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Enamel, pronounced tang ci, also known as enamel, is the inorganic
vitreous
Material passage
fusion
Set in matrix
metal
A type that is firmly bonded to metal
Composite material
.
- Chinese name
- enamel
- Foreign name
- enamel
- spelling
- tang ci
- origin
- Glass decoration metal
- Earliest appearance
- Ancient Egypt
Enamel teapot
Enamel wash basin
Enamel kettle
According to enamel characteristics: acid resistant enamel, low melt enamel and microcrystalline enamel.
Enamel products in the general sense can be roughly divided into the following categories:
① Ware enamel - main
include
Basin, cup, plate, bucket, bowl, pot, pot, spittoon and other utensils, such as medical needle basin, vase, sugar box, tea box ashtray, etc.
② Kitchen appliances - mainly including kitchen cabinets and kitchen facilities,
Range hood
Enamel gas stove, oven stove, disinfection cabinet, enamel beer can and water storage tank, etc.
④ Medical class - mainly including radiation electromagnetic therapeutic devices, dental enamel and so on.
⑤ Architectural decoration -- mainly including wall panels, art wall hanging heaters, cast iron enamel hand dryers, cast iron enamel slacks, ordinary enamel signs, luminous enamel signs, enamel teaching whiteboards, etc.
⑥ Electronic class - mainly including electronic enamel substrate, electrothermal film enamel, etc.
7 Glass class - Compared with ordinary thin steel enamel, the silicon content is significantly increased, and its performance is closer to that of chemical glass, except
Hydrofluoric acid
In addition to fluorine-containing media, strong alkali and concentrated phosphoric acid with high temperature, it can withstand various concentrations of inorganic acids, organic acids, weak alkali and acid
Organic solvent
Corrosion, which is incomparable to other materials.
Enamel kitchenware
The base glaze is first applied to the pre-pressed or cast metal blank, and then the top glaze is applied (once or several times) after firing, which is the traditional multiple enamelling method. The bottom glaze is a transition layer combined with the metal billet, which has strong adhesion. The surface glaze is coated on the bottom glaze, covering the bottom color and giving the product a smooth and beautiful surface and a series of excellent physical and chemical properties. The surface glaze is divided into milky surface glaze (white and colored) and colorless transparent light glaze. The latter is a supplementary glaze applied on the outermost layer of a product to enhance luster or improve performance. There is a new process of one-time coating, that is, preparing a glaze, both for the bottom glaze, and for the top glaze, once coated, once fired to get the product.
Glaze is applied to a metal body
Glassy state
Silicates or borosilicates
coating
. Enamel consists of seven components, each with a different role (see table). Substrate is the main, most of which are
silicate
,
Boron oxide
,
Aluminium oxide
and
Alkali metal oxide
. The chemical composition of enamel is determined according to the type of billet material and the performance of the product. Require accurate weighing, fully mixed (dry mix, can also add 5 ~ 15% water, and made into small balls), in
Tank kiln
Chinese multi-purpose
Flame trap kiln
), crucible kiln or back
converter
Medium melting to a certain degree of uniformity, warp
Water quenching
Air cooled or hot pressed into sheets (0.6 ~ 1.5mm), and then ground (with a ball mill or air mill) into dry glaze powder or add water to make glaze paste
[1]
.
The glaze powder or glaze paste is evenly coated on the metal blank, and then the surface glaze is applied after burning. Coating methods include dipping, pouring, spraying, powder spraying, etc. The powder spraying method is to sprinkle dry glaze powder on the hot bottom glaze, so that the coating and roasting are combined into one operation, and it is also the method that must be used for cast iron large parts (bath, reaction pot, etc.). In addition, there are electrostatic coating powder and electrophoresis coating.
painted
Enamel glaze
The blank is fired in a box furnace, a turntable furnace or a tunnel furnace. Borosilicate bottom glaze containing adhesive, the firing temperature is about 880 ~ 930℃, so that it can be formed on the surface of the body
Iron oxide
Layer, is conducive to the porcelain layer with the billet body (steel) good close, so the oxidation atmosphere must be adopted. The surface glaze firing temperature is slightly lower, the antimony glaze with antimony opacification is 850 ~ 900℃, and the titanium glaze is 820 ~ 860℃. In order to make the surface glaze have good opacities and bright colors, and closely combined with the bottom glaze, it is necessary to strictly control the firing time and the atmosphere in the furnace, and the antimony glaze and titanium glaze are particularly sensitive to the atmosphere.
Enamel has two main components: the metal material used for enamel and the porcelain glaze (inorganic
vitreous
Materials).
Enamel sanitary ware
Cast iron for enamel refers to the carbon content of more than 2.11%
Iron-carbon alloy
(less than 2.11% of iron carbon alloy is called steel), it is mainly used in the production of sanitary ware (bathtub), chemical equipment, cooking utensils, sewer pipes and so on.
Aluminum used for enamel is mainly pure aluminum and
Al-mg alloy
. The copper materials used for enamel are mainly copper (that is, pure copper), brass (copper-zinc alloy) and bronze (copper-tin alloy), of which copper and brass are the most widely used, and the more representative copper enamel products - Cloisonne is copper enamel products made of copper as the base material. Stainless steel can generally be coated, but because of the strong oxidation resistance of stainless steel, it is necessary to use a special enamel glaze, and because of the high processing cost, this scheme is less used.
The raw materials for enamel mainly include three categories: mineral raw materials, chemical raw materials and pigment raw materials.
Mineral raw materials are the main components of enamel, accounting for a relatively large proportion (different manufacturers at home and abroad vary). It mainly includes:
quartz
(The main ingredients are
Silicon dioxide
-SiO2),
feldspar
(Alkali or
Alkaline earth metal
the
silicate
, in common use
Potash feldspar
-K2OAl2O36SiO2),
clay
(Water-containing aluminum-silicon salt minerals, mainly Al2O36SiO2 and crystal water).
Chemical raw materials are auxiliary components of porcelain glaze, which mainly includes:
borax
(Na2B4O710H2O),
Sodium nitrate
(NaNO3), soda ash (Na2CO3),
Lithium carbonate
(Li2CO3),
Calcium carbonate
(CaCO3),
Magnesium oxide
(MgO),
Zinc oxide
(ZnO),
Titanium dioxide
(TiO2), antimony oxide (Sb2O3),
Zirconium dioxide
(ZrO2),
Cobaltous oxide
(CoO),
Nickel oxide
(NiO),
Manganese dioxide
(MnO2),
Iron oxide
(Fe2O3) and so on.
Pigment material refers to the material used to decorate the color of porcelain glaze. There are eight colors: black, blue, brown, gray, green, pink, white and yellow.
The production of enamel is to make the above three raw materials according to a certain proportion (which varies with the manufacturer), after melting at a high temperature of about 1200 ° C, and after rapid cooling into granular or flake
Borosilicate glass
Quality. According to the process performance, divided into
Ground coat
,
overglaze
Edge glaze and floral glaze; According to the different substrate materials, divided into
Steel plates
Glaze, cast iron glaze, copper
Enamel glaze
Aluminum enamel glaze, stainless steel porcelain glaze.
From the hundred years of history of the development of enamel industry, it can be seen that the development of enamel industry technology is mainly subject to fierce market competition, the promotion of technological progress in other industries and the restriction of the ecological environment. The enamel industry is based on its own technological progress, with the powerful plastic products industry,
Aluminium product
Industrial and
Stainless steel products
Industries exist by comparison and develop by competition. Since the 1990s, due to the continuous progress of science and technology, the increasing demand of consumers, and the increasing competition in the market, the development of enamel industry has gradually had two major characteristics: first, the combination of electronic technology, material technology and other high-tech products with enamel products, giving enamel products with computer, program control and other new functions; The second is the combination of other industry products such as plastic products, aluminum products and stainless steel products with enamel products, making enamel products a comprehensive function and a wide range of composite products. In a word, it is an organic composite based on a variety of materials with enamel as the main body. The formation of the above two characteristics basically represents the development trend of China's modern enamel industry, so that enamel products have a high technical content, high quality grade, high added value, wide application field and other new characteristics, and contributed to the development history of enamel two changes, one is the use of performance changes, enamel products from container type to functional type; The second is the change of monomer composition, enamel products from pure products into a combination of a variety of materials. The realization of the two changes has given enamel products greater living space and more powerful competitive ability, marking the development of enamel industry has entered a new historical stage. The new enamel products that meet the two major characteristics, that is, the multifunctional composite products that represent the development trend of the enamel industry, the development of enamel has the following trends.
1) Modern scientific achievements or advanced processes such as biotechnology, new material technology, emerging automated production technology and artificial intelligence are widely used in design and production, so that products are technology-intensive and knowledge-intensive.
2) The overall coordination of various materials and complementary functions. The composite products have excellent quality, novel style and irresistible charm, which can stimulate consumers' strong desire to buy.
3) The products have high cultural taste, artistic appreciation value and brand charm. In the shape design, surface treatment and packaging decoration and other aspects of pleasing to the eye, the product has a name, special, excellent, new, with a high brand effect and product reputation.
4) More product input, more output, good efficiency, high foreign exchange earnings. Chinese product structure
aging
The grade is not high. 95% of enterprises in China's enamel industry produce basins, cups and miscellaneous products in three categories, with little change. As such products account for more than 60%, resulting in competition between enterprises to fight for the market and lower prices. The production of enamel industry in the world is mainly concentrated in the United States, Germany, Japan and a few other developed countries, of which the United States and Germany occupy a leading position. The United States has a population of less than 200 million, and the annual output of enamel products is 1.3 million tons, while China has a population of 1.2 billion and an annual output of 130,000 tons. Per capita output varies greatly. As a small and medium-sized country, South Korea, although its enterprises are generally small in scale, but the equipment, technical level and product quality are generally good, its products have completed the transition from ordinary daily enamel to high science and technology content, high value-added products, most of the product types for home appliances or industry supporting enamel parts and buildings
Plate enamel
. There are many small and medium-sized enterprises in China's enamel industry, can it be inspired from the development process of South Korea's enamel industry to find a path suitable for its own development.
Enamel is the main production place in China
Yuncheng
The output of enamel accounts for more than 60% of the total national output value, but most of them are small and medium-sized enterprises, and some large and well-known enterprises have not yet formed.
1. Please add water, oil and other liquids before heating, please do not empty burn.
2. Unused POTS and bowls for the first time please do not immediately use high temperature, urgent fire, otherwise it will damage the enamel layer.
3. After high temperature burning, do not immediately use cold water to pour enamel, will make enamel crack, reduce the service life.
4. Do not burn the soup dry in use, it will damage the enamel layer.
5. Dry the pan after use to prevent rust.
6. Don't drop it hard, lest you drop the porcelain.
Seven. No microwaves.
