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Sugar beets (
Beta vulgaris
L.) Chenopodium, beet genus biennial or perennial herbs, the whole plant smooth hairless; Hypertrophy of root; Basal leaves are large, cauline leaves are small; Flowers small, bisexual; Seeds flat, double convex mirror; Flowering period May - June, fruit in July. "Compendium of Materia Medica" volume 27 "beet" name: (Li) Shi Zhen said: beet, that is, spinach beet. With sweet Tong, because of its taste also.
[5-6]
Beets are native to the western and southern coasts of Europe, transplanted from Sweden to the Mediterranean coast, and introduced to China from Arab countries around 1500 AD. Sugar beets are mainly produced in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Shanxi and other provinces, and are also cultivated in the southern alpine mountains. Like cool climate, strong cold resistance, but poor heat resistance; Like rich in organic matter, like well-drained soil, not easy to germinate in acidic soil, difficult to grow. It is generally propagated by sowing, cutting and layering.
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The roots of beets contain A large amount of beet red, which gives them their unique color. They are high in sugar, rich in vitamin A and high in potassium. Because of their unique color, beets are often used in cooking or as food coloring. Beet cold, sweet taste, bitter, function of clearing heat detoxification, stasis hemostasis. "With the living diet spectrum" recorded in "clear fire and wind, kill insects and detoxification, cleaning dirt, thin acne acne, stop belt regulation, Tonglin treatment dysentery, women and children should eat it." In Eastern Europe and other countries, sugar beet has been cultivated as a sugar crop since the 19th century, and has now developed into a sugar raw material second only to sugar cane.
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- Chinese name
- beet
- Latin name
- Beta vulgaris L.
- alias
- beet
- world
- plantae
- The door
- angiospermophyta
- The outline
- Magnoliatae [4]
- Orders,
- caryophyllales [4]
- Families,
- chenopodiaceae
- Belong to
- Beet L.
- Kind of
- beet
- subclass
- Rosacea [4]
- superorder
- Caryophyllum superorders [4]
- Namers and years
- L., 1849
Soviet P. Karpinko believed that sugar beets evolved from wild species that originated along the Mediterranean coast. After a long period of artificial selection, by the 4th century AD there were white and red sugar beets. From the 8th to the 12th century AD, sugar beets were widely cultivated in Persia and ancient Arabia, and their cultivars were later introduced from the center of origin to the Caucasus, Asia, eastern Siberia, India, China and Japan. But at that time the roots and leaves of beets were mainly used as vegetables. In 1747, A. Margraf, president of the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Germany, first discovered that beetroot contains sucrose. His student F.C. Ahad, through further artificial selection, in 1786 cultivated a variety of sugar beets with large tuber roots and high sugar content in the roots near Berlin. It is the most important variety of cultivated sugar beet and the world's first sugar beet variety. In 1802, the world's first sugar beet factory was established in Germany. At the beginning of the 19th century, France, Russia and other countries have developed the beet sugar industry.
Beet cultivation as a sugar crop began in the second half of the 18th century and is only about 200 years old (as of 2017). Today, the world's sugar beet cultivation area accounts for about 48% of sugar crops, ranking second to sugarcane, distributed in the cold regions between 65° north latitude and 45° south latitude. In 1985, the world's sugar beet planting area was 8.74 million hectares, of which Europe was the most, followed by North America, Asia accounted for the third place, and South America was the least. There are 43 countries that produce sugar beets, with a total output of 277.887 million tons, of which the Soviet Union, France, the United States, Poland, Federal Germany and China are planted more, and China's total output in 1985 was 8.091 million tons. However, in the 20 years after 1988, China's sugar beet planting area has been decreasing, from more than 8 million mu to less than 3 million mu.
The large-scale introduction of sugar beets in China began in 1906. In 1908, the first mechanism beet sugar factory was established and gradually spread to other areas. The main producing areas are in the north of 40° North latitude, including three producing areas in Northeast China, North China and Northwest China, of which Northeast China is the most cultivated, accounting for about 65% of the total area of China's sugar beet. These areas are spring planting beet areas, frost-free period is short, accumulated temperature is less, sunshine is longer, the temperature difference between day and night is larger, beet yield and sugar content is high, light disease. In the southwest region, such as Bijie and Weining in Guizhou Province, Aba Plateau in Sichuan Province, Enshi in Hubei Province and Qujing in Yunnan Province, although the latitude is lower, due to high altitude and large vertical changes in climate, they are also spring beet planting areas. The area of summer beet planting in Huanghuai River basin is a newly developed area, accounting for only 5.5% of the total area of China's beet.
"Compendium of Materia Medica" volume 27 "beet" name: (Li) Shi Zhen said: beet, that is, spinach beet. With sweet Tong, because of its taste also.
[5-6]
beet
Basal leaves rectangular round, 20-30 cm long, 10-15 cm wide, with long petiole, undulating above, slightly glossy, with thick, convex veins below, whole or slightly undulate, apex obtuse, base cuneate, truncate or slightly cordate; Petiole stout, convex below, flat or grooved above; Cauline leaves alternate, smaller, ovate or needle-shaped rectangular, apex acuminate, base narrow into short stalk.
Flowers 2-3 clusters, fruits at the base of the perianth together; Perianth lobes striped or narrowly rounded, fruit becomes leathery and arched inwards. The lower part of the fruit is sunk in a hardened perianth, the upper part is slightly fleshy. Seeds biconvex, 2-3 mm in diameter, reddish-brown, glossy; Embryo ring, pale; The endosperm is powdery and white. Flowering period May to June, fruit in July.
[1]
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beet
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spinach
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Biennial herb, roots conical to fusiform, succulent.
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No conical to fusiform roots.
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beet
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spinach
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It is native to the western and southern coasts of Europe, transplanted from Sweden to Spain, and mainly distributed in Xinjiang, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia and other places in China.
[1]
Beet likes warm crops, but has strong cold tolerance. High soil fertility, deep soil layer, good structure, strong ability of retaining fertilizer and water and convenient irrigation conditions are the basis for obtaining high yield and high sugar. Beets grow well on deep and soft soil rich in organic matter, and fertilizer and manure are effective.
[2]
It is generally propagated by sowing, cutting and layering.
[5]
[7-9]
Seed selection:
Beet varieties selected after the approval of seeds, quality to meet the national ministry of secondary or higher standards of high yield, the selection of high quality, high yield, strong stress resistance, good commodity, high sugar content of polyploid varieties, seeds 2-3 days before sowing, improve the germination rate, and chemical treatment, with methyl thiocyclophosphorus 1 kg and water 50 kg into the medicinal liquid, soak 50 kg of seeds, Soak for 24 hours to prevent and control seedling pests.
Timely sowing:
Beet planting area for 5 consecutive days, 5 cm soil layer average temperature stability, through 5℃ can be sown, planting amount of 15 kg per hectare. Because the beet seed balls are small, it is necessary to strictly control the sowing quality under the condition of fine soil preparation, so that the soil cover is tight after sowing, the depth is consistent, and the precision is used as far as possible, the grain distance is even, the suppression after sowing, and the sowing depth is 3-5 cm. The plant spacing is 25-28 cm, and the seedlings are protected by 525-60,000 plants per hectare.
[2]
Thinning and fixing seedlings:
Beet ditch sowing flat can basically do seedlings, set seedlings once completed, plant distance 18-20 cm, do not leave double seedlings. The seedling density of mu was 5000-5500 in fertile land and 5500-6000 in medium land.
Ploughing and weeding:
Ploughing and weeding 2-3 times before beet ridge sealing, the first ploughing is carried out after the beet set, the depth of ploughing is 4-5 cm, which can improve the temperature and prevent the occurrence of stand blight. If the seedling is in rain or low temperature weather, it should be ploughed once a week. It is very important to promote the growth of sugar beet and prevent the occurrence of blight. The quality requirements of tillage and weeding are topsoil loose and broken, no buried seedlings, pressing seedlings, injuring seedlings, leaking tillage, and no weeds in the field.
Foliar topdressing:
In the expanding period of beet root, spraying foliar fertilizer every 15 days can effectively promote the growth of beet. In the late period of beet from the end of July to the end of August, spraying 200 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate every 10-15 days, a total of 2-3 times, can significantly improve the sugar content of beet. When topdressing the leaf surface, it needs to be re-sprayed after being washed by rain within 6 hours after spraying. Artificial removal of old leaves or livestock grazing is strictly prohibited, and removal of 10-20 leaves in mid-August can result in a reduction of 16-37% and a reduction in sugar content of 0.5-1.5 degrees.
beet
Cutting storage:
The root cutting adopts a combination of one-knife flat cutting and trapezoidal cutting to remove the soil and root hair on the root, and remove the root tail below 1 cm in diameter. Beets are piled up after cutting, and the volume of the pile is adequate for one car. If transport is not enough, field storage should be covered with beet leaves or 7-10 cm wet soil to keep fresh and prevent freezing. If the storage time in the field is long, 1-2 ventilated grass handles should be raised in the middle of the pile, with a diameter of 15-20 cm, and soil should be added once before freezing, and the beets should be checked in time after sealing the pile, and the temperature in the pile should not exceed 6-8 ° C to prevent the beets from heating and rotting.
[2]
In the early stage of beet growth, such as too much rain or too much humidity in the field, brown spot disease can be prevented by frequent tillage and soil loosening, and chemical control can be taken after beet ridge sealing
Methyl tobuzin
100g plus
carbendazim
50 grams of water and 30 kilograms of spray. After late July, in case of high temperature and drought, the field is prone to powdery mildew, and each mu can be used
pyronine
70g water 30kg early prevention.
[2]
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Chinese name
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Latin name
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Betavulgaris
L. var.
cicla
L.
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Betavulgaris
L. var.
saccharifera
Alef.
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Betavulgaris
L. var.
rosea
Moq.
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Betavulgaris
L. var.
lutea
DC.
[1]
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Sugar beet is an important cash crop and one of the main sugar crops in China. In addition to sugar production, the byproducts of beet have high comprehensive utilization value. Such as molasses after fermentation, or through chemical treatment, can produce methanol, ethanol, butanol, glycerol, MSG and acetone. It can also be used as raw material for making adenosine triphosphate, aureomycin, vitamin B complex, protein yeast and citric acid and many other pharmaceutical and light industrial products. The filter mud after sugar production is rich in calcium and other nutrients, which can be used as fertilizer and neutralize the free acid in the soil. Beet stem leaves, green head, tail root and beet pulp, etc., can be used as brewing raw materials, extraction of betaine, etc., but also high-quality juicy feed.
[3]
The roots of beets contain A large amount of beet red, which gives them their unique color. They are high in sugar, rich in vitamin A and high in potassium. Because of their unique color, beets are often used in cooking or as food coloring. Beet cold, sweet taste, bitter, function of clearing heat detoxification, stasis hemostasis. "With the living diet spectrum" recorded in "clear fire and wind, kill insects and detoxification, cleaning dirt, thin acne acne, stop belt regulation, Tonglin treatment dysentery, women and children should eat it." In Eastern Europe and other countries, sugar beet has been cultivated as a sugar crop since the 19th century, and has now developed into a sugar raw material second only to sugar cane.
[10-12]
| Food name | beet |
| Content reference | About the amount per 100 grams of food |
| energy | 7 kcal |
| protein | 1.6g |
| fat | 0.1g |
| carbohydrate | 2.8g |
| Dietary fiber | 2.8g |
| Soluble dietary fiber | 0.6g |
| Insoluble dietary fiber | 2.2g |
| Folic acid | 64 μg |
| biotin | 1 μg |
| sodium | 356 mg |
| magnesium | 48 mg |
| phosphorus | 26 mg |
| potassium | 24 mg |
| calcium | 48 mg |
| manganese | 0.15 mg |
| iron | 0.6mg |
| copper | 0.06mg |
| zinc | 0.22 mg |
| selenium | 0.3 μg |
| iodine | 0.2 μg |
| Vitamin B1 (thiamine) | 0.01 mg |
| Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) | 0.08mg |
| Niacin (nicotinamide) | 0.23mg |
| Vitamin B6 | 0.04 mg |
| Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) | 7.4 mg |
| Vitamin E | 0.34 mg |
