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Tropical Monsoon Climate
It's the monsoon
Climatic type
A kind of. Distribution range between
Northern latitude
10° to
The Tropic of Cancer
nearby
South Asia
and
Southeast Asia
Most areas, like our country
Taiwan Province
The South,
Guangdong Province
Leizhou Peninsula
,
Hainan Province
and
Yunnan Province
South;
Indochina Peninsula
;
Indian peninsula
For the most part;
The Philippines
Etc. The tropical monsoon is significant in the above areas, and the seasonal variation of wind direction is obvious in a year.
During the control of the tropical continental Air mass (Tc), precipitation is scarce. When the equatorial Marine Air mass (E) is in control, rainfall is abundant and there is a large tropical area
Cyclonic rain
, year
precipitation
More, generally in 1500-2000mm, concentrated in June to October (
The northern hemisphere
). The annual average temperature is above 20 ° C, and the annual range is about 3-10 ° C.
- Chinese name
- Tropical monsoon climate
- Foreign name
- Tropical Monsoon Climate
- Distribution area
- South Asia and Southeast Asia Most areas
- Rainy season
- From April to September
- Dry season
- From October to March
- Average annual temperature
- > 20℃
- Salient feature
- annual hyperthermia Rain and heat in the same period; There are two seasons: drought and rain
tropical monsoon climate is mainly distributed in Indochina Peninsula and most parts of the Indian Peninsula, and scattered in southern Taiwan Island, southern Guangdong and Guangxi, Hainan Island, Xishuangbanna in Yunnan Province, as well
Philippine Islands
North (blue part of the lake in the World climate map, near Indo-China Peninsula and the Indian Peninsula). Tropical monsoon climate is distributed in South Asia and Indochina Peninsula, which is characterized by high temperature throughout the year, the average temperature of the coldest month is above 18℃, precipitation is closely related to the wind direction, and the prevalence of winter originates from the mainland
Northeast monsoon
Rainfall is scarce and summer prevalence originates in the Indian Ocean
Southwest monsoon
Precipitation is abundant, the annual precipitation in most areas is 1500~2500 mm, but some areas are much more than this number.
The average monthly rainfall in spring and winter is less than 100 mm, the rainfall is large from June to September, and the temperature is 16 to 35 throughout the year
Degree Celsius
(C) between.
Temperature and precipitation scale
During the rainy season, due to the northward movement of pressure bands and wind bands in the summer, the area is subject to the southwest monsoon, which is deflected by the southeast trade winds across the equator
Difference of thermodynamic properties between land and sea
Caused by the combined effects of the ocean-to-land monsoons.
1, high temperature all the year round, the annual average temperature is above 22 ° C, the coldest month is generally above 16 ° C in the winter half year.
In Xishuangbanna, Yunnan as well
India
In the south and north, the high mountains and plateaus block the cold air from invading the south, so the temperature is relatively high in the winter half year.
Tropical monsoon climate landscape
3
, monsoon significant
During the dry season, the northeast monsoon from high pressure over land flows into the ocean
Equatorial convergence zone
.
Tropical Monsoon Climate (Mumbai, India)
Tropical Monsoon Climate (Kaohsiung Taiwan)
4. Prevalence of tropical cyclones.
Synchronized with the "summer monsoon", every year from mid-May to mid-September
Tropical cyclone
The prevailing season.
The Indian Peninsula and Indochina Peninsula are the typical and main regions of this climate. But the seasons start and end at different times:
The Indian Peninsula usually has a rainy season from June to September and a dry season from October to May. The late dry season (April-May) is very hot, and the highest temperature is often above 40℃. Heavy rain in the rainy season often causes floods.
The Indochina Peninsula usually has a rainy season from May to October, and a dry season from November to April. April or May is the hottest month, and the highest temperature is generally between 38-40 ° C. During the rainy season, there are more convective rain and typhoon, often lightning and thunder, heavy rain disasters, resulting in huge property losses. High temperature throughout the year, divided into dry and wet two seasons.
The climate is warm and hot throughout the year, and the winter is warmer, and the average temperature of the coldest month is generally above 18℃. Summer is very hot, the hottest monthly average temperature is generally above 28 ° C, inland can reach 30~34 ° C, and the hot season is as long as 6 ~ 8 months. The annual temperature range is small, between 5 ℃ and 7℃. Annual precipitation relative to other tropical monsoon areas is less, inland is generally about 1000 mm, only
The Western Ghats
And the northeast mountain west slope more, up to 3000 mm or more. For example, the annual precipitation of Kilrapunqi in the northeast is as high as 10,824 mm, which is the rain pole of the world. However, the distribution of precipitation season is uneven, and the rainy season is from June to October every year, accounting for more than 80% of the annual precipitation.
The rainy season comes late, generally starting in June, and has explosive characteristics, such as Mumbai in May precipitation is only 17.8 mm, to June precipitation soared to 458 mm. The rainy season is slow, usually in October. It is the dry season from November to May of the following year, accounting for less than 10% of the annual precipitation. The formation of a very obvious dry season and rainy season, and the dry season is longer than the rainy season, natural vegetation
Tropical monsoon rain forest
It is mainly composed of shrubs, savannas, tropical xerophytes and shrubland, and is distributed in the interior of the Indian Peninsula, covering a wide area. Tropical rainforests are mainly concentrated in the western Ghats and the western slopes of the eastern mountains, covering a relatively small area, reflecting that the climate in most parts of the Indian Peninsula is mainly dry and semi-dry.
The winter climate is cool, especially in the north, the coldest month average temperature is below 18℃; Summer is hot, the hottest monthly average temperature between 28~30℃. The annual temperature range is relatively large, especially in the north, which can exceed 15℃. Annual precipitation in most areas is relatively small, generally about 1000 mm, a few areas are more, and some can reach more than 2000 mm, such as
Arakan mountains
The western slope. The seasonal distribution is uneven, the rainy season is from May to October every year, accounting for more than 50% of the annual precipitation; November to April is the dry season, accounting for less than 20% of the annual precipitation.
However, there are obvious differences between the east and the west of the Changshan Mountain range: the western precipitation season distribution is similar to the Indian Peninsula, and the dry and wet seasons are more obvious, while the eastern precipitation season distribution is similar to the Philippines, and the dry and wet seasons are not typical. The natural vegetation in the eastern interior consists of tropical monsoon rain forest and scrub,
The tropical savanna
Mainly, covers a large area; Coastal natural vegetation
Tropical rainforest
Tropical evergreen semi-deciduous forests and shrubland dominate the area, reflecting that the climate in most areas of Indochina Peninsula is dominated by semi-dry and semi-humid transitional climate.
The climate is warm throughout the year, mild in winter, and the average temperature of the coldest month is generally between 20 and 24℃. The summer is cool, the hottest monthly average temperature is below 28℃, especially in the coastal area, the area of the hot area is small, only limited to the lee valley. The minimum annual temperature difference is generally less than 5℃. Annual precipitation is abundant, more than 2000 mm in most areas, less in the Lee valley, but there are about 1500 mm, facing the northeast monsoon side of the coastal and windward slope to winter rain, facing the southwest monsoon side of the coastal and inland to summer rain, May to October every year for the rainy season, other seasons are not dry. The natural vegetation is mainly tropical rainforest, mainly distributed around the islands, covering a relatively large area; The tropical evergreen and semi-deciduous forests are mainly located in the lee valley and occupy a small area. These characteristics are embodied
The Philippines
Most of the islands have a humid climate.
[1]
Tropical seasonal rainforest
Xishuangbanna
Tropical monsoon rain forest
It is a subtype of lowland rainforest that has 3 to 4 divisible species like equatorial lowland rainforest
arbor
Among them, the upper layer of the tree is mainly the scattered giant tree (up to more than 60 meters) which is more than 30m high and rises out of the forest canopy. The middle height of the trees is 20-30m, the crown is connected, and the individuals are dense, which is the main canopy of the forest. Except for some deciduous components in the upper layer of trees, the other layers of plants are evergreen. In the forest, root and stem flowers are common, and large woody vines and vascular epiphytes are abundant.
Tropical montane rainforest
In Chinese botanical literature, the application and interpretation of the term tropical mountain rainforest are not uniform. Wu Zhengyi classified the mountain rain forest in southern Yunnan as a mountain variant of tropical rain forest, and its forest vegetation accounted for about 60% of the tropical rain forest components, the appearance and structure of the rainforest, but the lack of scattered giant trees, plate roots and stem flowers are rare, trees
ferns
Rich. This definition is similar to that of low mountain rainforest or lower mountain rainforest in Southeast Asia.
Tropical monsoon rain forest
Monsoon rain forest is a kind of tropical deciduous forest vegetation that develops under the tropical monsoon climate with obvious dry and wet season changes. In Southeast Asia, seasonal and seasonal rainforests are interwoven and Mosaic in some places. Schimper defines a monsoon rainforest as a deciduous forest between a tropical rain forest and a savannah that develops in a tropical monsoon climate. In Xishuangbanna, monsoon rainforests are only distributed on both sides of the open reaches of Lancang River and some open valley basins below 1000m above sea level, and are most strongly affected by monsoon.
Tropical seasonal moist forest
The tropical seasonal moist forest in Xishuangbanna is usually distributed in the middle of the limestone mountain, and above the seasonal rain forest belt at the foot of the limestone mountain and gully. thereof
Forest community
The height is 20-25m, and some deciduous trees can be as high as 30m in local areas. The tree layer usually has two distinct levels. In the community with rich and moist soil, the lower layer of the tree sometimes consists of thin young trees of the upper layer, which is about 2-3m high. The forest is rich in woody vines, and thick-leaved vascular epiphytes are common, and the phenomenon of root and stem flowers is relatively rare.
Due to the great changes in topography and habitat in the central part of limestone slopes, tropical seasonal moist forests differ significantly in appearance and faunal composition. This forest type is dominated by plants such as Euphorbiaceae, Ulmaceae, Oleaceae and Agavaceae. The top of the lower hills and the upper part of the higher hills are evergreen. On the other hand, in the wider, dry limestone mountain valleys and in the middle, the dry sunny slopes of the low hills are semi-evergreen. They are different from the monsoon rain forest in community appearance, and different from the tropical mountain in flora composition
Evergreen broad-leaved forest
It is usually found in limestone mountains above tropical seasonal rain forests.
Tropical mountain low mountain evergreen broad-leaved forest
Tropical mountain low mountains
Evergreen broad-leaved forest
Also known as monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, it is the main type of mountain vegetation in Xishuangbanna. It is generally distributed in mountains above 900m. This type of forest vegetation usually has 2 layers and consists mainly of evergreen broad-leaved trees
fagaceae
Euphorbiaceae, camphoraceae, camelliaceae and other tree species are composed of neat crowns and connected to each other, and there are few species of shrubs and herbaceous plants, mainly young trees and seedlings of upper trees. In terms of ecological features, the tropical mountain evergreen broad-leaved forest is characterized by the composition of leathery, whole margin and middle lobe evergreen medium and small high bud plants, and the interlayer woody vines are abundant, but epiphytes are rare. In this kind of tropical mountain evergreen broad-leaved forest in Xishuangbanna, evergreen trees accounted for more than 90% of the total number of trees, both in terms of species and individual number, and the whole forest showed evergreen seasonal phase.
[2]
Thailand is known as the "King of fruits" reputation, the special fruits are durian, mangosteen, rambutan, mango, longan, other crops are rice, rubber and so on.
Only Asia in the world has a tropical monsoon climate, the main representative cities are:
New Delhi
(India), Mumbai (India),
Calcutta
(India), Cherrapunzi (India), Dhaka (Bangladesh), Lahore (Pakistan), Colombo (Sri Lanka), Yangon (Myanmar),
Bangkok
(Thailand), Vientiane (Laos), Phnom Penh (Cambodia), Hanoi (Vietnam), Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam), Manila (Philippines),
Haikou
(China), Sanya (China)
Kaohsiung
（中国）、西双版纳（中国）、三沙（中国）、湛江（中国）。
Located in the southern foothills of the Himalayas in India
Meghalaya
It is located about 51 km south of the capital city of Shillong. It has a population of more than 6,000. Most of the residents are Khasi, a matrilineal society. Kilrapunchi is located on the northern shore of the Bay of Bengal in South Asia
The Brahmaputra River
Downstream sum
The Ganges
Downstream, it is located in a pocket of col on the south slope of the east-west Khasi Hills, i.e
Bangladesh
The northeast region of India, where the annual precipitation of up to 26461.2 mm, known as the "world rain pole". From August 1860 to July 1861, 20,447 mm of rain fell in a year, winning the title of the world's "rain pole", and the average number of monthly rainfall days in the rainy season from May to September was 25 to 28 days, ranking first in the world.
Tropical monsoon climate
