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Republic of Belarus (
Belarusian
: P < p < p < p < p < p < p < p < p < p < p < p < p < p < p < p >,
Russian
: Р е с п б л и seem а Б е л а р с ь
[24]
The Republic of Belarus is located in the Republic of Belarus
Eastern European plain
The west, the east
Russia
, North, northwest and
Latvia
and
Republic of Lithuania
Junction, west and
Poland
Adjacent, south and
Ukraine
Bordering on it, it covers an area of 207,600 square kilometers. The country of Belarus is divided into six oblast Minsk, Brest, Vitebsk, Gomel, Grodno, Mogilev and one municipality (the capital Minsk). As of January 2023, the population of Belarus is 9.2 million.
[1]
Belarusians
is
Eastern Slavs
One of them. The term Belarus (" White Rus ") first appears in the Chronicles in 1135. It was founded in 862 on Belarusian soil
Polotsk
castle
. Between the 9th and 12th centuries, the castle was the center of the Duchy of Polotsk.
[1]
Formed in the first half of the 13th century
Belarusian
Text. From the middle of the 13th century to the end of the 18th century
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
and
Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth
.
[1]
Incorporated since the 18th century
Russian Empire
.
[2]
World War I
Later, March 25, 1918, according to the"
Peace of Brest-Litovsk
Declared independence, established
The People's Republic of Belarus
. Established in 1919
Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic
It was incorporated in 1922
The Soviet Union
, become
Soviet republics
One of them. Independence was restored on 25 August 1991. Now be
The Commonwealth of Independent States
and
Collective Security Treaty Organization
Member States.
[2]
In 2022, Belarus' GDP was $73.056 billion, down 4.7% from the previous year.
- Chinese name
- Republic of Belarus
- Foreign name
- Republic of Belarus
- Abbreviated form
- Belarus
- continent
- Europe
- capital
- Minsk
- National Day
- July 3, 1944
- National song
- " We Belarusians "
- Country code
- BLR
- Official language
- Belarusian , Russian
- currency
- Belarusian ruble (BYR)
- Time zone
- UTC+2
- Political system
- Presidential republic
- National leader
- Alexander Lukashenko (President)
- Population number
- 9.2 million [1] (as of January 2023)
- Population density
- 46.6 people/km2 [3] [10] (2020)
- Major nationality
- Belarusians [1]
- Major religion
- Orthodox Church
- Land area
- 207600 km²
- Water area ratio
- 1.4%
- Total GDP
- $73.056 billion (2022)
- International telephone area code
- 375
- International domain name abbreviation
- .by
- Road access
- Keep to the right
- Border length
- 3617km [24]
catalogue
- 1Historical evolution
- 2Geographical environment
- ▪Regional location
- ▪landform
- ▪Climatic characteristics
- ▪Hydrological distribution
- 3Natural resources
- ▪Mineral and energy resources
- ▪Water resources
- ▪Forest resources
- 4Administrative division
- ▪regionalization
- ▪capital
- 5National symbol
- ▪flag
- ▪National emblem
- ▪National anthem
- 6population
- 7political
- ▪regime
- ▪constitution
- ▪congress
- ▪government
- ▪judiciary
- ▪Political party
- ▪dignitaries
- 8economy
- ▪summarize
- ▪industry
- ▪agriculture
- ▪finance
The term Belarus (" White Rus ") first appears in the Chronicles in 1135.
In 862 the castle of Polotsk was built on Belarusian soil.
Between the 9th and 12th centuries, the castle was the center of the Duchy of Polotsk.
The Belarusian language was formed in the first half of the 13th century.
From the middle of the 13th century to the end of the 18th century
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
And Lithuania - Kingdom of Poland, etc.
In March 1918, the pro-German Executive Committee of the Belarusian Plenum was proclaimed in the German-occupied territories
The People's Republic of Belarus
.
In January 1919,
Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic
It was established on December 30, 1922, together with the Russian Federation, Transcaucasian Federation and Ukraine
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(Soviet Union).
On July 27, 1990, the White Supreme Soviet adopted the Declaration of National Sovereignty.
It was renamed the Republic of Belarus on 19 September 1991 and joined the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as a founding state on 8 December 1991.
Map of Belarus
Location of Belarus
Eastern European plain
The territory is low-lying and wetland, with an average altitude of 160 meters, and the highest peak is Dzerzhinskaya Mountain.
Altitude
345 meters.
Belarusian climate
Temperate continental climate
The territory is mild and humid, with annual precipitation of 550 mm ~ 700 mm. The average temperature in January is -6℃, and in July it is 18℃.
[4]
Belarus has more than 20,000 rivers of all sizes, with a total length of 90,600 kilometers. The main rivers are
The Dnieper River
,
The Pripyat River
,
The Sidwina River
,
Neman
and
Sozh
Six of them are more than 500 km long.
Belarus has 10,000 lakes with a total area of 2,000 square kilometers, the largest lake Naratchi area of 79.6 square kilometers, enjoy the "land of 10,000 lakes" reputation. There are also more than 130 reservoirs.
[4]
As of 2014, more than 10,000 kinds of minerals have been identified in Belarus, the most important of which are petroleum, associated natural gas, peat, lignite and flammable SLATE, potassium salt, stone salt, various building materials (building stones, finishing stones, materials for the production of cement and lime, sand and gravel for construction and glass, various clays, fresh water, mineral water. In addition, there are iron ore, gypsum, precious metals, apatite and aluminum ore).
Belarus is rich in water resources, with more than 20,000 rivers and 10,000 lakes, and is known as the "land of 10,000 lakes".
With nearly 8 million hectares of forest, Belarus has a coverage rate of 39%, the second highest in the CIS after Russia. Mainly coniferous forest, the main tree species is pine, followed by spruce, birch, oak and so on. The Belovezh Natural Forest Reserve, which covers an area of 1,165 square kilometers, is renowned in Europe. Timber reserves are about 1.093 billion cubic meters, and about 5 million tons of various kinds of timber are exported every year.
Subdivisions of Belarus
Capital Minsk
Flag of Belarus
Coat of arms of Belarus
On January 7, 2021, the website of the State Law of Belarus published Decree No. 83-3, which amended the previous decree on the "State Emblem of the Republic of Belarus" and issued a new version of the State emblem. In the new coat of arms, the outline of the Belarusian state has been changed to gold instead of the previous green. The five-pointed star above the national emblem has also been changed, the previous five-pointed star has a distinct edge. In addition, the Earth pattern on the new emblem has also changed, the longitude and latitude lines have been adjusted, the direction and color of the earth have also been modified, and the European region is shown more in the pattern than before.
[5]
The free wind sings a free song to your name, the green forest calls you with a friendly voice, the sun sings your fame with fire, and the stars pour faith into scattered forces. In the face of storms, difficulties and powers, you are waiting for the bud to blossom, and in the face of the flood of life in the sacred land, you are facing the flood that will not retreat. You are flooded, and the glorious legend of life crosses the fields and forests and mountains, and the native flowers and trees weave a glorious crown, shining like the feathers of a swan. The poet's song echoes for you, the rise and growth of thousands of years, today's leap is unstoppable, and the face of the mysterious future is more courageous. How conspicuous you are in the sun, lovely sparks, leisurely weaving future dreams, golden dress; Even if strong is your scruples, you are afraid of no one near, afraid of no thorns on the road. Revival of the breeze has been blowing every corner, with unlimited spirit, the motherland more beautiful and happy day has arrived!
As of January 2023, the population of Belarus is 9.2 million.
[1]
Belarus is a multi-ethnic country with more than 100 ethnic groups, of which 84.9% are Belarusians; Ethnic Russians are the second largest ethnic group in Belarus, accounting for 7.5%, and are distributed throughout all states of Belarus, mainly in the eastern and central parts of the country, while ethnic Poles are the third largest ethnic group in Belarus, distributed in Brest and Grodno oblasts bordering Poland, accounting for 3.1%, ethnic Ukrainians 1.7%, Jews 0.1%, and other ethnic groups 2.7%.
[1]
[4]
The presidential system was introduced in 1994, and in July of the same year, Lukashenko was elected as the first president. In November 1996, Belarus held a referendum to extend President Roh's term until 2001. In September 2001, Lew was re-elected to a second term as president. In October 2004, Belarus held a referendum and parliamentary elections to remove the constitutional limit of two presidential terms. Lukashenko was re-elected president in March 2006, December 2010, October 2015, and August 2020. Political parties have limited influence in the political life of the White society, and there are no fixed parliamentary groups in the White Parliament. Belarus will hold a new parliamentary election in November 2019. In February 2022, Bai held a referendum to amend the constitution, and passed the constitutional amendment with 65.16% of the support rate, stipulating that the president elected after the implementation of the new Constitution shall not serve more than two consecutive terms.
[1]
The constitutional amendments proposed by the President were approved by referendum on 24 November 1996 and entered into force on 27 November. A referendum was held on 17 October 2004 to remove Article 81 of the Constitution limiting the President to two consecutive terms in office. The Constitution stipulates: a presidential system and
Separation of powers
; The President is the head of state and
Armed forces
The Commander-in-Chief shall be directly elected by the voters for a term of five years and shall not be re-elected for more than two terms; The President has the power to call a referendum, dissolve Parliament, call elections to various levels of parliament, appoint the Prime Minister of the Government (subject to the approval of the lower house of Parliament), appoint and remove all members of the government below the Deputy Prime Minister, and appoint and remove all
Judicial body
Head of the Central Elections and Referendum Commission, decide on the resignation of the government, etc.; In the event of a vacancy or incapacity of the President, the Prime Minister shall assume the duties of the President.
On December 27, 2021, the draft amendment to the Constitution of Belarus was published.
[13]
On February 27, 2022, a referendum was held in Belarus on the amendment of the Constitution. The referendum began at 8 a.m. local time on February 27 and will last until 20 a.m. The question on the ballot was "Do you accept the amendments and additions to the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus?" According to the law, citizens of Belarus who have reached the age of 18 can vote, and the voting is conducted by secret ballot. A turnout of more than 50% is considered valid.
The new draft constitution defines the National People's Assembly as the highest representative body of the Belarusian people's power, with the power to determine the basic direction of domestic and foreign affairs, approve the national economic development plan, review the legitimacy of elections, remove the president, impose a state of emergency and martial law, and propose amendments to the Constitution and hold referendums. In addition, the draft also deleted the "non-nuclear" and "neutral" clauses.
[14, 15]
According to the presidential decree, from 22 to 26, early voting on the constitutional referendum has been held across Belarus. According to the Central Election and Referendum Commission of Belarus, the turnout has reached 42.93% after early voting.
On February 28, 2022, the Central Election Commission of Belarus announced the results of a referendum on amending the Constitution. Results showed that 65.16 percent of citizens voted in favor of the decision, which was passed. Lithuanian state Radio and television reported that the decision also means that Russian President Vladimir Putin will be able to deploy nuclear weapons on the territory of Belarus.
[16]
The Parliament of Belarus, known as the National Assembly, consists of the House of Representatives (upper house) and the House of Representatives (lower house), each serving a term of five years. The seventh National Assembly was formed in November 2019. There are 64 deputies in the House of the Republic, of which 56 are elected by secret ballot by the local councils of each of the six oblasts and one city (Minsk), and the other eight are appointed by the President. Chairperson Natalia Kochanova (N/A), elected in December 2019. The House of Representatives consists of 110 deputies elected by direct universal suffrage by secret ballot. President Vladimir Andre has (Vladimir Andreichenko, В л а д и м и р А н д р е й discusses some related problems е н seem о), was elected in December 2019.
[1]
The current government took office in August 2020. Prime Minister Roman Golovchenko (THR). Key government officials are: Foreign minister sergei leu Nick o (SergeiAlenik, С е р f е й А л е й н и seem), defense minister viktor Hector Lenin (Victor Khrenin, В и seem т о р Х р е н и н), Economy minister Alexander, Krakow, Olivia (Aleksandr Chervyakov, А л е seem с а н д р Ч е р kind guide second seem о kind guide).
[1]
There is a Constitutional Court, a Supreme Court, a Supreme Economic Court and a General Prosecutor's Office.
|
President of the Constitutional Court
|
Peter petrovich, carat shed has (П ё т р П е т р о kind guide и discusses some related problems М и seem л а ш е kind guide и discusses some related problems), took office in February 2008.
|
|
Chief justice
|
Valentin Olegevich Sukallo (n/A) assumed office in January 1997.
|
|
President of the Supreme Economic Court
|
Victor, sergei has card, Krakow, myanmar (В и seem т о р С е р f е е kind guide и discusses some related problems К а м е н seem о kind guide), took office in October 2001.
|
|
attorney-general
|
Alexander, base success, duke (А л е seem с а н д р В л а д и м и р о kind guide и discusses some related problems К о н ю seem), took office in September 2011.
|
Belarus has no ruling party. Elections to the National Assembly are based on the principle of constituency rather than party, so there are no fixed parliamentary groups in the White House. Political parties have limited influence in social and political life.
By the end of 2013, there were 15 legal political parties, 37 legal trade unions and 2,402 legal social organizations (230 of which were international organizations). The larger of the 15 political parties are:
|
Political party
|
Establishment time
|
introduce
|
|---|---|---|
|
November 2, 1996
|
Founded by members of the Communist Party of Belarus who support the president, the current membership is about 6,000. The party proclaimed itself the successor of the Communist Party of Belarus during the Soviet Communist period, and its basic program was the restoration of the socialist system through legal means, the establishment of a just classless society and the re-establishment of a unified state on the basis of the voluntary efforts of the peoples of the former Soviet Union. The party supports the policies of President Alexander Lukashenko and holds eight seats in the lower house of Parliament. In March 2005, a chemist, tatyana gennady JiYe husband, Mr Don't Eva (Т а т ь second н а Г е н н а д ь е kind guide н а Г о л б е kind guide а) elected secretary of the CPC Central Committee first, re-election in December 2007.
|
|
|
Belarusian Communist Party
|
December 7, 1991
|
It currently has about 4,000 members. Its basic programme is to uphold socialism and the Soviet system and to establish a new union of the former Soviet States on the principle of voluntarism. Since 1996, the party has formed a coalition with the right-wing forces against President Lukashenko and has become the opposition to the current regime. In August 2007, the Belarusian Supreme Court suspended the party's activities for six months. In January 2008, the White Ministry of Justice appealed to the High Court to recommend banning the party, and later dropped the lawsuit. The first secretary of the Party Central Committee was Sergei Ivanovich Kaliagin.
|
|
The year 1988
|
In October 1999, the Belarusian People's Front Party split due to an internal power struggle. Former Chairman Poznyak led some members to form a new party, the Belarusian Popular Front Christian Conservative Party. The Belarusian People's Front was renamed the Belarusian People's Front Party and now has more than 1,300 members. The party is one of the main right-wing parties in Belarus and describes itself as an "uncompromising opposition" to the regime. President Leonid petrovich, boulder shave '(Л е о н и д П е т р о kind guide и discusses some related problems Б о р щ е kind guide с seem и й), was elected in December 2007.
|
|
|
It was established on 1 October 1995
|
It currently has more than 3,000 members. One of the main right-wing political parties in Belarus. Chairman, anatoly, la base success, don't JiKe column (А н а т о л и й В л а д и м и р о kind guide и discusses some related problems Л е б е д ь seem о).
|
|
|
Liberal Democratic Party
|
Established on 5 February 1994
|
There are now 37,000 registered party members. It is a constructive opposition. Chairman Sergey Vasilyevich Gedukvitch (C 'Esquerb B 'esquerb).
|
|
Belarusian Social Democratic Party (People's Assembly)
|
Chairman Anatoly Levtovich (Ekas Tik Tik Tik TIk TIk TIk TIk TIk TIk TIk TIk TIk)
|
|
Chairman Stanislav Stanislavovich Shushkevich
(С т а н и с л а kind guide С т а н и с л а kind guide о kind guide и discusses some related problems Ш ш seem е kind guide и discusses some related problems)
|
|
|
Agricultural party
|
President mikhail vic toro vicki seaman, (М и х а и л В и seem т о р о kind guide и discusses some related problems Ш и м а н с seem и й)
|
|
Republican Party for Labor Justice
|
Chairman Viktor Alekseyevich Sokolov (B) H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h
|
|
Belarusian Patriotic Party
|
Chairman Nikolai Dmitryevich Ulahovich (" N E M "darevich occlusal statements" m m "frightened frightened frightened frightened frightened)
|
|
Belarusian Social Sports Movement Party
|
Chairman Vladimir Alexandrovich Alexandrovich
(Burgeonality) (Burgeonality) (Burgeonality)
|
|
Green Party of Belarus
|
Chairman Oleg Semyonovich Gromyko (Chernozymia)
|
|
Republican Party
|
Chairman Vladimir Yakovlevich Belozor (B) (B) H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H h h h h h
|
|
Belarus Popular Front Christian Conservative Party
|
Chairman Zenon Stanislavovic Poznyak (JH)
|
|
People's Solidarity Social Democratic Party (People's Unity Party)
|
Chairman Sergey Vladimirovich Yermak (C + + occlusal B + + H + + H + + H + + H + + H + + H + + H)
|
Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko
premier
Andrei Vladimirovich Kobyakov. He became Prime Minister in December 2014.
President of the House of the Republic, National Assembly
Anatoly Nikolaevich Rubinov. Born in 1939 in Mogilev, Belarus. He graduated from Lenin State University in Belarus in 1961. In 1961, he began to work at the Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the former Soviet Union for more than 40 years. He was Deputy Director of the Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus in charge of scientific research, secretary of the Academician of Physics, researcher of mathematics and researcher of informatics. In 1991 he was elected a member of the Belarusian Academy of Sciences and a member of the Presidency of the Belarusian Academy of Sciences. Chairman of the Belarusian Accreditation Commission from 2002 to 2006, member of the Commission since 2009. From 2006 to 2008, he was First Deputy Director of the Office of the President of Belarus. In October 2008, he was elected a member of the House of the Republic of the Belarusian National Assembly and Vice President of the House of the Republic in the same month. He was elected President of the House of the Republic of the Fourth National Assembly on 24 May 2010 and President of the House of the Republic of the Fifth National Assembly on 19 October 2012.
President of the House of Representatives of the National Assembly
Vladimir Pavlovich Andrechenko. He was born in Vitebsk Oblast in 1949. He graduated from the Velikoluksky Agricultural Institute in Russia in 1977 and from the Senior Party School in Minsk in 1988. White meritorious agricultural workers. He served in the Soviet Army from 1968 to 1970. In 1970 he began to work in the Communist Youth League, party affairs and economics in the Leozneski District. From 1981 to 1991, he served successively as Director of the District Agricultural Bureau, Chairman of the District Executive Committee, and first Secretary of the Upper Dvina District Committee of the Communist Party of Belarus. From 1991 to 1994, he was first Vice Chairman and Chairman of the Committee for Agriculture and Food Security of the Population of Vitebsk Oblast. Chairman of the Vitebsk Oblast Executive Committee since November 1994. He was elected to the Upper House of the White House three times in 1996, 2000 and 2004. He was elected as a member of the House of Deputies of the National Assembly in September 2008, the President of the House of Deputies of the Fourth National Assembly in October 2008, and the President of the House of Deputies of the Fifth National Assembly on October 18, 2012.
50,000 Belarusian ruble note obverse
Bai has a good industrial and agricultural foundation. Machinery manufacturing, electronics, optical instruments, metallurgy, oil processing, wood processing, food industry is more advanced; Agriculture and animal husbandry are more developed, and the output of potatoes, sugar beet and flax is in the forefront of the CIS countries. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the white economy was once in crisis. Since 1996, the white economy began to recover growth. In March 2002, Lukashenko proposed the "Belarusian development model", which would introduce progressive reforms, abandon wholesale privatization and shock therapy, establish a regulated market economy, and strengthen social security. In 2011, due to the combined effects of many internal and external factors, a serious economic and financial crisis broke out. In 2020, Belarus's GDP is about 60.37 billion US dollars, down 0.9% year-on-year. In 2021, Belarus's GDP is about 67 billion US dollars, a year-on-year growth of 2.3%. Belarus's GDP in 2022 is about 75.83 billion US dollars, down 4.7% year on year. From January to August 2023, Belarus's GDP was about 41.3 billion US dollars, an increase of 3.1% year-on-year.
[1]
On December 19, 2017,
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
Belarus has been approved to join the AIIB.
[6]
Industrial output in 2009 was 123.23 trillion white rubles ($43.421 billion), a negative growth of 2.8% compared with 2008. The main industrial sectors are machinery manufacturing, metal processing, chemical industry, electronics, optical instruments, petroleum processing, wood processing, light industry, food processing, etc. Industry employed 1.06 million people.
|
category
|
The year 2007
|
The year 2008
|
The year 2009
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Power generation (billion KWH)
|
31.8
|
35.1
|
30.4
|
|
Oil primary processing (tons)
|
2134
|
2131
|
2163
|
|
Heavy trucks (10,000 units)
|
2.55
|
2.63
|
1.15
|
|
Bus (car)
|
2160
|
2196
|
1514
|
|
Car tires (10,000)
|
479.2
|
506.8
|
507.3
|
|
Tractors (10,000 units)
|
5.96
|
6.51
|
4.53
|
|
Metal cutting machine
|
4600
|
4700
|
2500
|
|
Cement (tons)
|
382.0
|
421.9
|
435.0
|
|
Chemical fertilizer (10,000 tons)
|
588
|
587
|
339
|
|
Paper (10,000 tons)
|
5.7
|
5.6
|
7.0
|
The characteristics of agricultural development
1. Agricultural productivity was the leading level in the former Soviet Union
Before independence, Belarus produced 5.9% of the Soviet Union's agricultural products with 1.12% of the Soviet Union's agricultural land, ranking fifth in the Soviet Union. The working population in agriculture accounts for 24.5 percent of the total working population, and the output value of agriculture accounts for 22.9 percent of the GDP. Agricultural labor productivity is 28 percent higher than the national average and 8 percent higher than both Russia and Ukraine, ranking fourth after the Baltic States.
2. The value of agricultural production ranks fourth in the CIS
Belarus is the main producer of grain, meat, milk, potatoes, flax and other agricultural products of the former Soviet Union, of which flax and potatoes are the two traditional crops of the country in the whole Soviet Union. Before independence, the main agricultural products were surplus and could be supplied to other countries. Belarusian flax and potato production accounted for 26.6% and 13% of total Soviet output respectively, ranking first and second. Milk and meat production accounted for 7% and 6% of the whole Soviet Union, ranking third and fourth; Grain production accounts for 3.4% of the whole of the Soviet Union, ranking sixth.
3. The output value of animal husbandry exceeds that of crop farming
The structure of agricultural production in Belarus is characterized by animal husbandry, followed by planting and aquaculture. In 1996, the agricultural output value was 7.24 billion Belarusian rubles, accounting for 40.3% of the GDP, of which animal husbandry accounted for 51% of the agricultural output value and cultivation accounted for 49%.
Agricultural production structure and foreign trade
1. Planting industry
In 2012, the output value of the plantation industry was 30.47 trillion white rubles, about 3.655 billion US dollars (calculated at the annual average exchange rate of 1 US dollar: 8,335.86 white rubles), accounting for 51.7% of the total agricultural output value. The planting industry mainly produces grains, flax, potatoes, beets, vegetables and so on. The main cereal crops are wheat, rye, barley, oats and corn. Cash crops are mainly flax, sugar beets and rape. Among them, flax and potato are the two traditional crops with high reputation in Belarus.
[7]
2. Animal husbandry
Animal husbandry is the main agricultural industry, but its output value is lower than planting industry. The structure of agricultural production in Belarus is characterized by a high proportion of animal husbandry, which is also a key area of development in Belarus, but according to the official data released by Belarus from 2005 to 2011, the output value of the planting industry has been higher than that of animal husbandry. For example, the agricultural output value in 2011 was 55.64 trillion BRR, accounting for 18.7% of the GDP, of which animal husbandry accounted for 47.4% of the agricultural output value and farming accounted for 52.6%. A considerable portion of cereals and beans in the farming industry are used as feed for animal husbandry, supporting the production of white meat, eggs, milk and other products.
[7]
3. Fisheries and special farming
There are mainly freshwater fish farming, animal farming (brown fox, mink and water rat), beekeeping and so on. The output of freshwater fish products is 5,100 tons.
4. Agricultural foreign trade
After independence, the import and export commodities of Belarus's agricultural foreign trade are mainly inputs such as potash fertilizer, tractors, agricultural trucks and traditional advantages such as flax, meat and dairy products. For example, in 1993, it exported 285,800 tons and 2,251,900 tons of potash fertilizer to CIS countries and other countries, exported 73,100 and 7,700 tractors, and exported 241,121 and 14,300 heavy trucks. The main agricultural products imported are cotton, sugar, vegetable oil and other products, such as 32,200 tons of cotton, 16,100 tons of sugar and 13,500 tons of vegetable oil imported from CIS countries in 1993.
By the end of 2009, the total foreign debt of Belarus was US $7.89 billion, accounting for 16.5% of the GDP. Domestic debt amounts to 7.8 trillion white rubles, or about 5.8% of GDP.
The National Bank of Belarus, as the central bank, is responsible for the formulation of relevant credit policies and assists the Government in the regulation of credit in relation to the functioning of the macro-economy. There are 31 state-owned and commercial banks in Belarus, of which 8 are wholly foreign-owned and 25 have foreign shares. Among them, 20 banks have more than 50% foreign investment. The proportion of foreign capital in Banco Belarus is 17.11%. The total capital of white commercial banks is 8.697 trillion white rubles. The largest banks in Belarus are the Belarusian Bank, the Belarusian Agricultural and Industrial Bank, the Belarusian Industrial Construction Bank, the Belarusian Foreign Economic Bank and the Belarusian Investment Bank.
Structure of export commodities: minerals (37.9% of total exports), machinery and equipment and means of transportation (15.7%), chemical products and rubber (18.2%), ferrous metals and products (6.9%), food and agricultural products (10.8%), other (10.5%).
Structure of imports: mineral products (40.3% of total imports), machinery and equipment and means of transport (22.6%), ferrous metals and products (8.8%), chemical products and rubber (12.4%), food and agricultural products (8.2%), other (7.7%).
In 2003, Belarus introduced 1.3 billion US dollars of foreign investment, an increase of more than 80% over the previous year. As of January 1, 2004, including the investment of CIS countries, Belarus accumulated foreign investment stock reached 1.4 billion US dollars, an increase of 33.8% over January 1, 2003, of which direct investment was 737.3 million US dollars, accounting for 50.9% of the total accumulated foreign investment stock. In 2009, Bai attracted 9.303 billion US dollars of foreign investment, up 1.4 times year-on-year.
Belarusian and Russian are both official languages of Belarus. English is the main foreign language, but the percentage of Belarusian government officials and the general population who speak English is not high.
It is predominantly Orthodox (more than 70%), with some areas in the northwest embracing Catholicism and a combination of Greek Orthodox and Catholic denominations.
[4]
The main holidays are: New Year (January 1); Orthodox Christmas Day (7 January); Day of Defenders and Armed Forces of the Fatherland (23 February); Women's Day (8 March); Constitution Day (15 March); National Unity Day (2 April); Chernobyl Nuclear Accident Memorial Day (26 April); All Souls Day (the 9th day after Orthodox Easter); Labor Day (May 1); Victory Day of the Great Patriotic War (9 May); National Flag and Emblem Day (second Sunday in May); Memorial Day for the Victims of the Great Patriotic War (June 22); Independence Day (National Day, 3 July); Midsummer Day (July 6-7); October Revolution Day (7 November); Catholic Christmas (December 25).
5 days a week, closed on Saturday and Sunday.
[21]
Belarus the millennium chorus
The troupe has participated in the cultural programs of the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, as well as Belarusian cultural festivals in Moscow, Belgrade, Krasnodar, Switzerland, Germany, France and China.
Belarus the millennium chorus
Traditional Belarusian dress was initially influenced by the style of dress of the Kievan Rus' period, and later mainly by
Poland
,
Republic of Lithuania
,
Latvia
,
Russia
And other European countries.
On September 23, 1991, the Supreme Soviet of Belarus adopted a decision to establish a national defense system and army based on the "principle of sufficiency". On January 11, 1992, Belarus announced the takeover of all conventional forces of the former Soviet Army in its territory. On March 20, the White Supreme Soviet passed the Law on the Armed Forces, which decided to form a national army on the basis of the former Soviet army units taken over from this day. In 1994, the Supreme Soviet of Belarus decided to carry on the tradition of the former Soviet Army, designating February 23 (formerly the Soviet Army Day) as the Day of the Defenders and Armed Forces of the Belarusian Fatherland (the Army Day).
[2]
On December 6, 1992, Bai adopted the first post-independence Military Doctrine. In October 2001, Bai revised the "Military Doctrine" and adopted the second "Military Doctrine" on this basis.
According to the new Military Doctrine, Bai still pursues a military strategy that is defensive in nature and does not regard any country in the world as a potential enemy. The main objective of the Belarusian military security guarantee is to prevent military threats against Belarus, contain them locally and eventually eliminate them. According to the New Military Doctrine, Bai does not participate in military conflicts between other countries, and only uses military force when it is invaded or armed and when all means of deterring aggression have failed. The task of ensuring the military security of the State shall be carried out by the armed forces together with other armies and military units included in the State military organization.
While stressing the importance of maintaining its military security through political and military means, Belarus has decided to form a regional collective security system within the framework of the Russia-Belarus Alliance countries, aiming at fulfilling common defense tasks. At the same time, it is committed to achieving non-nuclear status, advocating the steady reduction of conventional arms, bilateral and multilateral disarmament dialogue, and cooperation with other countries on the basis of multilateral or bilateral international treaties and agreements.
The basic direction of the White military policy is formulated under the leadership of the President, approved by the lower house of the National Assembly, and implemented by the Security Council and the Council of Ministers. Under the Belarusian constitution, the president is commander-in-chief of the armed forces and heads the security Council. The Security Council coordinates and directs powerful departments such as the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of the Interior, the National Security Council and the State Border Guard Commission. The Chair of the Security Council is the President. The current Secretary of State for the Security Council is Gennady Nikolaevich Nevegras
Lieutenant general
The Minister of Defense is General Leonid Semyonovich Maltsev, and the Chief of the General Staff is Lieutenant General Sergei Petrovich Guruyov.
[2]
At the end of 2001, the armed forces of Belarus began to be substantially streamlined and reorganized, consisting of two services, the Army and the Air Defense Army, with a strength of 50,600 in 2009. The Army and Air Defence forces have their respective service headquarters directly under the leadership of the Ministry of National Defense and the General Staff Headquarters. The Army has two campaign headquarters; The border guard and the Internal Affairs Force are under the jurisdiction of the State Border General Administration and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The military service system is a combination of universal compulsory military service and contract military service, and the service period is 18 months for conscripts without higher education and 12 months for conscripts with higher education.
[2]
Land force
The total strength of the Belarusian Army is 43,500 men. It is organized into three armies directly under the Ministry of National Defense. Under the direct command of the Ministry of National Defense are 1 motorcycle division, 3 independent mobile brigades, 1 Artillery division, 2 campaign tactical missile brigades, 1 anti-tank brigade and 1 Special Forces brigade. Three armies: one of them has three independent mechanized brigades, one surface-to-air missile brigade, one artillery regiment, one rocket artillery regiment, and one tank regiment; It has a surface-to-air missile brigade, an artillery regiment, an anti-tank regiment, and a rocket artillery regiment.
Main battle tanks: 1,724 (238 in storage), including 60 T-55s, 1,569 T-72s, and 95 T-80s.
Infantry fighting vehicles: 1,560 (53 in storage), of which 81 BMI-1, 1,164 BMI-2, 161 BPM, 81 BM-1, 1,164 BMI-2, 161 BPM and 154 BMI-1.
Armored conveyors: 918 vehicles (306 stored), including 188 BTP-60, 445 BTP-70, 193 BTP-80, 22 BTP-Men, and 70 MT-JIB.
1465 guns of various types (153 in storage), including 428 towed guns (178 122 mm, 250 152 mm), 572 self-propelled guns (235 122 mm, 301 152 mm, 36 203 mm), There were 54 curved linear dual-purpose guns, 334 rocket launchers (209 122mm, 1 130mm, 84 220mm, 40 300mm), and 77 mortars.
AT-5, AT-6, AT-7 anti-tank missile launchers 480, tactical missile launchers 96 (" Scud "60. Ministry, "Frog" /SS-21 model 36). Surface-to-air missiles. There are 350 SA-8/-11/--12/-13/ models.
Air force
22,500 troops (including 10,200 air defense troops), 230 combat aircraft and 60 combat helicopters.
Fighter-bombers: 116, including 36 Su-24, 80 Su-25.
Fighter aircraft: 108, including mig-23 35, mig-29 50, Su-27 23.
Reconnaissance aircraft: 6.
There are 60 combat helicopters, including 55 Mi-24, 4 Mi-24R and 1 Mi-24K.
Transport helicopters: 186.
Transport aircraft: 27.
AA-7, AA-8, AA-10, AA-11 air-to-air missiles.
Air-ground missiles AS-10, AS-7, AS-14 several.
The air defense force is about 10,000 personnel, and 175 SA-3/-5/l10 surface-to-air missile launchers.
The final defense accounts for 2009 amounted to 1,586.7 billion white rubles, or about $560 million, an increase of 10% over 2008, accounting for the year
Gross domestic product
1.16%. Belarus,
Russia
,
Kazakhstan
The three countries established a unified air defense system in the early 21st century, together with the customs union, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia will continue to accelerate the integration process, and eventually establish a "Eurasian Union" centered on the three countries.
Belarus has a total railway length of 5,474.1 km, of which 1,268.5 km are electrified, with a railway network density of 2.6 km / 100 km2. In 2020, the railway freight volume will be 125 million tons, down 14.1% year on year, accounting for 31.4% of the total freight volume. Railway passenger traffic was 60 million, down 24.7% year on year, accounting for 3.7% of the total passenger traffic.
Belarusian Railways is responsible for joint transport with national railway transport agencies in the Asia-Pacific region. The Brest-Minsk-Orsha - Russian border double-track electrified railway is 612 km long, with freight cars running at speeds of 90 km/h and passenger cars running at speeds of 160 km/h.
There is a regular container train "Mongolian Victor" operating between Brest, Belarus - Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia - Hohhot, China, and the total investment of the Belarusian Railways Corporation in 2012 exceeded 730 million US dollars. In recent years, Belarus has been working on the electrification of its railways. With the participation of Chinese companies, positive progress has been made in the electrification of the Osipovich-Zhilobin-Gomel section of the railway. The first phase of the Osipovich-Zhilobin 107-km railway line was opened in September 2013, and the second phase of the Zhilobin-Gomel 86-km railway was also completed and opened.
[21]
The total length of the road network in Belarus is 102,400 kilometers, of which 89,000 kilometers of hardened roads, accounting for 87% of the total length of roads, and the density of hardened roads is 42 kilometers / 100 square kilometers. The total length of expressways is 1532 kilometers, accounting for 1.5% of the total mileage of highways. In 2020, road freight volume will be 160 million tons, down 1.2% year on year, accounting for 40.1% of the total freight volume. Highway passenger traffic was 990 million, down 16.3% year on year, accounting for 61% of the total passenger traffic.
There are five European international roads in Belarus, with a total length of 1,841 km. There are two of the most important, one is the E30 road (Europe 2 transport corridor, called the M1 road in Belarus), which connects Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Belarus, Russia and other seven countries. Via Cork, Watford, Newport, London, The Hague, Hanover, Berlin, Schivibozin, Warsaw, Brest, Minsk, Orsha, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Chelyabinsk, Omsk and other important cities; The other is the E95 road (European Corridor 9, known in Belarus as the M8 road), which connects Finland, Russia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece and nine other countries. It passes through important cities such as Helsinki, St. Petersburg, Pskov, Vilnius, Vitebsk, Mogilev, Gomel, Kiev, Odessa, Chisinau, Bucharest, Plovdiva, Alexandropolis, Saronica and Athens.
In accordance with Resolution 555 of the Government of Belarus, the Belarusian Road Holding Company was established on July 2, 2013 in order to optimize and improve the efficiency of road management in Belarus. The shares of nine joint stock companies, including the Belarusian Road Transport Company, the Road Technology Company, the Road Construction Industry Company, and the third Bureau of the Road Construction Company, will be transferred to the state-owned unitary enterprise "Belarusian Road". Twelve state-owned enterprises, including Minsk Central Road Company, Brest Road Company, Vitebsk Road Company, Gomel Road Company, Grodno Road Company and Mogilev Road Company, will also be incorporated into the company. On August 1, 2013, BelToll, an electronic toll system for roads in Belarus, was put into operation. The total length of toll roads is 815 km, including 609 km of the M1/E30 Brest-Minsk-Russian border.
[21]
Belarus has seven international airports: Minsk International Airport, Minsk 1 Airport, Gomel Airport, Grodno Airport, Brest Airport, Mogilev Airport and Vitebsk Airport. These airports are not only responsible for domestic routes, but also international scheduled flights to various countries and charter passenger flights. Minsk International Airport can take off and land any type of aircraft, and Air China has opened direct flights from Beijing to Minsk.
There are three main airlines in Belarus: Belarusian Air, Gomel Air and Air Transport Export. Among them, the first two companies are mainly engaged in passenger air transport, and the third company has a dominant position in the cargo air transport market.
In 2020, the air cargo volume of Belarus was 30,000 tons, basically the same as the previous year; Air passenger traffic was 1.7 million, down 58.5% year on year.
[21]
The inland water transport network of Belarus is about 2,000 kilometers long, and passengers and goods are transported to various settlements and cargo processing points along the river through 10 river ports. These 10 river ports are located in the Pripyat, Dnieper, Sozh, Berezina, Neman and Sidvena river basins. Waterways in European water systems The River Bug-Dnieper Bug-Canal - Pripyat River - Dnieper River - Black Sea outlet water system flows through Belarus, along which Belarus exports potash. The river ports of Gomel, Bobruysk and Mozili have dedicated railway lines and are suitable for the arrangement of goods that need to be transported together. The port is equipped with efficient gantry cranes and mechanized freight lines for fast formation of ships. In 2020, Belarus transported 2.7 million tons of inland cargo, a year-on-year increase of 22.7 percent.
As a landlocked country with no access to the sea, Belarusian exports to countries outside the CIS are mainly transported through the Lithuanian port of Klaipeda.
[21]
Education in Belarus is relatively developed among the CIS countries. The current education law is the "Education Law of the Republic of Belarus" of January 13, 2011. Ordinary schools implement 11-year free compulsory education, colleges and universities for 4-5 years, divided into public and self-funded two forms. Belarus has about 10,000 educational institutions with more than 2 million students of all types and spends no less than 5% of GDP on education. There are 3,799 pre-school education institutions (about 424,000 students), 3,009 general secondary education institutions (about 1,058,000 students), 223 secondary professional schools (110,400 students), 176 vocational colleges (60,800 students) and 50 institutions of higher learning (263,000 students). At present, there are 451,000 people working in the field of education, and 20,300 people working in institutions of higher learning. Famous universities include: Belarusian State University, Belarusian State Technical University, Belarusian State Normal University, Belarusian State Economic University, Belarusian State Agricultural University, Minsk State Language University, etc. In 2000, China and Belarus signed an agreement on mutual recognition of academic degrees. According to the statistics Bureau of Belarus, 1,016 Chinese students were enrolled in 2020-2021.
[21]
Belarus is one of the CIS countries with strong scientific and technological strength, and as early as the former Soviet Union, Belarus was an important base for the development of the Soviet military industry and heavy industry. Since the independence of Belarus in 1991, the government has attached great importance to the development of science and technology, which is regarded as an important productive force for the country's political, economic and social development. Especially in recent years, the government of Belarus has gradually increased its investment in scientific and technological research and development, while maintaining the development of its traditional advantageous industries, it also pays attention to the research and development of the world's latest science and technology. Belarus has advantages in the following industries: machinery manufacturing, chemical and petrochemical industry, electronics industry, radio technology, optics and information technology. In November 2020, the third meeting of the Sub-Committee on Science and Technology Cooperation of the China-Belarus Intergovernmental Cooperation Committee was held through video.
[21]
The level of health care in Belarus is at the forefront of the CIS countries. The Constitution of Belarus provides for a system of free medical care, which is mainly financed by the State. Belarus has 13 medical and pharmaceutical research institutes, 4 central research laboratories, 4 medical colleges and 4 training institutes for doctors. Belarus has 59,100 specialist doctors and 127,200 general medical staff.
According to the statistics of the Ministry of Finance of Belarus, in 2020, the health care expenditure of Belarus is 1.274 billion white rubles, accounting for 5% of the financial expenditure. According to data released by the Statistical Commission of Belarus, in 2019, the average life expectancy was 74.5 years, of which 69.3 years for men and 79.4 years for women. After the Chernobyl nuclear accident in Ukraine in 1986, some areas of Belarus are still suffering from radiation hazards, with the southeast being the most serious.
[21]
There are about 1,627 publications in Belarus, including 722 newspapers, 864 magazines and 41 others. About 73% of the publishing houses are privately owned, and the publications are mainly in Belarusian and Russian, with a small number in English, Polish, Ukrainian and German.
The main newspapers and periodicals include: "Belarusian Today", founded in 1927, the official newspaper of the presidential office, published in Russian and White languages, with an annual circulation of about 400,000 copies, is the largest circulation and influence newspaper in Belarus; Repubblica, founded in 1991, is a government organ newspaper, published in both Russian and White languages, with an annual circulation of about 94,000 copies; People's Daily, founded in 1990, is an official newspaper of the parliament, published in both Russian and White languages, with an annual circulation of about 28,000 copies; "For the Honor of the Motherland", the official newspaper of the Ministry of National Defense, published in Russian and White languages, with an annual circulation of about 17,000 copies; Youth Banner, the official newspaper of the State Committee for Youth Affairs and the Patriotic Union of Belarusian Youth, published in both Russian and White languages, with an annual circulation of 19,000 copies; Belarusian Fields, a government-owned agricultural newspaper, published in both Russian and White languages, with an annual circulation of about 35,000 copies; Belarusian Industrial, an independent newspaper, published in Russian, with an annual circulation of about 11,000; The People's Will, an opposition newspaper published in both Russian and White, has an annual circulation of about 28,000 copies.
The Belarusian State News Agency (Belarusian News Agency), formerly the Belarusian branch of the Russian Telecommunications Agency established in January 1921 and officially renamed Belarusian News Agency in March 1931, is now under the administration of the President and provides news in Belarusian, Russian and English to 220 news agencies in Belarus and other CIS countries. Publishes the weekly "Seven Days" with an annual circulation of 40,000 copies; "Belarusian Economy", a Russian-English bilingual quarterly magazine with an annual circulation of 4,200; Belarusian Think Tank, a monthly magazine with an annual circulation of 6,000 copies. In addition to the CIS countries, Belarus has established business links with news agencies of China, Iran, Malaysia, Cuba and other countries.
Interfax - Western news agency, part of the Russian international media group "Interfax", was founded in 1994.
The Independent News agency "Belapan", established in 1993, has a staff of about 70.
Belarusian State Radio and Television Corporation: Directly under the jurisdiction of the President, the Chairman and Vice chairmen of the company shall be appointed and removed by the President. The company operates the news Department, television station, radio station, radio technology Center and commercial advertising Department, has branches in various states, and its radio and television services cover the whole country.
There are 98 television stations in Belarus, 54 of which are privately owned. Major television stations are: Belarusian State Television 1, Belarusian State Television 2, Belarusian State Television 3, international satellite channel "Belarusian TB", Public Television, Capital Television, etc. Belarusian cable TV is widely used, and more than 130 programs including "Euronews", "BBC" and "Eurosport" can be watched through cable TV.
There are 167 radio stations in Belarus, 27 of which are privately owned. The larger one is the Belarusian Radio Station, which was founded in November 1925 and has 420 professionals. Four programmes were broadcast in mono and stereo on two radio bands: the first programme was broadcast for 19 hours a day. The second programme aired 16 hours a day. The Capital radio station broadcasts 12 hours a day. The above three programs are broadcast in both Russian and Belarusian languages and can be heard in Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and the neighboring regions of Belarus and the western regions of the Russian Urals. Radio Belarusian International broadcasts four hours a day in Belarusian, Russian, German and English to the United States, Canada, Australia and more than 20 European and African countries.
In February 2010, the President of Belarus signed the decree on Improving the use of the Internet in the country, and in the same year established the National Telephone Exchange Center under the National Telecommunications Corporation to manage the use of network resources. In Belarus, about 134,500 domain names are registered under.BY, there are more than 90,000 websites, 3.24 million fixed broadband (ADSL) users, 6.95 million mobile Internet users, and 7.4 million Internet users (79.1% of the total population).
[21]
On May 19, 2017, the International Ice Hockey Federation passed the decision of Latvia's Riga City and Belarus's Minsk City to co-host the 2021 World Ice Hockey Championship by 55 votes in favor and 52 votes against. The two cities were awarded the right to host the event after beating out the Finnish cities of Tampere and Helsinki. The tournament is scheduled to take place from May 7-23, 2021.
[8]
In 2004, the life of the white people continued to improve. Social security spending is 9% of GDP. Wages continued to rise to nearly $200 per person. Per capita consumption is 57 kg of meat, 257 kg of dairy products, 219 eggs, 172 kg of potatoes, 107 kg of vegetables and melons, 35.8 kg of sugar, 105 kg of bread and other pasta foods. There are 4,408 regular schools, 204 secondary specialized schools and 59 institutions of higher learning. Both urban and rural residents enjoy free medical care and retirement security.
[4]
We will pursue a multi-faceted foreign policy focused on Russia. We will develop relations with the CIS and neighboring countries in an all-round way and actively participate in the process of regional integration of the CIS. We will develop strategic alliance with Russia and actively participate in the construction of the Russia-led Eurasian Economic Union. We attach importance to and develop friendly and cooperative relations with China, CIS countries, Asian and African countries, the Middle East and Latin American countries, strive for diplomatic space and expand international influence.
Belarus became a member of the United Nations on 24 October 1945.
[2]
In 1992, Belarus ratified the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe.
In April 2024
Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko agreed to submit a draft law on the suspension of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) to the House of Deputies of the Belarusian National Assembly (the lower house of Parliament). The draft law stipulates that Belarus suspends the implementation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, but it does not mean that Belarus withdraws from the Treaty, nor does it mean that the armed Forces of Belarus stop fulfilling the internal procedures related to the implementation of the Treaty.
[27]
Relations with China
The establishment of diplomatic relations on 20 January 1992. Since the establishment of diplomatic ties, bilateral relations have developed smoothly with frequent high-level visits. By 2014, the two countries had established a total of 12 pairs of cities, provinces and states.
China-belarus economic and trade relations are developing smoothly. China is Belarus' second largest trading partner and its largest trading partner in Asia. In 2020, the trade volume between China and Belarus reached 3.03 billion U.S. dollars, an increase of 10.7 percent year-on-year. Among them, China's exports reached 2.113 billion US dollars, up 17.5% year on year, while imports reached 890 million US dollars, down 2.7% year on year. In 2021, the trade volume between China and Belarus reached 3.82 billion U.S. dollars, up 27.3 percent year on year. Among them, China's exports reached 2.73 billion US dollars, up 29% year-on-year, and imports reached 1.09 billion US dollars, up 22.5% year-on-year. In 2022, the trade volume between China and Belarus reached 5.079 billion U.S. dollars, up 33 percent year-on-year. Among them, China's exports reached 3.275 billion US dollars, a year-on-year increase of 20%, and imports reached 1.804 billion US dollars, a year-on-year increase of 65.4%. In the first nine months of 2023, the trade volume between China and Belarus was 6.45 billion US dollars, an increase of 83.6% year-on-year. Among them, China's exports reached US $4.32 billion, up 102.6% year-on-year, and its imports reached US $2.13 billion, up 54.2% year-on-year.
[23]
In 2014, China and Belarus established an intergovernmental Cooperation Committee, which meets every two years and has six sub-committees and a secretariat on economy and trade, science and technology, security, education, culture, customs inspection and quarantine. So far, the committee has held five meetings in September 2014, August 2016, November 2018, December 2020, and July 2023.
Since the establishment of diplomatic ties, the two countries have carried out people-to-people exchanges and cooperation. In 1996, the China-Belarus Intergovernmental Committee on Scientific and Technological Cooperation was established and has held 10 regular meetings. Belarus has held "Belarusian Science and Technology Day" in China for many times. Since 1999, the two countries have held cultural days in each other's country. As of 2012, China has held six "Chinese Culture Days" in Belarus, and Belarus has held seven "Belarusian Culture Days" in China. In October 2009, the Belarusian website of China Radio International "International Online" was officially launched. In October 2010, the Ministry of Culture of Belarus sent several art groups to China to attend the Shanghai World Expo and the "White Culture Day". In January 2007, the Confucius Institute at Belarusian State University was officially established. In September 2011, the Confucius Institute at Minsk State Language University was officially inaugurated. In 2012, the two countries warmly celebrated the 20th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties and carried out a variety of activities. The two sides held a celebration reception and issued commemorative postal envelopes. The number of students exchanged between the two countries has further expanded.
September 15, 2022, President of the State
Xi Jinping
Meeting with the President of Belarus at Samarkand State Guesthouse
Lukashenko
. The two heads of state decided to upgrade bilateral relations to an all-weather status
Comprehensive strategic partnership
[20]
.
Relations with Russia
The two countries established diplomatic relations on June 25, 1992. In 1997, the Treaty on the Russia-Belarus Union was signed, and in 1999, the Treaty on the Establishment of the Russia-Belarus Union State was signed. The treaty entered into force in 2000. Belarus supports Russia in advancing the integration process of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), establishes a tripartite customs union with Russia and Kazakhstan, jointly promotes the construction of integration mechanisms of the unified economic space, the Eurasian Economic Community and the Collective Security Treaty Organization, and actively responds to the idea of establishing a "Eurasian Union" put forward by Russia. Russia opposes Western interference in Belarus' internal affairs and the expansion of sanctions. In January 2012, Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko met with then-Russian President Dmitry Medvedev in Sochi. In February, the presidents of Russia and Belarus issued a joint statement condemning US and European sanctions against Belarus. In May, after Putin was re-elected president of Russia, his first overseas visit was arranged in Belarus, and the two heads of state signed a joint statement. In June, Chairman Matviyenko of the Russian Federation Council and Chairman Naryshkin of the State Duma visited Belarus respectively. In July, Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev and Belarus Prime Minister Mikhail Myasnikovich held a meeting of Union ministers in Minsk. In September, Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko went to Sochi for vacation and bilateral meetings at the invitation of Russian President Vladimir Putin. In September, White Foreign Minister Makhli visited Russia and held talks with Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov. In October, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin visited Belarus to attend the meeting of the Russian-Belarusian military industry Cooperation working group and met with Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko.
[2]
In November 2021, the Supreme Council of State of the Union Countries of Russia and Belarus held a video conference on the 4th, during which a decree aimed at implementing the integration of the Union countries was signed. Russian President Vladimir Putin and Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko attended the meeting. According to the news released on the website of the Russian President on the 4th, the decree covers 28 industrial integration plans, defines the basic direction of the implementation of the treaty establishing the Russian-Belarus Union from 2021 to 2023, aims to coordinate macroeconomic strategies, introduce uniform tax principles, and implement common policies in the fields of financial credit and banking, industry and agriculture. Harmonization and coordination of oil, gas, electricity and transport services markets.
[11]
On March 14, 2022, Belarusian Prime Minister Golovchenko said that Belarus and Russia will abandon the use of the U.S. dollar in energy transactions. The two sides will work out a more favorable price for Russian oil that Belarus buys. Russia has promised to lift quarantine measures in border areas as soon as possible, and Russian import restrictions on Belarusian products are also being lifted.
[17]
On March 15, 2022, the Parliament of Belarus ratified a treaty on cooperation with Russia in the military field.
[18]
On June 16, 2023, in his speech at the plenary session of the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum, Russian President Vladimir Putin confirmed that the first batch has been deployed to Belarus
Nuclear warhead
.
[25]
On January 29, 2024, the Supreme Council of States of the Union of Russia and Belarus held a meeting in St. Petersburg, Russia, during which a new three-year decree on the integration of the Union States was signed.
[26]
Relations with the CIS countries
Relations with the CIS countries are one of Belarus' diplomatic priorities. In 2012, Belarus continued to develop friendly relations with CIS countries and actively participated in multilateral activities within the framework of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Eurasian Economic Community and the Customs Union. In January, Belarusian Prime Minister Myasnikovich visited Turkmenistan. In March, Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko attended the Eurasian Economic Community Summit in Russia. In April, Turkmen President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov visited Belarus. In May, Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev visited Belarus. In May, Lukashenko attended the CSTO Summit and the informal Summit of the CIS leaders in Moscow. In May, Belarus (Ukraine) economic and trade cooperation Mixed Committee held its 21st meeting in Minsk. In May, Belarusian Prime Minister Myasnikovich paid a working visit to Turkmenistan and attended the meeting of the Council of Heads of Government of the CIS. In June, Belarusian Prime Minister Mikhail Myasnikovich attended the trilateral Prime Ministers' Meeting of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan in St. Petersburg. In August, the meeting of the Belarusian (Serbian) Inter-governmental Economic and Trade Mixed Committee was held in Minsk. In August, President Ilham Aliyev paid an official visit to Belarus. In September, Belarusian Prime Minister Myasnikovich attended the meeting of the Heads of Government of the CIS countries in Yalta.
[2]
Relations with Western countries
The two countries established diplomatic relations on December 28, 1991. After the Belarusian referendum in November 1996, Western countries led by the United States did not recognize the legitimacy of the Belarusian National Assembly on the grounds that it violated "democracy" and "human rights", nor did they recognize the results of the 2001 presidential election in which Lukashenko was re-elected as president, and continued to exert economic pressure on the Belarusian opposition. In 2002, White - American relations remained cold. The United States continues to blame the White
Political system
Undemocratic and presented a draft resolution on the situation of human rights at the United Nations Conference on Human Rights in Geneva in March 2003. The US also accused Belarus of expelling the OSCE representative in Belarus and selling weapons to "evil" countries. Belarus resisted the pressure of the United States, opposed the interference of the United States in its internal affairs under the pretext of human rights issues, criticized the United States military presence in the CIS region, Bush's "axis of evil" and unilateralism. November 2002, due to
Czech Republic
The denial of entry visas to the white delegation to the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council summit in Prague, and the subsequent EU14 ban on the entry of white dignitaries, White and white
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Relations with the European Union have been strained. By the end of 2002, however, efforts to improve relations between Belarus and Western Europe were bearing fruit, and relations between the two sides had eased. Belarus and the OSCE reached an agreement on the establishment of an office in Belarus, and the OSCE restored Belarus to its long-vacant legitimate seat.
In October 2004, Belarus held a referendum on whether President Alexander Lukashenko could run in the next presidential election and on abolishing the constitutional term limit. Both the United States and the CSCE accused Belarus of violating democratic principles and international standards with regard to the referendum and the parliamentary election. beauty
House of Representatives
The Belarus Democracy Act 2004 was adopted. In a long speech, Lukashenko criticized the adoption of the bill by the United States as a gross interference in Belarus's internal affairs. The Coordinating Committee of the Leaders of Political Parties and social Organizations of the Republic of Belarus issued an appeal to the citizens and the international community, pointing out that the 2004 Democracy Act in Belarus introduced by the United States government is a breach of the situation in Belarus and Belarus deeply regrets. Support of the people of Belarus
Lukashenko
The president's policy of strengthening and revitalizing the country. The White Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement saying that the assessment of the OSCE Observer Mission on Democracy and Human Rights was clearly not objective and biased.
In 2009, Belarusian-US relations loosened and Belarusian-European relations improved. In March, US President Barack Obama's campaign news media director Rose per visited White people to communicate with them online. In May, the United States decided to extend the suspension of sanctions against the white "Polotsk Glass Fiber Company" and a paint pigment manufacturer. In June, Kalkin, chairman of the Helsinki Committee of the US Congress, visited Belarus.
In February 2009, EU High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy Javier Solana visited Belarus. In March, OSCE Parliamentary Assembly Chairman Sores visited Belarus. In April, Foreign Minister Schwarzenberg of the Czech Republic, which holds the rotating presidency of the EU, visited Belarus. In the same month, Belarus President Alexander Lukashenko visited Italy and the Vatican and met with Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi and Pope Benedict XVI. In May, Belarus First Deputy Prime Minister Semashko and Foreign Minister Martynov jointly attended the Prague Summit of the EU Eastern Partnership Program and signed a joint statement, joining Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia on an equal footing in the program. In June, European Commissioner for External Relations Walter Dner visited Belarus. In September, Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko visited Lithuania. In November, Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi visited White. In addition, White Foreign Minister Martynov visited the EU headquarters three times, and visited Germany, Italy and other countries. Since Belarus was greatly affected by the financial crisis, the EU provided assistance to Belarus and actively supported the International Monetary Fund to lend Belarus 3.5 billion US dollars. The EU continues to suspend travel restrictions for senior White officials and set up a European Commission information center in Minsk. Belarus officially granted the European Commission's representative office in Belarus the status of a diplomatic agency.
On November 16, 2021, the refugee crisis on the border between Belarus and the EU is still brewing, affecting important international forces such as the EU, the United States and Russia. European Union foreign ministers have announced a new round of sanctions against Belarus after a meeting. The sanctions are broader, targeting not just government officials but also airlines that help refugees move. The United States has also announced that it is preparing an attack
Lukashenko
The government imposed new sanctions
[12]
.
Relations with other countries
White value and
Republic of Lithuania
, Poland and other neighboring countries. In 2003, the trade volume between Belarus and Lithuania increased by 14% year on year, reaching 420 million US dollars. Trade with Poland increased significantly, up 59% year-on-year to $783 million; But white with Estonia and
Latvia
The trade volume decreased to different degrees, and the trade volume was 0.68 million US dollars and 389 million US dollars, respectively.
In 2009, Belarus continued to develop relations with the Baltic States and Poland. In January, Latvian Prime Minister Godemanis visited Belarus. In June, the secretaries of the Security Council of Belarus, Ukraine and Poland reached the "Kiev Initiative" in Kiev. In September, Belarusian Prime Minister Sidorski paid a working visit to Poland. In October, Estonian Foreign Minister Pait visited Belarus and attended the opening ceremony of the Estonian Embassy in Belarus. In November, Latvian Foreign Minister Rijekzinsz visited Belarus. In December, Belarus and Lithuania held consultations between the Ministries of Foreign Affairs.
[2]
On December 23, 2022, the government of Ukraine approved the withdrawal of the aviation agreement with Belarus.
[22]
List of unfriendly countries
On April 8, 2022, the Belarusian government adopted a resolution approving a list of countries that have taken unfriendly actions against Minsk, including European Union countries, as well as Australia, Canada, Liechtenstein, Norway, New Zealand, Albania, Iceland, the Republic of North Macedonia, the United Kingdom, the United States, Montenegro and Switzerland.
[19]
Belarusian staple food is mainly bread, non-staple food is pig, cattle, sheep, fish, shrimp, poultry and other meat and cabbage, cucumber, tomato, carrot, potato and other vegetables. Potatoes, in particular, are both staple food and non-staple food, they can make hundreds of dishes with potatoes, and there are shops specializing in potato food. They have a strong taste and they cook very well.
Traditional foods include brown bread, rye paste and crepes made of flour and potatoes. They like to eat meat. They also like yogurt, milk residue, cheese; Especially love to drink soup, often drink soup have cold mixed sweet soup, cabbage soup, drizzled sour cream
borsch
Let's wait.
[9]
Belarus is a landlocked country located on the plains of Eastern Europe, with its capital Minsk. Belarus is a country of beautiful natural scenery, clean air and hospitable people, known for its lakes, rivers and lush forests, cool in summer, deciduous yellow in autumn and white in winter.
Places of interest in Belarus are: Victory Square, which is located in the center of Minsk, built in 1947, 225 meters long, 175 meters wide, the square stands on the Great Patriotic War martyrs monument, 40 meters high, the bottom of the body is inlaid with large metal relief group, showing the Belarusian army and people's heroic resistance to the enemy battle course; The National Museum of the History of the Great Patriotic War, located on the left side of the Palace of the Republic in Minsk City, is the largest and most extensive collection of Great Patriotic War memorials in Belarus.
Mill Castle
Lake Braslav National Park
Founded in 1995, it is located in the district of Braslav on the border with Lithuania and Latvia. The total area of the park is 69,100 hectares. About 200 ponds are the "treasures" of the park. The total lake area of Braslav is 114 square kilometers.
Pripyat National Park
It was built in 1996 in Gomel Oblast. The park covers 188,485 hectares. The park is famous for its rare animals and plants.
Naroche National Park
It was built in 1999. Naroche Lake in the park is known as the "Pearl of the nation". Naroki Lake is the largest lake in Belarus and its beautiful lakes and amusement facilities always attract many visitors. The park is also home to the Naroche Sanatorium, the largest in the country, and a holiday camp. Visitors can enjoy a comfortable holiday here 240 days a year, and about 100 days a year can swim here. Lake Naroche is also famous for its mineral water.
