The Commonwealth of Australia is the capital of Australia Canberra In 2022, the per capita GDP is 65,543 US dollars. ^[27] locate South Pacific and The Indian Ocean Between the Australian mainland, The island of Tasmania Such islands and overseas territories are composed. East of the Pacific To the Coral Sea and Tasman Sea North, west and south face the Indian Ocean and its marginal seas. The total area is 7,692,000 square kilometers, and the coastline is 36,735 kilometers. The climate in the north is tropical and mostly temperate. The country is divided into 6 states and 2 territories. As of July 2023, the population of Australia is 26.39 million people, 74% of whom are of British and Irish descent, the official language is English, and the majority of residents are religious Christianity .

The earliest inhabitants of Australia were Indigenous people . 1770, British navigator James Cook They arrived on the east coast of Australia and claimed the land for the British. On January 26, 1788, the British began to establish a colony in Australia, which was later set as the date Australia Day . In July 1900, the British Parliament passed the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia and the British Dominion Ordinance. On January 1, 1901, the colonies of Australia were changed into states, and in October of the same year, they were established Commonwealth of Australia . In 1931, Australia became The British Commonwealth Within an independent state.

Australia is a developed modern industrial country, yes The southern Hemisphere The most economically developed country, the world's fourth largest exporter of agricultural products, but also an important producer and exporter of mineral products in the world. Agriculture, animal husbandry and mining are traditional industries, manufacturing and high-tech industries have developed rapidly, service has become the leading industry of the national economy, foreign trade has been developed, and the economy has maintained rapid growth. Australia's social environment is stable, the financial system is regulated, the fiscal year 2021/2022, Australia's GDP is 2.1 trillion Australian dollars. ^[6]

Chinese name: Commonwealth of Australia
Foreign name: Commonwealth of Australia
Abbreviated form: Australia
continent: Oceania
capital: Canberra
Major city: Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , Adelaide , Darwin , Hobart Etc.
National Day: January 26, 1788
National song: " Forward, beautiful Australia " ^[2]
Country code: AUS
Official language: English
currency: Australian dollar
Time zone: UTC+8 to UTC+10
Political system: A parliamentary constitutional monarchy
National leader: David John Hurley (Governor) , Anthony Albanese ^[4] (Prime Minister)
Population number: 26.12 million (September 2022)
Population density: 3.37 persons/km2 (February 2023)
Major nationality: Anglo-Australian , Australian of Asian descent , Aboriginal Australians

Major religion: Protestantism , Catholicism
Land area: 7692000 km²
Water area ratio: About 0.89%
Total GDP: $1.67 trillion (2022)
Per capita GDP: About $65,000
International telephone area code: 61
International domain name abbreviation: .au
Road access: Keep to the left
State structure form: federalism
Central bank: Reserve Bank of Australia
Gini coefficient: 0.305
Leading institution: University of Sydney , University of Melbourne , Australian National University Etc.
Famous enterprise: Australia's Macquarie Group , BHP Billiton , Westpac Banking Corporation Etc.
Representative animal: kangaroo , emu , Koala bear , platypus
Famous scenic spot: Sydney Opera House , Bondi Beach , Great Barrier Reef
Gross domestic product per capita: Aud 78,000 (Fiscal year 2021/2022)
Gross domestic product: A $2.1 billion (Fiscal year 2021/2022)

catalogue

Historical evolution

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EDITOR

Subject article: History of Australia

The word Australia originally means "southern continent". It was first settled by indigenous hunter-gatherers who arrived from Asia at least 40,000 years ago.

In 1606, Spain The ship of navigator Luis Vaezde Torres sailed past the islands of Australia and New Guinea Between the straits; In the same year, Dutchman William Janes' ship Duyfken touched down in Australia and was the first recorded actual landing of foreigners in Australia, naming the area "New Holland".

British navigator, April 29, 1770 James Cook The captain landed in Botany Bay near Sydney and declared the eastern part of the Australian mainland to the British Crown.

The first settlers arrived on 26 January 1788, led by British Admiral Arthur Philip Sydney Cove A penal colony was established here, and this day was declared Australia Day.

In 1790, the first freemen from England emigrated to Australia Sydney As the center, gradually develop inland. By 1803, the colony had expanded to Tasmania .

In the 1850s, with the development of wool-related industries and the discovery of gold, the population of mainland Australia exploded. Gold prospectors from Europe, America and China flocked to the site. Australia's population soared from 400,000 in 1850 to 1.1 million in 1860. Subsequently, many important gold deposits were discovered one by one, and a large number of deposits were found, and these discoveries made Australia quickly rich and developed.

In July 1900, the British Parliament passed the law Constitution of Australia "And the British Dominion Ordinance.

On January 1, 1901, the self-government of Australia's six colonies united to form the Commonwealth of Australia, and became a British self-governing territory.

In 1931, Australia became a member of the British Commonwealth Independent state .

In 1945, World War II After the end, Australia entered the economic boom.

In 1986, British parliament Through the Relations with Australia Act, Australia gained full legislative and final judicial powers. ^[5]

In April 2023, Melbourne It became the largest city in Australia ^[26] ,

Geographical environment

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EDITOR

Regional location

The position of Australia in Oceania

Australia is located in South Pacific and The Indian Ocean Between, by Mainland Australia , Tasmania and other islands and overseas territories. The Coral Sea and Tasman Sea bordering the Pacific Ocean to the east, and the Indian Ocean and its marginal seas to the north, west and south. The continent covers an area of 7.69 million square kilometers, about 3,700 kilometers long from north to south and 4,000 kilometers wide from east to west. In terms of area, Australia is the sixth largest country in the world. ^[5]

Australia

landform

Topographic map of Australia

The topography of the Australian continent can be divided into three different topographic distribution areas in the east, the middle and the west. The Australian continent is located in the interior of the Indian Ocean plate, so there are few tall landforms formed by plate movement. The mountain plateau within the continent has a long geological age. The overall altitude is not large, the average altitude is only about 350 meters.

The topographic unit east of the Australian continent is Great Divide It runs through the north-south trend and is basically parallel to the coastline, with a total length of about 3,000 kilometers, a width of about 160 to 320 kilometers, and an average height of about 800 to 1,000 meters, of which Mount Kosciusko at an altitude of 2230 meters is its highest peak. The Great Dividing Range is an ancient mountain range that has been reduced in height by long-term external weathering and erosion, and its surface is relatively undulating.

Australia has an average elevation of 300 meters, less than 1% of the mountain area of more than 1,000 meters, and 87% of the mountain area of less than 500 meters, which is the most undulating continent. The west is a low plateau with an altitude of 200~500 meters, mostly deserts and semi-deserts. There are also some Hengduan mountains with elevations of 1000 to 1200 meters. In the middle is the plain, below 200 meters above sea level, full of herbaceous plants, of which Lake Eyre is the lowest point, the lake is 12 meters below sea level, and the Great Plain centered on this is the Great Artesian basin. In the east is the highland formed by the ancient mountains, most of which are 800 to 1000 meters above sea level, and in the southeast, Mount Kosciusko is 2230 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in Australia. The Great Barrier Reef off the northeast coast is the largest coral reef in the world. ^[11]

climate

Climate of Australia

Australia is between 10°45 '~ 39°08' south latitude, north and south across 28°23 ', is a continent with the least cross-latitude, the temperature difference between the north and the south is small, the temperature distribution is relatively simple. Across the central part of the continent, 99% of the area of the Tropic of Cancer belongs to the tropics and subtropics, so that the temperature is relatively warm throughout the year, and the area of less rain and desert is particularly wide. The outline of the Australian continent is relatively complete, increasing the inland distance from the sea, the maximum of more than 1,500 kilometers, affecting the deep inland ocean currents. In addition, the outline of Australia's territory is long from east to west and narrow from north to south, expanding the area controlled by the southeast trade wind belt, and there is no vast inland water surface regulation such as rivers and lakes, making most areas more dry and hot. In terms of terrain, the vast central and western regions are low and flat, with little fluctuation, less cyclones, stable weather, and difficult to rain, making the vast central and western climate differences smaller.

The tall mountains in eastern Australia are 4500 kilometers long and more than 1000 meters high, with steep slopes in the east and slow slopes in the west, and close to the east coast, blocking the warm and wet air brought by the southeast trade winds from the eastern Pacific Ocean, making the eastern slope rainy and the western slope dry and less rainy, narrowing the area of the eastern rainy area and expanding the scope of the western inland arid area. The central plain runs from north to south, which is conducive to the flow of air from north to south, so that the central inland basin is not a desert place where rain does not fall.

The ocean currents around Australia are the North Australian Warm Current on the northern coast of the continent and the East Australian warm Current on the east coast, which affects the temperature and humidity of the northern and eastern coasts of the continent to become rainy areas. The southern coast is a westerly drift, and the western coast is a Western Australian cold current, which affects the lack of rain along the southern coast of Australia and the formation of the western desert.

From the perspective of atmospheric circulation, the summer pressure zone of Australia continent moves south, the northern part of the continent is the center of hot low pressure, and the southern regressive high zone is located in the south of the continent, so the north blows the northwest monsoon, which is hot and rainy. The central and southern parts of the continent are hot and dry with south-easterly trade winds; Only the eastern slope of the mountain in the eastern part of the mainland is the windward slope, and there is more precipitation. The high pressure center is located in the northern inland of the mainland. Most of the mainland is covered by high pressure. The wind blows outward from the high pressure center, so it is dry and rainless. The eastern slope of the eastern mountain is still the windward slope, with more precipitation. Tasmania is located in the south of 40° south latitude, the wind blows from the west all year round, is a temperate maritime climate. ^[9]

Australia has summer from December to February, autumn from March to May, winter from June to August, and spring from September to November. ^[5]

Natural resources

Mineral resources

Australia is rich in mineral resources, with at least 70 kinds. The proven economic reserves of lead, nickel, silver, uranium, zinc and tantalum rank first in the world.

Australia is the world's largest producer of lithium, zirconium, gold, iron ore, coal, lithium, manganese ore, nickel, silver, uranium, zinc production is also in the forefront of the world. Australia is also the world's largest exporter of bituminous coal, bauxite, diamonds and zinc concentrate, the second largest exporter of alumina, iron ore and uranium, and the third largest exporter of aluminium and gold.

Proven mineral reserves of economic value include: about 5.3 billion tons of bauxite, 14.6 billion tons of iron ore, 40.3 billion tons of black coal, 30 billion tons of lignite, 22.9 million tons of lead, 22.6 million tons of nickel, 41,400 tons of silver, 40,835 tons of tantalum, 41 million tons of zinc, and 5,570 tons of gold. Crude oil reserves are 227 billion liters and natural gas reserves are 2.2 trillion cubic meters.

Water resources

The Murray and Darling rivers are the two longest rivers in Australia. These two river systems form the Murray-Darling Basin, which covers an area of more than 1 million square kilometres, with the longest river, the Murray, being 2,589 kilometres long. Lake Eyre is a very large salt lake near the center of the continent, covering more than 9,000 square kilometers, but it has long been dry.

Murray River

Australia is rich in groundwater resources, with a quarter of the country's total water consumption coming from underground. Beneath the east-central part of the continent lies a huge aquifer equivalent to one-fifth of its land mass, known as the Great Artesian Basin.

Australia has relatively little surface freshwater. Precipitation in Australia is unevenly distributed among regions, and the total amount of precipitation and surface water resources is small. Water conservancy facilities are insufficient, and the regional and seasonal adjustment capacity of precipitation is relatively insufficient. ^[5]

Forest resources

Australia's forest coverage rate is 21%, and the natural forest area is about 163 million hectares (2/3 of which is eucalyptus).

Australia's forests are extremely unique and diverse. The natural forest is mainly eucalyptus forest (78%), followed by acacia forest (7%) and white melaleuca forest (5%). In terms of afforestation, 52% were planted in exotic conifers (mainly radiata pine), softwood forests and 48% in hardwood forests (mainly eucalyptus forests).

Most places in Australia are relatively dry, and the dry land occupies 70% of the entire Australian inland, which is difficult to support the growth of forests. Australia's natural forests are found mainly in areas with annual rainfall of more than 500 mm. Commercial afforestation is mainly planted in areas with annual rainfall of more than 700 mm. ^[10]

Animal and plant resources

Koalas and kangaroos

Australia is one of the 17 most biodiverse countries in the world. Many of Australia's creatures are unique to the region due to the continent's ancient history, its long geographical isolation, and its extremely variable climate. About 85% of angiosperms, 84% of mammals, more than 45% of birds, and 89% of coastal temperate fish are endemic. Most of Australia's woody plants are evergreen and well adapted to fire and drought, such as eucalyptus and acacia. Australia has a wide variety of legumes that are endemic to the country and are able to co-exist with rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi, making them better adapted to poorer soils.

Australia is famous for animals such as monotremes (platypus and echidna), marsupials (e.g kangaroo , Koala bear and wombat Among them, the boxing kangaroo is also the national symbol of Australia), the gulf crocodile and the freshwater crocodile, the emu and the kookaburra. Australia has the highest number of poisonous snakes in the world. The Australian wild dog was introduced around 3000 BC when Australian Aborigines traded with Austronesians. After humans first settled, many species of plants and animals soon became extinct, including some large animals. After European colonization began, more species went extinct, including thylacine. ^[11]

Administrative division

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Zoning details

Subdivisions of Australia

Australia is divided into six states and two territories. The six states are New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania. The two regions are the Northern Territory and the Capital Territory. The capitals of each state or territory are Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, Hobart, Canberra and Darwin. Each state has a governor, a legislature, a state government, and a governor. ^[5]

Administrative divisions of Australia
States (6)	New South Wales	Victoria
	Queensland	South Australia
	Western Australia	The state of Tasmania
Region (2)	Northern territory	Capital region

Diagram of Australian Overseas territories

Australian overseas Territories
Ashmolean and Catier Islands	Christmas Island	The Cocos Islands	Coral Sea Islands
Heard Island and MacDonald Islands	Norfolk Island	Australian Antarctic territory	/

Major city

Canberra

Views of Canberra

Canberra Canberra is the capital of Australia, the seat of the Federal Parliament and various government departments. "Canberra" comes from an Aboriginal word meaning "meeting place". Canberra has both urban characteristics and rural scenery, the city is a quiet "garden city", also known as the "jungle capital".

Canberra has a population of 420,000. In addition to the Federal Parliament and government departments, the city has the Australian Academy of Sciences, Science and Technology Museum, the Australian National University, the University of Canberra and War Memorial, the National Library, the National Gallery and other institutions. ^[7]

Sydney

Sydney view

Sydney Sydney is the capital of New South Wales, Australia, is one of the world's famous international metropolis, is Australia's largest, oldest, most prosperous, the most colorful city, is Australia's business, trade, finance, transportation, tourism and cultural center. Usually referred to as Sydney refers to the Sydney region, including the city of Sydney and 44 nearby satellite cities, the total population of about 5.31 million, accounting for one-fifth of the total population of Australia, is the most populous city in Australia. ^[7] Although Sydney's population is highly urbanized, the urban population density is low. It has a Mediterranean climate, mild all year round and full of sunshine.

Sydney view

Sydney is Australia's business, trade, finance, culture, tourism center, but also Oceania sea, land and air transport and communication hub. The University of Sydney, the University of New South Wales, Macquarie University and other famous institutions of higher learning are located in Sydney. Five national television and radio stations are based in Sydney. ^[7] Sydney plays an important role in Australia's national economy, accounting for about 30% of the country's gross domestic product. The service industry is the main body of Sydney's economy, and the high value-added and creative industrial clusters in the CBD are the engines driving the city's economic growth. The high-end service industry is developing rapidly, the Reserve Bank of Australia and the Australian Securities Exchange are in Sydney, 39 of the 53 banks in Australia are headquartered in Sydney, Sydney Futures Exchange is one of the largest financial futures and options exchanges in the Asia-Pacific region.

Sydney has well-developed infrastructure and convenient transportation. Sydney Airport is one of Australia's major airports, with 37 international routes, 420 departures and 230 return flights per week. Sydney not only has rail links to all parts of the country, but also metro and light rail trains and ferries within the city.

May 1986, Guangdong Province, China Guangzhou City A sister city with the City of Sydney.

Melbourne

Melbourne scenery

Melbourne is the capital of Victoria State and the second largest city in Australia. The city covers an area of 6129 square kilometers, with a population of about 5.08 million. Melbourne has a mild climate and beautiful environment all the year round, and is known as the "Garden City". Melbourne is also known as the city of "four seasons in one day" because of the large temperature difference and the erratic rain.

Melbourne is a major manufacturing and financial center in Australia. The city centre is lined with office buildings and is home to Australia's largest banks, insurance companies and stock exchanges. Melbourne is also a cultural city. In addition to the famous Victorian Arts Centre, there are many sports facilities, galleries and craft markets in the city. ^[7]

In the Economist Intelligence Unit's 2021 ranking of the world's 140 most liveable cities, Melbourne is ranked ninth. ^[5]

Brisbane

Views of Brisbane

Brisbane is the capital of Queensland and the third largest city in Australia. The city covers an area of 1220 square kilometers and has a population of 2.51 million. Brisbane is a subtropical climate, with an average annual temperature of 24 ° C and an average sunshine of 7.5 hours/day, known as the "Sun City". Famous attractions include the Gold Coast, South Bank Park, Kangaroo Point and Mount Coosa Park. ^[7] In 2032, The 35th Summer Olympics It will be held in Brisbane. ^[8]

In the Economist Intelligence Unit's 2021 ranking of the world's 140 most liveable cities, Brisbane is ranked 10th. ^[5]

Perth

Perth scenery

Perth is the capital of Western Australia and the fourth largest city in Australia. Founded in 1892, it covers an area of 5,400 square kilometers and has a population of about 2.09 million. Perth has a pleasant climate and beautiful environment, and is known as the "capital of wildflowers". Perth has repeatedly ranked among the best cities in the world to live in. The SwanRiver runs through the city. The main attractions in the city are the Perth Mint, Perth Wildlife Park, Kings Park, clock Tower and so on. ^[7] According to the Economist Intelligence Unit's 2021 ranking of the world's 140 most liveable cities, Perth is ranked sixth. ^[5]

May 18, 1998, Jiangsu Province, China Nanjing Establishing a sister city relationship with the City of Perth. ^[25]

Adelaide

Views of Adelaide

Adelaide is the capital of South Australia and the fifth largest city in Australia. The city covers an area of 2,000 square kilometers and has a population of about 1.36 million. The city is located on the banks of the Torrens River, west by the Gulf of St Vincent, east by the Adelaide Hills, is the transportation center of Australia's eastern states to the Midwest. Adelaide has a unique urban style, with elegant Victorian and Edwardian buildings everywhere. Adelaide holds Formula racing every November, and holds a grand arts festival every two years, so it has the reputation of "festival city". Adelaide region wine production ranks first in Australia, also known as the "wine city". ^[7]

The Economist Intelligence Unit's 2021 ranking of the world's 140 most liveable cities has placed Adelaide third. ^[5]

Darwin

Port Darwin

Darwin Darwin is the regional capital of the Northern Territory of Australia. The city has a population of nearly 147,000, nearly half of whom are Aboriginal, with other ethnic groups including Torres Strait Islanders, Chinese, Indonesians and Europeans. ^[7]

National symbol

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Country name

The Commonwealth of Australia is simply called Australia, and when Europeans discovered the continent in the early 17th century, they thought it had a direct line to Antarctica terrene Hence the name "Australia", Australia by Latin From terra Australis (the land of the South).

flag

Flag of Australia

Flag of Australia It's a rectangle with a 2:1 ratio of length to width. The flag base is dark blue, the top left is red and white "rice" word, "rice" below a large white heptagon star. On the right side of the flag are five white stars, of which one small star is a pentagon, and the rest are seven points. Australia is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, King of England Head of state of Australia. Britain is in the top left corner of the flag flag The pattern indicates Australia's traditional relationship with the United Kingdom. The largest seven-pointed star symbolizes the six states and two federal territories (the Northern Territory and the Capital Territory) that make up the Commonwealth of Australia. The five small stars represent the Southern Cross (one of the small constellations of the southern sky, which is small but has many bright stars), indicating that the country is in the southern hemisphere. It was selected from more than 30,000 works in 1903.

National emblem

The coat of arms of Australia

Emblem of Australia One on the left kangaroo On the right is one emu These two animals are unique to Australia, and they generally only walk forward, not easily backward, symbolizing a country that always steps forward. In the middle of the national emblem is a shield with six sets of designs representing the six states of the country. The red St George's Cross (with a lion and four stars on the cross), symbolizing New South Wales; subcrown Southern Cross Representing the State of Victoria; The blue Maltese Cross represents Queensland; The shrike represents South Australia; Black Swan A symbol of Western Australia; red Lion The state of Tasmania. Above the shield is a seven-pointed star symbolizing the six states of the Commonwealth of Australia and one Federal district. Surrounded by the national flower of Australia acacia The sash at the bottom reads "Australia" in English.

National anthem

Since 1977, the national anthem of Australia has been" Forward, beautiful Australia "( Advance Australia Fair This is the work of a Scottish composer. ^[2] The royal anthem is "God Save the King" or "God Save the King" God Save the Queen "( God Save The Queen ). In 1977, Australia held a referendum to choose a national anthem from four candidates. The song "Forward, Beautiful Australia" received the highest number of votes and officially became the national anthem of Australia.

The national flower

National flower of Australia is acacia Golden Wattle (Latin: Acaciapycnantha) is a series of acacia flowers, according to biological classification, acacia flowers from the acacia tree, the tree height of two meters to eight meters, every winter and spring flowers, fragrant flowers. Flowers can be used as fragrances and perfumes, and their stems can be used as dyes. The acacia has been recognised as Australia's national flower for many years and was officially declared the national flower in 1988.

National bird

According to the annual announcement of the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs, as of 2013, Australia does not have an official national bird, nor does it have any official symbol of Australian animals, but Australian people generally regard it as a national bird emu emu (Chinese pinyin er miao) is considered to be a symbol of the Australian bird, and put kangaroo An animal considered a symbol of Australia. These two animals can only move forward, not backward, are the two animals that appear on the national emblem of Australia.

National brand

National brand LOGO

In February 2022, the Australian government unveiled a new national brand LOGO, developed in collaboration with design agencies Clemenger BBDO Sydney, Bararinji and Houston Group Sydney. The new LOGO is a golden kangaroo consisting of three boomerangs, with the main colors being green and gold.

population

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EDITOR

As of July 2023, the total population of Australia is 26.39 million, of which 74% are of British and Irish descent, 5% are Asian, 2.7% are Aboriginal and 18.3% are other ethnic groups. Sixty-two per cent of the population increase in the last 10 years has been accounted for by migrants, and more than 40 per cent of Australians have mixed cultural backgrounds. Accordingly, Australia is a multi-ethnic country.

The geographical distribution of Australia's population is uneven, about 90% of the population is distributed along the coast from the coast to the inland 120 kilometers; Other areas are sparsely populated. Sydney, Melbourne, Perth, Brisbane, Adelaide and a dozen other cities concentrate 70% of the country's population.

Aboriginal Australians are made up of Aborigines and Torres Strait The islanders, with a population of about 470,000, are distributed throughout most of Australia, especially in Australia Northern Territory Western Australia and western New South Wales are more concentrated. 80% of indigenous people live in municipal areas and 14% live in remote areas. ^[12]

According to the 2016 census, the Chinese population of Australia is about 1.21 million, accounting for 3.9% of the total population. The number of Chinese immigrants in Australia has risen steadily over the past decade. Chinese has become the most frequently spoken language after English, with 600,000 Mandarin speakers and 280,000 Cantonese speakers. China is Australia's largest source of investment migrants, the second largest source of skilled migrants and the largest source of international students. ^[5]

political

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EDITOR

regime

Australia for The British Commonwealth The basic system of the state is Constitutional monarchy King of England Charles III As head of state of Australia, Governor-general of Australia Representative of the King of England for a term of five years. Incumbent governor David Hurley David Hurley, sworn in on July 1, 2019.

congress

The Federal Parliament was established in 1901 and consists of the Queen (represented by the Governor-General), the House of Representatives and the Senate. Parliament shall be elected by universal suffrage. The House of Representatives has 151 members elected to three-year terms in proportion to the population. The Senate has 76 members, 12 from each of the six states and two from each of the two territories. State senators serve six-year terms, half of which are reelected every three years, and district senators serve three-year terms. In May 2022, Australia held a federal election to elect the 47th Parliament. In the House of Representatives, Labor won 77 seats, the Coalition 58 seats, the Greens 4 seats, and other parties and independent candidates won 12 seats. ^[5]

government

The federal government is formed by a majority party or coalition of parties in the House of Representatives, the leader of which is the Prime Minister, and the Cabinet of ministers appointed by the Prime Minister. The general term of government is three years. In May 2022, Albanese led the Labor Party to win the Australian Federal election, and Labor returned to power after nine years. In June, Australia's new government took office. There are currently 30 members, including 23 cabinet ministers and 7 non-cabinet ministers. Key members include: Prime Minister Anthony Albanese (Anthony Albanese), Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defence Richard Mars Richard Marles, foreign minister Huang Yingxian (Penny Wong) Treasurer Jim Chalmers Jim Chalmers, Minister of Finance and Minister of Public Affairs and Women's Affairs Katie Gallagher Katy Gallagher, Minister of Trade and Tourism and Special Minister of State Oh, Don Farrell Don Farrell, Minister for Employment and Industrial Relations and Minister for the Arts Tony Burke Tony Burke, Minister for Health and Aged Care Mark Butler Mark Bulter, Minister for Climate Change and Energy Chris Bowen Chris Bowen et al.

Australia has three levels of government: the federal Government, six state and two territory governments, and about 700 local governments.

The Cabinet consists of the Attorney-General's Department; Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources; Department of Communications and the Arts; Ministry of National Defense; Department of Education and Training; Ministry of Finance; Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Internal Affairs; Human Services Department; Department of Industrial Innovation and Science; Ministry of Infrastructure and Regional Development; Ministry of Employment and Small Business; Department of Social Services; Ministry of Environment and Energy; Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet; Department of Veterans Affairs; Treasury Department. ^[5]

judiciary

The Federal High Court of Australia is the highest judicial body in Australia, having appellate jurisdiction over other levels of court and making decisions on cases involving constitutional interpretation. It is composed of a Chief Justice and six justices. The current Chief Justice, Susan Kiefel, took office in January 2017.

Each state in Australia has a Supreme Court, District Court and District Court. The Capital Territory and the Northern Territory have only Supreme and District courts.

Political party

The main political parties in Australia are:

Political party	Establishment time	introduce
(1) AustralianLaborParty	The year 1891	It is the largest political party in Australia and has close ties with trade unions, most of whose members are collective members. He has been in power 11 times since 1940. He was last in power from November 2007 to September 2013 and won a federal election in May 2022. The current leader, AnthonyAlbanese.
(2) LiberalParty (LiberalParty)	The year 1944	It was founded in 1931 as the United Australia Party. Mainly represents the interests of industrial and commercial owners. He was last in power for three terms from 2013 to 2022. May 2022 election defeat. The current leader, PeterDutton.
(3) NationalParty	The year 1918	Originally known as the Country Party and later as the National Country Party, it changed to its current name in 1982. It has a largely rural sphere of influence and represents the interests of farmers, and was in coalition with the Liberal Party from 1996 to 2007 and from 2013 to 2022. May 2022 election defeat. The current leader, David Littleproud.
Note: Other minor parties are the Greens, the One Nation Party and the Communist Party of Australia.

dignitaries

David Hurley: Governor General. Born in August 1953 in New South Wales, Australia, he graduated from the Royal Australian Military College. In 1993, the 1st Battalion of the Australian Army was deployed to Somalia to participate in peacekeeping operations. He was appointed Commander of the Australian Defence Force in 2011. He retired in 2014 and became Governor of New South Wales. He became the 27th Governor-General of Australia in July 2019.

Anthony Albanese

Anthony Albanese: Prime Minister. Born in Sydney, Australia in 1963, Bachelor of Economics, University of Sydney. He was elected to the Australian House of Representatives in 1996. Since 1998, he has been the Labour Party's spokesman for employment and training, the environment and water. Since 2007, he has served as Minister for Infrastructure and Transport, Minister for Regional Development and Local Government Affairs, and Leader of the Labour Party House of Representatives. He became Deputy Prime Minister in 2013. Leader of the Labour Party in 2019. He became Prime minister in May 2022. ^[1]

economy

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EDITOR

Australia is an industrialized country, developed agriculture and animal husbandry, rich in natural resources, rich in sheep, cattle, wheat and sugar, but also the world's important mineral products production and exporter. Agriculture, animal husbandry and mining are Australia's traditional industries, manufacturing and high-tech industries have developed rapidly, and the service industry has become the leading industry of the national economy. Since the 1970s, China has carried out a series of economic reforms, vigorously developed foreign trade, and maintained rapid economic growth. From 1991 to 2019, the economy maintained positive growth for 28 consecutive years. Key economic data are as follows:

Gross domestic product	$1.67 trillion. (2022)
Economic growth rate	3.6%. (2022)
Gross domestic product per capita	About $65,000. (2022)
currency	Australian dollar (1 Australian dollar ≈0.67 US dollars, July 2023).
Unemployment rate	3.5% (March 2023).
Foreign exchange reserve	Aud 38.7 billion (December 2022). ^[5]

industry

Australia is dominated by manufacturing, construction and mining. In the 2020/2021 financial year, the manufacturing industry produced a $107.38 billion, the construction industry A $130.79 billion and the mining industry A $216.11 billion.

The Australian manufacturing industry is developing well, and the Australian shipbuilding industry is one of the most important industries in the Australian economy. Australia is considered to be a leader in the construction of high-speed and compact ships. Australia has an international market share of about 30% in the aluminium shipbuilding industry and has the largest information and technology industry in the Asia-Pacific region. Whether it is traditional manufacturing or high-tech industries, Australia's level of industrialization is a global leader.

Farming and animal husbandry

Australia is developed in agriculture and animal husbandry National economy China occupies an important position as the world's largest exporter of wool and beef. In the 2020/2021 financial year, the output value of Australian agriculture and animal husbandry was 314.46 billion Australian dollars. The main crops are wheat, barley, cotton, sorghum, etc., and the main livestock products are beef, milk, mutton, wool, poultry, etc.

Australia is surrounded by the sea, rich in natural resources and excellent ecological environment. Its land area is 7.692 million square kilometers, but its population is only about 26 million. The country has the largest natural grassland area in the world with low and flat terrain and vast grassland. The pasture area accounts for 12.4% of the world's total pasture area.

Affected by rainfall, Australia is divided into three distinct agricultural and pastoral regions:

One is the intensive agricultural area, also known as the high rainfall zone. Its range extends from the north coast of Queensland to the southeast corner of South Australia, as well as the southwest of Western Australia and Tasmania, and the rainfall is more abundant, suitable for the development of farming and dairy industry;

The second is the wheat, sheep area, which extends from central Queensland to the south, through the slopes of New South Wales to the agricultural areas of northern Victoria and South Australia, is a semi-arid to humid climate transition zone, annual precipitation of 400 ~ 600 mm, mainly dry farming, most farms operating wheat, sheep and beef cattle industry.

Third, animal husbandry and grass areas, including Western Australia, most of South Australia and western New South Wales, southern Queensland, annual precipitation is less than 400 mm. The area of this zone is the largest, up to 360 million hectares, but the climate is dry, the vegetation is sparse, and the cattle industry is mainly operated extensively. ^[13]

Beef raising

Australian beef cattle industry

The beef cattle industry is the number one leading industry in Australian agriculture. The main producing area of beef cattle in Australia is Queensland, New South Wales and other regions with abundant rainfall in the southeast, and the beef cattle stock in the two states accounts for 61.8% of the country. The local beef cattle breeds are mainly Hayford, Angus, Brahmin, etc. The breeding method is based on natural pasture grazing, and the beef cattle are supplemented with concentrate feed with barley, wheat and oats as the main raw materials in the fattening stage. Australian beef cattle slaughtering and processing is highly concentrated, the annual slaughter volume of the top 3 processing enterprises accounts for more than 40% of the national total, and beef cattle slaughtering implements a grading system, with high added value of products.

Australian beef cattle industry is an export-oriented industry, beef is the largest export of agricultural products, more than 70% for export, is the world's second largest beef exporter. The main export countries and regions are the United States, Japan, South Korea, China, Indonesia and the European Union; The main export countries and regions of live cattle are Indonesia, the Middle East, China and Russia. ^[13]

Dairy industry

Australian dairy farm

The dairy industry is the second largest agricultural industry in Australia. Australian dairy farming is based on natural grassland grazing, in accordance with the provisions of not more than 4.3 cows per hectare of land, the breeding area is concentrated in the southeast temperate region, of which Victoria has the highest number of livestock, accounting for 67% of the country's total livestock. The milk produced is mainly used for the consumption of fresh milk, the production of skim milk powder, the production of cheese, the production of whole milk powder, and the production of other dairy products.

Australia's dairy exports rank fourth in the world after New Zealand, the European Union and the United States, accounting for about 7% of global dairy trade. The export products are cheese, skim milk powder, whole milk powder and fresh milk. Among them, cheese is mainly exported to Japan, skim milk powder is mainly exported to Indonesia, China and Malaysia, and whole milk powder is mainly exported to China. ^[13]

Sheep farming

Australian sheep industry

Sheep farming is Australia's traditional livestock industry, wool in the 1980s was the second largest export agricultural products after wheat, with the country's agricultural restructuring, wool exports fell to the second place. Sheep farming in Australia is all natural grassland grazing, mainly concentrated in New South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia and South Australia, the four states of sheep stock accounted for 93.7% of the country. ^[13]

Fishery industry

Australia is a maritime power in the Southern hemisphere, rich in fisheries resources, with 10 million square kilometers of exclusive economic zone and the world's third largest fishing area. There are more than 3,000 species of Marine and freshwater fish and more than 3,000 species of crustacean and soft-bodied aquatic products, of which about 600 species have been commercially harvested. The Australian federal government has strictly controlled the number of fishing vessels and implemented structural changes in 2005, gradually buying back and reducing the fishing fleet, and there are just over 300 fishing vessels operating beyond three nautical miles under federal jurisdiction. The main fishing species include: wild abalone, lobster, prawns, tuna, etc. The main breeding species include: salmon, sea cucumber, oyster and so on. ^[13]

Finance and finance

The fiscal year is from July 1 to June 30 of each year. In the 2018/2019 financial year, the government's fiscal deficit narrowed significantly to $690 million, the economy grew by 1.9% and inflation by 1.7%. The fiscal deficit for 2021/22 is $106.6 billion, or 5 per cent of GDP.

The financial sector is mature and well-regulated. It has the fifth largest financial system and capital market in the world. The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) is the central bank. National Bank, Commonwealth Bank, Westpac Bank and ANZ Bank are the four major banks, with total assets accounting for more than 50% of all bank assets. The financial regulatory framework consists of three independent bodies: the Australian Prudential Financial Regulatory Authority (APRA), the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) and the Reserve Bank of Australia.

Financial supervision system

On 1 July 1998, Australia introduced a new financial regulatory regime. Specifically, the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA), the Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) and the Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) are responsible for different levels of financial supervision. The heads of the three agencies and the Treasury Secretary, together as members of the Council of Financial Supervisors (CFR), communicate and coordinate with each other to maintain the efficiency, competitiveness and stability of the financial system.

(1) The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) is the central bank of Australia. Under the Reserve Banks Act 1959, the RBA is mandated to: promote the stability of the exchange rate of the Australian dollar; Maintaining full employment; Economic prosperity and the well-being of the Australian people. The Reserve Bank of Australia fulfils these responsibilities by formulating and implementing monetary policy, maintaining the stability of the financial system and the efficiency of the payments system, and managing gold and foreign exchange reserves.

(2) The Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA), which exercises prudential supervision over banking, securities, insurance, investment, trust and other business activities in Australia, and is responsible for issuing business licenses and preventing financial risks.

(3) The Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC), which is responsible for overseeing the operations of financial institutions, including providing information on pension insurance, funds, equities, and corporate securities, derivatives, and insurance services; Disclose the financial status of the operating institution; Regulate market behavior; Prevent manipulation, fraud and unfair competition; Maintain market integrity; Effectively protect the rights and interests of consumers; Ensuring that small and medium investors have access to adequate and accurate information; And when investors suffer losses due to unfair treatment of their rights and interests, they shall compensate them through appropriate channels. ^[5]

Banking industry

Australia's banking sector is highly concentrated and large companies have a strong market monopoly. It has always been known for its strong profitability and stable operation.

The electronic service facilities of Australian financial institutions are more advanced, and the vast majority of banking transactions can be achieved through automated teller machines, electronic transfer terminals at the point of sale, telephone banking and online banking. According to a report released earlier by Standard & Poor's, Australia is one of the lowest risk countries out of 86 countries that have undergone a banking risk assessment, due to rising profits and falling bad loans. The electronic service facilities of Australian financial institutions are more advanced, and the vast majority of banking transactions can be achieved through automated teller machines, electronic transfer terminals at the point of sale, telephone banking and online banking, and only less than 20% of the business is completed through the bank's branches in various places.

Australia's banking sector is ranked among the top five safest in the world, behind Switzerland and in the same league as banks in Canada, Germany and Hong Kong. ^[5]

Major bank

Major commercial banks in the Australian banking industry include: Australia and New Zealand Bank (ANZ), Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA), National Australia Bank (NAB), and Westpac Bank of Australia (WBC). These four major banks are the four pillars of the Australian banking system, with strong monopoly. In addition to deposit and loan business, they also carry out a variety of comprehensive financial services, such as life insurance, pension management, asset management and financial consulting. The Big four banks account for about 80% of the total assets of the Australian banking sector, while the other 160 or so authorized depository institutions (ADI) account for only about 10% of the assets, and about 10% are owned by foreign banks. More than 20 of the Forbes Top 25 banks are now based in Australia. ^[5]

1, National Australia Bank Ltd. (National Australia Bank Ltd.) : Australia's largest commercial bank, founded in 1858. It was incorporated in 1893 and became a limited company in 1984. By 2021, it has total assets of $925 billion and employs approximately 32,000 people. Philip Chronican, chairman of the board, and Ross McEwan, chief executive officer.

2. Commonwealth Bank of Australia (Commonwealth Bank of Australia) : the second largest commercial bank in Australia, and the largest bank in Australia by customers. Founded in 1912. In 2021, the company has total assets of $1.092 trillion and employs 49,000 people. Catherine Livingstone, Chairman of the Board, Matt Comyn, Chief Executive Officer.

3, Westpac Banking Corporation (Westpac Banking Corporation) : Australia's oldest bank. The Bank of New South Wales was established in 1817 and renamed in 1982. In 2021, it has total assets of approximately $935 billion and employs approximately 40,000 people. Board Chairman John McFarlane, Chief Executive Officer Peter King.

4, ANZ BANK (ANZ BANK) : one of Australia's major commercial banks, founded in 1835. By 2021, it has total assets of $979 billion and employs 40,000 people. Board Chairman David Gonski, Chief Executive Officer Shayne Elliott.

Insurance industry

The Australian insurance industry is well developed and highly scrutinised and regulated by all levels of government and industry bodies. The Australian insurance market is also a market with a high degree of monopoly, and major insurance companies often expand through mergers and acquisitions. According to the classification of the subject matter of insurance, Australian insurance is divided into general insurance, life insurance and private medical insurance.

Australia's domestic general Insurance giants are Insurance Australia Group (IAG), SuncorpGroup, QBE and overseas insurance giant Allianz. According to incomplete statistics, the Premium GWP (GrossWritten Premium) charged by these four companies accounts for more than 80% of the entire Australian general insurance industry. ^[5]

Chinese-funded financial institution

The main business types of Chinese financial institutions include international settlement, foreign exchange, trade finance, syndicated loans, derivatives, etc. Bank of China is the only Chinese bank that holds a full banking license in Australia to provide corporate and personal financial services.

Bank of China, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, China Construction Bank, Bank of Communications, Agricultural Bank of China, China Merchants Bank and Everbright Bank have branches in Australia, China UnionPay has offices in Australia, and China Development Bank and China CITIC Bank have representative offices in Australia. ^[5]

Securities market

The Australian securities market is relatively mature. Australian Stock Exchange (ASX), is the world's fifth largest equity market, has about 2,200 companies listed on the ASX, the total value of circulation of nearly 2 trillion Australian dollars. The Australian Securities Exchange is recognized internationally for its credibility and efficiency.

Time to market in Australia is short. If the listing application materials meet the listing conditions, it takes only a few weeks from the time the company submits the listing application to the approval. The cost of listing on the ASX is low, generally accounting for only 5% to 10% of the amount raised. There are more than 100 securities companies in Australia engaged in securities brokerage and investment banking, and more than 1,000 fund management companies investing in securities markets ^[5]

Stock market

The Australian stock market is developed and operated by the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX), with three traditional main share indices including the All Ordinaries Index, the All Industrials Index and the All Resources Index. Since April 2000, the major indices of the ASX have been benchmarked against the Standard & Poor's (S&P). Major indices include the S&P/ASX300, S&P/ASX200, S&P/ASX100, S&P/ASX50 and S&P/ASX20, with the S&P/ASX200 representing 82% of the local market (March 2017) and considered the most important indicator of the health of the Australian share market.

Foreign exchange control

Foreign exchange transactions in Australia are largely unrestricted and untaxed. Non-residents are free to open or use accounts, funds can be freely repatriated to their home country, and foreign exchange accounts can be opened, but foreign exchange trading in Australia must be handled by a designated foreign exchange broker. Interest-bearing investment projects of foreign governments and financial institutions shall be subject to other provisions. External payments can be settled in Australian dollars or other major currencies. There are no restrictions on non-trade foreign exchange payments except those involving transactions with countries such as Iraq.

Travellers can take Australian dollars or foreign currencies purchased from designated foreign exchange brokers out of the country, and non-resident travellers can also take out any amount of foreign currency they acquire in Australia without restriction. However, according to the Financial Transactions Reporting Act 1988, anyone who brings or takes out of Australia more than $10,000 in cash or foreign currency equivalent must declare it. The declaration form can be obtained at Customs at ports and airports, or downloaded from the Australian Federal Government website. ^[5]

Credit card use

Australian card is the most widely used means of payment for Australian consumers, allowing merchants to accept credit card payments, charge 1% to 4% of the transaction card service fee, credit cards issued by Australian banks, mastercard and Visa can be used.

Australia's major banks have branches in major cities and towns. Most malls have ATMs that are available 24 hours a day. Department stores, supermarkets and specialty stores have electronic money transfer terminals (EFTPOS) where you can buy goods and withdraw cash.

Unionpay cards, MASTER cards and VISA cards issued in China can be used in some Australian banks and merchants. ^[5]

currency

The Australian Dollar is the federal legal tender of Australia and the fifth largest currency in the world, issued by the Federal Reserve Bank of Australia. There are 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 dollar banknotes in circulation in Australia, and 5, 10, 20, 50 cents, 1 AUD and 2 AUD coins. One Australian dollar is equal to 100 cents. Australia is the first country in the world to have a full set of plastic banknotes in circulation.

There is no official exchange rate for the Australian dollar, and the Reserve Bank of Australia publishes guidance for the Australian dollar based on daily market observations at 4pm. ^[5]

On December 5, 2022, 1 Australian dollar was about 0.6820 US dollars, 0.6456 euros, 92.018 yen, and 4.7495 yuan.

revenue

Australia has a tax sharing system, which is divided into central and local taxes. The main taxes levied by the federal government include: personal income tax, corporate income tax, sales tax, welfare insurance tax, customs duties, consumption tax, etc. The main taxes levied by state governments are: payroll tax, stamp duty, financial institution tax, land tax, debt tax, and transaction tax on certain business transactions. Any income resident in Australia is required to have a Tax number (TFN). ^[5]

Service industry

The service sector is the most important and fastest growing sector of the Australian economy. After more than 30 years of economic restructuring, it has become a pillar industry of the national economy. In the 2018/2019 financial year, the value of the service industry was A $1.33 trillion, accounting for 68% of Australia's GDP, and the top five industries in the service industry by value were finance and insurance, health and community services, professional science and technology services, public administration and security services, and education and training services. Australia is one of the largest and most developed financial services markets in the Asia-Pacific region. In the 2018/2019 financial year, the value of the financial sector was $169.44 billion, and financial services contributed about 8.7% to Australia's GDP. In the 2021/2022 financial year, Australia's services exports amounted to A $61.07 billion. ^[5]

tourism

Tourism is an important sector of the Australian economy. In 2022, the number of foreign visitors to Australia was 2.208 million, an increase of 1197%. The main source countries of tourists are China, India, the United Kingdom and the United States. Rich in tourism resources, famous tourist cities and attractions are Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, Gold Coast, Darwin, Great Barrier Reef, Ayers Rock ( Uluru ), etc.

foreign trade

Australia is heavily dependent on international trade. Australia's main trading partners are China, the United States, Japan, South Korea, the United Kingdom, Singapore, India, New Zealand, Germany, Malaysia, Thailand and so on. In the 2020/2021 financial year, Australia's exports were $519.2 billion and imports were $398.1 billion.

Imports and exports of goods and services in recent years (unit: AUD 100 million)
A given year	2018/2019	2019/2020	2020/2021	2021/2022
Value of exports	4702	4752	5192	5938
Amount of imports	4214	3979	3981	4459
Negative surplus	488	773	1210	1479
Reference materials:

Australia's main exports are iron ore, coal, education and travel services, gold, crude oil, natural gas, wheat, bauxite, copper, beef, copper, wool products and so on. The main imported commodities are crude oil, motorcycles, refined oil, aviation equipment, medicine, communication equipment, computers, buses, trucks, gold and so on.

Outward investment

Since the 1980s, Australia's overseas investment has continued to grow. By the end of 2021, Australia has invested A $3.3 trillion overseas. Major investment targets were the United States ($1.1 trillion), the United Kingdom ($538 billion), Japan ($128.4 billion), New Zealand ($113.3 billion), Canada ($95.1 billion), the Cayman Islands ($94.2 billion) and Germany ($77.4 billion).

Foreign investment

Australia welcomes foreign investment and is one of the world's major destinations for foreign investment. At the same time, Australian companies are relatively active in outbound investment. Australia has long maintained its position as a net capital importer and looks forward to promoting domestic resource development and resource product exports through the introduction of foreign funds.

Foreign aid

Australia's foreign aid is mainly concentrated in Papua New Guinea and other South Pacific island countries and Southeast Asian countries, 2020/2021 fiscal year, Australia's foreign aid of 4.480 billion Australian dollars, accounting for 0.22% of Australia's GDP.

culture

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EDITOR

Australian culture is known for its diversity. Aboriginal painting and music, Western traditional and modern art, and Asia-Pacific culture have imperceptibly influenced Australia. Australian films regularly win awards at world film festivals and provide Hollywood with a great deal of talent. The Sydney Opera House is a world-renowned palace of high art. Patrick White, a giant of modernist literature, greatly promoted the internationalization of Australian literature.

Australians also love the arts, with about twice as many people visiting galleries or attending art performances as attending football matches. About 70 per cent of Australians queue up to see a film each year, 25 per cent attend at least one opera a year and 20 per cent regularly visit galleries. Citizens spend about $1 billion a year on books. ^[5]

Language

The official language of Australia is English. In addition to English, the more common languages are: Mandarin Chinese, Italian, Greek, Cantonese, Arabic.

According to the 2016 Australian Census, English is the most widely spoken language, followed by Mandarin, Arabic, Cantonese and Vietnamese, followed by Italian. About 7 million people speak a language other than English at home. ^[5]

religion

Freedom of religion in Australia. The largest religious groups are Catholics, Anglicans and other Christian denominations, while non-Christian religions include Buddhism and Islam. According to the 2016 census, about 52.1% of the population believed in Christianity, 2.6% believed in Islam, 2.4% believed in Buddhism, and 30.1% believed in no religion. ^[5]

Australia is a multi-ethnic country, with multi-cultural characteristics in customs and habits, but it is still dominated by Western style in daily life etiquette and lifestyle.

First, Australians are not loud in public, Australians are informal and friendly, if you need help, you can take the initiative. Be polite, do not make a loud noise in public, and be orderly when waiting in line; Meet to shake hands as a ceremony, enter and exit the door please the woman first, the woman into the table men usually stand up to show politeness. Australians are very easygoing with people, like to shake hands warmly when meeting each other, and call each other by name. Australians have a strong sense of time, and soon after work, the house is empty.

Second, to visit friends, usually call first, and arrive on time, can bring flowers or wine and other small gifts to the host. If invited to a banquet or event, you should pay attention to your dress collocation.

Third, Australians value equality and will not order others. Tips are not popular, if the service staff provides additional services, you can give appropriate tips, the number should not be large.

Fourth, Australian consumers are concerned about the protection of wildlife, and many people do not like products made of protected animal skin, such as snake skin, crocodile skin bags and shoes. ^[5]

Australian Aboriginal customs

Aboriginal Australians are Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who live in most parts of Australia, especially in the Northern Territory, Western Australia and western New South Wales. Indigenous peoples have diverse cultural beliefs, languages and customs, respect the environment in which they live, and protect traditional cultural heritage such as rock carvings and handicrafts.

1. Be well prepared. When visiting an indigenous area, do your homework, fully understand the culture and customs of the destination indigenous people, pay attention to respect the community owners and community values, and be aware of the importance of traditions, family, and land to indigenous people.

2. Get permission in advance. Please note the "No Entry" sign. Permission or invitation should be obtained before visiting indigenous communities. Otherwise, do not rush into Aboriginal reserves or settlements.

3. Care for the natural environment. Do not remove rocks from Aboriginal lands or waters without permission. Do not trample on ant nests or rocks, do not break branches or carve or write on trees. 　　

4. Respect taboo restrictions. Aboriginal funerals or ceremonial ceremonies are privacy sensitive matters, and it is often taboo to mention the name of the deceased. Please note that fishing is prohibited in some areas; Some areas are only accessible to men or women; Carrying or drinking alcohol is prohibited in some areas. Some cultural practices are not open to everyone, and care should be taken to avoid touching on sensitive topics directly.

5. Respect social etiquette. When dealing with indigenous people, their arrangements should be respected. Some indigenous people may not be highly literate and English is only a second or third language. Some aborigines taboo eye contact, and avoiding direct eye contact is considered a sign of respect for elders. Pointing can be seen as a faux pas. Some communities have dress requirements for visitors. When in doubt, avoid wearing short skirts or shorts.

6. Consent is required for taking photos. The consent of the indigenous peoples is required for photography or photography. Please note that filming is prohibited in certain places or items. If photographs or images are used for publication or commercial purposes, they must be informed in advance and their permission obtained. Do not take climbing photos.

7. Pay attention to differences in conditions. The remote areas where indigenous people live may be far away, the roads are poor, the mobile phone communication is not smooth, the accommodation conditions, health, security conditions are different from the metropolis, and the rescue conditions are limited, please be sure to prepare for possible situations before traveling, including informing relatives and friends of the itinerary and return time in advance.

diet

Australian diet has the following characteristics:

Attention: dishes should be less quality fine, pay attention to the color of dishes.

Taste: Generally do not like too salty, love sweet and sour taste.

Food: Australian diet is mainly British Western food, Christmas time eat more seafood. The diet is based on British Western food, like drinking milk, like eating beef, pork and so on. The staple food is happy to eat noodles, especially love to eat Chinese style soup dumplings. I like to eat chicken, duck, pigeon, fish, seafood, beef, pork, eggs, etc. Also like bean sprouts, tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce, cauliflower and other fresh vegetables; Condiments like ketchup, MSG, salt, sauce, ginger, pepper and so on.

Preparation: Preference for fried, fried, fried, baked and other cooking methods.

Menu: Enjoy ham, fried prawns, fried beef tenderloin, Beijing roast duck, fried prawns, grilled chicken, grilled fish, tomato beef, crispy chicken, sweet and sour fish, fried assorted dishes.

Water wine: like to drink beer and wine, per capita drinking no more than 30 liters per year, to restaurants or bars can bring their own drinks; I am very interested in coffee in drinks, and I also like to drink black tea and fragrant tea.

Fruit: the fruit of lychee, apple, loquat, grape, watermelon, pear love to eat; Dried fruits like peanuts and so on. ^[15]

movie

Australian films have a global impact. Films were being made in Australia before the Second World War, and some of them were excellent. The Australian film industry was at a standstill after World War II. It was not until the 1970s that the ruling government, led by the Labor Party leader Wheatland, established the Australian Film Development Corporation, which was later renamed Australian Film Commission (AFC). The Film Commission set up the government's own film production agency, Film Australia, which produced a large number of films, becoming the first wave of film production in Australian history. Newspaper columnist and advertising magnate Philip Adams was one of the celebrities actively involved in the film craze at the time.

Australian producers and directors have earned themselves an undisputed place in the global film industry with their distinctive style and have had a strong influence on Hollywood, with many big-budget Hollywood films specifying the need for Australian actors. Australian filmmakers in the United States are known in Hollywood as the "Eucalyptus Leaf Gang", including many producers, directors and actors active in Hollywood today. Famous directors are Baz Luhrmann , Alex Proyas, George Miller and Wan Ziren Famous actors include Russell Crowe, Nicole Kidman , Cate Blanchett , Hugh Jackman and Guy Pearce Wait. Heath Ledger, Sam Worthington.

literature

The year 1973 The Australian government established the Literary Committee of the Arts Council, and literature began to develop vigorously, and local literary creation had a certain international influence, such as Marcus Clark Yu The year 1874 To create "Life Imprisonment." In the late 19th century, Australian bush poets began to step out of the shadow of British traditional culture in order to seek more of their own "Australianization" sense of belonging. From the 1920s onwards, the best works of Australian literature were Kunaldu, Capricania and Poor Fellow, My Native Land.

recreation

Australians love outdoor life, such as climbing the Sydney Bridge and enjoying a 360-degree view of Sydney Harbour. Swim with dolphins, visit Penguin paradise, come to Australia to see wildlife, camel walks, horse riding, adventure, all kinds of exciting activities.

Australians have both Western chipper and Oriental reserve. They have a wide range of interests and like sports, such as surfing , Windsurfing board , Racehorse , Go fishing , Ground ball , Australian rules football (Australian Rules football, commonly known as footy), cricket , rugby , netball And swimming have a large number of enthusiasts.

Special product

Australian specialties include Opal (Australian specialty gems), sheepskin, cowhide, lanolin, wine, red wine, white wine, animal toys, Aboriginal art works, art paintings and so on.

There are many varieties of wool and sweaters in various colors and at moderate prices. Especially the fur jacket or jacket made of sheepskin, soft and comfortable, easy and warm. Woolen blankets, wool, are also popular with visitors from colder countries.

The Opal produced in Akil, Western Australia, comes in a variety of colors, including yellow, white, brown, green, blue, red and purple. Akil's pink gems are world-famous and expensive.

Australian handicrafts are mainly art ceramics, woven products, glass artworks, leather products, jewelry and so on. In many craft shops there are wooden or metal models of the Sydney Opera House, kangaroos, koalas and emus, which are very memorable.

Australian Aboriginal artifacts focus on tens of thousands of years of Aboriginal history and culture in Australia. These crafts include boomerangs, bark paintings, cloth paintings, wood carvings, wood blown Musical Instruments, etc. These goods are easily available in tourist shops in major cities in Australia.

Military affairs

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EDITOR

The Governor-General of Australia is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. The Ministry of National Defense is the administrative body of the armed forces. The National Defense Commission is the highest decision-making body of the three armed forces, chaired by the Minister of Defense. The Commander of the Defence Forces is the Chief military adviser to the Minister of Defence. The current commander of the Defense Forces Angus Campbell (Gen. Angus Campbell).

Australia has a voluntary military service. The Defense Forces are composed of the army, navy and air force. By 2021, the Australian defense system has a total strength of 84,800, of which 60,200 are in active duty and about 24,500 are in reserve. In the conventional military, the Army has 29,600 troops, organized into three commands: Headquarters 1st Division, Forces Command, and Special Operations Command; The navy is composed of 15,200 people, and it is organized into two commands, fleet and strategy, and has 14 major naval bases under its jurisdiction. The Air Force has 14,400 personnel and 11 major air bases, equipped with F/A-18, F-111, AP-3C and other types of aircraft.

Defense budget in recent years
A given year	2018/2019	2019/2020	2020/2021	2021/2022
Defense Budget ($100 million)	265	328	417	446
GDP (%)	1.9	2.1	2.1	4.4
Reference materials:

On March 10, 2022, Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison and Defence Minister Peter Dutton jointly issued a media statement announcing the military expansion plan. Under the plan, the defense force will increase its strength by about 30 percent to about 80,000 personnel by 2040, with a budget of 38 billion Australian dollars (174.8 billion yuan). It is Australia's biggest military expansion in nearly 40 years. ^[3]

traffic

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EDITOR

railway

Australian railways have a history of more than 160 years. The total railway length of the country is 33,000 km. Based on the electrified railway, the North-South Trunk Line has been open since 2004, becoming the main artery connecting the northern and southern ends of Australia.

The government privatised some freight and passenger rail operators, including Sydney-Perth, Sydney-Melbourne and Adelaide-Alice Springs. In addition, private railways include the iron ore transport service in Western Australia, the Sugarcane field Railway in Queensland and a small number of mining railways.

In 2017, the Australian Federal Government Budget proposed A $20 billion investment in long-term rail projects, including A $10 billion national rail plan and A $8.4 billion Brisbane-Melbourne rail project. ^[5]

In the 2020/2021 fiscal year, the railway system transported a total of 420.6 billion tonne-kilometers of cargo, and the urban railway system carried 680 million passengers.

highroad

According to the Australian Infrastructure Statistics Annual Report 2020 released by the Australian Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications, the total length of roads in Australia is about 877,600 kilometers.

The construction and maintenance of roads in Australia is undertaken by state and local governments, and the federal government gives actual investment in major interstate highways.

With the exception of the Sydney Harbour Bridge and a few Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane highways, tolls are generally not charged on motorways.

Road transport is the main means of domestic turnover of non-bulk goods in Australia, and about 80% of goods are transported by road each year. In Australia, there are a number of road trains with a maximum load of 200 tons for lead and zinc mining transport, with a speed of 110 kilometers per hour. ^[5]

In 2021, the total number of registered motor vehicles in Australia is about 20.4 million, with passenger cars accounting for 74.7%. Among them, gasoline powered vehicles accounted for 73.6 percent and diesel powered vehicles accounted for 24.4 percent.

Water transport

Australia has a coastline of 36,700 kilometers, and international shipping is developed, with nearly 80% of exports and more than 70% of imports by sea. The inland water transport mileage of Australia is about more than 2,000 kilometers, more than 100 ports, 109 merchant ships, and 3.34 million tons of cargo.

Australia's international water cargo volume averaged more than 1 billion tons per year, and in the 2015/16 financial year, the loading volume reached 1.446 billion tons and the unloading volume reached 150 million tons, mainly for iron ore, coal, liquefied natural gas, grain and other commodities.

In the 2017/18 financial year, 8.1 million TEUs were handled at the five major container terminals. Major ports include Sydney, Melbourne, Perth, Brisbane, Adelaide, Hobart, Darwin, Dampier, Burnie, Devonport, Townsville and so on. ^[5]

Air freight

Australia is the 8th largest aviation market in the world. In the fiscal year 2020/2021, 394,000 domestic flights were operated, transporting 24.98 million domestic passengers. The Melbourne-Sydney, Brisbane-Sydney and Brisbane-Melbourne routes are the three most important domestic routes. The main domestic airlines are "Qantas" and "Jetstar". In the fiscal year 2020/2021, it operated 45,000 international flights and transported 1.123 million international passengers.

There are 480 licensed airports in Australia and its overseas territories and 349 airports with runways. Australia has 12 international airports serving international airlines. Sixty airlines operate international routes. International airports with more than 10 million passengers a year are Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Perth. Sydney Airport is the largest international airport, accounting for 50% of Australia's international passenger traffic. The airline business is dominated by two airlines, Qantas and Virgin Australia.

China's Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Haikou, Hangzhou, Shenzhen, Chengdu and other cities have flights to Australia, Air China, China Southern Airlines, China Eastern Airlines, Hainan Airlines, Sichuan Airlines have offices in Australia. ^[5]

society

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EDITOR

Science and technology

Australia has a relatively advanced level of science and technology, a number of world-class universities and research institutions, a relatively complete science and technology management system and policy framework, and governments at all levels formulate various key science and technology plans and carry out systematic evaluation of science and technology performance.

Australia has strong advantages in basic and applied research in agriculture, biotechnology, astronomy, medicine, geoscience, mining, oceanography and other fields, and has made world-renowned scientific and technological achievements. There have been 16 Nobel Prize winners, 13 of them in the natural sciences.

Notable inventions by Australian scientists include ultrasound imaging to examine pregnant women; Penicillin, a western medicine that has saved countless lives; The black box flight safety recorder used around the world today; Bionic ears to help deaf patients; Cardiac pacemakers powered by electricity; Vaccines to prevent cervical cancer in women; Contact lenses for nearsighted patients; Wireless local area Network (WiFi) technology, etc. In the field of agricultural technology, Australia has bred the world's best wool quality Merino sheep breed.

As early as 1988, Australia experimented with circulating plastic banknotes and was the first country in the world to print and circulate plastic banknotes (polymer banknotes). Australian dollar notes feel like a mix of plastic and paper, a high degree of security, even fire will only be deformed but not damaged, the average circulation life of five times longer than traditional banknotes. Australia's technical expertise in plastic banknotes has enabled it to print banknotes for more than 20 countries and regions around the world. ^[5]

education

Education is largely the responsibility of the state government. Each state has a Ministry of Education, which is in charge of colleges, secondary and primary schools and technical education institutes within the state. The Federal government is responsible for funding universities and higher education colleges across Australia and for developing and coordinating education policy. Schools are divided into public and private, including preschool education, primary and secondary education and higher education, the implementation of preschool education to high school 13 years of schooling, before the age of 16 must accept compulsory education. Attach importance to and widely promote vocational education. In 2021, there will be 6,256 primary schools, 1,442 secondary schools, 1,374 secondary schools and 509 special schools. There are about 304,000 teaching staff in primary and secondary schools. In 2022, Australia will have 40 public universities, two international universities and one private university. Famous institutions of higher learning are Australian National University, Monash University, University of Adelaide, University of Melbourne, University of New South Wales, University of Queensland, University of Sydney, University of Western Australia and so on.

According to the QS World University Rankings 2021, seven Australian universities are ranked in the top 100, with the Australian National University ranked 31st in the world. There are 40 public universities, two international universities and one private university in Australia. Famous colleges and universities are Australian National University Monash University, University of Adelaide, University of Melbourne, University of New South Wales, University of Queensland University of Sydney, University of Western Australia, etc.

Education is Australia's third largest export industry, after coal and iron ore exports, and is the largest pillar industry in Australia's service exports. According to the Department of Education, Skills and Employment, there are about 520,000 international students enrolled in Australia as of April 2021. From the perspective of student source countries, China has been the largest student source country for 20 consecutive years since 2001. By December 2019, Chinese students in Australia accounted for 29% of the total number of international students, followed by India (17%), Nepal (8%), Vietnam (4%) and Malaysia (3%). ^[5]

Medical treatment

All permanent residents enjoy Australia's national health care, which is funded by government tax revenues. Under Australia's National Health Insurance Scheme, residents have access to most free medical services. The State pays the patient's outpatient fees and the costs of surgery and hospitalization (including medicines and food) in public hospitals.

There are 695 public hospitals in Australia, accounting for about two-thirds of all hospital beds, and total recurrent expenditure on public hospital services is $67 billion. 365,000 full-time employees are employed to provide public hospital services. There are 2.6 public hospital beds per 1,000 people. In 2021, there will be about 38,300 general practitioners in Australia, and about 58.1% of them are covered by various private health insurance.

Medical practitioners, hospitals and the government will adopt a unified bill. The government subsidizes a variety of expenses. For example, most of the cost of prescription drugs for low-income people is subsidized by the government. The Australian government encourages private health insurance to expand the scope of social services. According to the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority, more than half of the population will have private health insurance by 2021. ^[5]

Physical education

Australia is a sports country, sports is quite popular. In the international sports arena, Australia's cricket, hockey, netball, rugby and union rugby have first-class levels; Cycling, rowing and swimming are also among the best in the world. Other popular sports in the country include Australian Rules football, football, horse racing, motor racing, tennis, basketball, golf and athletics.

Australia has hosted the Summer Olympics twice, in Melbourne in 1956 and Sydney in 2000. Australia has long been among the world's top five medal winners at the Olympics, with swimming and track and field events usually bringing many MEDALS. In addition, Australia is one of the mecca of global tennis, and the Australian Open, one of the four Grand Slams, is played in Melbourne every January. Melbourne's Abel Park Circuit is the first grand Prix of the year for Formula One. Australia is very strong in water sports, in the Olympic Games for a long time to achieve good results, known as the "water lion".

soccer

Australian Rules Football is unique to Australia and matches played in the Australian Football League (AFL) are extremely popular. Today, the popularity of English football has also increased rapidly, and the A-League has been established. The Australian national football team became one of the most popular team sports teams in Australia, joining the Asian Football Association in 2006 and performing well in the 2006 World Cup, reaching the round of 16 before losing to future world champions Italy. In 2009, the World Cup qualifier was unbeaten in eight matches and entered the final stage of the 2010 South Africa World Cup again, but it was still eliminated in the first circle.

tennis

Australian Open (7 photos)

Australia is a big tennis country with many Grand Slam winners, such as Rod Laver , Patrick Rafter , Lleyton Hewitt , Alicia Molick, Samantha Stosur , Margaret Court , John Newcomb Let's wait.

Australia's sports clubs are scattered throughout the country, with some high school and university sports clubs producing most of the country's sporting elite. In this respect, Australia is similar to the sporting power of the United States. The Australian Open is one of the four Grand Slam tournaments in tennis. The tournament is usually held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, during the last two weeks of January and is the first of the four Grand Slams held each year.

The Australian Open was founded in 1905 and has a history of more than 100 years. But compared to the other three Grand Slam tournaments, the Australian Open is still the youngest. The competition was originally named the "Australasian Championships"; In 1969, the tournament entered the "Open Era". Since 1988, the tournament has been played on an outdoor hard court at Melbourne Park.

The competition features men's singles and doubles, women's singles and mixed doubles. The men's singles championship trophy is the Norman Brookes Challenge ecup, and the women's singles championship trophy is the Daphne Akhurst MemorialCup.

Swimming

Ian James Thorpe is an Australian swimming superstar who won five Olympic gold MEDALS, Australia's highest total to date.

People's livelihood

Australia Is a high welfare state, the types of welfare are many and complete, mainly including: unemployment benefits, veterans and family allowances, disabled benefits, pensions and family subsidies. All permanent residents enjoy national health care, which is funded by government tax revenues. As of May 2022, the average weekly wage for full-time adult workers was $1,770. Australia has developed its medical and health services. In 2021, there are about 38,300 general practitioners in Australia, and about 58.1% of them participate in various private health insurance. ^[5]

payroll

Australian Bureau of Statistics data show that in November 2020, Australian adult employees earned 1767.2 Australian dollars per week, an increase of 2.7% over the same period last year. Female employees earned $1,582 per week, up 3.5% year-on-year. Male employees earned 1,882.8 yuan per week, up 2.4 percent year-on-year.

In Australia, the three industries with the highest wage level are mining, information media and telecommunications, and financial and insurance services, with full-time weekly wages reaching 2633, 2034 and 2032 Australian dollars respectively.

The three lowest paid industries in Australia are food and accommodation services, retail, and arts and entertainment services, with full-time weekly wages of $1,161, $1,289, and $1,464 respectively.

Full-time weekly wages in other industries range between $1,540 and $2,001. The minimum weekly wage in Australia is $772.6 and the minimum hourly wage is $20.33. ^[5]

medium

There are four major newspaper groups in Australia: The Herald and The Time Magazine Group, Murdoch News, Fairfax and Parker News Holdings. Among them, Murdoch News Company is the fastest growing, in recent years also bought The Times of the United Kingdom and the New York Post in the United States, has become an international newspaper group. The main newspapers are: The Australian with a circulation of about 5.2 million; The Sydney Morning Herald, with a circulation of about 8.4 million; The Century, with a circulation of 6.1 million; The Financial Review, with a circulation of 3.4m; The Canberra Times, circulation about 580,000. There are more than 1,400 periodicals in Australia, and the Australian Women's Weekly is the largest publication with a circulation of more than 1.29 million. The weekly Gazette (founded in 1880) is one of the oldest publications. The Australian Associated Press (AAP) is Australia's largest news agency, headquartered in Sydney, and has been associated with Reuters since 1964.

Australia has three radio and television regulatory bodies.

(1) The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) : a network of four stations that broadcast non-commercial radio and television programmes nationally through production transmission facilities in state and territory capitals and satellite services to remote areas; Radio Australia (RadioAustralia) and Australia (AustralianTelevisionInternational) to play overseas international television. Most of the annual budget is allocated by the Federal Parliament.

(2) The Australian Communications and Media Authority: regulates telecommunications, the Internet, commercial radio and community radio, charging and licensing. There are 550 commercial radio stations and 460 commercial television stations.

(3) the Australian special broadcasting bureau (SpecialBroadcastingService, SBS) : head of SBS SBS television and radio stations, funded by the federal government. SBS Television is a multicultural television station, began work on October 24, 1980, United Nations Day, with the exception of news, sports and some documentaries broadcast in English, the remaining programs are broadcast in the languages of Australia's immigrant ethnic groups with English subtitles, providing non-English speaking people with a media channel to understand the world.

communication

The penetration rate of personal computers, Internet, mobile phones and e-commerce in Australia is among the highest in the world. Telstra, a state-owned basic telecommunications operator, has three main parts of its communications network, namely land, mobile and satellite communications. The National Broadband Network (NBN) under construction in Australia has connected 3.91 million homes and businesses. ^[5]

TELSTRA, Australia's largest telecommunications company, was founded in 1901 and became a limited company in 1991. The Australian government sold shares in the company in 1997, 1999 and 2006, gradually privatising it, with the Australian government holding 17%. In 2021, operating revenue of $21.56 billion and net profit of $1.9 billion.

Australia's mobile phone network is GSM standard, and China's" GSM "Compatible. Mobile phone coverage covers 99% of Australia's population, but only 25% of the country. Telstra, Optus and Vodafone all claim their services cover more than 95 per cent of the population, but the reality is that reception can be poor in remote areas and even patchy in some parts of big cities. ^[7]

electricity

In 2020, Australia generated 265 trillion megawatt hours (TWh) of electricity, roughly unchanged from the previous year. Coal is still the main method of power generation, accounting for 54% of the total power generation. Natural gas accounted for 20% of electricity generation, and renewable energy accounted for 24% of electricity generation, up from 21% last year. Australia had 21 coal-fired power stations; More than 120 hydropower stations; It has 101 wind farms with a total installed capacity of 6,279 MW, and is planning to build a wind power capacity of 21,845 MW.

Australia's National Electricity Market operates the world's longest connected electricity system, serving the electricity needs of 19 million customers and trading more than $11 billion in electricity annually. More than 300 registered power plants sell electricity on the spot to Australia's National Electricity Market, with government-owned companies accounting for the lion's share of installed capacity in Queensland and Tasmania, and private companies in Victoria, New South Wales and South Australia. ^[5]

The Australian standard voltage is 230 volts (+10% and -6% error allowed), 50Hz, and the plug standard is Type I. ^[7]

Public security

Australia's overall security situation is good, social security problems are mainly concentrated in big cities, according to the economic status of the cluster, obviously some regional social security situation is slightly worse. In the past, Australians legally owned firearms for hunting, wildlife control, and target shooting. Over the past 20 years, a series of mass killings have aroused public concern. As a result, states and the federal government worked together to enact stricter gun laws.

According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the total number of prisoners in prison in Australia in June 2020 was 41,060, down 5% from the previous year, and the number of prisoners per 100,000 people was 202, down 7% from the previous year. Among them, the most frequent cases are intentional injuries, drug-related cases and sexual crimes. ^[5]

disaster

Australia has a vast territory and great differences in geography, climate and other conditions. Bush fires, floods, storms, landslides and other natural disasters occur from time to time. Please pay attention to the disaster alert issued by the local government and the alert alert issued by the website of the Chinese Embassy and consulates in Australia, pay attention to media reports, and make reasonable travel plans. If the local government decides to take disaster emergency measures, please go to the safe place according to the guidance and obey the arrangement. ^[7]

Inclement weather

1. Tropical storm. It occurs from November to April in most parts of Queensland, the Northern Territory and Western Australia.

2. Extreme heat. Extreme heat can occur throughout the summer.

3. Drought. The most recent drought occurred in the eastern and southern regions between 2002 and 2007.

4. Ultraviolet light. In Australia, the intensity of UV radiation throughout the year (especially between 10 am and 3 PM every day) is high, which can cause sunburn or dehydration, and it is recommended to take protective sun protection measures such as sunscreen and wearing hats when going out. ^[7]

Flood and fire

1. Floods. Heavy rainfall from tropical storms can cause flooding. Most of the flooding occurred in the Northern Territory, Queensland and New South Wales.

2. Fire. Bushfires usually occur in the summer months from November to February and can damage homes, roads, railways, telecommunications and other infrastructure and even threaten lives. ^[7]

Animal attack

Australian animals may have different habits from those on other continents. Animals such as box jellyfish, freshwater crocodiles, saltwater crocodiles, sharks, venomous insects (such as redback spiders, funnel spiders), and inland bushsnakes are aggressive and can be deadly.

Do not expel animals or throw food or other objects without permission. Do not hunt or fish or collect plants or shellfish without first determining whether a permit is required. ^[7]

Room rate

In March 2021, Australia's property stock was valued at $8.3 trillion, with an average house price of $779,000 per unit.

The three regions with the highest house prices are New South Wales, Victoria and Headland, with an average house price of 101.1, 835,000 and 810,000 euros/set. The three regions with the lowest prices are Northern Territory, South Australia and Tasmania, with average prices of 48, 52.4 and 528,000 Australian dollars per set respectively. In addition, Queensland and Western Australia are 58.6 and 583,000 Australian dollars/set, respectively. ^[5]

diplomacy

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EDITOR

Foreign policy

On the basis of the three traditional foreign policies of consolidating the Australia-US alliance, giving play to the role of the United Nations and expanding ties with Asia, Australia has enhanced its international influence by actively participating in global and regional hotspot issues, and strives to promote "active and creative middle power diplomacy". Sign and approve Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (RCEP).

External relations

Relations with China

Since the establishment of diplomatic ties between China and Australia on December 21, 1972, bilateral relations have been developing smoothly. Leaders of the two countries maintain regular contacts and mutual visits. The exchanges and cooperation between China and Australia in culture, education, sports, science and technology have continued to develop. In the 1970s and 1980s, China and Australia signed scientific and technological cooperation agreements, cultural cooperation agreements, aviation agreements and educational exchanges. Military exchanges between China and Australia began in 1978. In 1982, China and Australia exchanged military attaches. In the 1990s, military exchanges between China and Australia gradually increased. ^[14]

China and Australia have no historical problems, let alone conflicts of core interests. On the contrary, the two countries share similar aspirations and propositions in major areas such as economic development, people's well-being, regional peace and stability, and global co-governance. Under the careful care of the visionary political leaders and people of both countries, China-Australia relations have flourished at the beginning of the new century. The two countries announced their joint strategic partnership in 2013, which was upgraded to a comprehensive strategic partnership a year later.

Regrettably, since the end of 2015, Australian leaders have deviated from their original intention and insisted on following the United States to deter China, resulting in a sharp deterioration of China-Australia relations and a sharp decline in mutually beneficial economic and trade cooperation. The Australian government basically blocked Chinese investment on the grounds of national security, and China's annual investment in Australia plummeted from a peak of 16 billion Australian dollars to 2.5 billion Australian dollars in 2020 and 760 million Australian dollars in 2021. Australia not only took the lead among Western countries in banning Huawei from participating in 5G construction, but also launched a "spy catch campaign" of "McCarthy terrorism" and ridiculously accused Chinese students of being "spies", resulting in the number of Chinese students in Australia plummeting to a historical low. The malicious poisoning of China-Australia relations by the Australian government and some politicians has not only caused property and emotional damage to Chinese enterprises and people, but also contributed to the sharp decline in Australia's per capita GDP.

The fundamental factor of the ups and downs of China-Australia relations in the post-Cold War period does not lie in the superficial "disputes" between the two countries, but in whether Australia is sincere in maintaining the stable development of bilateral mutually beneficial cooperative relations. If sincerity is lacking, politicians can find excuses at will to maliciously damage China-Australia relations. An expedient measure lacking sincerity may bring short-term benefits and help political parties and politicians tide over difficulties, but it will seriously damage the hard-won trust between the two countries, especially between the two peoples, and cause more bumps in the future development of bilateral relations. ^[16]

According to Chinese statistics, bilateral trade between China and Australia totaled 220.9 billion U.S. dollars in 2022, down 3.9 percent year on year. Among them, China's export to Australia was US $78.8 billion, up 19.0% year on year, and Australia's export to China was US $142.1 billion, down 13.1% year on year. Australia is China's eighth largest trading partner. China is Australia's largest trading partner, export market and source of imports. China mainly exports mechanical and electrical products, computers, clothing, textiles, shoes, bags and toys to Australia. It mainly imports iron ore, coal, alumina, copper ore, wool and barley from Australia.

In the first nine months of 2023, the bilateral trade volume between China and Australia was 171.54 billion US dollars, up 3.4% year on year, of which China's imports from Australia were 116.95 billion US dollars, up 8.1% year on year, and its exports were 54.59 billion US dollars, down 5.5% year on year.

China has set up 13 Confucius Institutes and 54 Confucius classrooms in Australia. Chinese students are the largest group of overseas students in Australia. By December 2022, there were 172,598 Chinese students studying in Australia, accounting for about 25% of the total number of international students in Australia. Before the pandemic, China was Australia's largest source of tourists. In August 2023, China resumed its national travel agencies and online tourism companies to operate group Tours to Australia. By the end of 2020, the two countries had established 113 pairs of friendship relations between provinces, states and cities.

Relations with the United States

Australia and the United States established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1940. In 1951, Australia, New Zealand (New Zealand) and the United States signed the "ANZUS Security Treaty", Australia and the United States formed an alliance. After the September 11 attacks, Australia launched the ANZUS Security Treaty and sent troops to participate in the US wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. In recent years, the Australian Prime Minister, foreign Minister and Defense Minister have visited the United States many times. In June 2014, Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott visited the United States. In August, US Secretary of State John Kerry and Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel visited Australia and held the 28th annual Ministerial meeting with Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop and Defense Minister John Johnston. In November, US President Barack Obama visited Australia and attended the G20 Summit. In January 2015, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited the United States. In October, the Australian and US foreign Affairs and Defense Ministerial consultations were held in the United States. Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull and US President Barack Obama meet on the sidelines of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Economic Leaders' Meeting in November. In January 2016, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull visited the United States. In July, US Vice President Joe Biden visited Australia. In July and September, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited the United States. In January, February, May, July and September 2017, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited the United States. In April, US Vice President Mike Pence visited Australia. In May, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull visited the United States. In June, the foreign affairs and Defense Ministerial consultations between Australia and the United States were held in Australia. In January 2018, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited the United States. In February, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull visited the United States. In October, Australian Foreign Minister Payne met with US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo on the sidelines of the 73rd General Debate of the United Nations in New York. In January 2019, Australian Foreign Minister Payne visited the United States. In August, the foreign affairs and Defense Ministerial consultations between Australia and the United States were held in Australia. In September, Australian Prime Minister Morrison visited the United States. In March 2020, Australian Foreign Minister Payne visited the United States. In July, the Australian and US foreign Affairs and Defense Ministerial consultations were held in the United States. In March 2021, Australian Prime Minister Morrison participated in the US-Japan-India-Australia "Quadrilateral Mechanism" leaders' video summit. In May, Australian Foreign Minister Payne visited the United States. In January 2021, Australian Foreign Minister Payne spoke with US Secretary of State Blinken. In February, Australian Prime Minister Morrison spoke with US President Joe Biden. In March, Australian President Scott Morrison spoke with US Vice President Harry Harris. In the same month, Australian Prime Minister Morrison attended the video summit of the leaders of the "Four-way Mechanism" between the United States, Japan, India and Australia. In May, Australian Foreign Minister Payne visited the United States. In September, the Australian and US Foreign Affairs and Defence Ministerial consultations were held in the United States. In the same month, Australian Prime Minister Morrison attended the leaders' Summit of the "Quadrilateral Mechanism" between the United States, Japan, India and Australia. In September, the leaders of the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia met to announce the establishment of the United States-Britain Australia Trilateral Security Partnership (AUKUS). In November, Australian Foreign Minister Payne spoke with US Secretary of State Blinken. In December, Australian Foreign Minister Payne met with US Secretary of State Blinken on the sidelines of the G7 Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Liverpool. In May 2022, Prime Minister Albanese attended the US-Japan-India-Australia "Quadrilateral Mechanism" summit. Australian Foreign Minister Huang Ying-yin met with US Secretary of State Blinken in Japan. In June, Australian Foreign Minister Huang Ying-yin spoke with US Secretary of State Blinken. In July, Australian Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defence John Mars visited the United States. In September, Australian Foreign Minister Wong Ying-yin visited the United States. In December, the Australian and US foreign Affairs and Defense Ministerial consultations were held in the United States. In March 2023, the United States, Britain and Australia announced the AUKUS nuclear submarine cooperation program. In July, the foreign affairs and Defense Ministerial consultations between Australia and the United States were held in Australia. In October, Australian Prime Minister Albanese visited the United States.

Australia and the United States have close economic and trade ties. In May 2004, Australia and the United States formally signed a bilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA). The agreement entered into force in January 2005. In the 2021/2022 financial year, bilateral trade between Australia and the US was $76.5 billion. The US is Australia's second largest trading partner.

Relations with New Zealand

As an ally of Australia, New Zealand and Australia have a mechanism of semi-annual regular visits between the leaders of the two countries and close security and economic and trade relations. In March 1983, Australia and New Zealand signed the Agreement on Closer Economic Relations (CER). The Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Area was established in 1990. In March 2009, new Prime Minister John Key visited Australia. In June, Australian Foreign Minister Smith visited New Zealand. In August, new Prime Minister John Key visited Australia. In the same month, Australia and Singapore held the annual "Closer Economic Relations" (CER) ministerial meeting. In February 2010, new Foreign Minister McCully visited Australia. In November, Australian Foreign Minister Kevin Rudd held a ministerial dialogue with new Foreign Minister Stephen McCully. In February 2011, Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard visited New Zealand. In June, new Prime Minister John Key visited Australia. In March 2012, Australian Foreign Minister Bob Carr visited New Zealand. In July, new Prime Minister John Key visited Australia. In February 2013, Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard visited New Zealand. In February 2014, Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott visited New Zealand. In February 2015, Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott visited New Zealand and Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited New Zealand. In April, Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott visited New Zealand again. In June, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited New Zealand. In October, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull visited New Zealand. In October 2016, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited New Zealand. In February 2017, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull visited New Zealand. In November, new Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern visited Australia. In March 2018, new Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern visited Australia and held the annual summit between the leaders of the two countries. In February 2019, Australian Prime Minister Morrison visited New Zealand. In the same month, Australian Foreign Minister Payne visited New Zealand. In July 2019, Australian Foreign Minister Payne visited New Zealand. In the same month, New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern visited Australia. In October, Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Peter Peters of New Zealand visited Australia to attend the Australia-New Zealand Foreign Ministers' Consultation. In December, Australian Foreign Minister Payne visited New Zealand. In February 2020, new Prime Minister Ardern visited Australia. In December, new Foreign Minister Mahuta held video consultations with Australian Foreign Minister Payne. In April 2021, Australian Foreign Minister Payne visited New Zealand. In May, Australian Prime Minister Morrison visited New Zealand. In November, new Foreign Minister Mahuta visited Australia. In May 2022, Prime Minister Albanese spoke on the phone with new Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern. In June, Australian Foreign Minister Wong Ying-yin visited New Zealand. In July, new Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern visited Australia and held the annual summit between the leaders of the two countries. In December, New Zealand Foreign Minister Mahuta visited Australia. In February 2023, New Zealand Prime Minister John Hipkins visited Australia. In April, Australian Defence Minister Marrs met with New Zealand Defence Minister Little in Geelong. In July, Australian Prime Minister Albanese visited New Zealand.

In the financial year 2021/2022, bilateral trade between Australia and New Zealand was $25.5 billion.

Relations with the EU and the UK

Australia has traditional economic, security and people-to-people ties with the EU. The EU is an important trading partner of Australia, its largest source of investment and its second largest investment destination. The EU's investment in Australia accounts for one third of Australia's total foreign investment, and one quarter of Australia's outbound investment is in Europe. In April 2008, Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd visited the EU and reached consensus with EU President Jose Manuel Barroso on the establishment of an Australia-EU partnership framework. In the same month, Lu visited the United Kingdom and met with French President Nicolas Sarkozy on the sidelines of the NATO summit. In June, Australian Foreign Minister Stephen Smith visited the UK. In May 2011, Australian Foreign Minister Kevin Rudd visited Finland and Norway. In September, French Foreign Minister Alain Juppe and President of the European Commission Jose Manuel Barroso visited Australia. In October, Queen Elizabeth II and her wife visited Australia. In November, Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard attended the G20 Summit in Cannes, France. In April 2012, Australian Foreign Minister Bob Carr visited the United Kingdom, Belgium, Malta and Turkey. In November, Prince Charles and his wife visited Australia. In April 2014, Britain's Prince William and his wife visited Australia. In November, French President Francois Hollande, British Prime Minister David Cameron and German Chancellor Angela Merkel attended the G20 Summit in Australia. In January 2015, the King of Norway visited Australia. In April, Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott visited France and Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited France, Germany and Belgium. In April, Britain's Prince Harry visited Australia. The Prince of Wales visited Australia in July. In November, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull visited Germany and attended the G20 Summit in Turkey. In December, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull attended the climate Change Conference in France. In September 2016, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited Germany and held a bilateral meeting of Foreign and defence ministers. In November, King Willem-Alexander and his wife of the Netherlands visited Australia. In February 2017, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited the UK and Ireland. In April, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited Estonia. In July, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull attended the G20 Summit in Germany and visited France and the UK. In the same month, the Foreign and defence Ministers of Australia and the UK held the 9th bilateral Ministerial Meeting in Australia. In the same month, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited Croatia. In August, Croatian President Kitarovic visited Australia. In the same month, Australia and the European Union signed a framework agreement to deepen cooperation. In October, President Higgins of Ireland visited Australia. In April 2018, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull visited the United Kingdom, Germany, Belgium and France. In May, French President Emmanuel Macron visited Australia. In October, Britain's Prince Harry and his wife visited Australia. In October, Australian Foreign Minister Payne attended the 12th Asia-Europe Summit in Brussels. In February 2019, Australian Foreign Minister Payne visited France and the United Kingdom. In June, Australian Prime Minister Morrison visited the UK. In July, Australian Foreign Minister Payne visited the UK. In May, Australian Foreign Minister Payne visited the United Kingdom and Switzerland. In June 2021, Australian Prime Minister Morrison visited the UK. In August 2022, Australian Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defence John Mars visited the United Kingdom and France. In February 2023, Australian Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Defence Stephen Mars and Australian Foreign Minister Huang Ying-yin visited France and the United Kingdom, and held a dual ministerial meeting between the foreign and defence ministers of Australia and the United Kingdom. In May 2023, Prime Minister Albanese attended the coronation of King Charles III.

In the 2021/2022 financial year, bilateral trade between Australia and the EU was $97 billion. In the 2021/2022 financial year, bilateral trade between Australia and the UK was $22.02 billion.

On 20 March 2024, Australia and the United Kingdom signed a new defence and security cooperation agreement in Canberra. ^[29]

Relations with Russia

In June 2006, Australia and Russia signed a bilateral agreement on Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO). In 2007, Russian President Vladimir Putin visited Australia and attended the APEC Summit, the first visit by a Russian head of state to Australia. The two sides signed an agreement on cooperation in the use of nuclear energy. In February 2012, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov visited Australia. In September 2013, Australian Foreign Minister Bob Carr represented the Australian government at the G20 Summit in St Petersburg, Russia. In November 2014, Russian President Vladimir Putin attended the G20 summit in Brisbane, Australia. In November 2015, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull spoke briefly with Russian President Vladimir Putin on the sidelines of the G20 summit in Antalya, Turkey. In 2022, Australia imposed sanctions on relevant Russian individuals and entities and provided arms and equipment to Ukraine. In the 2021/2022 financial year, bilateral trade between Australia and Russia was $1.76 billion.

Relations with Japan

Since 1996, Australia and Japan have held annual summit meetings and established an annual "political and military" consultation mechanism. In March 2006, during Japanese Foreign Minister Taro Aso's visit to Australia, the two countries announced the establishment of a "comprehensive strategic relationship" and agreed to hold a foreign ministers' meeting, a policy dialogue at the vice-foreign minister level and a strategic consultation at senior officials' level every year. In January 2013, Japanese Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida visited Australia. In October 2013, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited Japan. In April 2014, Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott visited Japan. In June, the Foreign and defense Ministers of Australia and Japan held the fifth annual bilateral Ministerial Consultation in Japan. In July 2014, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe visited Australia. In November, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe visited Australia and attended the G20 Summit. In May 2015, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited Japan. In November, the foreign and defense Ministers of Australia and Japan held the 6th annual Bilateral Ministerial Consultation in Australia. In December, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull visited Japan. In January 2017, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe visited Australia. In April, the foreign and defense Ministers of Australia and Japan held the 7th annual bilateral Ministerial Consultation in Japan. In January 2018, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull visited Japan. In June 2019, Australian Prime Minister Morrison visited Japan. In November, Australian Foreign Minister Payne visited Japan. In July 2020, Australian Prime Minister Morrison held a video conference with Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. In October, Australian Foreign Minister Payne went to Japan to attend the second Foreign Ministers' Meeting of the Trilateral Mechanism between the United States, Japan, India and Australia. In June 2021, the Foreign and defence Ministers of Australia and Japan held the 9th Bilateral Ministerial Meeting. In September, Australian Prime Minister Morrison met with Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga on the sidelines of the US-Japan-India-Australia "Quadrilateral Mechanism" leaders' Summit in Washington. Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison meets with Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida on the sidelines of the 26th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP26) in November. In May 2022, Australian Prime Minister Albanese went to Japan to attend the US-Japan-India-Australia "Quadripartite Mechanism" summit and met with Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida. In October, Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida visited Australia. In December, the foreign affairs and defense ministerial consultations between Australia and Japan were held in Japan. In May 2023, the Leaders' Summit of the "Quadrilateral Mechanism" was held in Hiroshima, Japan. In June, Japan participated in the "Talismanic Sabre" joint military exercise held by Australia. In August, the Reciprocal Access Agreement (RAA) between the defence ministries of Australia and Japan came into effect. In October, the Australia-Japan Economic Ministerial Dialogue was held in Australia.

Relations with North and South Korea

The two countries established diplomatic relations in 1974 and broke off relations the following year. They resumed diplomatic relations in May 2000. In May 2010 and November 2010, after the "Cheonan" incident and the shelling of Yeonpyeong Island, in addition to implementing the UN sanctions against the DPRK, Australia also implemented unilateral sanctions such as postponing aid to the DPRK. Following the death of Kim Jong-il, Australia called on the DPRK to remain calm and restrained, act in a manner that serves the interests of its people and maintain constructive engagement with the international community. In December 2012, after North Korea launched a satellite, Australia issued a statement condemning North Korea. Following North Korea's nuclear test in February 2013, Australia supported and implemented the sanctions imposed by the United Nations Security Council Resolutions 2094 and 2270. In recent years, Australia has supported and implemented the sanctions imposed on the DPRK by successive UN Security Council resolutions.

In May 2000, Australia and South Korea announced the establishment of an annual meeting of foreign and trade ministers. In July 2003, Australian Prime Minister John Howard visited South Korea. In December 2006, South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun visited Australia. In March 2009, South Korean President Lee Myung-bak visited Australia. In April 2011, Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard visited South Korea. In December, South Korean Defense Minister Kim Kwan-jin visited Australia. In October 2013, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited South Korea. In April 2014, Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott visited South Korea, during which the two sides signed a free trade agreement (FTA). In May 2015, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited South Korea. In September, the Foreign and Defense Ministers' Meeting between Australia and the ROK was held in Sydney. In August 2016, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull and South Korean President Park Geun-hye met on the sidelines of the East Asia Summit in Laos. In February 2017, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited South Korea. In October, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop, Defence Minister Payne, ROK Foreign Minister Kang Kyung-wha and Defence Minister Song Young-moo held the annual Australia-ROK Foreign and Defence Ministers' Meeting in Seoul. In November 2019, Australian Foreign Minister Payne visited South Korea. In December, the Foreign and Defense Ministers' Meeting between Australia and the ROK was held in Sydney. In December 2021, South Korean President Moon Jae-in paid a state visit to Australia. In the same month, the Foreign and Defense Ministers' Meeting of Australia and the ROK was held in Sydney. In August 2022, the Australian and South Korean Foreign and Defence Ministers' Meeting was held in Canberra. In October, the first Australia-South Korea Trade Ministers' Meeting was held in Seoul. In May 2023, Australian Deputy Prime Minister and Defence Minister Marrs met with South Korean President Yoon Seok-yuol in Seoul. In the 2021/2022 financial year, bilateral trade between Australia and South Korea was $68.7 billion. South Korea is Australia's fourth largest trading partner.

Relations with other ASEAN countries

Australia formally established a dialogue partnership with ASEAN in 1974, and has signed bilateral or multilateral security and defense treaties with major ASEAN countries such as Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia. After the Bali bombings, Australia strengthened counter-terrorism cooperation with Southeast Asian countries, signed counter-terrorism agreements with Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand, and hosted a regional counter-terrorism conference with Indonesia.

In 2005, Australia acceded to the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia. In October 2006, Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen visited Australia. In November, Australian Prime Minister John Howard attended the 14th Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Economic Leaders' Meeting in Hanoi, Vietnam and paid a visit to Vietnam after the meeting. At the end of the same month, Australian Prime Minister John Howard visited Malaysia. In August 2007, Governor General Jeffrey visited Malaysia and attended the celebration of the 50th anniversary of Malaysia's independence. In October 2009, Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd attended the fourth East Asia Summit in Thailand. In January 2010, the ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement entered into force. In October, Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard attended the fifth East Asia Summit in Hanoi, Vietnam. In May 2011, Australian Foreign Minister Kevin Rudd visited Thailand, Myanmar in June, and Indonesia and Timor-Leste in July. In October, Australia announced $5.15 million worth of humanitarian assistance to flood-hit countries such as Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos and the Philippines. In November, Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard attended the sixth East Asia Summit in Bali, Indonesia. In March 2012, Australian Foreign Minister Bob Carr visited Cambodia, Vietnam and Singapore. In June, Australian Foreign Minister Bob Carr visited Myanmar. In November, Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard attended the 7th East Asia Summit in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. In October 2013, Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott attended the 8th East Asia Summit in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei. In October 2014, Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott attended the 9th East Asia Summit in Naypyidu, Myanmar. In March 2015, Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung visited Australia and the two sides decided to strengthen the comprehensive partnership. In May, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited Thailand and Singapore. In July, Prime Minister Abbott visited Singapore. In November, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull attended the 23rd Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Economic Leaders' Meeting in Manila, the Philippines, and the 10th East Asia Summit in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. In March 2016, Australia and Singapore held the 9th Ministerial Committee in Sydney. In September 2016, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull attended the East Asia Summit in Hanoi, Laos. In October, Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong visited Australia. In November, Australia and Vietnam signed a bilateral action plan to deepen their comprehensive partnership. In March 2017, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines. In June, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull visited Singapore and attended the Shangri-La Dialogue. In August, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited Thailand and attended foreign ministers' meetings on East Asia cooperation in Manila, the Philippines. In the same month, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop, Defence Minister Payne and Minister for Trade, Tourism and Investment John Ciobo went to Singapore to hold the 10th Australia-New Zealand (Singapore) Ministerial Committee. In November, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull attended the 25th APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting in Vietnam and the East Asia Summit in Manila, the Philippines. In March 2018, the ASEAN-Australia Special Summit was held in Sydney. In May, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited Vietnam. In November, Australian Prime Minister Morrison attended the East Asia Summit in Singapore. In December, Australian Foreign Minister Payne visited Myanmar and Indonesia. In January 2019, Australian Foreign Minister Payne visited Thailand and India. In June, Australian Prime Minister Morrison and Foreign Minister Payne visited Singapore. Australian Foreign Minister Payne visits Vietnam. In July, Australian Foreign Minister Payne attended foreign ministers' meetings on East Asia cooperation in Bangkok, Thailand. In August, Australian Prime Minister Morrison visited Vietnam. In November, Australian Prime Minister Morrison attended the East Asia Summit in Bangkok, Thailand. In February 2020, Australian Foreign Minister Payne visited Brunei. In October, Australian Foreign Minister Payne visited Singapore. In June 2021, Australian Prime Minister Morrison visited Singapore. In June 2022, Australian Foreign Minister Ng Ying-hen visited Vietnam and Malaysia. In July, Australian Foreign Minister Wong Ying-yin visited Singapore. In September, Australian Foreign Minister Wong Ying-yin visited Timor-Leste. In the same month, Vietnamese Foreign Minister Phu Thanh visited Australia. In February 2023, Australian Foreign Minister Wong Ying-yin visited Malaysia. In May, Australian Trade Minister Stephen Farrell visited Vietnam and the Philippines.

The economic and trade relations between Australia and ASEAN have developed well, with the signing of the Close Economic Partnership Agreement. In March 2003, Australia and Singapore officially signed a bilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA). In July 2004, Australia and Thailand officially signed a bilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA). In November 2022, negotiations to upgrade the Free Trade Agreement (AANZFTA) between ASEAN and Australia and New Zealand were concluded. In August, Australia signed the Second Amendment Protocol to the ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement (AANZFTA). In the 2020/2021 financial year, bilateral trade between Australia and ASEAN was $127.1 billion.

Local time on March 7, 2024, Prime Minister of Australia Albanese With the Prime Minister of Vietnam Pham Mingzheng A press conference was held to announce the establishment of Vietnam-Australia comprehensive strategic partnership. According to the statement, the upgrading of Vietnam-Australia relations to a comprehensive strategic partnership aims to promote extensive, substantive and effective cooperation between the two countries in the fields of climate change, energy transition, digital transformation, innovation and creativity, trade and investment, agriculture, defense, education and training. ^[28]

Relations with Pacific Island countries

Australia believes that it is in its interest to maintain stability in the South Pacific region and promote the economic development of the island countries. In July 2003, at the request of the Solomon Islands government, Australia, New Zealand and some South Pacific Island countries conducted a joint military intervention in the Solomon Islands. In December 2003, it signed an aid package with Papua New Guinea to assist the new government in economic and public security management. In February 2004, a Memorandum of understanding was signed with Nauru to help Nau emerge from the crisis. Australia has also put forward the idea of "joint regional management" and promoted the establishment of joint air routes in the South Pacific region and the establishment of regional police training centers. In the same year, the two countries jointly launched the Pacific Plan to achieve peace, harmony, security and prosperity in the region. Following riots in the Solomon Islands and Timor-Leste in April and May 2006 respectively, Australian Joint Area countries sent troops and police to both countries to stabilize the situation. Following a coup in Fiji in December, Australia and New Zealand imposed sanctions on Fiji. At the end of 2007, after taking office, the Australian Labor government said that it would increase assistance to the island countries, invest 1 billion Australian dollars to implement the "South Pacific Partnership Program", set up the "South Pacific Civil and Military Partnership Center", actively repair relations with Solomon Island countries, Papua New Guinea and other island countries, and reaffirmed the strengthening of the Regional Assistance Mission (RAMSI) and the security commitment to East Timor. In August 2009, the 40th Pacific Islands Forum Summit was held in Cairns, Australia, and the Cairns Compact was adopted. In August 2010, Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard attended the 41st Pacific Islands Forum Summit in Vanuatu. In October, Australian Foreign Minister Kevin Rudd visited Papua New Guinea and Papua New Guinea Prime Minister Peter O 'Neill visited Australia. In March 2012, Governor General Bryce went to Tonga to attend the funeral of King Tupou V of Tonga and visited eight Pacific island countries including Samoa, Tuvalu and Kiribati. In August, Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard attended the 43rd Pacific Islands Forum Summit in Rarotonga, Cook Islands, and announced that Australia would allocate A $320 million over 10 years to help Pacific Island countries promote gender equality. In March 2013, Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard visited Papua New Guinea and the two countries issued the Joint Statement on Papua New Guinea Australia New Partnership. In November 2014, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited Papua New Guinea. In January 2015, Prime Minister O 'Neill of Papua New Guinea visited Australia. In March, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited Vanuatu, Cook Islands, Kiribati and Tonga. In March 2016, the 24th Australia-Papua New Guinea Ministerial Meeting was held in Canberra. In the same month, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited Fiji. In September, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull attended the 47th Pacific Islands Forum Summit in Micronesia. In March 2017, the 25th Australia-Papua New Guinea Ministerial Meeting was held in Papua New Guinea. In April, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull visited Papua New Guinea. In June, Australian Governor-General Peter Cosgrove went to Vanuatu to attend the funeral of Vanuatu's president. In August, Solomon Islands Prime Minister Sogavare visited Australia. In the same month, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop attended the second Pacific Islands Forum Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Fiji. In September, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull attended the 48th Pacific Islands Forum Summit in Samoa. In April 2018, the 26th Australia-Papua New Guinea Ministerial Conference was held in Brisbane. In June, Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia and the Marshall Islands. In the same month, Prime Minister Honipweira of Solomon Islands and Prime Minister Salvi of Vanuatu visited Australia. In September, Australian Foreign Minister Payne went to Nauru to attend the 49th Pacific Islands Forum. In October, Australian Foreign Minister Payne visited Papua New Guinea. In November, Australian Foreign Minister Payne attended the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Ministerial Meeting in Papua New Guinea. In the same month, Australian Prime Minister Morrison attended the 26th APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting in Papua New Guinea. In January 2019, Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison visited Fiji and Vanuatu. In June, Australian Prime Minister Morrison visited the Solomon Islands. In the same month, Australian Foreign Minister Payne visited Fiji, Papua New Guinea and New Caledonia. In July, Australian Foreign Minister Payne visited the Cook Islands and attended the Pacific Islands Forum Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Fiji. In the same month, Prime Minister Marape of Papua New Guinea visited Australia. In August, Australian Prime Minister Morrison attended the 50th Pacific Islands Forum Leaders' Meeting in Tuvalu. In October, Australian Foreign Minister Payne visited Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. In the same month, Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison visited Fiji. In February 2021, Australian Prime Minister Morrison participated in a special meeting of Pacific Island leaders by video. In July, Australian Foreign Minister Payne attended the Pacific Islands Forum Foreign Ministers' Meeting by video. In August, Australian Prime Minister Morrison attended the Pacific Islands Forum Leaders' video conference. In June 2022, Foreign Minister Ng Ying Yin visited Fiji, Samoa, Tonga and Solomon Islands. In July, Australian Prime Minister Albanese attended the 51st Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) Leaders' Meeting in Fiji, and Australian Foreign Minister Wong Ying-yin attended the PIF Foreign Ministers' meeting. In August, Australian Foreign Minister Wong Ying-yin visited Papua New Guinea. In October, Australian Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defence John Mars visited Papua New Guinea. In the same month, Australian Foreign Minister Wong Ying-yin visited the Cook Islands and Niue. In May 2023, Australian Minister for International Development and the Pacific Stephen Conroy went to Papua New Guinea to attend the US-Pacific Islands Dialogue.

Relations with Middle Eastern countries

He focused on security issues in the Middle East and sent troops to participate in the Gulf War and the Iraq War. He sought to end the conflict by peaceful means. Opposing Iran's pursuit of nuclear weapons. Under the Labor government, Australia withdrew more than 500 combat troops from Iraq in June 2008. In March 2009, Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki visited Australia. In July, the Australian troops in Iraq completed their military mission, and all of them were withdrawn except for 80 who remained in Iraq and were responsible for the security of the Australian Embassy. In May 2008, Governor General Jeffrey visited Israel. In June, Foreign Minister Smith visited the UAE and Kuwait. From February to March 2011, Australian Foreign Minister Kevin Rudd visited South Africa, Tunisia, Egypt, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Oman. In November, Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard visited Afghanistan and attended the inauguration ceremony of the Australian embassy in Afghanistan. In June 2012, Australian Foreign Minister Bob Carr visited Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Libya and other countries. In January 2015, Iraqi Foreign Minister Ibrahim al-Jaafari visited Australia. In January 2016, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull visited Afghanistan and Iraq and visited Australian soldiers in Iraq. In November, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited Qatar. In the same month, King Abdullah II of Jordan visited Australia. In February 2017, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu visited Australia, becoming the first Israeli Prime Minister to do so. In October, Australian Prime Minister Turnbull visited Israel. In December 2018, the Australian government recognized West Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, but decided not to move the Australian embassy to West Jerusalem for the time being.

Australia attaches great importance to the potential of the Middle East market and actively promotes the export of agricultural and animal husbandry products and manufactured goods to the Middle East region. Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates are Australia's major trading partners in the Middle East.

Relations with Latin American countries

In recent years, China has actively strengthened exchanges and cooperation with Latin American countries in politics, economy, trade, culture and other fields, as well as coordination in multilateral mechanisms such as the United Nations and the G20. From 2008 to 2009, Australian Foreign Minister Stephen Smith visited Mexico, Peru, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Tranida and Tobago, and the Foreign ministers of Chile, Brazil and Colombia visited Australia. In 2009, Australia signed memorandums of understanding on political cooperation with Mexico, Chile and Cuba. In the same year, a free trade agreement with Chile came into force. In November of the same year, a memorandum of understanding was signed with 15 member States of the Caribbean Community. In December 2010, Australian Foreign Minister Kevin Rudd attended the MERCOsur leaders' meeting in Brazil and delivered a speech announcing that Australia would provide $100 million in development assistance to Latin America over four years. In June 2012, Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard visited Brazil to attend the Rio +20 Conference on Sustainable Development and met with Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff. In December 2014, Australian Trade Minister Rob visited Brazil, Peru and Chile. In June 2015, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited Chile, Peru and Brazil. In November 2016, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull attended the 24th APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting in Peru. In late June and early July 2017, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited Argentina, Colombia, Cuba, Grenada and Panama. In November, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull met with Peruvian Prime Minister Pedro Pablo Kuczynski on the sidelines of the 25th Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Economic Leaders' Meeting in Da Nang, Vietnam, and the two countries signed a free trade agreement. In November 2018, Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison attended the 13th G20 Summit in Argentina. In October 2021, Australian Minister for Trade and Tourism Dan Tehan met with Argentine Chief Minister Santiago Caberero and Brazilian Foreign Minister Los Franza respectively.

Relations with Indonesia

In April 2005, Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono visited Australia and signed a framework agreement with Australia on the comprehensive development of bilateral partnership. Australian Prime Minister John Howard visited Indonesia in June 2006. In November, Australian Foreign Minister Alexander Downer visited Indonesia and signed the Australia-Indonesia Security Cooperation Framework Agreement with Indonesian Foreign Minister Wirajuda. Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd visited Indonesia in June 2008. In July 2009, Australian Foreign Minister Stephen Smith visited Indonesia. In October, Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd visited Indonesia. In March 2010, Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono visited Australia. In November, Australian Prime Minister Gillard visited Indonesia. In February 2011, Indonesian Foreign Minister Marty Natalegawa visited Australia. In November, the first Australia-Indonesia Annual Summit was held in Bali, Indonesia. In March 2012, the first Australia-Indonesia Foreign and Defence Ministerial Meeting was held in Australia. In July, Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono visited Darwin, Australia, held the Australia-India leaders' summit with Gillard and issued a joint communique reaffirming the "comprehensive strategic partnership" between the two countries. In October 2013, Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott visited Indonesia and attended the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting held in Bali, Indonesia. In June 2014, Australian Prime Minister Abbott visited Indonesia. During Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop's visit to Indonesia in August 2014, the two sides signed a memorandum of understanding on resuming intelligence and military cooperation between the two countries. In November 2015, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull visited Indonesia. In December, the Foreign and Defense Ministers' Meeting of Australia and Indonesia was held in Australia. In March 2016, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited Indonesia. In October, the Foreign and Defense Ministers' Meeting of Australia and Indonesia was held in Indonesia. In February 2017, Indonesian President Joko Widodo visited Australia. In March, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull and Foreign Minister Julie Bishop attended the Indian Ocean Rim Alliance Summit and Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Indonesia. In August 2018, Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop visited Indonesia. In the same month, Australian Prime Minister Morrison visited Indonesia. In October 2019, Australian Prime Minister Morrison went to Indonesia to attend the inauguration ceremony of President Joko Widodo. In December, Australian Foreign Minister Payne visited Indonesia and attended the Australia-Indonesia Foreign and Defense Ministers' Meeting. In February 2020, Indonesian President Joko Widodo visited Australia. In July, the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IA-CEPA) between Indonesia and Australia came into effect. In September 2021, the Australia-Indonesia Foreign and Defence Ministers' Meeting was held in Indonesia. In November, Australian Foreign Minister Payne visited Indonesia. In June 2022, Australian Prime Minister Albanis visited Indonesia and Australia and India issued a joint statement. In July, Australian Foreign Minister Wong Ying-yin visited Indonesia to attend the G20 Foreign Ministers' Meeting. In October, the Speakers of the House of Representatives and the Senate of Australia attended the G20 Speakers Summit in Jakarta. In November, Australian Prime Minister Albanese attended the G20 Leaders' Summit and the G20 Business Summit in Bali. In July 2023, Indonesian President Widodo visited Australia. In the 2021/2022 financial year, bilateral trade between Australia and Indonesia was $18.3 billion, making Indonesia Australia's 13th largest trading partner. Indonesia is also one of Australia's major recipients of development assistance. In the 2021/2022 financial year, Australia provided about $299 million in official development assistance to Indonesia.

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The vast territory makes Australia rich in tourism resources, from the tropical rain forest in the north to the desert landscape in the Midwest, and then to the urban scenery and sunny beaches in the southeast coast, among which, Australia's seaside scenery is its most attractive place for tourists, and there are seascape and beaches in the coastal areas throughout the country. Whether in the Pacific in the east or the Indian Ocean in the west; Whether it is the urban seaside scenery of Sydney and Melbourne, or the sunny beaches of the Gold Coast, or the seascape of the Great Ocean Road, it is the best place to travel in Australia.

Tourist attractions in Australia
mark Tzu chi sex city
	Sydney	Melbourne	Brisbane	Perth

	Gold Coast	Adelaide	Keynes	Darwin
			/	/
	Hobart	Canberra	/	/
nature landscape
	Great Barrier Reef	Kangaroo Island	Blue Mountain	Dane Tree Rainforest

	Great Ocean Road	Scenic area	Cradle Mountain - Lake St. Clair National Park

Main attraction

Sydney Opera House

Sydney Opera House It is an Australian landmark, one of the most distinctive buildings of the 20th century, and a world-renowned performing arts center. Located in the north of Sydney city, it is a shell-shaped roof, and below it is a water-based complex combining a theatre and a auditorium. The interior architecture of the opera house is modeled after the Mayan culture and the Aztec temple, and the shape is like a white sail about to sail out to sea, and the surrounding scenery is interesting.

The Concert Hall is the largest hall of the Sydney Opera House, with a capacity of 2,679 spectators, and is usually used for symphony, chamber music, opera, dance, chorus, pop, jazz and other performances. The most special feature of this concert hall is the grand organ designed and built by Ronald Scharp, which is known as the largest mechanical wooden link organ in the world and is composed of 10,500 air pipes. In addition, the building materials of the entire concert hall are made of Australian wood, which truly presents Australia's own style.

Great Barrier Reef

The Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral reef in the world, stretching more than 2,000 kilometres along the Queensland coastline and covering about 35 million hectares. It is home to a vast array of Marine wildlife, including more than 1,500 species of brightly colored tropical fish, 4,000 species of mollusks, 400 species of sponges and 300 species of hard corals.

The islands and sandbanks of the Great Barrier Reef support hundreds of bird species, including reef herons, ospreys, frigate birds and sea eagles. The reef is also culturally significant, with many Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander archaeological sites. Some famous examples include the Lizard Islands and the Hinchinbrook Islands, which are home to some wonderful rock art exhibits. ^[17]

Twelve apostles rock

Located about 220 kilometres southwest of Melbourne, the Twelve Apostles is a famous landmark on Australia's Great Ocean Road. The Great Ocean Road, known as "the most beautiful coastal road in the world", is close to the southern coast of Victoria, about 320 kilometers long, and was built by the Australian government for the soldiers who died in the First World War.

Along the coastline of Port Campbell National Park on the Great Ocean Road, there are 12 fractured rocks formed by the weathering of thousands of years of limestone, sandstone and fossils. Standing in the clear blue sea, the individual rocks are different in shape, because their number and shape resemble the Twelve disciples of Jesus, so it is named "Twelve Disciples stone". ^[18]

Sydney Harbour Bridge

Located on the west side of the Sydney Opera House, the Sydney Harbour Bridge is a landmark bridge in Sydney and a landmark building, as well as the Sydney Opera House. Sydney Harbour Bridge is a single-hole arch bridge, once known as the world's first single-hole arch bridge, is Sydney's early representative building, lofty and beautiful, magnificent.

Climbing the Sydney Bridge has become the most popular tourist attraction in Sydney, and it is the only bridge in the world that allows visitors to climb to the top of the arched bridge. Alternatively, visit the Bridge Tower Observatory and the Sydney Harbour Bridge Visitor Centre, which features exhibitions and high-definition films to tell the story of the Harbour Bridge. ^[24]

Uluru

Ayers Rock (English), also known as Ayers Rock, Uluru rock (Australian Aboriginal language), these three names are the official name of the rock in Australia. The rock base is about 9 kilometers in circumference, 867 meters above sea level, 335 meters above the ground, and about 3,000 meters long. It is located in the Northern Territory of Australia, in the center of the entire Australian continent, raised in inhospitable flat desert.

Ayers Rock is elliptical in shape, with trenches in the lower slopes caused by erosion of weaker rock formations, and ditches and depressions at the top caused by flooding brought on by rare rainstorms. The boulder is one of the largest freestanding rocks in the world (tor). It is made of arkose sandstone and can change color depending on the Angle of the sun. The rock is most stunning at sunset, when the light gives it a flaming orange-red color.

Darling Harbour

Darling Harbour is located in the west of Sydney CBD, gathering a variety of leisure and entertainment places, is a bright pearl in the center of Sydney city. Night and day feel completely different, every Saturday night there is a musical fireworks show, enjoy the beauty of the romantic harbour surrounded by tall buildings. There are many high-end western restaurants, bars and dessert shops nearby. There are also some pavilions, amusement facilities and so on near Darling Harbour, which is a comprehensive area to meet your various needs.

Bondi Beach

Bondi Beach is a famous beach in Sydney, where you can have rich Marine recreational sports and get to know the locals to enjoy life. It is not suitable for swimming because of the high waves. Most visitors either surf or lie on the beach in the sun. From the annual "City-Beach" run, to the "Festival of the Wind" kite Festival, there are plenty of local and international events throughout the year. Follow the Bondi to Coogee Cliff View Road for a drink at a cafe or a fresh milk ice cream at Bondi Gazebo. People enjoy picnicking on the beach, eating fish and chips, or sitting down to tuck into one of the lively cafes and bars overlooking the beach in Campbell Parade and nearby blocks. ^[23]

White Paradise Beach

Whitehaven Beach, located on the east side of Whitsunday Island, is known as "the most beautiful beach in Australia" and "the greenest and cleanest beach in the world". The entire beach stretches for 7 kilometers, all white, by sandy white, delicate, soft pure silica sand composition. The white sandy beaches are matched by the mangroves and the blue waters of the coast, creating a magnificent landscape of pure beauty. In order to protect the ecological environment of the island, there are no hotels and restaurants, and there are no residents.

Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney

Sydney's Royal Botanic Gardens (Royal Botanic Gardens) was established in 1816 under the then Governor Macquarie, covering an area of 24 hectares, originally Australia's first farm, close to the Sydney Opera House and the central business district, and the Sydney Opera House is only separated by a narrow bay, The unique geographical location makes the Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney a must-visit place for tourists. The Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney was originally Australia's first farm, close to the Sydney Opera House and the central business district, and the Sydney Opera House is only separated by a narrow bay, unique geographical location makes it a must-visit for tourists. The Lady Macaulay Stone Chair at the north end of the Botanic Gardens is the best place to look out over the Sydney Opera House and Harbour Bridge. The park is spacious, with large lawns and many sitting chairs; The city hall is also located in the gardens and can be visited on weekdays. ^[21]

Blue Mountains National Park

The Blue Mountains National Park is part of the Greater Blue Mountains Region, which has seven national parks and was listed as a Natural World Heritage Site in 2000. The park is home to a large area of virgin jungle and subtropical rainforest, among which eucalyptus trees are the most famous. With magnificent natural scenery. Due to the large scenic area, the general tour by sightseeing cycle bus or choose to drive. The scenery of each season is different, you can see cherry, peach and crabapple flowers in spring, and maple leaves, birch and cedar in autumn.

South Bank Park

South Bank Park on the south bank of the Brisbane River, is a ribbon of water park, built along the river, across the bank from the CBD. Once the site of the 1988 World's Fair, the only remaining site in the park is the Nepal Pavilion of that year. The 16-hectare park, with its artificial beaches, Ferris wheels and amusement parks, is covered in green vegetation. Locals like to come here for a picnic and enjoy life in their leisure time. There is also a small market in the park on Saturday.

South Bank Park is the first place to visit Brisbane, and is the best place to enjoy Brisbane's subtropical climate, from the crystal clear Kodak artificial beach to the leafy grass in the green garden, the scenery is beautiful. There are many trees in the park, the pleasing is green, the relaxed is quiet, the understanding is leisurely. When visitors come here, they can relax, slow down, go for a walk along the river, or go to the shade to enjoy the bright sunshine; Or leisurely with his wife and children in the mall, or in the square to watch street performances, into the cinema to see a large screen movie, or a single walk skateboard, long-distance running, cycling through the woods; Or spend a quiet afternoon sailing between Chinatown and South Bank Park on the steam-paddle powered Queen Kukabra Yacht or canoe, enjoying a romantic candlelit dinner on the cruise boat while enjoying beautiful views of the gardens on both sides of the Brisbane River that winds through the city. ^[20]

storybridge

Story Bridge is the most famous bridge in Brisbane, Australia, and 96% of its construction materials are taken from Australia, which is one of the two hand-made Bridges in the world. Story Bridge is the second bridge in Australia to be opened for climbing, so a bridge climb at Story Bridge is a must-see event for panoramic views of Brisbane. For a total of two and a half hours, the conductor leads visitors to climb the Story Bridge 80 meters above the river, and at the top of the bridge, you can enjoy 360 degree views of Brisbane. ^[22]

Longbai Koala Zoo

Longbai Koala Zoo is one of the top 10 zoos in the world and the earliest professional koala conservation area. Koalas are everywhere here, in addition to sleeping in the trees, there are also live on the ground. If you prefer to get up close and personal, there's also a koala hug photo service (A $25 per person, plus a $30 photo package) and koala feeding (a $2 per person) for a fee. In addition to the cute koalas, there are kangaroos, Australian wild dogs, owls and other unique Australian animals to watch. There is also an Australian shearing show every afternoon. ^[19]

Kangaroo Island

Kangaroo Island, Australia's third largest natural island, is located just 15 kilometers off the South Australian mainland and covers an area eight times the size of Singapore. Because it is far away from the hustle and bustle of the city, Kangaroo Island seems like a paradise. At first, explorers thought Kangaroo Island was uninhabited, until stone tools and Aboriginal camps were found on Kangaroo Island, and it was discovered that there were people on the island at least 10,000 years ago. Today, Kangaroo Island still maintains its pure and natural appearance, and it has been named "the first Island in Asia Pacific" by National Geographic magazine. Kangaroo Island's long coastline, towering cliffs, and magnificent natural wonders are enough for nature-loving tourists to explore; And Australia's unique wildlife such as kangaroos, wild koalas, wallabies, penguins, sea lions, seals, etc., can live closely with humans here, so Kangaroo Island is vividly known as "no fence zoo".

The main towns of Kangaroo Island are Kingscote, Penneshaw, Parnadana and the American River.

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