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Animal husbandry

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Animal husbandry is used Livestock and poultry Animals that have been domesticated by humans, or deer, musk deer, fox, mink, otter , quail Etc. Wild animal Physiology of... function Through artificial breeding, breeding, so that it will forage Plant energy and feed are converted into animal energy to obtain meat, eggs, milk, wool, cashmere Of animal products such as skins, silk and medicinal materials Production department . Different from self-sufficiency Livestock raising The main characteristics of animal husbandry are centralization, scale, and profit-oriented production.
On September 27, 2020, The General Office of the State Council issued the" Opinions of The General Office of the State Council on Promoting high-quality development of animal husbandry ". [1]
Chinese name
Animal husbandry
essence
Wild animals are raised in captivity to obtain livestock products
Site position
An important link in the material exchange between man and nature
Effect 1
Increase farmers' income
Effect 2
Provide meat, milk, eggs and other animal foods
Effect 3
Obtain foreign exchange through the export of livestock products

catalogue

  1. 1Basic introduction
  2. 2Strategic planning development
  3. 3Main feature
  4. 4type
  5. ▪Large pastures are pastured
  6. ▪Characteristic introduction
  7. ▪Location condition
  1. ▪Dominant condition
  2. ▪Operation and management
  3. ▪Development measure
  4. ▪Dairy farming
  5. 5Animal husbandry development
  6. 6Type division
  7. 7Rural area
  8. 8Pasturing area
  1. 9meadow
  2. 10semi-peasant
  3. 11outskirts
  4. 12Human resources
  5. 13Pollution manifestation
  6. 14Pollution countermeasure
  7. ▪Biological feed
  1. ▪Ecological engineering technology
  2. ▪Veterinary epidemic prevention system
  3. ▪Safety guarantee system
  4. 15Existing problem
  5. 16Management opinion

Basic introduction

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Animal husbandry refers to the way of grazing, enclosures or a combination of the two, raising livestock and poultry to obtain Animal product or Draught animal the Production department . It includes livestock Grazing, poultry Feeding and economy beasts Domestication, etc. The main characteristics and requirements of animal husbandry are:
Animal husbandry in National economy The main ones are:
① Provide meat, milk, eggs, etc Animal food .
② Wool for industry, cashmere Raw materials, skins, bristles, animal bones, casings, etc.
(3) Obtaining foreign exchange through the export of livestock products.
Promote animal husbandry input Industrial and livestock products Processing industry The development, increase Labor employment Chance.
⑤ Agriculture and Transportation industry furnish Animal power .

Strategic planning development

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EDITOR
Improved cattle
In the early stages of economic development, animal husbandry often appears as a sideline to crop production, the so-called "backyard animal husbandry". With the development of the economy, it has gradually developed into a relatively independent industry in some sectors. For example: layer Industry, broiler industry, dairy industry, beef cattle industry, Pig industry Let's wait. After 40 years of development in China's animal husbandry, especially after the Third National Congress of the 11th CPC Central Committee, the output value of animal husbandry accounted for the proportion of total agricultural output value by 1990 Current price The calculation has reached 26.6%. With the emergence of a relatively independent animal husbandry industry, it began to divide into a powerful Industrial sector This is a variety of animal husbandry input industries serving animal husbandry and production, including: machinery, equipment, veterinary drugs, Compound feed And the processing industry of various animal husbandry products, such as meat processing industry and milk processing industry. Therefore, animal husbandry in the broad sense also often includes those who serve it Agricultural industrial complex Such as a variety of livestock and poultry companies, shepherds Associated company Compound feed company, etc. Many in the world Developed country Regardless of the size and size of the land Population density Well, animal husbandry is very developed, except Japan, animal husbandry output value accounts for more than 50% of the total agricultural output value, such as 60% in the United States, 70% in the United Kingdom, Nordic 80-90% in some countries. China since the 1980s, livestock production Growth rate Far more than the world average, the per capita output or output value of animal husbandry is still lower than the world average. The main ways to develop animal husbandry include: adjusting animal husbandry structure according to local conditions, opening up feed sources, improving livestock breeds, strengthening feeding management, preventing diseases, and improving the productivity of unit livestock; At the same time increase the number of livestock.

Main feature

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The main characteristics and requirements of animal husbandry are:
(1) It's Extensive reproduction Of the same kind as all kinds of animals Male animal (kept for breeding) The proportion of female, young and young animals has a very close relationship. So, keep it reasonable Herd structure It is very important to accelerate the development of animal husbandry.
(2) Feed is the basis of animal husbandry, and only by constantly solving the feed problem can we speed up the development of animal husbandry.
(3) The commodity nature of animal husbandry is high, and the products are not easy to transport and easy to rot. Therefore, the acquisition, processing, storage, transportation and other aspects of close cooperation.
(4) Animal husbandry for Natural condition And economic conditions have a greater adaptability, that is, can be grazing, but also can house feeding.
Because of the existence of these characteristics and requirements, therefore, the development of animal husbandry must be based on the local Natural economy Conditions, adapt to local conditions, give play to advantages.
Animal husbandry mainly includes cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, camels, pigs, sheep, chickens, ducks, geese, rabbits, bees and other livestock and poultry farming and deer, mink, otter Wild, such as musk deer Economic animal Domestication industry. It not only provides raw materials for textile, oil, food, pharmaceutical and other industries, but also provides rich food such as meat, milk, eggs and poultry for People's Daily life, and draft animals and manure for agriculture. Therefore, doing a good job in animal husbandry production is of great significance for promoting economic development, improving people's lives and increasing export materials. The conditions for the development of animal husbandry are: natural conditions are suitable, that is, light, heat, water and soil are suitable for all types forage cattle-related Growth and development , Pasture area Larger, better quality, more types; There is a certain material basis, Productive potential Large, can achieve less investment, quick effect, high income; The majority of farmers have experience and skills in animal husbandry production. There are many types of animal husbandry, including feed type, breed composition, Mode of operation Can be divided into pastoral animal husbandry, Animal husbandry in agricultural area and Suburban animal husbandry .

type

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EDITOR

Large pastures are pastured

Large pastures are pastured It's a market-oriented one Agricultural areal type , mainly in the United States, Australia , NZ , Argentina , S.Africa Etc. Country and region . These areas have widespread drought, Semi-arid climate area . The vegetation in these areas is sparse, not suitable for planting, and the grassland is broad and suitable for cultivation Grazing stock Thus the formation of this agricultural regional type. [2]
Livestock type:
In the United States, Argentina ranch Cattle herding plays an important role.
In Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, sheep farming plays an important role.
Represent the country
Argentina pampas On the ranching cattle industry, because of its good Economic benefit And become an outstanding representative of ranching in the world. pampas
Distribution of cattle ranching in the Pampas
Mild climate, lush grass, is one of the world's best natural grassland; It's so big and so sparsely populated, and Land rent Very low, providing the possibility of large-scale operation of ranches; Near the harbor Location advantage And promoted the commodity operation of the ranch. Before the arrival of the Europeans, the Indians have been grazing freely here. After the arrival of Europeans, the Pampas were gradually surrounded Barbed wire The large size of pasture Extensive subsistence pastoralism was replaced by intensive commercial cattle farming. The ranches were owned by the ranchers, and the former free cattlemen were hired by the ranchers to graze their cattle.
Argentina is a big country with a small population beef Mainly for export. Through the railway, beef cattle can be transported easily Port city Slaughter and processing After outward transport; The invention of the sea freezer ship, made Pampas beef The market expanded to Europe. In order to ensure Pampas The development of cattle industry, Argentines on the one hand to adopt fencing grazing, zoning Rotation grazing , grow feed, Drilling machine Ensure that people and animals drink water and forage Growth water and other measures; On the other hand, we should raise better breeds of cattle, strengthen the breeding of better breeds of cattle, and study the diseases of cattle. Pampas animal husbandry has a high degree of commercialization, specialization and regionalization, and has become a typical pastureland animal husbandry.

Characteristic introduction

Ranching has a large scale of production, Commodity rate High, high degree of specialization characteristics. [2]

Location condition

The cattle landscape of the Pampas
Mild climate, lush grass, sparse population, low land rent, flat terrain, close to the harbor, high level of science and technology.

Dominant condition

The land price is low, the land is wide and sparsely populated, the grass is varied, the growth is lush and mild Subtropical climate Close to the port, export convenience.

Operation and management

High commodity rate, large scale, excellent cultivation Breeding cattle , Advanced Frozen preservation Technology, improvement Transportation condition To open up water to grow feed.

Development measure

1. Breed better cattle
Pampas The first well-bred cattle were brought by Europeans. Later, Argentines strengthened the breeding of cattle and cattle disease research, and has been the world's leading level in this field.
2. Improve transportation conditions
Built the great railway across the Pampas. In this way, beef cattle from the ranches can be easily transported to the capital Buenos Aires Slaughtered, processed, shipped abroad.
3. Create a water source
Many motor Wells were drilled in the grassland to ensure the normal growth of grass and to provide drinking water for cattle and people.
4. Grow feed
Plant some Feed crop Or pasture to supplement the lack of natural pasture during grazing.

Dairy farming

Dairy product
Dairy farming with Urban development And form the face Urban market Commercialization, intensification Regional type of animal husbandry Its main production object is dairy cows, and its products are milk and its products, such as milk powder, butter and cheese . The dairy industry is relatively developed in North America Great Lakes The surrounding area, Western Europe , Central Europe As well as Australia, New Zealand and other places. [3]
Some areas of Western and Central Europe have a cool, humid climate, rainy and foggy, and less sunshine, which is conducive to Succulent grass The growth of... Cows need succulent grass in addition to containing protein higher Concentrated feed . Both cultivated in Western European dairy farming regions High quality forage Concentrate feed crops are also grown. in Location choice Upper, Western Europe Degree of urbanization High, people have the habit of drinking milk, so the milk production of the dairy industry is located around the big cities, while the dairy production of dairy products is far away from the city. Dairy farming in Western Europe Degree of mechanization Higher, with specialized automation Milking equipment Have eased Labor shortage Question.
Topographic distribution in Western Europe

Animal husbandry development

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EDITOR
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, China's animal husbandry has developed rapidly. The output value of animal husbandry has increased continuously, from 3.37 billion yuan in 1949 to 20.93 billion yuan in 1978. In 1990, the output value of animal husbandry further increased to 196.7 billion yuan, more than 58 times that of 1949 and more than nine times that of 1978. By 2010, the output value of animal husbandry had exceeded 2 trillion yuan, accounting for the whole country Gross agricultural output value The proportion of more than 30.04%, it can be seen that with the continuous increase of China's animal husbandry output value, its status in agriculture has also been improved, in 2010 animal husbandry has become Chinese agriculture and Rural economy the Pillar industry , its large-scale production, Industrialization management Prominent features, regional layout, marketization features. By 2015, the proportion of large-scale livestock and poultry farming in China will increase by 10-15 Percentage point The output value of animal husbandry accounts for Total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery The proportion reached 36%. At the same time, it also proposed financial support for animal husbandry for the first time, encouraging qualified places to set up animal husbandry loan guarantee funds and guarantee companies to provide services for the financing of leading enterprises in breeding and processing. Financial policy The launch is expected to enable Large-scale culture Enterprises break through the bottleneck of capital and scale. Animal husbandry has broad prospects for development.
Since the reform and opening up, China Animal husbandry production The basic conditions are constantly improving, Mode of production Rapid transformation, livestock synthesis Productive capacity And ensure market efficiency Supply capacity Continue to strengthen. In 2010, China's meat and poultry egg production ranked first in the world. Milk products Output ranks third in the world. With the growth of production, the per capita consumption of livestock products in China has also continued to rise. In 1978, the per capita consumption of meat, eggs and milk in China was only 9.1 kg, 2.4 kg and 1.0 kg, respectively. By 2010, the per capita consumption had reached 45.8kg, 20.7kg and 26.7kg, respectively. It is 5.0 times, 8.6 times and 26.7 times that of 1978.
2010, my country City dweller There is still a steady increase in animality Food consumption The "rising" phase, in particular Red meat , poultry meat, Liquid milk And dairy products, aquatic products, there will be a rapid increase in the trend. And with the vast countryside Resident income Increase, meat and egg consumption will appear a phase of rapid growth. Rural milk consumption Realistic demand It may come a few years later, but its potential will be much greater. Overall, in the next 15-20 years, the consumption of livestock products by Chinese residents will enter a period of stable growth. The development of animal husbandry in our country is still relatively large Development potential .
During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, the comprehensive production capacity of animal husbandry will be significantly enhanced, and the degree of scale, standardization and industrialization will be further improved. It is estimated that by 2015, the output of meat, eggs and milk will reach 85 million tons, 29 million tons and 50 million tons respectively; the output of wool will reach 430,000 tons; and the output value of animal husbandry will account for 36 percent of the total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery. The good development prospects of animal husbandry will continue to drive the steady development of the veterinary drug industry.

Type division

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basis Animal husbandry regionalization The zoning principles and indicators are fully considered Feed resources , Natural environment Feeding techniques and Social need Based on regional differences such as production characteristics, China's animal husbandry is divided into seven Regional type of animal husbandry Area, namely Huanghuai Sea area, East Sea area, Qinghai-tibet Plateau region , Mongolian New Plateau region, loess Plateau area, southwest mountain area, Northeast region ; Merge partition overview Animal husbandry resources Animal husbandry development conditions and main problems, put forward the development direction of animal husbandry in each district and its main measures.

Rural area

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EDITOR
Improved finishing cattle
Rural area In order to Drylot rearing The main animal husbandry called Animal husbandry in agricultural area . The characteristics of animal husbandry in agricultural areas are:
① It is mainly based on the by-product animal husbandry of grain consumption. Domestic animal The types are mainly pigs that consume more grain, poultry , Draught animal and Goat Etc. The feed source is cottonseed cake, Soybean meal , chaff , Wheat bran , Sweet potato Such as agricultural by-products, feed, aged grain, straw and weeds, Wild vegetable And use hillsides and scattered grasslands for grazing.
(2) Dual-purpose animal husbandry is more developed, such as cow farming, horse farming and donkey farming with both dairy and meat farming.
③ It is mainly fed in house. Except for short-term stubble grazing after crop harvest, the rest of the time Livestock house Artificial feeding was carried out.
The proportion of feed costs is relatively high, generally accounting for more than 65% of livestock costs. Can fully realize the combination of agriculture and animal husbandry, Operation and management More meticulous, high production level. Mode of operation Mostly farm side businesses, and State ranching interbreeding Specialized household . Animal husbandry in rural areas is still the main part of animal husbandry in China.

Pasturing area

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EDITOR
In the grassland and desert areas, the animal husbandry based on grazing is called pastoral animal husbandry. Domestic animals are mainly herbivores. Extensive management, the combination of agriculture and animal husbandry is not close, forage supply seasonality Volatile, vulnerable Severe weather The threat of... Livestock productivity Low and uneven. China's pastoral areas are located in the northern and western borders, including Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Xizang , Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Heilongjiang, Ji Lin , Liaoning (Province) Hebei, Shanxi and other provinces and autonomous regions, a total of 266 pastoral areas, semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral counties (flags), accounting for more than 50% of the country's total land area, the number of livestock accounted for 22% of the country's total number of livestock. evolutive Basic principle It is: rational use and protection of the existing natural grassland; Focus on Grassland construction And other construction, such as developing water sources, storing grass for fodder, and improving livestock husbandry Production conditions ; adjust Herd structure , development Seasonal production For example, lambs are slaughtered in the year, beef cattle are fattened and slaughtered in the early stage, the summer is full and the autumn is long, and the winter is thin Spring fatigue The shortage of; Integrated development of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry; As well as take Applicable technology Accelerate technological transformation, etc.

meadow

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EDITOR
Modified Boer goat
Meadow direct Grazing stock Or pasture animal husbandry, in which grassland is cut as forage to feed livestock. Chinese grassland Plant community The nature of being can be divided into Natural grassland , Artificial grassland Three types of semi-artificial grassland; From the distribution of grassland, it can be divided into two categories: grassland in the north and grassland in the south. The problems of grassland animal husbandry in China are as follows: Grassland resources Degradation, low level of livestock productivity. In addition to the mode of operation is not advanced enough, but also with these areas Natural condition Less relevant. The main ways to develop grassland animal husbandry are:
1. Improved grassland .
② Where conditions permit, artificial grass planting will be expanded.
③ Construction of livestock sheds.
Strengthen the construction of the service system.
Reform the unreasonable distribution system.

semi-peasant

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EDITOR
Along the The Great Wall It is distributed in a long and narrow band in the north and south, and it is the main draft and meat livestock in the agricultural area Supply base One of them. In history, this area was once an area with alternating development and change of agriculture and animal husbandry The Mongolian nationality It is characterized by the mode of production of pure animal husbandry. In the area Dry farming It is interleaved with grazing animal husbandry, which has the characteristics of grazing in pure pastoral areas and house feeding in agricultural areas. The area of Horqin grassland and Bashang plateau Such natural grassland is mainly used for grazing cattle, horses and sheep, and is an important production base for meat, milk and fine hair. In addition, Ningxia the Salt pond Shandong Hui agriculture and animal Husbandry, concentric and Inner Mongolia Adjacent areas have historically been developed A surname The Lord, the product Two fur fur Especially famous.

outskirts

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EDITOR
Mainly distributed in cities and large Industrial and mining area Around, to raise pigs, chickens, cows and other livestock and poultry mainly, for the city, industrial and mining areas directly provide meat, eggs, milk and other livestock products. In addition to the suburban rural collective and individual houses to raise livestock and poultry, there are cows Breeding farm , large-scale mechanized pig farming, Chicken farm Form the technical level and Commodity rate Are high city, industrial and mining areas of non-staple food base.

Human resources

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EDITOR
In China, advanced animal husbandry talents, mainly by China Agricultural University And distributed in the provinces (cities, autonomous regions) of agricultural (animal husbandry) higher education; Intermediate animal husbandry talents, mainly by the animal husbandry (agriculture) secondary vocational schools to train, such as Jilin Provincial Animal Husbandry School Let's wait.

Pollution manifestation

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EDITOR
Livestock pollution
Livestock and poultry excrement The main ingredient in Nitrogenous compound , calcium, phosphorus, soluble nitrogen free matter, Coarse fibre , Others Trace element The content of some drugs and various ingredients varies with the variety of livestock and poultry, feed, feeding methods, etc., and will pollute the air, water and soil after excrement. Waste includes eggshell These wastes can become useful substances after timely recycling and processing, and if they are not treated in time and discarded with feces, they will also become pollutants with feces. [4]
Transmissible comorbidity
According to statistics, it was transmitted from animals to humans Zoonotic diseases There are more than 90 species, and the main carriers of these zoonotic diseases are feces and excrement. In the case of pigs, it is typically transmitted to humans parasitosis . In June 2005 Sichuan Province What happened to the pig streptococcosis Transmitted to humans and killed dozens of people. In the case of birds, the most serious is Avian influenza virus Cases of human infection, such as Hong Kong 1997 Avian influenza Two deaths and a case of bird flu in Dingding Town, Guangxi in 2004. In the case of cattle Foot-and-mouth disease In March 2001, foot-and-mouth disease occurred in a large number of cloven-hoofed animals in the United Kingdom, and two cases of staff infection occurred in handling infected animals, and anthracnose , Brucellosis, tuberculosis Infections are also common. Among zoonotic infectious diseases, severe diseases pose a great threat to human beings. [4]
Water eutrophication
Domestic animal Fecal urine And livestock products processing plant sewage discharge is easy to cause water bodies eutrophication . These wastes are discharged directly into natural water bodies without treatment, such as reservoirs, lakes, rice fields and other waters. underwater Aquatic organism For example algae After obtaining rich nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, they immediately multiply, consume oxygen in the water, and threaten the survival or even death of fish in the pond. In the media, it is common for industrial sewage to cause fish deaths, and in the actual fish ponds near livestock farms, fish deaths often occur. paddy grain seedling overgrowth , lodging, paddy Late ripening or inripening may cause the rice crop to fail. Due to the proliferation of aquatic life in the water Organic matter subaqueous Anaerobic decomposition , generated mercaptan Etc. Malodorous substance Make the water black and smelly, "eutrophic" water is difficult to purify and restore vitality, which is also Animal husbandry production A major object of pollution. [4]
Drug residue
Due to scale, Intensive animal husbandry The development, heavy use of antibiotics and Sulfonamides Animals have become the main means of disease control in livestock and poultry due to the economy interest-driven With people Scientific knowledge Inadequate, widespread drug abuse, resulting in livestock and poultry products (including Meat and egg Milk) drug residue. These products are transferred to the human body through people's ingestion and affect their health. Such as chloramphenicol It mainly damages people Hematopoietic system , cause Aplastic anemia So far as to leukaemia Occurrence of; organochlorine pharmacologic DDT It is highly toxic and stable, and can enrich trace DDT to the degree of serious carcinogenic harm through biology. [4]
Heavy metal Public nuisance
Heavy metals are the major public hazards of mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium, etc. Heavy metals can not be degraded into harmless substances, they enter the water and soil, some passive plant absorption, and have a step-by-step enrichment effect, can cause human and animal poisoning, death or disease cancer . [4]
Feed additive and Growth-promoting agent Public hazard to livestock products
Because of human one-sided pursuit Economic benefit Public hazards caused by additives and growth promoters occur from time to time. As happened in June 1999 Belgium The contamination of meat, eggs and milk with dioxins caused huge economic losses to Belgium and Europe. The first case was discovered in the UK in 1985 Mad cow disease , since 1996 France, Denmark The successive occurrence of mad cow disease in Germany and other EU countries has caused a serious blow to the beef cattle industry in Europe, and the main reason is that animal bone and blood meal is used as a feed additive. Growth promoters such as common" clenbuterol (Chemical name Hydrochloric acid Clenbuterol ), added to the feed can make pigs Production rate , carcass Meat percentage Increase by 10%, although it can improve economic benefits, but the harm caused by its residue to the people who eat it is immeasurable. [4]

Pollution countermeasure

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EDITOR
Formulated to prevent pollution Laws and regulations And strengthen environmental supervision
According to the specific development situation and level of China's animal husbandry, a set of feasible animal husbandry is found Environmental quality standard And livestock excrement and waste Emission standard To provide theoretical and legal basis for the planning and management of existing large-scale livestock and poultry farms and new, rebuilt and expanded livestock and poultry farms, and bring environmental governance of livestock and poultry farms into the legal management track. Establish a sound professional animal husbandry environment Quality supervision The organization shall make corresponding provisions on the pollution caused by all aspects of livestock and poultry farms, and find out the impact of livestock and poultry farms on the surrounding air, soil, water bodies, rivers, lakes Such as the extent of pollution and the harm caused, targeted measures are taken in order to control, to achieve the purpose of environmental governance of animal husbandry. [4]
The relevant government departments should strengthen the control of animal husbandry pollution
Government departments should mobilize the enthusiasm of animal husbandry for environmental pollution control through policy inclination, encourage animal husbandry enterprises to continuously obtain economic benefits in operation, and rationally arrange investment in environmental protection and governance, as well as investment in safe animal product production, so as to achieve animal husbandry Sustainable development The effect of... [4]

Biological feed

Improve feed for livestock and poultry Utilization rate In particular, improve the utilization rate of nitrogen in feed and reduce it Animal manure In order to achieve this goal, in addition to the cultivation of excellent varieties, scientific feeding, scientific ingredients, the application of human safety and can promote the growth of livestock and poultry additives and other means, but also the application of ecological nutrition principles to develop environmentally friendly feed. [4]

Ecological engineering technology

Through animal husbandry Ecological engineering construction Vigorously develop Ecological animal husbandry To carry out waste free, pollution-free animal husbandry production. Ecological engineering is the use of modern ecology , ecology Principles of economics And the law, the use of system engineering to guide animal husbandry production, and through the economic and ecological virtuous cycle to achieve high-quality, efficient and sustainable development of animal husbandry. [4]

Veterinary epidemic prevention system

Animal disease is the key to the sustainable development of animal husbandry, according to data Ministry of Agriculture The 1993 survey of livestock and poultry deaths estimated that the death rate was about 12% for pigs, 20% for poultry and 5% for cattle, so the economic loss amounted to about $30 billion a year. Therefore, only to establish and improve the national top-down veterinary epidemic prevention system, to achieve a national control surface, reduce livestock and poultry mortality rate To ensure the healthy growth of livestock and poultry, thus ensuring the sustainable development of animal husbandry. [4]

Safety guarantee system

Use of livestock disease diagnosis and monitoring means, and strengthen the livestock production area, slaughter, transportation, market and other aspects of quarantine monitoring, and gradually strengthen the feed and additives, veterinary drugs and biological products, animal health conditions, harmful residues, livestock farm environmental conditions, animal product processing and Sales process isometric Security monitoring In particular, it is necessary to strengthen the supervision and law enforcement in the sale process of livestock products, and prevent illegal traders from using improper quarantine Hygienic standard The meat food to disrupt the market, endanger people's physical and mental health, with green Environmental production Green animal products to achieve Human society The sustainable development of animal husbandry will promote and ensure the sustainable development of animal husbandry. [4]

Existing problem

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EDITOR
1 The degree of standardization is not high, and the overall production level is low
Of the 70 sizes surveyed farm Basically reached the "six modernization" standard ( Livestock and poultry There are only 2 improved seeds, breeding facilities, production standardization, epidemic prevention institutionalization, harmless manure treatment, and normal supervision, and the proportion is very low, and the standardization degree is very large compared with the EU and the United States.
2. The overall strength of feed veterinary drug enterprises is low, and the market competitiveness is not strong
More than 80% of the 86 feed production enterprises surveyed had an annual production scale of less than 50000t; Among the 26 veterinary drug production enterprises, the annual output value of more than 5 million yuan only accounts for 23%, which is a big gap compared with similar enterprises in brother provinces and regions. Of the 26 veterinary drug manufacturers surveyed, 18 are simply mixing or sterilizing raw materials to produce products Technical content Low; 12 of the 15 feed production enterprises are Imported technology The ability of independent innovation is seriously insufficient. In terms of product research and development, only 5 out of 26 enterprises have set up a dedicated research and development department, accounting for only 19.2%.
3 Service system Urgent need to strengthen, difficult to meet the needs of the work
30 livestock Technology extension Of the institutions, 73% of the units Working condition Can not meet the needs of the job. Village-level epidemic prevention workers have poor wages, low education and old age. The annual salary of 74.4% of epidemic prevention workers was less than 1200 yuan; Only 17.2% had a high school education or above; Only 23.4 percent are under 40. seventy County station Staffing establishment The average number is 18.5, 73% of the units reflect that because the establishment is too small to meet the work needs, 59% of the units have not recruited this major in the past five years College graduates . In 56 percent of the counties and 40 percent of the towns and townships, the proportion of employees over the age of 46 exceeds 50 percent in 17 percent of the counties and 50 percent of the towns and townships. In 100 Survey object In addition, 69% of county stations and 60% of towns and villages are short of funds, and it is difficult to ensure normal work. Animal husbandry and veterinary staff Labor protection Missing. Only in the province Ansai and Wuqi County And other individual counties for epidemic prevention officers Medical insurance and Accident insurance And other commercial insurance.
4 Human resources Lack, and Industrial development incongruity
In rural areas, the shortage of young adults and educated labor force is prominent. Among the 100 villages surveyed, more than 65% of the labor force was aged 45-60, and less than 18% had a junior high school education or above, which directly affected animal husbandry Advanced technology and Management mode The promotion of; The scale field lacks both professional and operational field manager and manager type talents. Of the 70 large-scale farms surveyed, 48.5% were lay owners; Technology extension lacks modern animal husbandry development Service-oriented talents . Among the 30 animal husbandry technical extension agencies, less than 8% of the technical personnel were familiar with enclosure design and equipment configuration, and only 8 people could interpret DHI reports TMR Technical only 4 people; Technical support lack Laboratory test Test talents. Of the 20 county-level animal disease control centers, only 11 counties can meet the normal work needs of veterinary laboratories, and the existing human resources are not coordinated with the rapid development of animal husbandry.
5. There are many constraints and weak policy support
Big investment, big risk, big pollution, difficult loan, difficult land, difficult insurance, "three difficulties" have become the main factors restricting the development of animal husbandry. Per household Own funds 50,000 to 80,000 yuan, but a pig farmer with 200 pigs a year needs to invest about 180,000 yuan; Build a "stone Sheep mode" (Stone sheep broiler The model is to take Shiyang Group as the leader, adopt the order model of "company + farmers", by the group and farmers to sign long-term breeding contracts, guide the construction of standardized broiler breeding enclosures, unified supply of chicks, materials, medicine, epidemic prevention, recovery of broilers), storage of 5,000 broiler enclosures need to invest about 150,000 yuan, beyond the ordinary farmers Investment capacity ; 68% of the survey respondents said that the risk of disease is the main factor restricting the development of animal husbandry, 51% of the survey respondents said that Market risk Big is the main factor restricting the development of animal husbandry; with New countryside construction , ecological civilization construction, Urban-rural integration Development, sustainable and healthy development of agriculture, environmental pollution has become the main factor restricting the large-scale development of animal husbandry. 63 copies questionnaire Reflecting that the difficulty of loans is the biggest obstacle restricting the expansion of livestock production, only 12 of the 70 large-scale farms have obtained bank credit. 58 questionnaires reflect that land use is difficult to restrict the scale of animal husbandry Rapid expansion . right High risk The aquaculture industry lacks a sound insurance system, for example sow $1000 insurance policy with over $3000 per sow Cost price By a wide margin, no Effective protection The interests of farmers, livestock insurance system is not sound.

Management opinion

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EDITOR
On March 28, 2008, The General Office of the State Council issued the" Opinions of The State Council on Promoting the Sustainable and Healthy Development of Animal Husbandry ". [5]
On September 27, 2020, The General Office of the State Council issued the" Opinions of The General Office of the State Council on Promoting high-quality development of animal husbandry ". [1]
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