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Endangered animals

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Rare, endangered or rare wild animals

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synonymRare and endangered wild animals(Species of wild animals that exist in their natural state, are not domesticated, are extremely rare and precious, are endangered or in danger of extinction)

This entry is reviewed by the "Science China" science encyclopedia entry compilation and application work project.

Endangered animals are all wild animals that are in danger of extinction due to their own species or due to human activities or natural disasters species . In a broad sense, endangered animals generally refer to precious, endangered or rare wild animals. from Wildlife management From the point of view, endangered animals are referred to as" Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Animals listed in the appendix, as well as wildlife under key national and local protection. ^[1]

Chinese name: Endangered animals
Foreign name: Endangered animals
Number of endangered animals: 592 species (China)

Defining feature: Absoluteness and relativity
Ecological significance: Maintain ecological balance
Scientific research value: Gene diversity

catalogue

intro

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EDITOR

Endangered animals refer to animal groups that are endangered due to serious damage to the ecosystem of animal distribution areas and habitats, chemical pollution, climate change and random hunting by human beings. There are more than 100 vertebrates in the endangered state of the world, and about 14 species are due to natural evolution. The rest is due to human factors. Many wild animals in China are endangered, such as red-crowned cranes, Chinese alligators, giant pandas, and South China tigers. Therefore, it is urgent to protect habitats and restore damaged ecosystems ^[1] .

Classification method

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Endangered animals have absoluteness and relativity . Absoluteness means Be in imminent danger For a long period of time, the wild population of animals is small and there is a danger of extinction; Relative means that the wild population of some endangered animal is not too small in absolute numbers, but is small relative to other animal species of the same class; Or some endangered animals may have a large wild population in a local area, but a small wild population in the entire distribution area.

Some countries or regions consider Endangered species In other countries or regions, wild animals may not be considered endangered. Some species of endangered animals can be removed from the list of endangered animals when they have been effectively protected, their wild populations have significantly increased, and they are no longer in danger of extinction. ^[1]

Endangered animals (5 photos)

There are two ways to classify endangered animals:

Two-stage process

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This is the standard for the classification of China's national key protected animals, which is based on the comprehensive evaluation and demonstration of a number of factors such as the scientific value, economic value, amount of resources, degree of endangerment, and whether the species is unique to China.

Class I: refers to rare or endangered wild animals native to China.
Class II: wild animals with rare numbers and narrow distribution areas are in danger of extinction.

Rank method

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In danger: safety (At Least Concerned, LC Although there is a threat, it does not affect survival. The English translation of "low concern" does not mean that the species is receiving less attention, but that the threat is not serious enough to warrant undue concern. Taiwan blue magpie Wolves.
Near Danger: Be in imminent danger (Near Threatened, NT When a taxon does not meet the critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable criteria, but is close to meeting or likely to meet the threat level after some time in the future; For example: The small sleeping shark , manul .
Vulnerable: vulnerable (Vulnerable, VU ) : There may be a relatively high extinction threat in the medium term. For example: Ring-tailed lemurs , Great white shark , Polar bear Giant panda ^[3] .
Endangered: Be in imminent danger (Endangered, EN ) : Its wild population faces a high probability of extinction in the near future. For example: Blue whale , elk .
Critically Endangered: Critically endangered (Critically Endangered, CR ) : The probability that wild populations face imminent extinction is very high. For example: Purlin , The Mulberry Island Muntjac .
Extinction in the wild: Extinct in the wild (Extinct in the Wild, EW A taxon is considered extinct in the wild if it lives only in cultivation, captivity, or as a naturalized population (or population) far from its former habitat. For example: dromedary , Taiwan sika deer .
Extinction: Die out (Extinct, EX A taxon is considered extinct if there is reason to suspect that the last individual of the taxon has died. For example: thylacine , dodo , Clouded leopard .

Red book

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Figure 1

" China Red Book of Endangered Animals It is in... The International Union for Conservation of Nature Written; The endangered status, risk factors and protection measures of endangered animals in China are discussed in detail and comprehensively, aiming to make government departments, scientific community and the public more clearly understand the status quo of animal species in China, raise the awareness of government officials and the public on the protection of endangered species in China, and formulate and implement corresponding protection measures according to the status quo measure . To provide scientific basis for the protection and sustainable use of species in China. As shown in Figure 1

Its adopted species Endangered class Divided into: Wild extinct, extinct, endangered, endangered, rare, vulnerable, etc. The book consists of four volumes: birds, fish, amphibians, reptiles and beasts.

In addition, the China Red Book Database of Endangered Animals has collected detailed descriptions of 592 endangered animal species in China, including endangered fish, Amphibians , reptilia , bird class and mammalia The animal.

" China Red Book of Endangered Animals "Bird volume. The endangered species of birds in China are discussed Categorical status , endangered grade, population status, risk factors, existing protection measures, breeding and breeding status, etc.

Monotreme of endangered mammals

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White-flag dolphin

Echidna longirostris Zaglossus bruijni EN endangered;

Desert possum Sminthopsis psammophila EN endangered;

Perameliformes Peramelemorphia EN endangered;

Striped bandicoot Perameles bougainville EN Endangered;

kangaroo

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Australian hairy-nosed wombat Lasiorhinus krefftii CR is critical;

The sharp-tailed rabbit kangaroo Onychogalea fraenata EN endangered;

Short-nosed kangaroo Bettongia tropica EN endangered;

Chiroptera

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Giant panda

Philippine fruit bat Acerodon jubatus EN Endangered;

The white-breasted flying Fox Pteropus insularis CR is critically endangered.

The Mariana Flying Fox Pteropus mariannus EN endangered;

Flying fox of Carlow Island, Western Pacific Pteropus molossinus CR is critical;

Flying fox Pteropus phaeocephalus CR is critically endangered;

primates

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Golden bamboo lemur Hapalemur aureus CR is critical;

Platynosed tamed lemur Hapalemur simus CR is critical;

White-necked lemur Varecia variegata EN endangered;

Lemur lemur Indri indri EN endangered;

Nippon ibis

White-eared tamarin Callithrix aurita EN endangered;

Yellow head tamarin Callithrix flaviceps EN endangered;

Golden lion tamarin Leontopithecus rosalia EN Endangered;

Bicolor tamarin Saguinus bicolor CR is critical;

Cotton-top tamarin Saguinus oedipus EN endangered;

Red faced howler monkey Alouatta pigra EN endangered;

Curly spider monkey Brachyteles arachnoides EN endangered;

Red-backed squirrel monkey Saimiri oerstedii EN endangered;

Diana's whisker Cercopithecus diana EN Endangered;

Liontail macaque Macaca silenus EN endangered;

Mandrillus mandrillus Mandrillus leucophaeus EN endangered;

Proboscis monkey Nasalis larvatus EN endangered;

Tana River red Colobus monkey Procolobus rufomitratus CR is critical;

White pygmy langur Pygathrix nemaeus EN endangered;

Yellow-crowned langur Trachypithecus geei EN Endangered;

Hoplopithecus coronatus Trachypithecus pileatus EN Endangered;

Snub-nosed monkey

The white-browed gibbon Bunopithecus hoolock EN endangered;

The silver gibbon Hylobates moloch CR is in critical condition;

The black gibbon Nomascus concolor EN endangered;

Mountain gorilla Gorilla beringei EN endangered;

gorilla gorilla EN endangered;

bonobo Pan paniscus EN endangered;

chimpanzee Pan troglodytes EN endangered;

orangutan Pongo pygmaeus EN endangered;

edentata

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Brazilian three-toed sloth

Brazilian three-toed sloth Bradypus torquatus EN endangered;

Hairy armadillo Priodontes maximus EN endangered;

lagomorpha Leporidae EN endangered;

The Asami Rabbit Caprolagus hispidus EN Endangered;

Mexican rabbit Romerolagus diazi EN endangered;

rodentia

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Mexican prairie squirrel Cynomys mexicanus EN endangered;

nidomys Leporillus conditor EN endangered;

Crassicaudus australis Zyzomys pedunculatus CR is extremely dangerous.

The velvet mouse Chinchilla brevicaudata CR is critical;

cetacea

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Yangtze river dolphin Lipotes vexillifer CR is critical;

Ganges finless porpoise Platanista gangetica EN endangered;

Pacific porpoise Phocoena sinus CR is critical;

Rorqual Balaenoptera borealis EN endangered;

Blue whale Balaenoptera musculus EN endangered;

Fin whale Balaenoptera physalus EN endangered;

The Northern Right Whale Eubalaena glacialis EN endangered;

North Pacific right whale Eubalaena japonica EN endangered;

Carnivora

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Sumatran tiger

Asiatic jackal Cuon alpinus EN endangered;

Darwin fox Pseudalopex fulvipes CR is critical;

Red Wolf Canis rufus CR is critical;

Island fox Urocyon littoralis CR is critically endangered;

African wild dog Lycaonpictus is endangered

Sea otter Enhydra lutris EN endangered;

Chilean otter Lontra provocax EN endangered;

Giant otter Pteronura brasiliensis EN endangered;

South China tiger

Long Island civet Cryptoprocta ferox EN Endangered;

Nutria otter Cynogale bennettii EN Endangered;

Thin tooth mask Eupleres goudotii EN Endangered;

Spanish lynx Lynx pardinus CR is critical;

The Andean bobcat Oreailurus jacobita EN Endangered;

The tiger Panthera tigris EN endangered;

Snow leopard Uncia uncia EN endangered;

Mediterranean monk seal Monachus monachus CR is critical;

Hawaiian monk seal Monachus schauinslandi EN endangered;

Elephas asiatica Elephas maximus EN endangered;

Perissodactyla

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Wild donkey Equus africanus CR is critically endangered;

Grevy's zebra Equus grevyi EN endangered;

Snow leopard

Mountain zebra Equus zebra EN endangered;

Tapirus sinensis Tapirus bairdii EN endangered;

Tapirus monticola Tapirus pinchaque EN endangered;

Malayan tapir MalayanTapir is endangered

Rhinoceros somniferus Dicerorhinus sumatrensis CR critical;

Black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis CR is extremely dangerous;

Rhinoceros javanus Rhinoceros sondaicus CR is critically endangered;

artiodactyla

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EN Endangered

Prairie 猯 pig Catagonus wagneri EN endangered;

Kalami deer Axis calamianensis EN endangered;

Indian dolphin deer Axis kuhlii EN Endangered;

Chilean moose Hippocamelus bisulcus EN endangered;

Javan bison Bos javanicus EN endangered;

elk

Wild buffalo Bubalus bubalis EN endangered;

Pigmy hippopotamus Choeropsis liberiensis is endangered;

Short-horned buffalo Bubalus depressicornis EN endangered;

Celebes wild buffalo Bubalus quarlesi EN endangered;

Horned goat Capra falconeri EN endangered;

Thomson's gazelle Gazella cuvieri EN endangered;

Deer antelope Gazella dama EN endangered;

The fine horned gazelle Gazella leptoceros EN endangered;

arabbok Oryx leucoryx EN Endangered;

Tibetan antelope Pantholops hodgsonii EN endangered;

Wuguang cattle Pseudoryx nghetinhensis EN endangered;

CR critical

Pygmy boar Sus salvanius CR is critical;

elk Elaphurus davidianus CR is critically endangered;

Tibetan antelope

Bowhorn antelope Addax nasomaculatus CR is critical;

Cowley cattle Bos sauveli CR is critical;

Philippine buffalo Bubalus mindorensis CR is critical;

rhinestone Saiga tatarica CR is critical.

General view

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1, Short-tailed albatross ; 2, Pelican albus ; 3, The red-footed booby ; 4, Brown booby ; 5, Cormorants with spotted heads ; 6, The cormorant ; July The white-bellied frigate bird ; August A yellow-billed egret ; 9. Rock heron; 10· Hainan ð«

11, Corydalis fusca ; 12, White-headed ibis stork ; 13, Oriental white stork ; 14, Black stork ; 15, White ibis ; 16, Black ibis ; 17, Nippon ibis ; 18, Platalea alba ; 19, Black-faced Spoonbill ; 20, Whooper swan ;

21. Cygnet; 22, Cygnus mute ; 23, Tree duck ; 24. Mandarin duck; 25, Cotton teal ; 26, White-headed hard-tailed duck ; 27, Chinese merganser ; 28 · Kite melanopterus ; 29, Brown crowned cuckoo Falcon ; 30, Crested bee-hawk;

31, Kite castanea ; 32, Accipiter brunneus ; 33, Accipiter accipiter ; 34 · Brown tail ðd ; 35, Grey face ; 36, Brown wing ð« ; 37 · Golden Eagle ; 38 · White shoulder eagle ; 39, Aquila Aquila ; 40, Black eagle ;

Bengal tiger

41, Falcon eagle with white belly ; 42, The brown belly Falcon Eagle ; 43, Forest eagle ; 44, White-bellied sea eagle ; 45, The Jade belt sea eagle ; 46, whitetail Sea eagle; 47, The tiger head sea eagle ; 48, Gripper vulture ; 49, The Vulture ; 50, Gyps alpinus ;

51, White-backed gyps ; 52, lammergeier ; 53, Brachydactyl eagle ; 54 · Serpent Eagle ; 55, osprey ; 56 · Falcon Hunting ; 57, Peregrine falcon Xinjiang subspecies ; 58, Black-billed grouse ; 59, Black grouse ; 60, Willow ptarmigan ;

61 · Rock Thunderbirds ; 62 · falcipennis ; 63 · Spotted tail hazel chicken ; 64 · Snow quail ; 65 · Dark belly snow chicken ; 66 · Pheasant quail ; 67 · Pheasant quail ; 68 · Blue-breasted quail ; 69 · Arborophila rubrocheae ; 70 · Green footed artridge ;

71 · The red-throated Arborophila ; 72 · Arborophila albus ; 73 · Arborophila brown ; 74 · Sichuan mountain partridge ; 75 · The white-fronted artridge ; 76 · Hainan mountain partridge ; 77 · Taiwan mountain partridge ; 78· Blood pheasant; 79 · Black-headed tragopan ; 80 · The red-breasted tragopan ;

81 · Tragopan ; 82 · Tragopan ; 83 · Yellow tragopan ; 84 · Brown tailed pheasant ; 85 · Red pheasant with white tail tip ; 86 · Green tailed pheasant ; 87· Tibetan horse chicken; 88 · White horse fowl ; 89· Blue Pheasant; 90· Brown horse chicken;

91 · Swinhoe's pheasant ; 92· Blue pheasant; 93· Raw chicken; 94 · Black-necked pheasant ; 95 · White crested pheasant ; 96 · White-necked pheasant ; 97 · Black pheasant ; 98· White belly Caragana; 99 · Red belly chicken ; 100 · Peacock pheasant ;

101 · Green peafowl ; 102 · Three-toed quail ; 103· Brown three-toed quail; 104· Black-necked crane; 105. White-headed crane; 106. Red-crowned crane; 107. White-naped Crane; 108· White Crane; 109· Red-necked crane; 110· Demoiselle crane;

111 · Blue breasted crake ; 112 · The red-legged spotted crake ; 113 · White throat spotted crake ; 114 · Brown back frog ; 115· Little bustard; 116· Great Bustard; 117· Bustard Undulata; 118 · Copper-winged pheasant ; 119 · The black-tailed godwit ; 120 · The little greenshank ;

121· Half-webbed crane; 122· Lincona lincona; 123· Lost gull; 124· Black-billed Gull; 125· Black-billed Crested Tern; 126 · Flat bill Auk ; l27· Tibetan sandgrouse ; 128 · Black-bellied sandfowl ; 129 · Red wing green dove ; 130 · Red top green dove ;

131 · Yellow feet green dove ; 132 · Thick-billed green dove ; 133 · Grey-headed green dove ; 134 · Orange thorax green dove ; 135· Green Imperial Dove; 136· Mountain Emperor Dove; 137· Purple forest dove; 138 · Cuckoo dove with spotted tail ; 139· Cuckoo dove; 140· Brown dove;

141 · Golden dove with green wings ; 142 · Red collar green parrot ; 143· Cockatula; 144 · Giant upenette ; 145· Flower-headed parrot; 146 · parakeet ; 147 · Rhododendron brown wing ; 148· Little Cuckoo; 149· Barn Owl; 150· Chestnut Owl;

Chinese alligator

151 · Yellow-mouthed owl ; 152. Eagle Owl; 153· Forest Eagle Owl; 154. Black Eagle Owl; 155· Yellowfoot fish Owl; 156· Longtailed wood Owl; 157· Wulin Owl; 158· Ghost Owl; 159 · Frogmouth ; 160 · Orange-breasted biting cuckoo ; 161· Red head biting cuckoo; 162. Diphtheria hornbill; 163 · The brown-necked hornbill ; 164 · The crested hornbill ; 165 · The two-horned hornbill ; 166 · White-bellied black woodpecker ; 167· Blue octadecula; 168 · Turdus occidentalis ; 169 · Eight-colored Turdus with double braided hair ; 170· Cow's head shrike;

171 · Magpie bird ; 172· Corrostral dronchocerca; 173· Small disc tail; 174· Large plate tail; 175· Grackle; 176 · Garrulax nigrofrontalis ; 177 · Paradoxornis chinensis ; 178· Paradoxornis griseus; 179· Paradoxornis obscurus; 180· Paradoxornis pendulatus;

181 , kozumi ; 182. Emberiza castanea; 183· Tibetan Emberiza; 184 Golden Pythons.

Albatrosses

Procellariiforme;

Drifting albatross Diomedea amsterdamensis CR is extremely critical.

New Zealand petrel Oceanites maorianus CR is critical;

Pelecaniformes;

The Abbot Booby Papasula abbotti CR is critical;

Frigate Andrew Fregata andrewsi CR is critical;

ciliformes Ciconiiformes;

Japanese white stork Ciconia boyciana EN endangered;

Great ibis Thaumatibis gigantea CR is critical;

ibis Geronticus eremita CR is critical;

The Japanese crowned ibis Nipponia nippon EN Endangered;

anseriformes Anseriformes;

The Falklands duck Anas bernieri EN endangered;

Leshan Island mallard Anas laysanensis CR is critically endangered;

Hawaiian duck Anas wyvilliana EN endangered;

White wing wood duck Cairina scutulata EN endangered;

White-headed hard-tailed duck Oxyura leucocephala EN Endangered;

falconiformes Falconiformes;

California condor Gymnogyps californianus CR is extremely dangerous;

Spanish emperor eagle Aquila adalberti EN endangered;

Eastern white-backed vulture Gyps bengalensis CR is extremely dangerous;

Indian vulture Gyps indicus CR is extremely dangerous;

Hook-bill kite Chondrohierax wilsonii CR is critical;

Ape-eating eagle Pithecophaga jefferyi CR is critical;

falcon Falco cherrug EN endangered;

Gallinelliformes

Galliformes;

Mound-camp bird Macrocephalon maleo EN endangered;

The red-billed official bird Crax blumenbachii EN Endangered;

hornbird Oreophasis derbianus EN endangered;

White wing officer bird Penelope albipennis CR is in critical condition;

Black-breasted songbird Pipile jacutinga EN endangered;

warbler Pipile pipile CR critical;

Pheasant Edwards Lophura edwardsi EN Endangered;

Bornean peacock pheasant Polyplectron schleiermacheri EN endangered;

Graviformes

Gruiformes;

American crane Grus americana EN endangered;

Red-crowned crane Grus japonensis EN endangered;

White crane Grus leucogeranus CR is critically endangered;

The Rodhawi rail Gallirallus sylvestris EN endangered;

kagu Rhynochetos jubatus EN endangered;

Great Indian bustard Ardeotis nigriceps EN endangered;

Sandriformes

Charadriiformes;

Cuspidus aikismo Numenius borealis CR is in critical condition;

curleidoo Numenius tenuirostris CR is critical;

Crested tern with black bill Sterna bernsteini CR is critical;

Greenshank Norman Tringa guttifer EN endangered;

Scarpiniformes

Psittaciformes;

Red anal cockatoo Cacatua haematuropygia CR is critical;

Little sunflower cockatoo Cacatua sulphurea CR is critical;

Emperor parrot Amazona imperialis EN endangered;

Amazon parrot Amazona oratrix EN endangered;

Psittacula rufifrontalis Amazona rhodocorytha EN endangered;

Amazon parrot Amazona viridigenalis EN endangered;

Puerto Rican parrot Amazona vittata CR is critical;

Grey green macaw Anodorhynchus glaucus CR is critically endangered;

Purple and blue macaw Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus EN endangered;

Lear's Macaw Anodorhynchus leari CR critical;

The red-cheeked Macaw Ara rubrogenys EN endangered;

Blue macaw Cyanopsitta spixii CR is critically endangered.

Yellow-fronted parakeet fowleri Cyanoramphus forbesi EN endangered;

Red and blue lorikeets Eos histrio EN Endangered;

Horned parrot Eunymphicus cornutus EN endangered;

Yellow-bellied parakeet Neophema chrysogaster CR is critical;

Yellow-eared parakeet Ognorhynchus icterotis CR critically ill;

Psittacula auriculata Psephotus chrysopterygius EN Endangered;

Pyrrhura pachyrostris Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha EN endangered;

Cat-faced psittacula Strigops habroptilus CR extremely critical;

Dark blue lorikeets Vini ultramarina EN endangered;

Cuculiformes;

Banana cuckoo Tauraco bannermani EN endangered;

strigiformes Strigiformes;

The Tyto falkland Tyto soumagnei EN endangered;

Apiformes

Apodiformes;

The chestnut bellied hummingbird Amazilia castaneiventris CR is critical;

Holy saber-winged hummingbird Campylopterus phainopeplus EN endangered;

Black star fronted hummingbird Coeligena prunellei EN endangered;

Green-throated hairy-legged hummingbird Eriocnemis godini CR is critical;

Painted hair-legged hummingbird Eriocnemis mirabilis CR is critical;

Black-breasted hairy-legged hummingbird Eriocnemis nigrivestis CR is critical;

Blue-topped hummingbird Eupherusa cyanophrys EN endangered;

Hook-billed hummingbird Glaucis dohrnii EN Endangered;

The royal collar hummingbird Heliangelus regalis EN endangered;

The green-bellied hummingbird Lepidopyga lilliae CR is critical;

The forked fantail hummingbird Loddigesia mirabilis EN endangered;

Purple throated bright tail hummingbird METAllura baroni EN endangered;

Perry's flame-tailed hummingbird METAllura iracunda EN Endangered;

The fire Crown hummingbird Sephanoides fernandensis CR is critically endangered.

Grey-billed comet hummingbird Taphrolesbia griseiventris EN endangered;

Buddhiformes

Coraciiformes;

The spotted bill Penelopides mindorensis EN endangered;

Brown pheasant

Picoidales Piciformes;

King's bark Campephilus imperialis CR is critically endangered;

Ivory-billed woodpecker Campephilus principalis CR is at critical risk;

Fringilliformes Passeriformes;

Spotted parka Cotinga maculata EN endangered;

White-winged parafowl Xipholena atropurpurea EN Endangered;

The Kozme Thrush Toxostoma guttatum CR is critically endangered.

The eight-colored bird of Thailand Pitta gurneyi CR is critical;

Niltava Rooke Cyornis ruckii CR critical;

The white thorax Zosterops albogularis CR is critical;

The black-crowned yellow finch Gubernatrix cristata EN Endangered;

goldfinch Carduelis cucullata EN endangered;

The long-crowned Mynah Leucopsar rothschildi CR is critical.

Other endangered animals

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reptilia

Chinese name Scientific name protection level

Testudinacea Testudines;

Mud turtle Dermatemys mawii EN endangered;

Big-headed turtle Platysternon megacephalum EN endangered;

Badakul turtle Batagur baska CR is critical;

Salt water turtle Callagur borneoensis CR is extremely dangerous.

Gold-headed cuora Cuora aurocapitata CR is critical;

Cuora sinensis Cuora flavomarginata EN endangered;

Cuora yellow-fronted Cuora galbinifrons CR is critically endangered;

Baise cuora Cuora mccordi CR is critical;

Cuora pani Cuora pani CR is critical;

Cuora trilineata Cuora trifasciata CR is critically endangered.

Cuora choui Cuora zhoui CR critical;

Asian mountain turtle Heosemys depressa CR is critical;

The Palawan turtle Heosemys leytensis CR is critical;

sunturtle Heosemys spinosa EN endangered;

Three-line sawback turtle Kachuga dhongoka EN endangered;

Bengal sawback turtle Kachuga kachuga CR is critical;

Assam sawback turtle Kachuga sylhetensis EN endangered;

Burmese sawback turtle Kachuga trivittata EN endangered;

Sulawesi turtle Leucocephalon yuwonoi CR is critically endangered;

Sarcophagus tortoise Mauremys mutica EN endangered;

Malaysian giant tortoise Orlitia borneensis EN endangered;

Saw the edge of the turtle Pyxidea mouhotii EN endangered;

Swamp box turtle Terrapene coahuila EN endangered;

Burmese star turtle Geochelone platynota CR is critical;

The Angoroka tortoise Geochelone yniphora EN endangered;

Burmese tortoise Indotestudo elongata EN endangered;

Indian tortoise Indotestudo forstenii EN endangered;

Boot-footed tortoises Manouria emys EN endangered;

Star pack turtle Psammobates geometricus EN endangered;

Platyceras platyceras Pyxis planicauda EN endangered;

Clemani turtle Testudo kleinmanni CR is critical;

Najiv tortoises Testudo werneri CR is critical;

Caretta caretta Caretta caretta EN endangered;

Loggerhead sea turtle Chelonia mydas EN endangered;

hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata CR is critical;

Kemp's turtle Lepidochelys kempii CR is critical;

Olive caretta caretta Lepidochelys olivacea EN Endangered;

leatherback Dermochelys coriacea CR is critical;

Indian soft-shelled turtle Apalone ater CR is critical;

Softshell turtle chitra CR is critical;

microcephalus Chitra indica EN endangered;

Can, Pelochelys cantorii EN endangered;

Madagascar's big-headed side-necked turtle Erymnochelys madagascariensis EN endangered;

South American giant side-necked turtle Podocnemis lewyana EN endangered;

The Rhode Island plescens Chelodina mccordi CR is critical;

Australian short-necked turtle Pseudemydura umbrina CR critical;

crocodiliformes Crocodylia;

Chinese alligator Alligator sinensis CR is extremely dangerous;

Orinoco crocodile Crocodylus intermedius CR is critically endangered;

Suchus filipina Crocodylus mindorensis CR is critical;

Alligator cubanus Crocodylus rhombifer EN endangered;

Alligator Siamese Crocodylus siamensis CR is critical;

Ganga crocodile Gavialis gangeticus EN endangered;

The Malay alligator Tomistoma schlegelii EN Endangered;

lacertiformes Sauria;

Shatalu dwarf chameleon Bradypodion setaroi EN endangered;

Smith dwarf chameleon Bradypodion taeniabronchum CR is critical;

Fiji banded iguana Brachylophus fasciatus EN endangered;

The Fijian crested iguana Brachylophus vitiensis CR is extremely dangerous;

Jamaican iguana Cyclura collei CR is critical;

Blue rock iguana Cyclura lewisi CR is critical;

Sinkeri's lizard Gallotia simonyi CR in critical condition;

Serpentine The Serpentes;

Walma python Aspidites ramsayi EN endangered;

Winged snake Casarea dussumieri EN endangered;

Osinese pit viper Vipera ursinii EN endangered;

Agkistrodon wilsoni Vipera wagneri EN is endangered.

amphibians

Chinese name Scientific name protection level

Anura Anura;

Barr's viviparous toad Altiphrynoides malcolmi EN Endangered;

Panamanian golden frog Atelopus zeteki CR in critical condition;

African viviparous toad Nectophrynoides asperginis CR is critically endangered;

Red banded dart poison frog Dendrobates lehmanni CR is in critical condition;

Ecuadorian tricolor poison frog Epipedobates tricolor EN endangered;

Golden dart poison frog Phyllobates terribilis EN endangered;

Manrana aureus Mantella aurantiaca CR is critical;

Masked colored frog Mantella crocea EN endangered;

Giant salamander

Rana viridis Mantella viridis CR is critical;

The red plough foot frog Scaphiophryne gottlebei CR is in critical condition;

Uropoda Caudata;

ambystoma Ambystoma dumerilii CR is critical;

Giant salamander Andrias davidianus CR is in critical condition.

fish

Chinese name Scientific name protection level

acipenseriformes Acipenseriformes;

Acipenser dabryi Acipenser dabryanus CR is critical;

Russian sturgeon Acipenser gueldenstaedtii EN Endangered;

Pacific sturgeon Acipenser mikadoi EN endangered;

Acipenser nudiventris Acipenser nudiventris EN endangered;

Persian sturgeon Acipenser persicus EN endangered;

Acipenser schrensis Acipenser schrenckii EN Endangered;

Acipenser sinensis Acipenser sinensis EN endangered;

paddlefish Acipenser stellatus EN endangered;

Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser sturio CR is critical;

kaluga Huso dauricus EN endangered;

Huso huso Huso huso EN endangered;

paddlefish Psephurus gladius CR is critically endangered;

Syr River shovelling sturgeon Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi CR is extremely dangerous;

Paraculus Amu Pseudoscaphirhynchus hermanni CR is extremely dangerous;

Acipenser Amu Meatus Pseudoscaphirhynchus kaufmanni EN endangered;

Sturgeon Missouri Scaphirhynchus albus EN endangered;

Alabama shovel sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus CR critical;

Osteoglossus Osteoglossiformes;

whitebait Scleropages formosus EN endangered;

cyprini Cypriniformes;

Protocyprinus spiculatus Probarbus jullieni EN endangered;

Guiyu Qu fish Chasmistes cujus CR is critical;

Siluriformes Siluriformes;

Macrocatfish Mekong Pangasianodon gigas CR is critical;

Syngnathia Syngnathiformes;

The Kensna seahorse Hippocampus capensis EN endangered;

Perciformes Perciformes;

Humpback Cheilinus undulatus EN endangered;

California dog yellow croaker Totoaba macdonaldi CR is critical;

Coelacanth Coelacanthiformes;

The coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae CR is critically endangered.

Most endangered species

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EDITOR

1. White-flag dolphin , alias Baiji, belongs to Rhynchoeridae The scientific name is LipotesvexilliferMiller, belongs to cetacea ( Baiji family . The identification characteristics are: the snout is narrow and long, about 300 mm long. The forehead is round and raised. The dorsal fin is triangular, located 3/5 of the body, with low skin ridges attached to the caudal fin. On the left side of the head is a breathing hole that can be opened and closed easily. The caudal fin is horizontal and crescentic toward the margin. Baiji has a small population and is a rare aquatic species unique to China beasts It is urgent to strengthen protection. It is produced in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in Hubei, Anhui and Jiangsu. They have lived in the Yangtze River for about 25 million years. Living fossil "The good name. The number of lipotes in the Yangtze River once exceeded 5,000, from about 400 in 1980 to less than 50 at the end of the 20th century, and none were found in 2006. The baiji is listed as a rare species China's first-class protection of wild animals . It was declared in 2007 Functional extinction .

2. Sumatran tiger , There are only 400 left in the wild. With the 1940s Bali tiger And the 1970s Caspian sea tiger It is expected that this species will also disappear from the earth in the near future. The Sumendara tiger (Panthera tigris ssp. sumatrae) is the smallest tiger of its kind, weighing 100 to 150kg for males and 75 to 100kg for females. It has long cheek hair around its face and a long beard. The Sumatran tiger has the darkest fur of all tigers, and its black stripes are prominent with small intervals between them, and the stripes are often arranged in pairs, including stripes on the front legs. It is found only on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Habitats range from plain forests to high mountains. There are only about 400 to 500 Sumatran tigers left in the wild, mainly in five national parks on the Indonesian island.

3. Northern white rhino , Guaramba, Congo (Garamba) National park With fewer than 25 northern white rhinos left in the world, the northern white rhino could disappear completely from the planet. Northern white rhinos and Southern Africa Genetically distinct white rhinos were once abundant in Uganda, where they were lost due to lack of conservation. In Guaramba National Park, their numbers reached 35 in the late 1980s, 30 in April 2003, since then six have been killed, four have been born, and two more were killed last month, along with nearly a thousand elephants.

4. Orinoco crocodile : The largest in South America carnivore It is also one of the 12 most endangered species on Earth.

5. Monk seal monachus ormonkseal (monachus ormonkseal) Experts estimate that there are only 500 of them in the world, living in the Mediterranean Sea, affected by the deterioration of the sea and the ecological environment of the beach, and are hunted by fishermen in large numbers.

6. Small billed lemur Mouse lemur is the smallest monkey in the world, living in Madagascar .

7. LAN Campi Turtle L. Kemp's ridleyturtle is one of the 12 most endangered animals in the world The number shows an increasing trend The animal. It takes 11 to 35 years to grow.

8. The Orenak crocodile Only 250 to 700 orinococrocodiles (Crocodylusintermedius) survive in the wild. Mainly in Cuba and Venezuela Within the borders.

9. Thai pig-nosed bat .

10. Hawaiian snail .

11. Miniature pig pigmyhog (Sussalvanius) is the world's smallest pig, a species of wild boar that lives mainly in northeastern India. 60 cm long, about 25 cm tall, adult pigs less than 10 kg. Have been Himalayas A large number of areas exist, with only a few remaining in the Manas National Park in the Assang region of India. Its genes are not very different from those of domestic pigs.

12. The Spbix parrot In the wild, the Spickers are not completely extinct but very few. Ornithologists who searched for the bird in 1990 found only one surviving male, living in a remote area of northeastern Brazil. The 31 or so captured birds are the hope for the bird's survival ^[1] .

Ten protected animals

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EDITOR

Giant panda

The giant panda is a carnivore based on eating bamboo, which is not only rare, endangered and specialty in one, but also very old, known as "living fossil". An ancient animal of its time Saber-toothed tiger , mammoths, Tapirus giganteus All of them have been extinct due to the invasion of glaciers, but the giant panda has retreated from the valley and remains. Now it is only distributed in about 40 counties of Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu in China, living a secluded life in the mountains and green bamboo forests. The giant panda (scientific name: Ailuropoda melanoleuca), commonly known as" panda Is one of the world's most precious animals, the number is very rare, belongs to the national level protection of animals, body color is black and white, known as "China national treasure". Giant panda is a unique species in China Ursidae Now the main habitat in China's Sichuan, Shaanxi and other surrounding mountains. 2004 Worldwide Wild giant panda The population is about 1590 animals. Adult pandas are about 120 to 190 cm long, weigh 85 to 125 kg, and are adapted to live on bamboo. Giant panda He is charmingly naive The cute look was loved by the global public in 1961 World Wide Fund for Nature With the giant panda as its symbol since its founding, the giant panda has become the most important symbol of species conservation and an important representative of China's friendship in diplomatic activities.

As of 2014, the number of wild giant pandas in China reached more than 1,800, and the threat level was reduced from endangered to vulnerable.

On September 4, 2016, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) announced in Hawaii that the threat level of the giant panda was changed from endangered to vulnerable.

On the morning of July 7, 2021, The State Council Information Office held a press conference to introduce the Guiyang International Forum on Ecological Civilization in 2021. The number of giant pandas in the wild has reached more than 1,800, and the threat level has been downgraded from endangered to vulnerable. ^[3]

Giant panda^[3]

Snub-nosed monkey

China Snub-nosed monkey Including Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou three species, we are more familiar with the Sichuan snub-nosed monkey. Golden snub-nosed monkey It is distributed in Sichuan, Shaanxi, Hubei and Gansu, and lives in mountain forests and clusters. Back covered with gold silk "mantle", climbing trees, jumping, moving like flying. When the golden snub-nosed monkey was first named, it inspired zoologists with its upturned blond hair Eduard Mr. Crusades in Europe He named the snub-nosed monkey Rhinpitheius roxellanae after the commander's blonde wife, Roxanna. Golden monkey (jinsihou) vertebrate, mammalia , primates , simiidae , Colobus inae , Snub-nosed monkey Belong to the year. The wool is soft and unique to China Precious animal They live in high mountains and dense forests. Chinese golden monkey is divided into Sichuan golden monkey, Guizhou snub-nosed monkey and Yunnan snub-nosed monkey . In addition to Vietnamese snub-nosed monkey and Burmese snub-nosed monkey Two species of golden monkeys. All have been listed as national first-class protected animals.

White-flag dolphin

The Baiji is a Chinese dolphin Middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River There are more than 70 kinds of dolphins in the world, only 5 kinds of freshwater, and only one kind of freshwater whale in China, which is narrow in distribution and older and rarer than the giant panda. White-flag dolphin She has a delicate body, smooth skin, a long kiss like a sword, and a body like a spindle. The eyes are small as beans, the ears are small like needles, the upper and lower teeth are covered with more than 130 small teeth, there is a circular nostril at the top of the head, and the water changes once every 20 seconds, although the audiovisual ability is not good, but it Sonar system The right ultrasound echolocation The ability to communicate with a companion more than a dozen kilometers away. It was officially declared extinct on August 8, 2007.

South China tiger

The South China tiger, known in English as "South China Tiger", is a subspecies unique to China. Originally, it was the most widely distributed, most abundant, and small, but qualified as the oldest tiger species in China. There is only one species of tiger in the world, all of which are native to Asia, and there have been eight subspecies in the last century: Bengal tiger , Manchurian tiger , Javan tiger , South China Tiger, Caspian sea tiger , Bali tiger , Sumatran tigers But the last three subspecies became extinct successively in China Sinkiang tiger (It's not clear which subspecies) became extinct in the early 20th century.

Nippon ibis

If you ask what is the rarest bird in China, the crested ibis should be at the top of the list. Known by zoologists as the "Pearl of the Orient", this beautiful wader is a bird once thought to be extinct. It was originally endemic to East Asia, only found in China, Korea, Japan and Russia, but has been missing since the 1960s. Did the crested ibis really disappear? In the late 1970s, Chinese ornithologists began searching for crested ibis, finally in Shaanxi in 1981 Yangxian County Yaojiagou found two nests of 7 crested ibis, which caused a sensation in the world.

Brown pheasant

Brown pheasant is a rare bird that is produced in Pangquangou, Shanxi Province, Xiaowutai Mountain, Hebei Province and Mentougou, Beijing, because the ears are made of two snow-white ear feathers, which look like long horns, or some people call it horn chicken or ear chicken. The tail feathers rise up and hang down like a horse's tail, hence the name pheasant , crossoptilon A total of 4 species, all produced in China, both purslane , white horse chicken, pheasant and Brown pheasant . Many zoologists have suggested that the brown pheasant should be made China's national bird. Brown pheasant for International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN Red Book "Endangered" rating, First-class national protection of animals .

Chinese alligator

Chinese alligator It's a Chinese crocodile. global crocodile There are 25 species, only in China Estuarine crocodile And Chinese alligators. The gulf crocodile is the largest reptile in the world, while the Chinese alligator is now unique to China, and is the only one from the ancient north distributed in the temperate zone relict Kind.

Black-necked crane

Black-necked crane It is a kind of highland crane in the world, which is the sacred big bird in the eyes of the Tibetan people, and is also the latest recorded crane among the fifteen cranes in the world. It was Russian explorer Przelwalski in China in 1876 Qinghai Lake Found it. Black-necked cranes breed in Tibet in summer and migrate to Yunnan and Guizhou in winter. A few also fly over the Himalayas Bhutan Overwinter.

Tibetan antelope

Tibetan antelope The main reason is that since 1980, the Western fashion industry's consumption demand for "Tibetan antelope velvet shawls" or "shahtoosh" has stimulated the murder of poachers, in addition, some gold miners are also wantonly killing them, resulting in a decrease of nearly 10,000 Tibetan antelopes a year in the extreme cold areas of life. In order to combat poaching, anti-poaching forces in Qinghai, Xinjiang and Tibet in recent years Forestry public security Has been fighting to protect the Tibetan antelope and other wild animals, one of the best is the "wild yak team", they have two heroes dedicated to this.

In August 2021, the State Forestry and Grassland Administration recently released that with the strengthening of ecological protection and anti-poaching efforts in recent years, the number of Tibetan antelopes in China has increased from less than 70,000 in the 1980s and 1990s to about 300,000 at present. At present, the Tibetan antelope From endangered to near threatened . ^[4]

elk

"Four different" for elk It is the common name of the wetland deer species unique to China, which was extinct in China in 1900, but a small number of it survived in Europe, and after a century of conservation, the population was restored. The Elk is Wetland animal Due to the adaptation of wetland habitats, special forms are formed, that is, the so-called" Four abnormal phenomena The horns are like deer, the face is like a horse, the hooves are like a cow, and the tail is like a donkey. Elk is a national protected animal and critically endangered in the IUCN Red Book ^[2] .

Rank classification

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EDITOR

Introduction to IUCN

IUCN stands for International Union for Conservation of Naturean Natural Resource ( International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Founded in October 1948, it is the largest conservation group in the world. By the end of 1994, 100 governments and 550 non-governmental organizations out of 126 countries had signed the IUCN Charter. The IUCN has published the Red List of Endangered Species since the 1960s. Endangered class . Based on the available information collected, and based on the IUCN Species Survival Commission reports, the IUCN produces a worldwide Red Book.

The IUCN publishes the Red Book of Endangered Species 3 purposes (1) The publication of the Red Book of Endangered Species from time to time to arouse the world's attention to the status quo of wild species; 2) Provide data for the information of Governments and legislatures; 3) Provide scientists around the world with basic data on species endangerment status and biodiversity.

Originally the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species only included Terrestrial vertebrates Later, the Red Book began to include invertebrate And plants, the content increased year by year, gradually developed into the IUCN Endangered Species List Red List. Some countries have also begun to form states Red Book of Endangered species . China began publishing China in 1996 Endangered plant The Red Book was published in 1998 China Red Book of Endangered Birds , the Red Book of Endangered Amphibious reptiles in China, and Red Book of Endangered Animals of China . Endangered species used in early IUCN years Hierarchical system These include extinct, endangered, vulnerable, rare, uncertain and poorly understood. The above criteria are highly subjective. In the '60s and' 70s, the compilation of the Red Book of endangered animals was done by a single author, and the compilation of endangered criteria was easy to grasp. But since the 1980s, the Red List of threatened species has been compiled by many authors, so there is an urgent need for an objective set of criteria for assessing threatened species.

In 1984, the IUCN Species Survival Committee held a seminar entitled "The Road to Extinction", which analyzed the shortcomings of the then endangered species evaluation criteria and discussed the issue of revising the endangered species evaluation criteria, but no consensus was reached on how to revise them. In 1991, Mace and Lande first proposed a species extinction probability over a given period of time Species endangered level The thought, then, of people in some biotaxa An attempt was made to apply the Mace Lande species Endangered rating. In November 1994, the 40th IUCN Council meeting formally adopted the revised Mace Lande Endangered Species rating as the new IUCN Endangered Species Hierarchical system The 1996 IUCN Red List of Endangered Species used the Mace-Lande Endangered Species rating as a standard for classification of endangered species.

8 levels

The Mace Lande species Endangered rating defines eight levels: 1) Extinction: if 1 Biological classification The last individual of the unit has died and is listed as extinct. 2) Extinction in the wild: If 1 creature taxon The individual lives only in artificial cultivation and artificial captivity and is listed as extinct in the wild. 3) Critically endangered : Classified as critically endangered when the extinction probability of a taxon in the wild is high. 4) Endangered: A taxa that, although not critically endangered, has a high probability of extinction in its wild state in the foreseeable near future and is listed as endangered. 5) Vulnerable: Although a taxon does not meet the criteria of critically endangered or endangered, it is classified as vulnerable because it has a high probability of extinction in the wild in the future. 6) Low Risk: A taxon assessed as not meeting any of the criteria for classification as critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable is classified as low risk. 7) Insufficient data: A taxon may be classified as insufficient data if there is insufficient data for a direct or indirect assessment of its extinction risk. 8) Unassessed: taxa that have not been assessed according to the IUCN Endangered Species criteria are listed as unassessed.

The low risk of the Mace Lande species endangered rating is divided into three sub-grades: 1) Dependent protection: The survival of the taxon depends on the protection of the taxon group, if this protection is stopped, the number of the taxon will decline, and the taxon will reach the threat level within 5 years. 2) Near endangered: this taxon has not reached conservation dependence, but its population size is close to vulnerable taxa. 3) Slight concern: This taxon is not conservation dependent, but its population is close to that of endangered taxa.

1.2 CITES Appendix levels

In 1973, in order to control the international trade in wild animals and plants, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora was signed in Washington, D.C. By the end of 1994, 126 countries had signed the treaty pact . CITES controls on internationally traded species of wild fauna and flora are listed in CITES Appendices 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Relative to IUCN Classification criteria for endangered species CITES appendix standards are relatively loose. Endangered species listed in Appendices 1, 2 and 3 are determined based on their biological status and trade status, known as the Berne criteria. Listed in Appendix 1 of the Endangered Species criteria and the IUCN Endangered Species rating Endangered classification criteria The same; The criteria for listing endangered species in Appendix 2 are similar to the IUCN criteria for vulnerable species in the Endangered Species scale, and CITES is working to revise the CITES Appendix criteria, but the revision process has faced technical difficulties and political contradictions. According to the CITES Convention, "Appendix 1 shall include all species that are or may be affected by trade and are at risk of extinction".

A species is considered to be at risk of extinction when it meets one of the following criteria:

1) The wild species population is small, and the population has one of the following characteristics: (1) The population size or habitat area decline and quality decline based on observation, speculation or estimation; (2) There is only one single population; (3) In one or more life history stages, most individuals are concentrated in a subpopulation; (4) The population quantity fluctuates greatly; The biological or behavioral characteristics of a species may lead to its susceptibility to extinction.

(2) The distribution area of wild populations is narrow, such as (1) the habitat of the species is fragmented or the individual species is only found in a few locations; (2) The species distribution area is greatly reduced or the number of subpopulations is greatly fluctuated; ③ from Population biology Or conduct (including migrate ) resulting in a highly vulnerable species; ④ According to observation, speculation or estimation, the population distribution area, the number of subpopulations, the number of individuals, the habitat area or quality, and the reproductive capacity of individuals are declining.

3) a decline in wild populations, such as a decline in the area or quality of a species' habitat, due to human commercial exploitation, pathogen , competitor, parasite The effects of predators, hybridization and introduced species, as well as the effects of toxins and environmental pollutants, reduce the reproductive capacity of individuals.

4) The population status of the species is likely to be one or more of the criteria listed above within 5 years.

CITES Appendix 2 criteria

According to the CITES Convention, "Appendix 2 shall include all species that are not threatened with extinction but are at risk of extinction if their trade is not tightly regulated to prevent exploitation detrimental to their survival."

A species listed in Appendix 2 is not necessarily endangered and should be listed in CITES Appendix 2 if there are indications that a species may become extinct. For example: 1) Unless trade in a species is strictly controlled, the survival of that species will be threatened.

2) It is known, surmised or estimated that the commercial use of a species has exceeded a permanently sustainable level for an extended period of time, or that the population has been reduced to a level that may threaten its survival.

According to the CITES Convention, CITES Appendix 2 shall also include other species that must be managed in order to effectively regulate international trade in CITES Appendix 1 species. A species shall be included in Appendix 2 when it meets one of the following criteria:

1) A specimen of a species is so similar to a specimen of a species listed in Appendix 2 or Appendix 1 of CITES that even experts have difficulty distinguishing it.

(2) Most of the taxa to which a species belongs are listed in Appendix 2 or Appendix 1 of the Convention, and that species must also be listed in Appendix 2 to effectively control the trade in specimens of other species.

CITES Appendix 3 criteria

According to the CITES Convention, "Appendix 3 shall include species which, in the opinion of any Member State, are within its jurisdiction and which should be managed to prevent or restrict exploitation and which require the cooperation of other Member States to control trade."

National standard

A country has sovereignty over its living resources. Most countries in the world have legislation to protect it Wildlife resources . Different countries have different standards for the classification of endangered species protection. Sometimes, the grading criteria are not public.

2.1 Endangered species classification under the United States Endangered Species Act

President of the United States in 1973 Regan Signed into law the Endangered Species Act. According to the Act, if 1) the habitat of a species is being destroyed; 2) one species is overexploited; 3) The population of the species declines due to predation and disease; 4) Existing laws and regulations are insufficient to protect the species; 5) There are other natural or human factors that threaten the survival of the species. The Secretary of the Interior may list a species as endangered on the recommendation of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. United States Endangered Species Act Species endangered level Divided into "endangered" and "threatened" two categories. A species is listed as endangered if it is threatened with extinction in its range, and as threatened if it is threatened with extinction in the foreseeable future. Once a species is listed as endangered or threatened, the Endangered Species Act requires that a recovery plan be developed for the species and that the recovery plan be implemented until the species has successfully recovered from endangered or threatened status. Since 1973, about 40 species have been listed as endangered or threatened in the United States each year, and only 18 species have been downgraded from endangered to threatened or removed from the list altogether.

2.2 Endangered species grade in China's Red Book of Endangered Species and national key protected wild animals grade

The classification of species in the China Animal Red Book refers to the 1996 edition of the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species, and according to the national conditions of China, the grades of extinct in the wild (Ex), extinct (Et), endangered (E), vulnerable (V), rare (R) and undetermined (I) are used (Wang Song, 1998, Wang Song et al., 1998). Red Book of Chinese plants According to the IUCN Red Book, the three grades are "endangered", "rare" and "endangered".

1) Endangered: A species is in danger of extinction at any time within all or significant of its distribution. Such plants are usually sparsely grown, have low individual and population numbers, and have a highly narrow distribution. Its survival is endangered due to habitat loss or destruction, or overexploitation.

2) Rare: species that are not in immediate danger of extinction but have a narrow or dispersed distribution or belong to an uncommon monotypic or oligotypic genus.

3) Endangered: The survival of the species is threatened by human activities and natural causes, and this species is likely to be classified as "endangered" in the near future due to deforestation, habitat degradation and overexploitation.

The National List of Wildlife under Key Protection, issued in 1988, uses two levels of protection. China's rare or endangered wild animals are listed as first-class protected, and wildlife with a small number or in danger of extinction is listed as second-class protected animals. Hunting is necessary for scientific research, introduction and domestication National priority is given to wildlife protection Approval by the state wildlife authority is required. Hunting is necessary for scientific research, introduction and domestication Wildlife under state secondary key protection Approval by provincial wildlife authorities is required.

ponder

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EDITOR

The endangered status of species is a matter of science. Because species is a controversial concept. The differences in the biological characteristics of each biological group, people's distribution status and quantity of species, and even Species biology The lack of knowledge has led to difficulties in determining species' endangered status. But one of the most prominent questions is, can there be a standard to classify different groups of organisms? How does a species' endangered status relate to conservation priorities?

3.1 Scientific criteria for endangered species

There has been a desire to establish an objective standard for assessing species' endangered status. The Mance Lande species endangered criteria is a more widely used and far-reaching species endangered criteria. After this standard was proposed, it was revised through repeated discussions. However, ManceLande's species endangerment criteria have encountered some problems in practical application. The main problem is whether the same endangered standard scale can be applied to different animal groups. For example, under the Mance Lande species endangered criteria, a species would be endangered if it had fewer than 200 individuals. This is true for mammals, but for fish, 200 fish is obviously too small, and some species are considered endangered when their numbers are less than tens of thousands. It is also difficult to use the same habitat area standard to test whether a species is endangered for the habitat area of different biological groups.

The Mance Lande species endangerment criteria assumes that when a species Mature individual When the mortality rate is high, the probability of extinction is also high. This assumption applies only to those "k-game" species, but not to those "R-game" species. The population size of the "K-countermeasure" species is stable at the environmental load, while the population size of the "R-countermeasure" species fluctuates greatly. In addition, for those with high growth rates, high reproductive potential, Sexual maturity In the case of early species, a high mortality rate of mature individuals does not mean a high probability of extinction. Even if the mortality of mature individuals of these species is high, these species cannot be classified as endangered. Sometimes, in order to use biological resources, it is often necessary to capture mature individuals from the population, for example, it is common to catch more than 50% of the mature individuals of some fish species. According to the Mance Lande species endangerment criteria, the fish caught will be considered a threatened species. In fact, for species with high fertility, fishing over a longer period of time does not necessarily endanger their survival. Therefore, we should continue to explore the criteria for endangered species classification.

3.2 Priorities for endangered species protection

The endangered status of a species is linked to conservation priorities. For example, China's first-class national key protected wildlife includes some endemic species in China, Relict species And subspecies, such as Giant panda , Chinese river dolphin , South China tiger and Nippon ibis Let's wait. The protection of endangered species is subject to financial constraints. Limited resources should be prioritized for species that deserve priority protection. So which endangered species are given priority as protected species? As a result, a "priority order" for species conservation has been proposed. But there are two very different views. The one shown in the picture above Classification system There are six hypothetical species: A, B, C, D, E, and F. Evolutionary specificity among these species can be measured in different ways. The amount of information represented by species F is equivalent to the total amount of information of species A, B, C, D and E, and should be given priority protection.

Erwin (199) proposes an opposing view, arguing that emphasis should be placed on preserving the "branching ends" of the evolutionary tree of biological systems in order to preserve the evolutionary potential of organisms. Biological system Carry on the tree those represent the ancient, Relict organism The branches have stopped advancing, as shown in Figure E, so these branches lose their value of protection, and we should pay more attention to the protection of branch α. In the case of primates, two different views reflect different conservation strategies. According to the first view, we should devote equal resources to protecting each branch of the primate evolutionary tree, and according to Erwin, we should devote more resources orangutan Class protection. According to Erwin, those Relict species Is not worth protecting.

Conservation biology is a developing discipline. On the classification of endangered species, the conservation priorities of species and Species endangered level The relationship is still being studied. In this field, there will always be new theories and new discoveries ^[2] .

Endangered cause

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EDITOR

Species itself

Speciation and genetic failure are often the internal causes of species endangerment and even extinction. Some kinds of wild animals in the long-term evolution process, adapt to a specific habitat and produce special habits (including feeding), so that it is difficult to adapt to the changed environment or other environments, and eventually end up "unfit to be eliminated". If the giant panda is specialized to eat mainly bamboo, once it loses its current habitat or bamboo blooms and dies in a large area, Giant panda If there is no bamboo to eat, there will inevitably be a large number of deaths and an existential crisis. Some wild animals in the long-term evolution process, due to various reasons, suffered from the decline of life force and heritability The threat of decline has made it difficult for the population to recover and become endangered. Such as Nippon ibis The existing number is small, there is a certain degree of inbreeding, coupled with the semi-breeding state of humans, and individual adapted to wild life gene It may be gradually lost, thereby endangering its survival and even leading to its extinction.

Man-made destruction

Ecological imbalance

Human beings cut down forests and encircle lakes for economic development Reclamation of the sea and cultivation of land Overgrazing, etc., has directly caused the loss of wildlife habitat, and indirectly led to the endangered wildlife. Forests and grasslands are wildlife, especially beasts One of the most important habitats for birds, reptiles and insects. Deforestation, followed by the clearing of land and overgrazing of grasslands, has not only occupied the natural home of wildlife, but also artificially divided wild animals into many small island-like populations, which has greatly affected their survival and reproduction. Enclose lakes and build fields And the occupation of tidal flats is a major cause of the endangerment of waterfowl, amphibians and reptiles, as well as fish. Wetlands, lakes and coastal beaches have been developed into industrial and agricultural land in large quantities, and the animals that depend on them have lost their habitats and breeding grounds and are on the verge of extinction. Such as Chinese alligator Has lived on the earth for hundreds of millions of years, due to the loss of habitat, the wild population is about to become extinct, the relevant departments intend to use artificial breeding individuals to implement the reintroduction project, but suffering from no land and have to wait for the wild Chinese alligator Population extinction .

Environmental pollution

Since the 20th century, due to the extensive use of pesticides, rat poison, fertilizer, coal and petroleum, a large number of industrial "three wastes" and toxic substances have been produced, which have seriously polluted the atmosphere, soil and water bodies, damaged the health of wild animals, and their fertility is decreasing, and many rivers and lakes are no longer suitable for the survival and reproduction of aquatic wildlife. Certain wildlife with higher ecological niches because Food chain The relationship has also been affected by varying degrees of connection.

Indiscriminate hunting

Indiscriminate hunting is the direct cause of the endangerment of many species. testudines Snakes, hawks, Tibetan antelopes, ornamental birds and frogs are the most heavily hunted animals.

The delicacy of turtle meat, snake meat and frog legs, the beautiful song and beautiful body of wild birds, hunting falcons and living animals Tibetan antelope The international black market of velvet, etc., has attracted the disaster of killing the above animals, resulting in a sharp decline in their wild resources, and many have been endangered or critically endangered.

Grassland desertification has become more serious due to overgrazing and reclamation by humans. The numbers of wild goats, yellow sheep and other grassland creatures are also plummeting.

Natural disaster

Natural disasters have also contributed to the endangerment of species. For example, rare floods in the Yangtze River basin in 1998 wiped out many wild animals that lived in plain or hilly areas.

Conservation significance

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EDITOR

Panda wonderful picture selection (15 photos)

Endangered animals are a precious, irreplaceable and renewable natural resource, which plays an important role in maintaining ecological balance, promoting economic development, meeting people's ever-growing material and cultural needs, developing foreign relations, and improving socialist spiritual civilization.

Ecological balance

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EDITOR

Every species is ecosystem Through the relationship of the food chain, species play a role in mutual dependence and mutual containment. Once a problem occurs in one part of the food chain, the balance of the entire ecosystem will be seriously affected. For example, due to the uncontrolled hunting of snakes, snake resources have been depleted, leading to rampant rodent infestations in forests, grasslands and farmland. In addition, due to the heavy use of pesticides and fertilizers and the hunting of live animals for the pet trade, the number of insect-eating birds has declined dramatically, resulting in Pine caterpillar Forest and crop diseases and pests such as locusts occur in large areas. Rats and pests cause huge losses to agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry, Ecological imbalance The cost is incalculable. ^[2]

Research value

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EDITOR

Endangered animals are experimental materials for scientific research. Progression chemistry , ecology, Genetics, Modern medicine , bionics And other academic fields play an important role. Like the tens of thousands domesticated and bred in China Crab-eating monkey and macaque The vast majority are used as laboratory animals or to produce vaccines against diseases. The collection, display or display of endangered animal specimens in scientific research institutes, universities, zoos and museums plays an important role in scientific research and teaching, publicity and education, and law enforcement activities ^[2] .

Matters needing attention

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EDITOR

1.
Protection of wild animal populations Protection of endangered animals is first of all to protect their wild populations and individuals, so that they can meet the basic requirements for survival (including food, water, shelter, habitat, breeding conditions, etc.) in their respective distribution areas; They shall not worry about or kill endangered wild animals, and shall not catch and raise endangered wild animals without permission. wilderness Animal population Is the key to the protection of endangered animals, it is directly related to the survival of endangered animals and the continuation of their populations.
2.
Protection of habitats Protection of the living environment, feeding areas, breeding conditions, courtship or migration routes of endangered animals is the focus of the recovery of endangered animal populations. Explore the establishment of nature reserves through practice. Seek the most effective way to protect endangered animals. China has established more than 100 nature reserves for wild animals. The establishment of these protected areas has played an important role in protecting endangered animal populations.
3.
Establishment of rescue and breeding populations for endangered animals that are difficult to reproduce under natural conditions or whose species number has not reached the natural expansion of the population, rescue and breeding units shall be specially approved to adopt artificial breeding measures and natural breeding in breeding, so as to create conditions for the expansion of the population of endangered animals.
4.
Reduce and eliminate adverse factors: population growth, reclamation of grain production areas, urban expansion, development of lakes and wetlands. The loss of forests, the pollution of rivers, these human factors and economic activities are constantly interfering with the reproduction of wildlife. Necessary and effective measures should be taken to limit, reduce and delay the threat posed by these unfavorable factors to wild animals, especially endangered animals, so that these endangered animals can, under the protection and support of further measures, enable endangered animals to succeed and develop their populations in accordance with the laws of nature as far as possible.
5.
It's our duty to protect wild animals. To strengthen management and severely punish poaching, it is necessary to strictly implement the law on the protection of wildlife promulgated by the State and various laws and regulations on the protection of wildlife, take effective measures to stop poaching, resolutely investigate and punish all kinds of criminals who poach, smuggle and traffic in animals protected by the State, and give priority to the protection of endangered animals. The protection of endangered animals is not simply to preserve the animal species in general, but more importantly, how to protect the survival and reproduction of endangered animals, which is related to the wild animals Renewable resources The sustainable use of wealth, the maintenance of normal ecosystems, and the long-term preservation of all kinds of transmitted materials benefit today's humanity and ours posterity . ^[1]

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