocation row, grotesque rocks. ^[7]

Mount Phoenix

Located 30 kilometers southeast of Lantian County, the highest point is 1965 meters, one of the peaks of the Qinling Mountains. Rocky mountain. ^[7]

Wang Shunshan (Yushan Mountain, Lantian Mountain)

Located 19 kilometers southeast of Lantian County, the highest point is 2311 meters, one of the peaks on the north side of the Qinling Mountains, stony mountain, the highest point in Lantian County. ^[7]

Wang Shunshan

cellana

Located 29 kilometers east of Lantian County, the highest point is 2190 meters, one of the peaks on the north side of the Qinling Mountains, stony mountain. ^[7]

Jianyu Mountain

Located at the junction of Weinan City, Hua County and Lantian County, the highest point is 2449 meters, one of the peaks of Qinling Mountain, stony mountain, birch, lacquer, poplar forest. ^[7]

Li Mountain

Located in the south of Lintong County, the highest height is 1302 meters, generally 900-1000 meters, for the northern Qinling fault block mountain, the top of the most exposed bedrock, surrounded by loess and loose matter covered. On the north slope, there are beacon Tower, old king Temple, old mother Hall, army Remonstrance Pavilion, Huaqing Pond and other places of interest. "Li Mountain Evening Photo" is one of the eight sights of Chang 'an and a famous tourist destination in China. ^[7]

Li Mountain

Grass chain ridge

Located at the junction of South Hua County and Luannan County, the highest point is 2646 meters, the highest peak in the eastern part of Qinling Shaanxi Province, stony mountain, lush forest, birch, oak, poplar, spruce and other forests. Quaternary ancient glacial remains are obvious, there are grooves, cirque and so on. ^[7]

Shaohua Mountain (Xiaohua Mountain)

Located 8 kilometers southeast of Hua County, the highest point is 1665 meters, one of the ancient mountains on the north side of the Qinling Mountains, because it is lower than the east side of Hua Mountain, so the name. The mountain is tall and upright, with three peaks in the east, west and middle. "Shaohua Qinglan" is one of the eight scenic spots in Huazhou. It was once a place for Taoist activities, and there is the ruins of the Jade Emperor Temple of the Ming Dynasty on the summit. The surrounding pines and cypresses are green and the vegetation is green. ^[7]

Hunrenping

It is located 36 kilometers northeast of Luiyang County, the highest point is 2425 meters, and it is one of the peaks extending south of Qinling Mountains. It is a stony mountain with massive oak forest and poplar forest. ^[7]

Yongsan

Located 14 kilometers south of the county, the highest point is 1,956 meters, one of the peaks on the south side of the Qinling Mountains, the mountain is exposed, and the hydraulic and gravity erosion is strong. ^[7]

Fenghuang Camp

Located 28 kilometers north of Mianxian County, the highest point 2177 meters, one of the peaks on the south side of the Qinling Mountains, the mountain forest is lush, oak, poplar, willow, lacquer and other tree species. ^[7]

Slatted beam

It is located at the junction of the northern Hantai District and Chenggu County, the highest point is 2038 meters, one of the peaks on the south side of the Qinling Mountains. It is a stony mountain with lush trees, mainly oak forest. ^[7]

Tiantai Mountain

Located 22 kilometers north of Hantai District, Hanzhong City, the highest point is 1932 meters, one of the peaks on the south side of the Qinling Mountains, stony mountains, lush trees, mainly oak forest. ^[7]

Niu Xin Zhai

Located 11 kilometers northwest of Foping County, the highest point 2158 meters, one of the peaks on the south side of the Qinling Mountains, stony mountains, lush forests, mainly oak forest. ^[7]

Bareheaded mountain

Located 44 kilometers northwest of Ningshan County, the highest point is 2679 meters, one of the peaks on the south side of the Qinling Mountains, stony mountain, lush forest, mainly birch. ^[7]

Longtanzi

Located 26 kilometers northeast of Ningshan County, the highest point is 2679 meters, one of the peaks on the south side of the Qinling Mountains. It is a stony mountain with lush forests, mainly with red birch and light birch, and has Quaternary glacial remains such as cirque and trough. ^[7]

olecranon

Located 50 kilometers west of Zhen 'an County, the highest point is 2602 meters, one of the peaks on the south side of the Qinling Mountains, stony mountains, there are blocky poplar, lacquer forest distribution. ^[7]

trap

Located in the northwest of Zhen 'an County and Zhashui County junction, the highest point is 2409 meters, one of the peaks on the south side of the Qinling Mountains, stony mountains, oak forest distribution. ^[7]

Yangsan

Located 18 kilometers southeast of Zhen 'an County, the highest point is 1920 meters, the southern side of the Qinling mountains, karst landform, stone buds, peaks, caves and so on. ^[7]

Pukyangsan

Located 33 kilometers southeast of Zhen 'an County, the highest point is 1868 meters, the southern Qinling rocky mountain, karst landform development, stone sprouts, peaks, caves, depressions and so on. ^[7]

Sifang Mountains

Located 13 kilometers northeast of Zhashui County, the highest point is the sea, 2,341 meters, generally 2000-2800 meters, Qinling Zhongnan mountain to the south extension of the branch, the mountain is east-west trend, stony mountain, oak forest, poplar forest distribution. ^[7]

Jiuhuashan

Located 38 kilometers east of Zhashui County, the highest point is 2160 meters, one of the peaks on the south side of the Qinling Mountains. It is a stony mountain with oak forest and birch forest distribution. ^[7]

Shutang Mountain

Located 12 kilometers northwest of Luonan County, the highest point is 1745 meters, one of the peaks on the south side of the Qinling Mountains, is a stony earth and stone mountain, with oak forest distribution, vegetation damage in the lower part of the mountain, soil erosion is more obvious. ^[7]

Python Mountain

Located in the southern part of Luonan County and Shangzhou District, Danfeng junction, generally 1400-1600 meters above sea level, the highest 1744 meters, for the Qinling Shaanxi eastern branch, Rocky Mountains or earth and stone mountains, east-west length of about 50 kilometers, north-south width 15-25 kilometers, for the watershed of the South Luohe and Danjiang River upstream. The vegetation in mountainous areas is poor, mainly by grass irrigation. In the low mountain and hilly areas, it is affected by human destruction of vegetation and cultivation, and soil and water loss is serious. ^[7]

Stream ridge

Located at the junction of Shanyang and Shangzhou District and Danfeng County, it is generally 1400-1700 meters above sea level, and the highest is 1928 meters. It is the branch of Qinling Shaanxi Eastern Section, and it is a stony mountain or earth and stone mountain, about 60 kilometers long from east to west, 15-20 kilometers wide from north to south, and it is the watershed of Danjiang River and Yinhe Flower. The vegetation in the mountain area was poor, mainly grassland irrigation, and there was massive oak forest in the border area of Shangzhou District, Shanyang County and Danfeng County. Soil and water loss is more serious in low mountain and hilly areas. ^[7]

Saikusan

Located in the southern part of Shangzhou District and the junction of Shanyang County, the highest point is 1928 meters, one of the peaks in the west section of Lioling, stony mountain. ^[7]

Liuling Mountain

Located at the junction of Shangzhou District, Shanyang County and Danfeng County, the highest point is 1679 meters. It is one of the peaks in the east section of Liuling. It is a stony mountain with oak forest distribution. ^[7]

Peak of the Jade Emperor

Located in the southwest of Shangzhou District and the junction of Shanyang County, the highest point of 1684 meters, is one of the peaks of the eastern section of the Qinling mountains extending to the east. ^[7]

Qinwang Mountain

Located 24 kilometers southwest of the city of Shangzhou, the highest point is 2087 meters. It is the branch of the eastern part of the Qinling Mountains extending to the southeast. It is a stony mountain. There are cork forest distribution. ^[7]

Uighur Mountains

Located in the central and southern part of Shanyang County, the highest point is 2074 meters, the general elevation is 1400-1600 meters, and the eastern section of Qinling extends to the southeast of the branch, the east-west length is about 35 kilometers, the stony mountain and the earth and stone mountain. The vegetation is mainly cultivated by grass, and there are oak and poplar forests in Datianzhu Mountain area. The mountain is affected by structural lithology, mostly with canyons, steep walls and sharp peaks. ^[7]

Big Tianzhu Mountain

Located in the southeast of Shanyang County 18 kilometers, the highest 2074 meters, is the highest peak of the Uighur mountains, stony mountains, tall and tall, vegetation is better, oak forest distribution. ^[7]

Yunxi girders

It is located in the southern part of Shanyang County and the junction of Yunxi County, Hubei Province, generally 1500-1800 meters above sea level. It is the branch of the eastern section of Qinling Shaanxi extending southeast. It is a stony mountain, extending about 50 kilometers from east to west. Karst landform is relatively developed, there are karst caves, stone sprouts, peaks, depressions, underground rivers and so on. The development of karst geomorphology is especially typical in Baima Tang area. ^[7]

Geographical environment

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EDITOR

Geological characteristics

The Northern Slope of the Qinling Mountains is a great fault, and the Qinling Mountains rise along the fault, while the Weihe Valley descends along the fault. Standing on the plain around Xi 'an and looking out at the Qinling Mountains, the mountains line up very neatly from west to east. The steep cliffs and steep walls rise sharply, becoming an important geographical boundary between the north and the south of China. The Qinling Mountains suddenly break off to Nanyang in the west of Henan Province, and then appear in the east at the borders of Hubei, Henan and Anhui provinces, which is Tongbai Mountain and Dabie Mountains . These mountains are only about 1000-1500 meters above sea level, and the direction is slightly northwest to southeast. To the north of Guangji in Hubei Province, the trend is slightly southwest to northeast, and the mountain potential is lower, generally about 200-300 meters above sea level low hills, such as Zhang Baling Let's wait. These hills and Tongbai Mountain, Dabie mountain combined to form a south prominent arc mountains, because they are south of the Huaihe River, so the general name Huaiyang Mountains. ^[11]

Geological composition

In terms of geological structure, Qinling Mountain is an uplifting block with a large fault cliff at the north foot, and the situation is extremely majestic. The main ridge of the mountain is on the north side, the north slope is short and steep, the river is deep, forming many canyons, commonly known as Qinling "seventy-two valley"; The south slope is long and gentle, with many nearly east-west mountains and intermountain basins. ^[4]

Geological formation

The Qinling Mountains are ancient fold fault mountains. The northern Qinling mountains had been raised to land as early as 400 million years ago and suffered denudation. The southern Qinling, however, was submerged in sea water and received Palaeozoic deposits. During the Caledonian Movement 375 million years ago, the southern Qinling Mountains rose above the sea. During the Hercynian Movement of the Late Paleozoic period 230 million years ago, the northern Qinling Mountains also rose and rose. By the Triassic Period, due to the influence of the Indochinese movement 195 million years ago, the Qinling Mountains were completely isolated from the sea and their majestic posture was basically formed. After entering the Mesozoic era, the Qinling forest area was dominated by denudation and was the supply land for the surrounding low-lying areas. After the Yanshan movement about 80 million years ago formed the tectonic framework of the north-south fold belt dominated by fault block activity, the Qinling Mountain underwent a large scale block vertical lifting movement under the strong transformation of the Himalayan movement, and finally formed the present Qinling Mountain pattern.

The evolution of Qinling Mountains changed greatly before and after the Mesozoic era. Mesozoic Triassic period The fold mountain uplift belt was formed in the middle Qinling Mountains and the south Qinling Mountains, which became a broad erosion area. South and Bashan zone, is a broad subsidence area; The North Qinling (including Weihe fault Valley) is a transitional area between the central and south Qinling denudation areas and the Ordos sedimentary area. At that time, the rivers of the South Qinling Mountains flowed south into the Bashan-Sichuan Marine basin, and the rivers of the Middle Qinling Mountains flowed north into the Ordos inland basin.

The vast subsidence and sedimentation areas on both sides of the Qinling Mountains are shrinking gradually, retreating from south to north respectively. On the other hand, the uplift and denudation area of Qinling Mountain is expanding gradually. From the perspective of geomorphology, the ups and downs become smooth, and the drainage basin increases and decreases in scale, and the distribution is scattered, thus forming many Jurassic coal-bearing basins. The rivers on both sides still flow into the northern Shaanxi and Sichuan basins.

During the Yanshan Movement, the Qinling zone was further uplifted and accompanied by magmatic movement. Due to the uplift of the Qinling Bashan Mountain, the southern slope river moved to the Sichuan Basin. Due to magmatic activity and differential uplift, most of the inland small coal-bearing basins gradually settled lower and lower, and river erosion became more intense. Therefore, a large number of conglomerate rocks were formed at the bottom of the Cretaceous strata deposited in the inland basins on both sides of the Qinba Mountains and in the basins of the Qinling Mountains.

In the Cenozoic Early Tertiary period, due to the slow tectonic movement, the mountain was gradually denuded into peneplain again during this extensive flattening period. There are many small basins scattered on the vast peneplain of the Qinling Mountains, and their area is gradually expanding. In this period, in addition to the expanded Mesozoic basins such as Hui County and Shangzhou District, new basins such as Shangluo and Ankang Basin developed. Ancient rivers in the Qinling Mountains naturally flowed into these scattered basins. At this time, the Han River may have developed into its present form. The source of the Han River may have crossed the Jialing River to the west at that time, and the current source of the Jialing River may have been the source of the Han River at that time. Therefore, the Han River may be an ancient river formed in the Qinling Mountains in the Early Tertiary peneplain.

During the transition period from Early Tertiary to Late Tertiary, the Qinling Mountains were uplifted again under the influence of Himalayan movement. This uplift began to split into many inclined fault blocks, and on the basis of previous deposits, many fault block basins were formed, such as Huixian Basin, Luonan Basin, Shangzhou basin and Ankang Basin, as well as basins formed in other areas, such as Hanzhong basin . The Weihe fault valley is separated from the Qinling belt by deep faults. The formation of Qinling fault blocks divided the Early Tertiary peneplain and formed the highest level planation plane-the Lamaliang surface of Taibai Mountain at an altitude of 2300 -- 3500 meters. The second level is 2600-2900 meters above sea level, represented by the Zhongnan fault block and Foping fault block ridge, including Yuhuang Mountain, Shouyang Mountain, Zhongnan Mountain The planation surface of Xinglong Mountain, Caolianling Mountain and 1,600-2,200 meters above sea level are represented by three planation planes, namely Huashan Mountain, Hongdian Mountain, Liuling Mountain, Madao Mountain and Chaiguanling Mountain. It can be inferred that the elevation of the Qinling Mountains at that time was not more than 1000 meters through the three horses and a large number of fauna from the south found in the Lantian Gongwangling formation, thus proving that the three planation surfaces with such a large elevation were gradually formed during the Quaternary period. Most of the rivers south of the splitwater Ridge flow southward into the Han River, but the Heihe River, which is abundant enough to counterbalance the gentle uplift of the Qinling Mountains, continues northward into the Weihe fault Depression Basin.

In the Neogene and Early Pleistocene periods, the Qinling Mountains experienced a strong vertical movement. In the Middle Pleistocene period, regional intermittent uplift was the main upward movement in the Qinling Mountains. Later, with the alternation of the crust's quiet and rising, the third, second and first terraces were gradually formed. The geomorphic pattern of the Qinling mountains has basically formed. ^[12]

Distribution map of geological relics in Zhongnanshan Geopark, Qinling Mountains, China

Geomorphic features

The Qinling Mountains rise gradually from east to west, and the ridges in Shaanxi Province are about 2,000 meters above sea level, with peaks between 2,000 and 3,000 meters. For example, the main peak of Huashan Mountain is 2,400 meters above sea level, and the main peak of Taibai Mountain is 3,771.2 meters above sea level, which is more than 3,000 meters higher than the Hanshui River and Weihe River Valley. The north slope of the Qinling Mountains is short and sharp, with steep terrain and many canyons, while the south slope is slow and long, with slow slope potential. However, because the rivers are mostly cross-cutting anticlines or synclines, there are also many canyons in the middle and upper reaches of the rivers. After the Qinling Mountains enter the territory of Longnan, its trend is from northwest to southeast, the main veins are above 2000 meters above sea level, and some small basins are formed between the mountains. ^[1]

The Qinling Mountains are to the north Weihe plain During which there is a large fracture, for the north to the south tilt Block structure Therefore, the mountain is steep, forming a thousand cliff competing wall peak, the total slope length is less than 40 kilometers, the river is short, many rapids. ^[1]

Qinling mountains

The Qinling Mountains are a huge mountain system extending from east to west in central China. Shaanxi is in the middle of the Qinling Mountains, the mountain is tall, narrow in the west and wide in the east, the width of the western section is about 150 kilometers, gradually widening to the east, and more than 200 kilometers wide in the east. Mountain ridge elevation 2000-2500 meters, the relative height of 1500-2000 meters, mountain steep slope, valley deep flow, become a major obstacle to north-south traffic, so the ancient called Qinling Mountain as "the world's great obstacle". Many mountains are more than 2500 meters above sea level, such as Yuhuangding 2819 meters above sea level, Aoshan 3475 meters, Taibai Mountain 3767 meters, Shouyang Mountain 2720 meters, live Liang 3071 meters, Jingyu nao 3015 meters, Caochain Ling 2646 meters, the connection between them, constitute the watershed of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, the watershed of the Yellow River and the Luohe River. The southern Qinling mountain, to the south of the main ridge of the Qinling Mountains, gradually descends from north to south. It originates from the Bao River, Xushui River, Youshui River, Ziwu River, Xushui River and Danjiang River near the main ridge, and flows into the Han River from north to south or southeast along the surface incline; the Jialing River flows into the Yangtze River in Chongqing, Sichuan Province; and the Nanluo River flows into the Yellow River from west to east in western Henan Province.

The Qinling mountain has obvious stratified structure, and from the main ridge southward to the Hanjiang Valley, there are five grade denudation surfaces of about 3000 m, 2600 m, 1500 m, 1800 m, 1100 m and 700 m. There are 1-4 terraces in the valley area, and the natural landscape has obvious changes and the land use status has significant differences due to different elevation and landform parts. The Shangluo area in the eastern part of the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province has a palm-like structure. The palm knot is located in the northwest of Zhashui, and the mountains extend to the northeast, east and southeast from here. From the north to the south, there are the main ridge of the Qinling Mountains, the Hongdian Mountains, the Liuling Mountains, the Yuling Mountains, the Yunxi Daliang Mountains and the Xinkai Mountains. The main ridge of the Qinling Mountain lies in Zhashui, Shangzhou District and the northern part of Luonan, with an elevation of about 2000 meters. The main peaks include Niubeiliang, Wengongling (1693.6 meters), Maze Zhen (1943.3 meters), Falfa Mountain (1868.0 meters), Buckwheat Ling (1845.6 meters), Batao 峔 (2132.1 meters) and Laojiaochanao (2413.6 meters), etc. It forms the watershed of Weihe River, Danjiang River and Nanluo River.

Starting from Longfeng Mountain at the junction of Luonan and Lantian in the west, it extends to the southeast, forming the boundary between Luonan and Shangzhou and Danfeng. It is the watershed between the Luohe River and the Danjiang River. The main peak, Yunjia Mountain, is 1709.5 meters above sea level. The Liuling Mountain Range is bounded by the Qinwang Mountain, the Jiuhua Mountain and the Wengong Mountain in the west, and the Danjiang Valley north of the Danfeng Zhulin Pass in the east, forming the boundary between Shangzhou and Shanyang. The main peaks are Qinwang Mountain (2087 m), Xilu Mountain (1928 m), Malangzhai (1841.9 m), Niusi Mountain (1735.5 m) and Tianqiao Mountain (1770.2 m). It is the watershed between Danjiang River and Yinhua River. Huuling west to the northeast Zhashui mountain, east to the south bank of the Shangnan DanJiang for the new Kailing, they constitute the Shichuan River, money River, Yinhua River, Danjiang watershed, the main peak Datianzhu Mountain 2074.4 meters above sea level. Yunxi Girder is spread between Shangnan, Yunxi and Yunxian counties, and is the boundary between Shaanxi and Hubei. Most of these mountains are fold fault-block mountains, with steep slopes in the north and gentle slopes in the south. Some of the mountains have forest distribution. Among these mountains are the Luohe River, Danjiang River, Yinhua River, Shechuan River and Qianqian River and other valleys, where there are multi-level terraces, terraces, hills and low mountains, which provide favorable conditions for the development of multiple agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry. ^[13]

Bashan mountain

Bashan Mountain is also called Daba Mountain. The name Bashan is associated with the Ba people. The Ba people lived around the Ba Mountain in ancient times. In the Shang Dynasty, the Ba nationality established the "Ba side", which was the state of Ba, which existed until the Warring States Period.

Bashan Mountain ranges from the Jialing River Valley in the west to the northwest of Hubei in the east, standing between Shaanxi, Sichuan and Hubei provinces, covering more than 1,200 kilometers from east to west and 600 kilometers in the territory. Altitude 2060-2500 meters. Its north slope mainly extends in the southern part of southern Shaanxi, from Ningqiang to Baihe and other more than ten counties in all and part of the area. The higher peaks are Hualong Mountain (2917 meters), Motianling Mountain (2621 meters), Jiulong Mountain (2503 meters), Bashan Mountain (also known as Ba Ling, 2533 meters above sea level) and so on. Bashan Mountain is not as high as the Qinling Mountains, but also dangerous peaks like forests, thousands of cliffs and valleys, the road is rugged and dangerous, is another natural barrier between Sichuan and Shaanxi. ^[13]

Hilly basin valley along the Han River

Between Qinling Mountain and Bashan Mountain lies the hilly basin and valley along the Hanjiang River. The area is about 400 kilometers long from east to west, 3-60 kilometers wide from north to south, and 800-170 meters above sea level. The Hanjiang River flows through the middle of the area, flowing through different structural and lithological sections. It is also a densely populated and economically developed area in Qinba Mountain region. ^[13]

Geomorphic zoning

Qinling Mountains

The Qinling Mountain region starts from the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains in the north to the southern slope of the Qinling Mountains at an altitude of more than 1100-1200 meters on the north side of the Han River in the south to the Shaanxi provincial border, with a north-south width of 80-155 kilometers and an east-west length of about 490 kilometers. It is a mountainous landform area mainly composed of Rocky Mountains, Rocky Mountains and low hills. Its characteristics are:

1. The mountain potential gradually decreases from the west to the east, with Chang 'an and Ningshan as the boundary, and the main ridge of the West Qinling Mountains with an elevation of more than 2,000 meters and more than 3,000 meters; In addition to a few mountains in the east (Caochainling 2646 meters, Huashan 2160 meters, Laojiaocha 2414 meters, etc.), the elevation of more than 2000 meters above sea level, generally 1500-2000 meters above sea level, to the top of the Shangnan mountain fell to 1000-1300 meters. From Zhenan, Zhashui to the east, the mountain is finger-like, from the north and south there are Huashan, Python Ling, Liuling, Yuling, Yunxi girang.

2. The mountain main divide is bounded by the main ridge, with a north slope width of 10-48 kilometers and a south slope width of 140-40 kilometers. On the north side, the slope of the secondary divide is large and drops sharply. It is connected with the Weihe Valley by a fault, and the fault plane is clearly visible. There are seventy-two valleys on the north side of the Qinling Mountains, generally short and quick, except for Heihe, Netyu, Laoyu and Qingyu, the general length is not more than 40 kilometers, the riverbed gradient is larger, and the valleys are mostly pointed V-shaped; On the south side, the grade of the secondary watershed is small, and it slowly descends to the Han River Valley. The rivers originating from the south are generally of long origin, mostly 50-100 kilometers, in a grid water system, and the valleys are mostly wide V shape or trough shape.

3. In the main ridge of the Qinling Mountains and on both the north and south sides, the mountain planation surface is well preserved, resulting in a step-like decline of the secondary watershed. For example, from Taibai Mountain to the south to the Han River Valley, the elevation of the planation surface is 3,600-3,500 meters above sea level (Happy Malliang), 2,800-2,600 meters (Zibai Mountain 2,610 meters, Motianling 2,603 meters, Foping Bald Mountain 2,830 meters, Fortune Mountain 2,666 meters, Huangguliang 2,810 meters, Liandianzi Liang 2,762 meters, Jieshu Village 2,753 meters, etc.). Live Ping Liang 3071 meters), 2400-2200 meters (Changshou Liang 2230 meters, Huanghualing 2238 meters, Niujiao Wan Nao 2362 meters, Guanyin Mountain 2429 meters, Dachang Liang 2256 meters), 2000-1900 meters (Wumoping 2076 meters, Tianxing Wo 1980 meters, Mingyang Mountain 2007 meters), 1300-1200 meters; To the north, the elevation of the planation surface is 2900 to 2600 meters (Ping 'an Temple 2883 meters, Doumu Palace 2878 meters, Shizui Mountain 2634 meters), about 2200 meters (Angou Liang 2201 meters, Qingfeng Mountain 2242 meters), 1400 to 1500 meters, and about 1200 meters.

4. The landform is obviously controlled by the structure, and the structural landform is developed. Several groups of large faults extending approximately east-west and their activities control the basic pattern of the geomorphology in this area, causing the mountain pattern to spread nearly east-west and decline from the main ridge to the south. The fault-block activity not only makes the Qinling fold fault-block mountain form visible everywhere, but also leads to the extremely asymmetric water system on the north and south sides of the Qinling. On the north side, the short river autonomous watershed flows northward, forming a comb. The Heihe River is an inherited river, which is shaped by the structure and forms a fish-hook system cutting through the main ridge. The Nanluo River, Danjiang River and Yinhua River are all rivers developed along the fault zone. In addition, many small tectonic basins are formed along fault zones or fault junctions. As for the fault triangular plane, fault cliff, inverted terrain, single-sided mountain and other small structural landforms, are also more common.

5. Compared with other major rivers, the main river generally develops four terraces. Although there are some differences in the distribution height, conservation degree, sediment structure and thickness of the terraces at each level, as well as the phase of the same river and the same terrace, on the whole, it clearly reflects the influence of tectonic movement and climate on the formation of the major river terraces in the Qinling Mountains. It has the characteristics of synchronization and periodicity, so it can be compared with each other when conducting research. According to the regional differences of geomorphic morphology, the region can be divided into three geomorphic subregions. ^[7]

Qinling mountain and middle mountain geomorphic subregion

It is mainly distributed in the area above 2000 meters above sea level west of Zhongnan Mountain, Chang 'an District. The peak surface is generally above 3300 meters above sea level, and the relative height is between 1000 and 2800 meters, which is basically a stony mountain. Due to the strong rise of the neotectonic movement since the Quaternary period, the mountain continues to rise, and on the basis of Quaternary glaciation, it is strongly eroded by running water, so the mountain slope is steep, the valley is deep and narrow, and the V-shaped valley is more deep. The watershed between the valleys is subject to glacier and frost weathering, some are fish ridge, some are jagged, stone peaks stand in a variety of shapes. Under the influence of freezing and thawing, the rocks continue to crack and gradually fall apart. Under the action of gravity on the slope, block movement occurs, and the rocks pile up in the gentle slope valley along the slope, forming a unique landscape of stone rivers, stone vats and rock piles. Among them, the Haomalang, extending from Basendai to the west, is about 6 kilometers long and 3500-3600 meters above sea level. The beam surface is gently undulating, about 5-12 °, and the top surface is 100-800 meters wide. It is the residual part of the Qinling peneplain in the Mesozoic era, and it is also the best preserved, largest and highest mountain planation surface in the Qinling Mountains. Due to the strong effect of cold weathering, the rock mass is decomposed into breccia blocks of different sizes, covering the gentle mountain beams, vast and vast, like an ocean composed of stones, so it is called the stone sea. At the same time, due to freeze-thaw sorting, many special periglaceous landforms such as stone rings and stone polygons are formed. Quaternary ancient glaciation played an important role in the formation of landforms in this area, forming many ancient glacial landforms, although due to multiple glacial etched and deposited, the late ancient glaciers not only strengthened the previous glacial etched and deposited, but also destroyed and changed the original form, making it complicated. Especially in the later period, the flowing water caused great damage to the original glacial erosion and accumulation terrain. But in Taibai County Yuhuangshan, Liuba County Zibai Mountain, Motianling, Foping's Aoshan, Zhouzhi's Shouyang Mountain, Huxian's Jingyu nao, Changan's Zhongnan Mountain, there are ancient ice bucket, corner peak, trough valley preservation; Especially in the Taibai Mountain area, which is above 3000 altitude, it is well preserved, and the angular peaks and edge ridges are radially distributed among the trough valleys with Basendai as the center. Cirque and cirque lake are distributed in the trough valley, the famous cirque lake Daye Sea, Ye Sea, Three Ye Sea, Jade Emperor Pond and so on. The glacial troughs and valleys include Dadye Sea, Sangudian, Fo Ye Pond, Erye Hai-Sanqing Pond and Hongshui River. There are different moraine landforms preserved in each trough, such as end moraine ridge of Sanqingchi with a relative height of nearly 100 meters, and end moraine ridge of Yuhuangchi with a height of more than 30 meters, side moraine 15 meters high in Daye Trough valley, end moraine bar of Sanguandian -- Fuye pond trough valley, etc. Taibai Mountain Mountain landform landscape is unique, is a valuable tourist landform resources, has always been praised by people. For example, Li Bai wrote in "Climbing Taibai Peak" : "Climbing Taibai Peak in the west, the sunset is poor. Too white and my language, for me to open the day. Take the cold wind, straight into the clouds. Hands can be nearly months, if there is no mountain. When can I resume my martial arts once I have left?" In the "Ancient Wind Qi Five" wrote: "Too white why the grey, the stars on the forest. Three hundred feet to the sky, Miao and the world." In "Shu Dao Difficult" wrote: "When the west Taibai has a bird path, you can cross the top of Emei." Zu Yong "End south looking at more than snow" wrote: "End south Yin Ling Xiu, snow floating cloud end. The forest is clear, and the city is cold." ^[7]

Zhongshan sub-district of Qinling Mountains

Distributed in Shanyang, Shangzhou District west Qinling mountains, high mountains around, north to the northern foot of Qinling Mountains, west to the provincial border, south and east is 1200 meters above sea level as the boundary, its peak surface is generally 1200 meters above sea level, the relative height of 500 meters to 1000 meters, as the main part of the Qinling mountains. This subregion has the following characteristics:

1. The lithology of this area is complex, mainly composed of Mesozoic granite, porphyritic granite, monzonitic granite, granodiorite and diorite, which constitute the main body of many tall mountains in this area. In addition, the Paleozoic gneiss, quartzite and lower Proterozoic schist, quartzite, marble and carbonate rocks are more distributed in the north slope of Qinling. The southern slope of Qinling Mountains is relatively developed from Sinian to Triassic. Besides igneous rocks, there are Cambrian Ordovician carbonaceous siliceous clastic rocks, carbonate rocks, metamorphic clastic rocks, sandstone, SLATE, phyllite and so on. The different rock properties have a profound impact on the geomorphology. In the schist distribution area, the watershed ridge is undulating, in the shape of comb and fish ridge. The distribution area of carbonate rock has a certain development of karst landform, quartzite and granite distribution area, often high mountains, steep slopes, narrow valleys, so the geomorphology of this area is relatively complex.

2. From a macro point of view, this area is dominated by Zhongshan landform, and the mountains are mostly secondary waterdivides extending from the main ridge of the Qinling mountains to the south, north and east. Affected by unequal uplift of fault blocks, they gradually decline to the surrounding areas, forming multi-level hilltops with elevations of about 2000 meters, 1400-1500 meters and 1200 meters above sea level. There are many peaks on the mountain, such as Mount Hua (2,160 m), Caolianling (2,646 m) in the north of the Qinling Mountains, Mount Wufeng (2,2004 m) in Lantian, Mount Wangshun (2,311 m), Mount Nanwutai (1,688 m) in Chang 'an District, Mount Yuhuangshan (2,278 m) in Fengxian County, Mount Wangtianti (2,314 m), and Mount Huatan (2,314 m) in Fengxian County. Longshan (1,956 m) and Sanhuashi (1,630 m) in Luyang County, Leigong Mountain (1,277 m) and Wuquan Mountain (1,512 m) in Mianxian County, Laosen Mountain (1,924 m) and Changzhai beam (1,703 m) in Liuba County, Wudaiguo beam (1,802 m) and Guanyin Rock (1,804 m) in Chenggu County, Tianxing Wo (1980 m), Longshan (1854 m) and Women's Mountain (1765 m) in Yang County, Yunwu Mountain (2008 m) in Shiquan County, Wutai Mountain (1868 m) in Ankang County, Huanglongzhai (1591 m) and Yuhuangding (1763 m) in Zhen 'an County, Yawangliang (1739 m) in Zhashui County, and Qinwang Mountain (2087 m) in Shangzhou County, Shanyang County's West Mantou Mountain (1,587 meters), Datianzhu Mountain (2,074 meters), Xunyang County's Nanyang Mountain (2,330 meters), Conuo Ding (1,928 meters), Luonan County's Shutang Mountain (1,745 meters) and so on.

Due to the intermittent rise of tectonic movement and the strong erosion and denudation of flowing water, most of the mountain bedrock is exposed, and only the gentle slope section and the lower watershed (<1500 m) are covered by residual slope deposits, forming the earth and rock mountain.

3. Valley morphology in this subregion generally has the characteristics of nested valley structure. On the north slope of the Qinling Mountains, there is a wide U valley on the upper side and a deep V valley on the lower side. Most of the other areas have a wide U valley at the top and a wide V valley or box valley at the bottom. The valleys on the north slope of the Qinling Mountains are narrow and rarely exceed 100 meters, while the valleys on the south slope are generally wider. The valley width of the larger rivers, such as the Jialing River, the Baohe River, the Xushui River, the Xushui River, the Xushui River, the Xushui River, the Xushui River, the Xushui River, the Xushui River, and the Xushui River, is mostly 100-500 meters, and some river sections are affected by the structure or soft lithology, forming wide valleys. For example, the Fengxian section of Jialing River, the Ningshan and Foping sections of the Zhiwu River, and the lower reaches of the ten-day river have a valley width of 500-1000 meters, and low alluvial terraces with a height of 2-10 meters are generally developed at the bottom of these wide valleys, which are important grain bases and economic activity centers in this subregion.

4. This subregion is located in the warm temperate zone and the North subtropical zone, with more annual precipitation, generally up to 600-900 mm. Coupled with the high slope and steep mountain, the modern geomorphological process is mainly water erosion and denudation, some river valleys have accumulation, and gravity collapse and landslide are more common in the steep slope area. In recent decades, due to man-made destruction of vegetation and steep slope cultivation, soil erosion has intensified in the mountainous areas of soil and rock. Although continuous control is carried out, the area of soil and water loss continues to expand, and debris flow and landslide are common in the rainy season. For example, in the 40 years since the liberation of Qingyang County, the newly increased and lost area of 621 square kilometers and that of Zhashui County, 538 square kilometers. In August 1981, hit by heavy rain, more than 400 mud-rock flow gully occurred in Fengxian County. Zhashui County has 112 active mudslide gully, from July to September 1983, the county landslide, collapse of more than 5,000 places, the outbreak of more than 80 debris flows, causing thousands of people homeless, more than 300 casualties, economic losses of more than 50 million yuan. The intensification of water erosion makes the slope soil layer thinner, the cultivated land is reduced, and a large amount of weathered debris is transported to the river valley by erosion, which washes away farmland, silts the river bed, destroys the traffic, and increases the river sediment transport. In 1987, due to soil erosion in Shanyang County, the bedrock of 1982.9 hectares of sloping farmland was exposed and turned into rubble slope.

5. Due to the complex geological structure and surface composition of the subregion, as well as the effects of various internal and external forces in the formation and development of geomorphology, a variety of geomorphology forms have been formed in this subregion. There are high divide, mountain peak and stepped mountain planation surface mainly formed by erosion structure; There are large and small valleys mainly formed by erosion accumulation; There are karst depressions, karst caves, dissolve douts, peak clusters, underground underground rivers (such as Yangshan and South Yangshan in the north of Xunyang, Yangshan and North Yangshan in the southeast of Zhenan, Baima Pond in the southwest of Shanyang, Yudongzi in the east of Luyang, etc.); There are wide valley basins formed by tectonic accumulation (Huayang basin, Taibai basin, Fengxian basin, Yaokou basin, Shimen basin, etc.); As for the landslide and collapse landforms formed by gravity, they are widely distributed. Especially during the Quaternary glacial period, many mountains in this area were affected by ancient glaciers, which left some ancient glacial landforms. Although these ancient glaciation relics were destroyed by late exogenous forces, they are still preserved, Such as Yuhuangshan Huangniuhe Glacier trough valley and top ice bucket (2100 meters above sea level), north of Taibai Basin Qilichuan water ridge and Qinling beam trough valley (1400 meters above sea level), glacial erosion lake, residual ice bucket (1800-2060 meters above sea level), Chang 'an District near Jiwozi dry trough valley, Pinggou trough valley (1800-2000 meters above sea level), Shunmiaoyu, Yanyonggou, Xigou and other gully valleys (1,900 meters above sea level) in Zhouzhi County, the south side of Caoxanling in Hua County (1,900 meters above sea level), the trough valley around Qinwang Mountain in Shangzhou (1,300-2,000 meters above sea level), the Shutang Mountain Cirque (1,700 meters above sea level) and the lower trough valley in Luonan County, the Bomi Mountain, Yangwa Mountain Cirque and ice cellar (1550 meters above sea level), etc. Its form is still discernible. ^[7]

Nanluo River - Danjiang River on both sides of the middle and low mountains and hills wide valley basin sub-area

This sub-area is mainly distributed in Shangzhou District, Shanyang east of the Luohe, Danjiang, Yinhua River on both sides, in addition to the Anji Ling (the highest point of 1744 meters above sea level) in some areas, other vast areas of 400-1200 meters above sea level, Shangnan County near the lowest elevation of 215.4 meters. This subregion is dominated by low mountain hills and wide valley basins. Affected by east-west faults, mountains, hills and wide valley basins alternate in arrangement. From the north to the south for the Luohe north low mountain hills, Luohe wide valley, Luonan east hills low mountain, Sanyao - Ancient city - Jingcun wide valley, Snake Ling low mountain hills, Shangzhou-Danfeng - Shangnan wide Valley, Liulinghe - Danjiang Wide Valley, Yinhua River - Danjiang wide Valley, New Kailing low mountain hills. Generally, low mountains and hills are mainly composed of metamorphic schist, granite and weathered debris, and there are Tertiary red sandstone and clay hills around some wide valley basins. The low hills are gentle, with a relative height of 100-500 meters, and the red hills have a relative height of 100-200 meters. The erosion and denudation of modern flowing water is strong, and a large amount of bedload accumulates in the riverbed, which makes the riverbed continuously increase. The riverbed of many tributaries on both sides of the Luohe River and Danjiang River forms a suspended riverbed or flat bottom valley due to the sediment deposition. In the red hilly area due to intense erosion, so that its gullies criss-cross, the ground is very broken.

There are many wide valley basins, which is one of the prominent features of geomorphology in this area. Generally, the river valley is more open, especially the large river generally developed alluvial terrace, mostly composed of sub-sandy soil, sub-clay, flat water rich soil and fertilizer, is an important food production area, but also a relatively developed area. The larger wide valley basins are: Nanluohe Wide Valley (200-1000 m wide), Luonan County wide Valley (500-1000 m wide), Jingcun - Gucheng Wide Valley (500-2000 m wide), Shangzhou-Danfeng Wide Valley (1000-2500 m wide), Tieyupu - Wugan wide Valley (200-800 m wide), Bioma Basin (2000 m long, 800 m wide), Shangnan Basin (5000 m long, 1000 m wide), Fushui Basin (2 km long, 1 km wide), Shanyang wide Valley (500-1200 m wide), Yinhua River wide Valley (200-1000 m wide), Zhulin Guan-Guo Fenglou wide Valley (200-1500 m wide), etc. ^[7]

Climatic characteristics

The Qinling Mountains can be regarded as an important dividing line between the warm temperate semi-humid climate zone and the subtropical monsoon humid climate zone. The northern and southern Qinling Mountains separate the rice surface, the northern and southern Qinling mountains separate the difference between cold and summer, and the northern and southern Qinling mountains separate the desert sand and green Onions. It is because of the huge and long body of the Qinling Mountains that the north-south airflow is blocked, and there are differences between China's south rain and north snow, and south ships and north horses. ^[52]

The Qinling mountains have an obvious blocking effect on airflow. Summer makes it difficult for moist ocean currents to penetrate into the northwest, making the northern climate dry; Winter block cold wave southward invasion, so Hanzhong basin , Sichuan basin Less exposure to cold air. Therefore, Qinling Mountains become subtropical and warm temperate Demarcation line . The rivers in the south of Qinling Mountains are not frozen, the vegetation is mainly evergreen broad-leaved forest, and the soil is acidic. North of Qinling Mountain is the famous Loess Plateau, the average temperature in January is below 0℃, the rivers are frozen, the plants are mainly deciduous broad-leaved trees, and the soil is rich in calcium. Qinling Mountains, Bailong River The basin is still preserved in contiguous forests, and there are precious animals and plants. ^[14]

Qinling scenery

"The Qinling Mountains are the greatest obstacle in the world." It not only blocked the settlement of Qin Sai, but also made the flow of air have a significant block. In winter, the Qinling Mountains can prevent cold waves from moving south; In summer, it can block the humid sea breeze from entering the northwest. Due to the retarding effect of water vapor, the average precipitation on the southern slope of the Qinling Mountains is more than 800 mm, and the average precipitation on the Northern Slope is less than 800 mm. The north slope is relatively cold and dry, while the south slope is warm and humid. There are five climate types in the south slope from the bottom up: subtropical zone, warm temperate zone, temperate zone, cold temperate zone and subfrigid zone. The southern slope presents a landscape of subtropical forest vegetation at an altitude of 800 meters above sea level. The north slope is a typical warm temperate mountain forest vegetation landscape from the bottom up. ^[52]

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Water resources

Weihe River : The largest first-level tributary of the Yellow River, originating from the Bird Moushan Mountain in Weiyuan County, Dingxi City, Gansu Province, mainly flows through Tianshui City, Gansu Province, Baoji, Xianyang, Xi 'an, Weinan and other places in Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi Province, and reaches the Yellow River in Tongguan County, Weinan City. ^[15]

Han River : The largest first-level tributary of the Yangtze River. In the source named Yangshui, flowing through Mianyang County (now Mianxian County Known as the Mianshui, the east flow to Hanzhong began to be known as the Hanshui, from Ankang to Danjiangkou section of ancient known as Canglang water, Xiangyang alias Xiangjiang, Xiangshui. ^[16]

Jialing River : Originated in Shaanxi Province at the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains Fengxian County Dai King Mountain. The main stream flows through Shaanxi Province, Gansu Province, Sichuan Province and Chongqing, and joins the Yangtze River at Chaotianmen in Chongqing.

Beiluo River : The longest river in Shaanxi province. It originates from Bai Yu Mountain Caoliang Mountain at the southern foot, from northwest to southeast into the Wei River, through the loess plateau area and Guanzhong plain Two big terrain units.

Plant resources

Qinling area Qinba mountain area Spanning Shangluo, Ankang, Hanzhong and other regions, it is rich in natural resources. It is known as the "North-South plant collection, North-South biological species library" reputation. Featured products, such as walnut, persimmon, chestnut, fungus production ranks first in the province, walnut production accounts for one-sixth of the country; It is also a national famous "natural medicine warehouse". There are 1119 kinds of Chinese herbal medicine, and 286 kinds are included in the national "Chinese Herbal Medicine Resources Questionnaire".

In comparison, there are about 70 families, 210 genera and more than 1000 species of woody plants in Qinling Mountains, among which 177 species of evergreen broad-leaved woody plants account for 38 families, 70 genera and 177 species. Except some tree species, all of them grow on the southern slope, while only 21 genera and 46 species on the Northern Slope.

Citrus, tea, aleurites, loquat, bamboo and other subtropical marker plants can grow well in the south of the Qinling Mountains, while citrus has disappeared in the north of the Qinling Mountains, but is rich in temperate fruits such as apples and pears. ^[4]

Animal resources

There are wild animals in the Qinling Mountains Giant panda , Snub-nosed monkey , takin Such precious species, birds have a national class of protection objects Nippon ibis and Black stork . Qinling now has a national level Taibai Mountain Nature Reserve and Foping Nature Reserve . Among them, the giant panda, golden monkey, takin and crested ibis are called the "four treasures of the Qinling Mountains". In the Qinling Mountains, still hiding hyacornis , gazelle , Boar , Black bear , Forest musk deer , muntjac , Hedgehog , bamboo rat , Flying squirrel , Squirrel Countless mammals, and arguably the most abundant in the world pheasant Class group. ^[17]

The animals in the north and south of the Qinling Mountains are also quite different. In terms of mammals, there are 23 species in Qinling Mountains, accounting for 42% of the total number of mammals. Among the mammals south of the Qinling Mountains, there are many southern components, such as Daisy bat, golden monkey, giant panda, Hog badger , Civet cat , Civet cat , Clouded leopard , takin, somenbok , porcupine Let's wait. There are only 8 species of mammals distributed in the north of Qinling Mountains, accounting for 10% of the total number of mammals, and the main species are Leucophrys leucophrys and Leucophrys spermophile Let's wait. ^[4]

Mineral resources

The southern mountain area of Guanzhong Plain Basin in Qinling region is rich in mineral resources, not only rich in gold and molybdenum deposits, but also a large number of non-metallic ores and building materials, which provide rich resources for the development of metallurgy and building materials industry, among which Tongguan and Taibai gold mines, Jinduicheng molybdenum mine, Lantian jade Stone is the most famous.

The Qinling Mountain area of Qinba has a high content of mineral resources, the main minerals are gold, silver, coal, vanadium Aluminum, zinc, etc., Potash feldspar The reserves rank first in China, second in the world, and the vanadium mine is first in Asia. ^[18]

Qinling scenery

Geographical significance

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Qinling Mountains - Huaihe River geographical dividing line

Qinling and Huai River line is east-west trend, it is 0 degrees isotherm in January and 800 mm Iso-precipitation line In addition, in winter, the Qinling Mountains can prevent cold waves from moving south, and in summer, it can prevent the entry of humid sea breezes Northwest China As a result, there are differences between the northern and southern parts of this line in terms of climate, rivers, vegetation, soil, agriculture, etc., so it has become an important dividing line in eastern China.

Contrast of north-south differences

(1) China's North-South demarcation line

⑵ China 0℃ isotherm in January

(3) Dividing line between humid and sub-humid areas

(4) 800 mm iso-precipitation line

The dividing line between paddy fields in the south and drylands in the north

(6) Dividing line between subtropical monsoon climate and temperate monsoon climate

⑺ Dividing line between subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest zone and temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest zone

⑻ is the dividing line between the Yangtze River Basin and the Yellow River Basin

The dividing line between multiple zones and transitional zones

(10) Dividing line between subtropical and warm temperate zones ^[19]

Dust containment

On April 11, 2023, the People's Daily Health client published an article that under the obstruction of the Qinling Mountains, the southward dust was blocked, and there was no dust weather in Chongqing, Chengdu in Sichuan province, Xi 'an in Shaanxi Province and other places. The average altitude of the Qinling Mountains is more than 1200 meters, and the dust floating in the air is mainly concentrated in the low air near the ground, and the low air flow is difficult to cross the Qinling Mountains, and will be blocked by it. ^[51]

History and culture

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Poems and articles

author	prose
Meng Haoran	Send Xin An Xiao Zhang to Qin Zhong
Bai Juyi	"The First official down over the Qinling Mountains"
Bai Juyi	"Blue Bridge Yi See Yuan Nine Poems"
Xue Tao	Farewell Lang Zhong
Li Jiayyou	Climbing the Qinling Mountains
Du Fu	Langzhou Sent His Twenty-four Uncle to Qingcheng from Beijing
Si Kongshu	Climbing the Qinling Mountains
Bai Juyi	Send Samurai Cao Back to Sichuan
Xu Hun	Send Master Zheng Shanxin South
A surname	Give away at the End of Winter
A surname	Huaqing Palace
Han Yu	Moving to Languan to show his nephew Sun Xiang
Li Fengji	Send Li Xianggong to the Important Town of Xiangyang
Yin Yin	The Xuanyuan Emperor Should See the Holy Ghost without Limits.
Zhao family	Zaoyan to Du Yao ^[20]

Historical celebrity

Tang Cifu town house holy king -- Zhong Kui Qinling Mountains, Shaanxi Province A surname People) ^[21-25]

The teacher of the Son of Heaven Wang Jiusi (now Zhongnan 鄠 Yi District)

Taishanglaojun (Tai Shang Lao Jun) A surname In Zhongnanshan wrote" Tao Te Ching "Five thousand words, and in the south of the building of the high post to teach the Sutra)

All True Father -- Wang Chongyang ( Zhongnan Mountain The "Tomb of the Living Dead" in Nanshi Village was successfully buried in the Grand Chongyang Longevity Palace in 鄠)

The god of wealth -- Liu Hai (from Zhongnan 鄠)

The God of Wealth -- Zhao Gongming (Zhongnan Mountain Zhouzhi County)

Literature and history -- Yoon Hee (Welcome Laozi to Zhongnan Ancient Building view, as the Taoist building Guan sent ancestral teacher)

The king of medicine -- Sun Simiao (Long seclusion in the Sui and Tang Dynasties)

Four Hao Gong -- Dong Yuan Gong, Xia Huang Gong, Chiritje Luli (seclusion in the Qinling Mountains Shangshan County )

Three heroes in the early Han Dynasty One of them -- Zhang Liang (Lived in seclusion in Zibai Mountain of Qinling in his later years)

The Emperor of Western Zhou Dynasty -- Jiang Ziya (Qishan branch Qishan King Wen seeking merit)

The poem Buddha -- Wang Wei (Seclusion in Qinling and Wangchuan)

Ma Yi Zi -- Li He (the Southern and Northern Dynasties Taiyuan years, Zhongnanshan Dao)

Western Region monk -- Kumarashi , Tamura Ruchi, Nahori do (permanent residence at Caotang Temple, north foot of Qinling Guifeng Mountain)

Related film

" Greater Qinling Mountains " ^{26 [27]}

(1) Great foundation

Under the shadow of the Qinling Mountains, the Qin Dynasty not only completed the Spring and Autumn period of the unification of China, but also laid the foundation of China's "agriculture-oriented" for more than two thousand years, and created the first peak of Chinese agricultural civilization. ^[28]

The essay The mountain Youhan vein

In the towering Qinling Mountains, Han Dynasty Laid the foundation of China's vast territory. In addition, along the ancient Qinling Road, papermaking The cultural remains of the Chinese civilization are passed on to future generations through thousands of years of time and space. ^[29]

(3) The prosperous world Buddha Yin

In the wild Qinling Mountains, Buddhism completed its high degree of integration with traditional Chinese culture in the Tang Dynasty Chinese civilization After the world is always fascinated by Tang Dynasty The Buddhist culture is a wonderful flower in the flourishing Tang civilization. ^[30]

(4) The mountains stand still

Laozi's Tao Te Ching was written in the Qinling Mountains and spread from there. Taoism and Confucianism, with Tao Te Ching as the core, have become two peaks in the ancient Chinese ideological and cultural history. ^[31]

5] Appreciate the Qinling Mountains

The rivers flowing from the Qinling Mountains watered China's 13 feudal dynasties and carried" Water diversion from South to north "The mission of China is related to the future. ^[32]

[6] Thousands of frosty days

Deep in the Qinling Mountains Yangxian County It's the only one on Earth Nippon ibis The idea of harmonious coexistence between man and nature is best demonstrated here. ^[33]

once Live and breathe together

Deep in the Qinling Mountains, panda Such rare animals live freely here, and it is not only known as a paradise for wild animals. It is also the world's largest conservation organization World Wide Fund for Nature It is called the world's 83rd "gift to the Earth". ^[34]

being Qin Fengya Song

from Li Bai 's The Difficulty of the Shu Road Up to... Bai Juyi 's A song of everlasting regret ", from Wang Wei 's Wangchuan map Up to... Landscape and idyllic poetry School, facing the Qinling Mountains, the poets of the past dynasties or bold brush, write the strong and bold Qinling Mountains, or elegant and introverted, swing their own right Qinling mountains and rivers The sentiment. ^{[35 and 36]}

Scenic spot

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Huashan Mountain	Huashan Mountain Formerly known as" Western mountain ", elegant name" Taihua Mountain ", famous for China The five Mountains One, the birthplace of Chinese civilization, the "Hua" of "China" and "Huaxia", originated from Huashan Mountain. Huashan is the mainstream of Taoism Quanzhen school The holy land, the "fourth cave heaven", is also widely worshipped by the Chinese people, that is, the western mountain Huashan Jun God. A total of 72 semi-hanging voids, more than 20 Taoist temples, of which Yuquanwon , Durong Temple , A surname , Zhenyue Palace Listed as a national key Taoist temple, yes Chen Tuan , Hao Datong He Yuanxi and other famous Taoist figures. In 1982, Huashan was issued by The State Council for the first time National scenic spot ; In 2011, Huashan was rated by the National Tourism Administration National AAAAA tourist attraction . ^[37]
Zhongnan Mountain	Zhongnan Mountain Zhongnan Mountain, also known as Taiyi Mountain, Difei Mountain, Zhongnan Mountain, Zhounan Mountain, referred to as Nanshan, is the origin of "Tao culture", "Buddha culture", "filial piety culture", "longevity culture", "Zhong Kui culture", "God of wealth culture", the birthplace of allusion such as "longevity than Nanshan" and "Zhongnan Shortcut" Shaanxi Province The central part of the Qinling Mountains is an important geographical indication of China. The east is rich in jade Xi 'an City Lantian county The easternmost Yangjia Fort, west Zhouzhi county The westernmost peak of the Qinling Mountains Mount Taibai Nanliang ridge, stretching more than 200 miles, known as the "fairy capital", "the crown of the cave" and" The most blessed place in the world "The good name. ^[38]
Seventy-two valleys of the Qinling Mountains	Seventy-two valleys of the Qinling Mountains There are many valleys in the Qinling Mountains, hence the name seventy-two Valley, they are distributed in the north slope Tongguan county , Huayin County, Hua County , Weinan City , Lantian county , Chang 'an District , Huxian County , Zhouzhi county , Meixian County Among them, the famous mountain valley are Huashan Valley, Dayu Valley, Wenxian Valley, Pu Yu and so on. ^{39 - [40]}
Nammengxi	Nammengxi Hidden in the hinterland of Zhongnan Mountain, 114 kilometers away from Xi 'an (210 National Highway 1047 kilometers), Nanmeng Creek is 8 kilometers long, with a total area of 12 square kilometers, with a forest coverage rate of 99.9%, 128 peaks, 48 streams and 86 waterfalls, and 140 kinds of mammals and 320 kinds of birds live and reproduce here. 3,700 species of plants grow here. There are 4 beacon towers, 390 ancient tombs, 90 ancient trees and a Dragon King Temple. ^{[43] 41 -}
Maijishan Grottoes	Maijishan Grottoes Maijishan Grottoes for China Four grottoes One of them, known as" Oriental Sculpture Museum Located in the western section of the Qinling Mountains, the mountain cliff wall stands, if the shape of wheat. Since the The Later Qin Dynasty At the beginning of the period, the cave niche was chiseled on the vertical cliff face with a height of 20-80 meters and a width of 200 meters. There are 194 grottoes, 54 grottoes in the Middle of the cliff, 140 grottoes in the west cliff, more than 7800 statues of clay, stone sculpture, stone sculpture, the largest statue of the East cliff Buddha 15.8 meters high, murals more than 1,000 square meters. ^{[46] 44 -}

Protection and governance

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On November 24, 2007, the Standing Committee of the Shaanxi Provincial People's Congress deliberated and adopted the" Regulations on ecological and environmental protection of Qinling Mountains, Shaanxi Province ". ^[47]

In August 2018, in order to eliminate the damage to the ecological environment of the Qinling Mountains caused by the disorderly growth of farm music, the Comprehensive Supervision Office of the Shaanxi Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission formulated the "Cleaning and Rectification Plan for Relevant Problems in the Ecological Environment Protection Area of the Qinling Mountains". From August 20 to September 30, Law enforcement personnel of six municipal supervision agencies will be organized to clean up and rectify public places engaged in accommodation and other operations in the Qinling ecological environment Protection zone, find out the bottom number, and establish a ledger. ^[48]

In February 2019, in order to consolidate and expand the effectiveness of the special rectification work on illegal villa construction in Xi 'an, the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains, the Shaanxi Provincial government issued the" Action plan for ecological and environmental protection in Qinling Mountains ". ^[49]

On March 6, 2019, Shaanxi Province decided to focus on the six cities involved in the Qinling Mountains to carry out a special campaign to crack down on the illegal crimes and damage of wildlife resources in the Qinling Mountains across the province, and effectively protect the biodiversity and ecological environment safety of the Qinling Mountains. ^[50]

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