Skiing is Sportsman the skis A sport of speed, jumping and skidding on snow mounted on the sole of a shoe. Skis are made of wood, metal materials and plastic Mixed to make. Alpine skiing It consists of downhill, slalom and giant slalom (slalom). Alpine skiing A hybrid project, consisting of the above three projects. People are standing, holding hands Ski pole The sport of sliding a snowboard on a snowy surface. "Standing", "board", "snow" and "sliding" are the key elements of skiing.

In the 18th century, skiing began to evolve into modern competitive skiing. In 1733, the first ski team was formed by Norwegians. In 1861, the world's first ski club was founded in Oslo, Norway, the same year that Norway held its first (Norwegian) national ski competition. Modern competitive skiing gradually evolved into cross-country skiing, ski jumping, Nordic biathlon, alpine skiing, freestyle skiing, snowboarding and ski mountaineering 7 skiing sub-sports. ^[8] In 2022, the International Olympic Committee Executive Board Switzerland Lausanne reviewed and approved the programme of events and athlete quotas for the 2026 Milan-Cortina Winter Olympics , new ski mountaineering major items. ^[7]

On February 2, 1924, the International Ski Federation (FIS) was founded and decided that, starting in 1925, regular world championships, then called the "Nordic Ski Championships", would be held annually. After 1948, it was changed to every two years. ^[8]

Chinese name: skiing
Foreign name: skiing

Country of origin: Scandinavia
class: Alpine, Nordic and freestyle

catalogue

13Organizational structure
▪International Ski and Snowboard Federation
▪Asian ski federation
▪Chinese ski association
14Related event
▪Olympic Winter Games
▪Nordic World Ski Championships
▪World Alpine Ski Championships

history

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EDITOR

A 10,000-year-old rock painting found in Altay Prefecture, Xinjiang, is the oldest known painted human skiing image. In the painting, a row of ancient men hold sticks, step on extensions, bend down, raise their hips, and lean forward in a ski style. The analysis results show that the movement details of the figures in the rock paintings are in line with the posture requirements of the skiers, which is surprisingly similar to the posture of the farmers and herdsmen in Altai region who wear fur skis up to now. In other words, more than 10,000 years ago, people living in Altai region have learned to make and use skis. On January 16, 2006, the view that "Altay, Xinjiang, China, is the earliest origin of human skiing" was recognized by the international ski community. ^[9]

skiing

Thousands of years ago, people living in northern Europe and central Asia were already engaged in skiing. Evidence of skiing has been found in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia and China. A prehistoric rock carving from the city of Ludyu, Norway, dating from about 3000 BC, depicts a figure standing on a pair of giant skis and holding what looks like a ski pole in his hand. In 1921, the skis were discovered in the province of Jemt, Sweden, which has existed for about 4,500 years and is now in the collection of the Museum of Giujarden, Sweden. In 1924, the Swedish village of Kavlask and discovered about 3200 BC of skis, one of the skis is relatively well preserved, its front end is pointed, there are four holes in the middle, can be used to tie the foot strap. Along with the skis, a paddle-like object was found, possibly a ski pole for support and assistance. A snowboard dating back to 2500 BC, found in Karuflescu, Finland, resembles the one worn by Voru, the winter god, in the fairy tale. One board is narrow and long for gliding; The other board is wide and short, with fur attached to the sliding surface for walking. ^[8]

Skiing is not only used for life, but also for military and war. In 1200 AD, during the War of Oslo, King Sfari of Norway trained his scouts on skiing for the Swedes. In 1452. The Swedes also used skiing during the war. From the 14th to the 18th centuries, skiing was used in wars in Finland, Norway, Poland, Russia and Sweden. In 1719, Norway also formed the world's first ski army. ^[8]

The world's first ski club was founded in Norway in 1861, and the first national ski competition was held in Oslo in the same year. In 1883, the Norwegian Ski Federation was founded. In the same year, cross-country and ski jumping competitions were held at Hasbai Mountain. Since 1891, ski clubs have been established in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Russia and other countries. Ski competitions are also held frequently. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the northern countries in Europe established ski associations one after another with their own ski clubs as the center. In 1910, at the initiative of the Norwegian Ski Association, 22 representatives from 10 countries, including Finland, Sweden and Germany, held an international skiing conference in Kristiani (today's Oslo) to establish the International Ski Committee. The committee elected Siegfried Edstrom of Sweden as its chairman and decided to draft international ski regulations. On February 2, 1924, the International Ski Federation (FIS) was founded and decided that, starting in 1925, regular world championships, then called the "Nordic Ski Championships", would be held annually. After 1948, it was changed to every two years. ^[8]

Nordic skiing was included in the first Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France, in 1924. The leading countries in the world of skiing are Scandinavian countries, such as Norse , Sweden Finland, and the countries around the Alps in Western Europe: France , Italy , Austria , Germany And Sweden, as well America Generally speaking, Scandinavian countries dominate Nordic skiing events, Alps National alpine skiing events dominate.

intro

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EDITOR

skiing

Skiing (especially modern Competitive skiing) has developed to this day, item More and more, the field continues to expand. The regular major events of the World competition are divided into: Alpine skiing Nordic Skiing, Nordic Skiing, Nordic Skiing, Cross-country skiing , Ski jumping ), Freestyle skiing , biathlon skiing, snow snowboarding Let's wait. Each major event is divided into many smaller events, national competitions, Olympic Winter Games Dozens of dazzling ones Gold medal Motivate people to struggle To share. Pure competitive skiing has distinct competitiveness, specificity, and strict requirements for relevant conditions, which is not what ordinary people can have and adapt to. Tourist skiing is out of recreation , fitness The purpose, subject to the degree of human factors is very light, men and women can easily and happily slide on the snow field, enjoy the endless fun of skiing. Because alpine skiing has breathtaking, beautiful, free, dynamic, attractive, can participate in a wide range of characteristics, so alpine skiing is regarded as the essence and symbol of skiing, but also the first choice of tourism skiing and the main project. Under normal circumstances, to assess the level of people's skiing skills, mostly alpine skiing as the scale.

sort

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EDITOR

rotation

Skiing from the historical perspective can be divided into Ancient times Skiing, Modern times Skiing, modern Skiing; From the conditions of skiing and the purpose of participation, it can be divided into practical skiing, competitive skiing and tourism skiing (entertainment, fitness). Practical skiing for forestry, border defense, hunt , traffic In other fields, it has been replaced by mechanical equipment and gradually lost its former application value. Competitive skiing is the sublimation of skiing in specific environmental conditions, the use of the function of competition, to achieve the purpose of competition. Recreational fitness skiing is a popular skiing that ADAPTS to the needs of modern people's life and culture.

The above three types of skiing sports, from its required equipment, venues, equipment and sports technology form, the purpose to achieve is basic duplicate But the role and some other aspects are still very different.

The latest appearance of tourist skiing item In addition snowboarding , exceed short-boarding Cross-country skiing, etc. Among them, cross-country skiing is a long distance skiing in the low mountain hilly area (flat, downhill, uphill accounted for about 1/3), although far less fun and charm than alpine skiing, but from the point of view of safety and fitness, more extensive participation. Ultra-short skiing and snowboarding (with both feet on a wide ski) are more exciting and technically more flexible than alpine skiing and are not yet widely practiced in China.

item	definition	remark
Alpine skiing	Alpine Skiing (Alpine Skiing) is a snow racing sport in which skis, snowshoes, anchors and ski poles are used as the main equipment to slide down the mountain and along the course set by the flag gate.	-
Cross-country skiing	Cross-country Skiing (cross-country Skiing) is the use of skiing equipment, mountaineering, sliding, turning, sliding and other basic skills, skiing on the mountain snow field sports. Cross-country skiing originated in northern Europe, also known as Nordic skiing, is one of the oldest sports in the history of world sports. It was first included in the Winter Olympics in 1924. Cross-country skiing routes are divided into uphill, downhill and flat, each accounting for one-third of the whole course. The highest point of the piste is no more than 1800 meters. The skis should be marked, according to the regulations, the skis worn by the players from the starting point to the end must be marked by the referee when starting, because the bottom surface of the skis is coated with snow wax, very smooth, which helps to slide, and the mark is to prevent the athletes from changing the skis halfway.
Ski jumping	Ski jumping (Ski jumping) is a kind of snow sports event in which the speed obtained by helping the landslide with one's own body weight on a specially designed jumping platform is compared with the jumping distance and movement posture.
Freestyle skiing	Freestyle Skiing (Freestyle Skiing) is a kind of snow sports that is carried out on a special ski resort by completing a series of prescribed and optional movements. It is developed on the basis of alpine skiing, is composed of aerial skills, snow skills and snow ballet three independent items.
Nordic duathlon	Nordic Combined is composed of cross-country skiing and ski jumping, which has been popular in Norway and Sweden for a long time and has become a traditional Nordic event, also known as Nordic All-around.
snowboarding	Snowboarding is a snowboarding sport that uses a snowboard as a tool to quickly turn and slide down a specified hillside course, or to take off with a landslide in a special "U" shaped field, and complete various difficult movements in the air.
Alps Orographic form	Skiing is the sport of skiing down a snowy slope. The name is derived from the Alpine origin of skiing, which includes a variety of skills and movements, of which the three most basic movements are: straight descent, crossing and turning.	Classified under "Modern Skiing"
Nordic type	Skiing includes Cross Country Skiing and Ski Jumping, so named because the sport originated in the Nordic countries. Cross-country skiing is the most popular form of skiing.
freestyle	Freestyle skiing is a type of acrobatic performance in which the performer slides down a steep and bumpy slope of snow while performing a back jump, kick And even somersaults and other thrilling stunts. ^[1]

community

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EDITOR

skiing

The ski net is a community for domestic skiers to share and exchange ski knowledge, ski technology, ski experience, ski activity organization and snow equipment trading. Snow friends call it a gathering place for skiers, and it is the only one with ski as the theme in China Social networking site .

craftsmanship

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EDITOR

rotation

Slalom is one of the alpine skiing events. Also known as slalom skiing or slalom. Scandinavia Viya Peninsula The region has more snow in winter, suitable for development skiing However, due to the lack of high mountains like the Alps, alpine skiing is not popular and developed enough, while cross-country skiing and ski jumping have been better developed. Then came the Nordic two events that required both cross-country skiing fast and snow jumping far. This event is a sporting strength of several Nordic countries.

Giant slalom

One of the alpine skiing events. The 6th Winter Olympic Games began as an event in 1952. The race takes place on snow-covered hills with slopes ranging from 5° to 32°. The length of the line is 1500 ~ 2000 meters for men and 1000 meters for women. Starting and finishing height difference: men 250 ~ 400 meters; Women 250 ~ 350 meters. Various forms of flag doors are set up on the line to form obstacles. The athletes descended from the top of the hill along the road through the flag gate.

midair

On the slopes covered with thick snow, the athletes take off from the jumping platform with the help of sliding inertia, leap into the air, and then complete various forward and backward somersaults and other difficult actions in the air. The scoring criteria are: take-off, take-off, height and distance accounted for 20%; Body posture and skill movement performance level accounted for 50%; Landing accounts for 30%. Different difficulty coefficients are specified according to the difficulty of the action. The jumping platform of the air skill show venue is divided into three kinds: small, medium and large. Athletes choose according to the needs of the movements performed. But the landing must have a slope of about 37 degrees and a soft snow layer of more than 60 centimeters.

Green ski bag conference

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EDITOR

skiing

Green ski bag conference hosted by green outdoor network, the domestic top ski enthusiasts gathered famous snow resort, mass slalom competition, men and women's doubles, men and women's snowboard group competition. In addition, it also set up fun awards such as guessing time awards to increase the fun of the competition. Adhering to the tradition of the Green Field, the competition and the award dinner are integrated, skiing, fun, raffle... The activities are colorful and full of new ideas.

item

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EDITOR

In 2022, the IOC Executive Board in Lausanne, Switzerland, approved the program and athlete quotas for the 2026 Milan-Cortina Winter Olympics , new ski mountaineering major items. Freestyle skiing added one event each for men's and women's moguls. On the basis of the original women's standard platform, the ski jumping event has been added to the women's big jump event, alpine skiing has been determined to cancel the mixed team event, and the men's and women's all-around are still to be determined ^[7] .

veneer Skiing (with both feet on a wide ski) is more exciting and technically flexible than alpine skiing and is not yet widely practiced in China. The standard competition events of alpine skiing are: downhill, super G slalom, giant slalom, slalom, and all-around. There are many kinds of alpine skiing technology, such as different downhill technology, changeable turning technology, emergency acceleration, deceleration, stopping technology, breathtaking jumping technology and special technology. General beginners should choose the best scheme for skiing entry according to their own sports quality, age, skiing foundation, site conditions, time to invest and other factors. Beginners should avoid: urgent, casual, reckless, because skiing is in the sliding control technology, the center of gravity is not easy to control, easy to form wrong actions, it should be in the first day of entry, should be under the strict guidance of professional and technical personnel, in the posture, essentials, movement to do three correct, starting from the practice of basic movements, a solid grasp of the technical school skills, for the future improvement of the foundation. Be highly aware that incorrect skiing posture and technique, once formed, are extremely difficult to correct and will leave a deep regret.

Free skiing

One of the ski sports. Mainly divided into snow skills, air skills, field chase and so on. Freestyle skiing originated in the 20th century at the 15th Winter Olympics in 1988 as a show event. Moguls (men's and women's) in freestyle skiing were introduced as an official event at the 16th Winter Olympics in 1992. It was created in the late 1960s by a pioneering generation of young skiers in the United States. At first people called this kind of skiing figure skiing.

moguls

It is a race of manoeuvres, aerial manoeuvres and downhill speed on a steep course with a series of snow packs, including solo moguls and pairs moguls. The snowboarding venue is 200 to 270 meters long, 15 to 25 meters wide, and has a slope of 24 to 32 degrees. The skis used by the athletes are not shorter than 1.90 meters for men and 1.80 meters for women. The ranking is based on the sum of the quality points of the slalom and air movements and the timing scores. The highest score is listed in the first place.

aerials

It began in the early 20th century. In 1928, John Carleton of the United States became the first athlete in the world to complete a snowflip while wearing skis. In 1958, Swiss ski instructor Art Fyurrer performed a somersault and a twist in a ski jump. The skis used by aerials are not shorter than 1.90 meters for men and 1.80 meters for women. The site consists of starting area, landslide aid, transition area 1, jumping platform, transition area 2, landing slope and finish area. Each jumps twice during the competition. The referee evaluates the air action score and the landing action score according to the quality of the athlete's completed action, and the sum of the two is multiplied by the action difficulty coefficient, which is the score of one trial jump. The score of two trial jumps is added together, and the score of more points is listed in the first place.

Fun chase

The fun Chase The competition is divided into qualifying rounds, eighth finals, The quarterfinals , semi-finals and finals. All players compete in groups of four, with the top two advancing to the next round, with the final "grand Final" determining the ranking 1-4 and the "small final" determining the ranking 5-8.

Cross-country skiing

Cross-country skiing (cross-country skiing) One of the skiing sports. Athletes pedal skis and hold poles as they glide through the open snow fields. Because it originated in northern Europe, it is a kind of Nordic skiing. The first Winter Olympic Games in 1924 have been listed as an official event. Cross-country skiing is the oldest winter sport. Near the Arctic Circle in Norway, a 4,000-year-old stone carving has been found showing two people skiing. Wild skiing is a sport of skiing on hills and snow fields with the help of skiing equipment, using basic techniques such as climbing, sliding, turning and sliding. There are men's 1.6 km traditional, men's 1.6 km team, men's 15+15 km chase, women's 7.5+7.5 km chase, men's individual race, women's individual race, men's team race, women's team race, men's 4×10 km relay race, women's 4×5 km relay race, men's 15 km interval start, women's 10 km The distance between starting, men's 50 km collective start, women's 30 km collective start, women's 1.2 km traditional, the race line is uphill, downhill and peaceful accounted for about 1/3. In order to facilitate the development of speed, too long, too steep and sharp corners should be avoided.

Alpine skiing

He is a particular geographical environment produces a particular way of survival, often in the ice and snow of northern Europe as early as 5,000 years ago skiing MHM. Originate with others Europe Similar to ice sports, it evolved from primitive hunting and gradually became popular as a mode of transportation in Northern Europe.

downhill demand Sportsman From the top of the mountain to follow the prescribed route through the gate shape of the flag is a race skiing event. The line is more than 2000 meters long, the slope is 5-35 degrees, the average is 20 degrees, and the height from the start to the end is 500-700 meters for men. A certain number of flagpoles are inserted on both sides of the line as various door shapes. Red flags for men and red and blue flags for women. The distance between the flag door is 4-8 meters, and the distance between the upper and lower flag doors is generally about 30 meters. The result is calculated by the time of sliding twice and the ranking is determined. Technical actions are Straight downhill , Oblique descent , B-glide , Glide down undulating Plow type and half plow type downhill. Body posture There are three kinds: high, medium and low.

Hill turn Slalom skiing, which requires the athlete to continuously pass through gates and obstacles when sliding down a high mountain, and continuously turn and slide down at high speed, is a speed skiing competition. The length of the race line is 600-700 meters for men and 400-500 meters for women, and the sections with a slope of more than 30 degrees account for a quarter of the entire race. The elevation difference is 140-200 meters for men and 120-180 meters for women. There are 55-75 gate shapes inserted into the men's race circuit and 45-60 gate shapes inserted into the women's race circuit. In the race, when turning at high speed through the various door shapes on the line, two feet are required to cross the door. Knocking down the flagpole is not a foul, and missing the door or riding the pole is a foul and not a result. Skate once on each of the two routes and rank according to the sum of the two results, if the first violation is not allowed to skate a second time. Before the race, you can look at the line from the top down, but you can't feel the ski from the top down or through the gate.

Giant slalom skiing It is one of the alpine skiing events. The athletes have to quickly turn down the hill along the road and pass through various door shapes. The length of the men's race line is 1500-2000 meters, and the women's is more than 1000 meters. Men's line elevation difference is 300-400 meters, women's 250-350 meters. The slope is 15-32 degrees. The score is calculated by two sliding times. The turn of the giant slalom Design speed It's 15-20 m/s.

Super G slalom The competition is determined by one slide performance. The chute has the largest drop and the longest distance, with a top speed of 130 kilometers per hour. Super G slalom due to Flag gate More numbers, slower speed.

snowboarding

Parallel giant gyration The site is 936 meters long, with an average slope of 18.21 degrees and a slope height of 290 meters. Height difference is 120-200 meters, triangle Flag gate Alternately placed on the left and right, there are about 25 flag doors, and the flag door spacing is at least 8 meters. The two pillars of the starting flag gate (1.10 m high, 1.30 m wide base) are of different heights and there is a pennant in the middle. At the start of the race, the starting gate opens automatically and both players start at the same time. The moment the competitor crosses the flag gate, the pressure is concentrated on the toes, the chest is pushed forward through, and the pressure is concentrated on the heels after passing. The main technical movements are left and right rotation. Giant slalom boots are similar to ski boots, but more flexible. Skateboards are rigid and narrow to facilitate steering and high-speed gliding. Rank by sliding speed. The rules state that the top 16 finishers from the two preliminaries advance to the final, which is then played Elimination game , 16 to 8, quarter-finals, semifinal And the final. In the official competition, the contestants are drawn in pairs and run two heats on parallel tracks, with the second heat switching tracks. The player behind in the first race delays the start, and the delay time is the time behind in the first race. The first runner to reach the finish line in the second race wins.

U-shaped cell The site is a U-shaped slide, 120 meters long, 15 meters wide, 3.5 meters deep, with an average slope of 18 degrees. The skateboard is slightly softer, wider, and the sole of the boot is thicker. During the competition, athletes glide along the U-shaped slide with the accompaniment of music while using the slide to do various rotation and jumping actions, generally 5-8 shapes, five umpire According to the difficulty and effect of the completed movements, the highest score of each person is not more than 10 points, and the sum of five scores is the score of the contestant in this round of competition. There are two rounds of the competition qualifier The top six contestants in the first round of qualifiers advance directly to the final. The remaining players participate in the second round of qualifying, and the top six players also win the finals. The final 12 finalists will compete in two rounds, and the final position will be determined based on the best results from the two rounds. The main movements are jumping grab board, jumping non-grab board, handstand, jumping handstand, rotation and so on.

Snowboard cross 2006 Turin Winter Olympics Additional snowboarding motocross The height difference of the competition site is 100-240 meters, the average slope is 14%-18%, the route length is 500-900 meters, the track width is about 40 meters, and the race time is about 40-70 seconds. Along the race, there are snow hills, jumping points and sharp turns, often colliding, and snowboarders have to overcome obstacles through their various techniques to complete the race. The final result of the race is determined by the time of arrival at the finish line. Turin There will be 32 men and 32 women competing in two rounds qualification Each rider will start separately, with the top 16 finishers advancing to the quarter-finals. Starting from the quarter of the race, four players compete in each group, with the top two progressing to the next round.

Ski jumping

They're the ones athletes wear on their feet skis And slide down the inclined slipway of the platform. With the help of speed and jumping force, the body jumps into the air, so that the whole body flies in the air for about 4-5 seconds, and falls on the hillside. The first World Ski Jumping Championships were held in 1972 Yugoslavia Hold. The project was first held from 1924 Olympic Winter Games It is listed as a competition event. According to the regulations of the International Ski Federation, in the snow jumping competition of the Winter Olympic Games and the World Ski Championships, there are two snow jumping events of 70 meters and 90 meters. Since the ninth Winter Olympic Games in 1964, the platform level has been unified, and it has been stipulated as the above 70 meters and 90 meters. This not only refers to the height of the platform, but also includes the slope of the platform slipway, which is 35-40 degrees, and the length of 80-100 metres.

Nordic duathlon

Ski jumping

The origin of the Nordic Combined Nordic It consists of cross-country skiing and ski jumping, which has been circulating in Norway and Sweden for a long time and has become a traditional Nordic project, so it is also known as Nordic all-around. In the mid-19th century, the Nordic two sports first came out of Norway. First session in 1924 Winter Olympic Games The Nordic two events are listed as competitions. In 1988, the 15th Winter Olympic Games began to host team events.

Basic essentials

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Step 1: Walk

The first act of putting on a ski is walking. Its action is not different from the general walking, may not be used to the beginning, you can put on a ski to go back and forth two times, and then put on two together, step by step to adapt to the balance.

Step 2: Fall

It is safest to land on the side, that is, to the outside of the big foot, the lower waist side, while lifting the two poles and vigorously extend the two feet to prevent unnecessary injury.

Step 3: Change direction

Take the front end or the tail end of the ski as the center of the circle, separate the inner ski to the direction of change into a V shape, and then bring the outer snow device closer to it. This direction change is only suitable for flat snow surfaces, but not for slopes.

Step 4: Boarding

The easiest way is to sit on a cable car Go up the hill. But Taiwan's ski resorts usually do not have a good cable car, at this time the most convenient way is to take off the ski, carrying the ski to go up, if a little more lazy, you can also wear the ski to the mountain, the key is to hold the ski and the slope into 90 degrees to prevent the ski Automatic skating Get down.

Step 5: Go flat

Stand with your feet parallel and use your wrist power to push the poles backward so that both your body and the skis glide forward at the same time. The center of gravity of the body should not be placed behind, otherwise there will be a backward leaning situation, which will lead to a backward fall.

Snow prevention skills

There will inevitably be a fall when skiing, if there is no dedicated Ski suit After falling, snow will get into the clothing from the ankles, wrists, collars, etc., which is very annoying. What can be done to solve this problem? In fact, it is very simple, you only need a pair of knee pads, a wide elastic band and a scarf to solve the problem. In the winter stalls often sell a kind of elastic knee brace made of acrylic cotton, about 40 cm long, the head is put on the upper half of the ski boots, the other head is put on the leg, you can effectively prevent snow. Use a wide band of nylon buckle elastic Ski gloves If you tie your wrists tight, the snow won't get in. In addition, the space between the collar and the neck is slightly filled with a scarf, which can ensure that the snow will not enter the neckline, but also play a role in insulation. These items are simple, cheap, practical, and easy to purchase.

Matters needing attention

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Notes for beginners

Ski resort

Skiing is a very dynamic and exciting sport. Beginners should first learn the basic skiing skills, to ask an experienced ski instructor to train you systematically. Beginners in the choice of ski venues, the slope can not be too steep, about 6 degrees is best, the ski path should be wide, about 50 meters is appropriate, there should be a ropeway to transport skiers (traction ropeway is not conducive to the rest of the skiers), the snow quality is better, there should be a large ski machine to repair and maintain the snow surface, this is very important for beginners. In terms of time arrangement, the time to learn skiing should not be less than 3 days, during which the main learning alpine skiing equipment use; Three basic downhill techniques, including straight downhill, slope downhill and plow downhill; Two kinds of turning technology, refers to plow type turning technology, plow type swing turning technology. Practice these techniques repeatedly on the primary piste, and strive to master the essentials in practice, must not only play straight downhill for a long time, although straight downhill is very fun, but play for a long time, the level will not have much improvement, should take out most of the time to learn turning technology, because it is the essence of skiing technology.

Snow quality judgment

Generally speaking, due to the different meteorological conditions during and after the snow, the snow will show a variety of forms. Some people have statistics, snow in nature has powdery snow, flake snow, rain and snow, easy to break snow, Crust snow Slurry snow, granular snow, mud snow, ice snow, etc. There are mainly 60 kinds of artificial snow, such as compacted powder snow and piste snow. Each type of snow will give the skier a different feeling under the skis, and of course the skiing techniques used for each type of snow will be different.

In China, because most of the ski resorts are built in the northern inland, not affected by the ocean monsoon, with dry air, cold, wind characteristics, the form of snow is mostly powdery snow, shell snow, ice snow, pulp snow. At present, the domestic ski resorts are mainly the snow formed after mixing the above snow. In the early morning, the snow appears ice-like snow form, the surface has a thin layer of hard ice shell, this snow surface friction on the ski is very small, the ski does not need to wax, skiing speed is very fast, the skier must have a certain sliding technology.

After ten o 'clock in the morning, as the temperature rises and the sun shines, the surface of the snow slowly melts and becomes powdery snow, which is the best snow for skiers to feel, not soft or hard, and it is comfortable to glide.

skiing

In the afternoon, under the sunshine and the continuous turning of the ski, the snow is in the form of slurry snow, the snow is sticky, and the friction is increased, and it is easier for beginners to control the ski on this snow. Skilled skiers can wax the underside of their skis to reduce drag.

After the new snow, if you don't use the ski stir And compacted, after a few days will form a hard crust on the surface of the snow. Sliding on this kind of snow requires the skier to have a large forward momentum to break through this layer of snow. This kind of snow is generally in the ski machine can not reach the higher, steeper senior ski, so the skier is required to have a higher technical level in order to slide on this high and steep, need greater forward momentum on the snow surface. Once you've mastered it, watch the pieces fall apart Snow crust It's a lot of fun to fly in the air.

path

skiing

You should carefully understand the height, width, length, slope and direction of the ski. Because alpine skiing is a sport in high-speed sports, it seems that far away places can be seen in a blink of an eye, skiers do not understand the condition of the ski in advance, once there is an unexpected situation in the slide, it is too late to react, which is especially important for beginners.

Learn about skiing cableway The opening time, in the absence of staff to see the time do not take, because at this time is very likely to be the staff to take the off-duty ropeway, after the staff arrived at the station, the ropeway is stopped, if you are suspended in the air overnight, the probability of frostbite accident is very high.

To choose the ski path suitable for you according to your level, you must not overestimate your level, and act rashly, step by step, it is best to hire a ski instructor.

If you are not sure about the situation in front of you, or if you feel that there is an abnormal snowboarding equipment, you should stop and check.

When sliding together, we must distance ourselves from each other, and must not quickly slide down to catch up with our companions, so it is easy to fall or collide with others, beginners are prone to such accidents. Stop at the edge of the piste during the break, not at the bottom of the steep slope, and watch out for skiers coming down from above.

If you fall out of control during sliding, you should quickly lower your center of gravity, sit backward, do not struggle at will, and lift your limbs. incline And let it slide down. Avoid falling on your head, and definitely avoid rolling.

Skiers with poor eyesight, do not wear contact lenses skiing, if the contact lenses fall off after a fall, the possibility of recovery is almost non-existent. Try to wear a border by the ester eyeglass Made of glasses, it is not easy to break after impact.

Dietary attention

Should pay attention to drinking more water every day, appropriate to add some fruit, such as: oranges, A surname Wait, orange It's easy to get angry if you eat too much, it's best not to eat, if you can prepare some Throat lozenge It is a good choice.

Selection of equipment

Ski equipment diagram

Skiing equipment mainly includes skis, The rod , boots Various fixators, ski wax, ski wear, helmet, colored mirror, windshield, etc. Usually ski resorts have equipment for rent, visitors may wish to rent.

There are many types of alpine skis, and the grades and prices of alpine skis vary greatly due to the different functions and types.

(1) According to the competitive skiing events are divided into: slalom board, giant slalom board, super giant slalom board, downhill board;

(2) According to the skiing level, there are beginner board, intermediate board, advanced board, competition board, World Cup board, etc.;

(3) According to the snow quality, there are boards suitable for sliding hard snow, boards suitable for sliding powder snow, skis suitable for stunts, etc.;

(4) According to age and gender, there are male skis, female skis, children's skis, etc.

skis points SNOWBOARD (SNOWBOARD) and Double board (SKI) . General skis are wood, fiberglass and metal.

Most of them are glass fiber skis suitable for any snow, and they are changing with a lot of high-tech processes, mixed with wood and aluminum alloy materials, the most popular skiers.

Aluminum alloy metal skis are light and dry on deep snow and ice, and the price is higher.

Wood has been used by few people, although light and cheap, but susceptible to moisture deformation, so before use should apply special grease, not easy to stick to snow can also prevent snow immersion.

It is best for beginners to choose a ski with good elasticity, short length, larger ski head and light weight. If the economic conditions permit, skiers should consider purchasing a set of their own special skiing equipment (including skis, fixers, ski shoes, ski poles). When purchasing equipment, we should mainly consider the integrity of manufacturers and businesses, the quality and performance of skis, after-sales maintenance services, etc., must not purchase and use chaff core skis.

skiwear First of all, it is necessary to consider its waterproof and snowproof performance, followed by the insulation and ventilation function design, windproof skirt design, padded cotton design, etc., comfortable fit, does not hinder action and minimize wind resistance as the principle, ski wear has developed into a product of fashion and function integration, not only suitable for skiing, usually wear is also very beautiful. The most important thing in skiing is clothing, and snow suits are designed with high toughness waterproof breathable fabric, which is not only beautiful but also better for you to experience the fun of skiing.

Ski boots After sale, determine whether you are playing SNOWBOARD or double board SKI, and the ski boots with these two boards are not the same. Ski boots are generally a double-layer design, that is, an outer fixed shell and an inner warm inner layer. The choice of ski shoes should make people feel comfortable and very fit, the toes can move freely in the shoes, but the sole of the foot, the instep, the arch of the foot, the heel should be tightly wrapped, the clip on the shell should be just right, so that the ankle joint can bend the knee forward, only in this way can control the ski and skiing speed. Beginners should choose light, flexible, flexible ski shoes, it can be manipulated more room. And good skiers, can choose to foot and ski shoes tightly connected as one of the ski shoes, so that the skier any small change in gravity can be passed to the ski through the ski shoes, in order to improve the skier's ability to control the sliding posture. ^[2]

fixator . All skis have a device to fasten the ski boot to them, which will quickly loosen when the skier falls, so it is one of the important protective devices to avoid skiing injuries.

Ski pole (Boards are not used) Used to maintain balance. Referred to as snow poles, its role is to help glide and maintain the balance of the body. Selection with light weight, not easy to break, good sense of balance, suitable for their own height as the principle. Generally, it starts from the snow wheel, the longest is not less than the shoulder, and the shortest is not less than the flank. It can be put through the leather bracelet, and it is best to hold the stick and swing it properly.

With the exception of ski jumping, aerials and snowboarding, poles are used in all events. Poles are an essential tool for skiers to control their center of gravity. In the selection, the height of the elbow from the ground after my arm drops is generally used as the length of the ski pole. Beginners can choose a longer pole, to improve the skills, and then choose a shorter pole. There should be a strap on the pole, which can be put on the wrist to prevent falling off. The snow wheel prevents the pole from sticking too deep in the snow, giving you a stable pivot point at high speed. ^[2]

skiing Glasses It is essential. Because of the strong sunlight reflection on the snow, it is easy to cause snow blindness, and you must wear snow goggles to protect your eyes. The frame is safer with plastic products; The lens color is yellow or brown. This ski glass is the first Alway brand, because it is suitable for beginners, the use of TPU material frame and impact resistant PC lens, can play the role of anti-fog and warm, suitable for men and women adults, children, very suitable, cost-effective is also relatively high.

Ski goggles should have the following functions:

First, to prevent the cold wind to the eye stimulation;

Second, prevent ultraviolet light from burning the eyes;

Third, the mirror can not fog;

Fourth, ski goggles should not cause injury to the face after a fall. (Note: skiers who wear glasses should choose ski goggles with thicker frames so that they can cover all myopia.)

With the development of science and technology, ski lenses have also been developed from a single guide to a double layer, from frost-proof to frost-proof, which can be applied to various weather conditions. ^[2]

anti-hypoxia

The temperature of the ski resort is relatively low, and the cold air can irritate the bronchus, affecting the quality of each breath; In addition, some people feel that the cold wind stimulates the face too much, they will choose a head cover that only exposes their eyes, and add a fully closed ski goggles to completely cover the face, which can effectively prevent the invasion of the cold wind on the face, which also affects the amount of oxygen inhalation of the human body, and over a long period of time, it will lead to hypoxia of the human body and appear unadapted symptoms, it is recommended to take oxygen carrying tablets. On the one hand, it can improve the oxygen carrying capacity and oxygen efficiency of red blood cells; On the other hand, improve the hypoxia tolerance of human organs, so that the human body can survive normally in a low oxygen environment.

Prepare common sense

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1. Pay attention to the local climate condition and weather Change, in case the weather changes.

2, the first time to the ski resort should be the general situation of the ski resort, to carefully understand the height of the piste, slope , Length , breadth And the surrounding situation, according to their own skiing level to choose the appropriate slide. Familiar with the map of the location of the facilities of a ski resort, accident rescue situation, and strictly abide by the relevant safety management regulations of the ski resort. Pay attention to the opening hours of the cableway and do not ride when unguarded.

3, the initial skiing should pay attention to step by step, do according to your ability. During the training, according to the arrangement and command of the coach and the snow field staff, do not go skiing in the snow area where the technical requirements are not reached, so as to avoid accidents.

4, when skiing, pay attention to maintain a certain distance with others to avoid collision. More personnel should adjust the speed not too fast too fast.

5, skiing is a more complex sport, skiing before some simple preparation activities.

6, in the larger area of the snow resort skiing should go early and return early, especially when the body is tired, it is easy to get lost.

7, the land condition is unfamiliar, and there is no guide, the climate change to the uninhabited place or the primitive forest too much, because when the snow is filled, it is possible to direction, ski traces are flattened by the wind, it is not easy to find the loop.

Shooting skill

1. Blue Sky Style

Blue sky and white snow form a bright color contrast, will let the whole lens capture more vivid colors, at this time if a gorgeous ski suit and ski is safe and can ensure the shooting of beautiful photos, choose such scenery should be the camera and the ground Angle as large as possible, so that you can take dynamic photos, so that the photo looks more tense.

2. Shoot in backlight

This kind of photo is suitable for sunset and sunrise capture, the tone is more natural, the skier against the light, the skier's silhouette shot, forming an alternative expression method. Because it is a silhouette, the color of the skier's clothing is not required. The combination of light and shadow adds texture to the photo!

3. Take continuous shots

Many friends do not have professional shooting equipment, can not capture professional clear motion pictures. Shooting pictures similar to skiing also has certain requirements for equipment, card machine most people how to do, I believe that the card machine will have a continuous shooting function, automatically capture a number of pictures within a second, we should not ignore such a function, 5 consecutive 10 consecutive shooting and then select a clear picture is also a method. You can also use these continuous photos to make a flow map like this.

4. Take accurate space

When taking ski race photos specifically, it is generally best to shoot in the lower section of the flag door, because athletes tend to make beautiful competition moves at this time, and the splashing snow is an important part of the photo.

belly

Exercise reason: the abdomen is the core muscle group of the body, is the hub of the upper and lower body of the human body, do anything you need to use the strength of the abdomen, the abdomen is a very important core part of the human body, skiing is no exception. Moreover, skiing requires high balance and coordination, and a strong abdomen is the key to controlling movement.

Action points: body prone, legs straight, with arms and abdominal strength to make the body into a straight line, that is, shoulders, abdomen, hips, heels, body center of gravity in the abdomen, pay attention not to lift the hips.

thigh

Exercise reason: skiing on the leg strength requirements, 80% of the strength of the sliding on the thigh, mainly to maintain the balance of the body and the strength of the entire movement.

Action points: 1. Pull in the abdomen, raise the chest, look ahead, keep the body vertical, leave the left foot and right foot as far as possible when walking, maintain a distance of about one meter, the body center of gravity in the abdomen. Note that the bent knee joint should not exceed the tip of the foot.

2. Place one hand on the wall to find your balance. Lift one leg, inhale, let the knee and hip in a straight line, and then stretch out the calf again, also maintain a straight line, to improve the intensity of the exercise, slowly restore, exhale.

arm

Exercise reason: The ski pole plays the role of balancing the body in the movement, and the snow pole is the arms, and the strength of the arm is used to push the body forward, so the strength of the arm is also very important.

Action points: 1. Hold dumbbells or weights in hand, elbow joint at 90 degrees, let the arms slowly move parallel to the shoulder as the axis, pay attention not to shrug the shoulders, and drive the arm movement with elbow strength.

buttock

Reason for exercise: In skiing, the main center of gravity is in the lower body, especially the buttocks, and the powerful buttocks can maintain the stability of the body.

Action points: 1. Pull in the abdomen, lift the chest, look ahead, bend the body slightly rather than leaning forward, let the body slowly do the sinking exercise, inhale, the bottom of the hip subsidence should be the same line with the knee joint, not lower than the knee joint, slowly restore, exhale. The whole process feels like the muscles contract and relax.

2. Keeping your feet together is basic training; Keep your feet shoulder-width apart to increase the intensity of your exercise.

calf

Exercise reason: The remaining 20% of the strength comes from the lower legs, mainly for "braking". If the strength of the lower leg is not enough, it may cause leg cramps when it comes to the need to "brake".

Action tips: Support the hands on the wall, keep the ball of the foot on the ground, slowly lift the heel, and as high as possible, so insist on 10 seconds after the slow down. Try to keep your legs straight throughout the exercise and bend your knees slightly to increase the difficulty.

TIPS:

1.
Skiing requires high heart and lung function, so aerobic training is essential.
2.
It is easy to ignore water when skiing, drink water regularly during the exercise, and if you are thirsty, it indicates that you have serious water shortage.
3.
The exercise sequence follows the principle of large muscle groups first and then small muscle groups.
4.
Rest for two or three minutes after each movement.
5.
Start full muscle training three weeks before skiing.
6.
Do three to four sets of 10 to 15 reps of each exercise.

Attach great importance to ski safety

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EDITOR

First, the safety of skiing should be an eternal topic

(1) We must face up to the fact that skiing is not dangerous, but skiing is dangerous! It is one of the "high risk" sports, and practice tells us that skiing can be even more dangerous if not properly managed or participated in.

(2) Because skiing (alpine skiing, snowboarding) is fast in the mountains, skiing to constantly overcome the challenge of unexpected circumstances, the challenge conditions are also very complex, so the snow injury belongs to the accidental injury.

(3) As a ski resort management agencies, ski resort departments, clubs, travel agencies, the media, should pay attention to ski safety, eliminate hidden dangers, there should be strict safety agreements between each other, can not come out of the problem, all pushed to the ski resort. The problem ski resort is not necessarily the worst safety ski resort, there is no problem is not necessarily no security risks. (For example) The China Ski Association issued the "China Ski Resort Management Code" to pay attention to safety. The training and assessment of the instructor team has been carried out as planned and more than 500 candidates have been trained.

(4) At present, before there is no final legislation and no binding legal provisions have been formed, the "China Ski Resort Management Standards" issued by the China Ski Association shall consciously accept and implement its spirit.

Second, the ski resort is the main body to ensure safety.

Ski resorts are the main part of ski safety, and the vast majority of injuries occur on ski slopes. So the safety of the piste is very important.

(1) The current construction of ski trails should pursue the characteristics of safety, fluency, nature, and variability, safety is the first, the width is not enough, the slope is too large, the cliff is carved, the turning Angle is too small, and the main ski line deviated from the roll line is too large and too long. The end area is too small. The snow quality of the snow track is not qualified, there is ice or debris, stones, bare soil. The protective net of the ski track is not equipped according to the regulations, and so on are hidden dangers of safety.

2. Strengthen security publicity

From entering the snow resort, there should be an atmosphere where everyone is concerned about safety, the skier's code should be eye-catching, the ticket should be indicated, and the travel agency should be publicized on the car.

(3) The skier's self is very important

Skiers skiing on pistes, just like self-driving cars driving on the highway, should start from the actual situation, choose the line and speed, can not stop at will, overtake, rear-end, alcohol, lack of concentration, etc., "skiers due to their own improper behavior or the use of equipment to cause harm to others."

The skier Code of Conduct is clear. To establish a "happy to go skiing, come home safely", every skiing into a kind of enjoyment, a happiness. Don't become a pain or a disaster.

Skiers should pursue the cultivation of skiing culture every time they ski, do not pursue height, difficulty, speed, to enjoy fitness, relaxation, brain washing lung, leisure, activity to lose weight, enjoy the infinite happiness given by nature.

Skiing technique is only a part of ability, ability consists of technique + terrain + snow quality + speed + adaptation + experience + physical fitness (balance, reaction, etc.). Skill + practical ability = skiing level and ability.

Third, the ski organizers have an inescapable responsibility

Ski organizers mainly refer to ski resorts, clubs, organizers, travel agencies, instructors and so on. Here we focus on the responsibilities of ski schools and ski community instructors.

(a) the current ski school is not an entity, the name of the ski school is not supported by regulations, the essence is the ski resort coach organization, there are more problems in the ski resort coach organization, only a very small share of the certificate, most of the coach's technical level, theoretical teaching ability is difficult to be competent, and its own technology is not standardized. In particular, the coaching work of some ski resorts is completely contracted to the coaching team, operated by the coach, only the economic income is divided into the ski resort part, and the rest is all responsible for the coach contractor, in order to pursue economic interests, may seriously damage the reputation of the ski resort, image and related interests, all the benefits of teaching, the selection of coaches is only responsible by the contractor. Lead to the growth of bad atmosphere, so the ski school should not provide all kinds of contract, should be guided and controlled.

Another problem is scientific and safe teaching.

Due to the uneven level of coaches and the randomness of teaching, skiers are often misled. Such as:

1. Neglect warm-up activities and understanding of snow and adaptation to equipment

2, the teaching violates the principle of gradual progress, comply with some guests for urgent psychology, the implementation of surprise teaching, "one day to intermediate" two days to ensure you on the high road.

3, do not pay attention to the basic posture, do not pay attention to the basic skills, leave a regret for the improvement of technology. The Chinese Ski Association has issued a beginner's course for alpine skiing to solve this problem.

Fourth, mass skiing and professional skiing

Public skiing and professional skiing although there will be inextricably linked, but from the purpose of participation, the use of equipment, sliding technology and other aspects can not be mixed in one.

In terms of technology:

Professional pursuit is fast, short, close, strong, in most cases, hunched down.

The pursuit of the public is fitness, leisure, fashion, in most cases standing easy and beautiful slide.

As for the introduction technology of teaching, my personal experience should also have a plow program, with the center plow turn as the core.

Double board parallel turns should be based on small turns, which is the destination technology of mass skiing, should be based on medium turns of small turns.

Regarding carbene technology and "walking edge", for mass skiing, the use of "big head board" skiing is itself in the learning, experience, Carbene technology, in the early, intermediate stage and even advanced technical stage, do not blindly pursue "walking edge" technology, should be based on the torsion of the double skis.

The majority of public skiers should not excessively simulate professional skiing techniques, transfer from professional skiing teams to public skiing teaching personnel, and should not guide public skiers to take the path of "professional skiing". ^[3]

Skiing in China

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EDITOR

Industrial development

Wanlong Ski Resort

In China, with the improvement of people's living standards, as well as its own stimulating and physical fitness function, skiing in recent years has gradually faded the "noble sport" coat, and become a popular sport. After 10 years of accumulation, China's ski industry is in a period of rapid development. The year 2000 was divided into two phases. In the first five years of 2000, ski resorts were only distributed in Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces. After 2000, due to the mastery of large-scale snowmaking technology, ski resorts began to appear in areas outside the two provinces, especially in Beijing. This has promoted the overall development of the ski industry in the country. Northeast China, Henan, Shandong, and even some southern provinces and cities are also actively developing this market. By 2006, there were more than 200 ski resorts across the country, and the number of skiers exceeded 4 million.

Skiing is a combination of tourism, leisure and sports projects, involving a variety of industries, it can be said that any kind of equipment and equipment in the ski resort is a kind of industry, such as skateboards, ski wear, cable cars, snowmaker Snow presses, even glasses, hats, etc., everything will drive the development of related industries. The construction of ski resorts and the development of tourism ski industry will drive the development and construction of related industries in the whole society, and the first to benefit is groggery Hotels and other service industries, in addition to unit , traffic Industries such as, telecommunications, commerce, handicrafts, agricultural and sideline products production have a huge pulling role, and have a positive role in employment, poverty alleviation and even promoting economic development and increasing income in the surrounding poor areas.

Skiing in China is still on the level of fashion, when people really understand its many benefits and participate in the near future, skiing will also become an important part of the Chinese winter life.

With the development of the national economy, the improvement of the people's living standards and health awareness, the Chinese public skiing games have a more scientific development. It is expected that after 2015, China's annual skiing passengers will reach 10 million, with an output value of nearly 4 billion yuan.

Related snow resort

district	Snow resort
Peking	South Mountain Ski Resort , Huaibei Ski Resort , Wanlong Ski Resort , Shijinglong ski Resort , Cloud House ski Resort , Jundu Mountain ski Resort , Yuyang Ski Resort, Badaling ski Resort , Lianhuashan Ski Resort, Yunfoshan Ski Resort, Saibei Ski Resort, Snow World Ski Resort	Ski resort
Shanghai	Shanghai Ski Resort, Shanghai Silver Seven Star indoor ski resort (discontinued)
Amur River	Yabuli Ski Resort, Erlongshan Ski Resort, Ujimi Ski Resort, Moon Bay ski Resort , The mountain Red Ski Resort
Shanxi (Province)	Shanxi Jiulong International Ski Resort
Ji Lin	Changbai Mountain Wanda International Ski Resort, Changbai Mountain Peace Ski Resort, Jilin Beidahu Ski Resort
Liaoning (Province)	Northeast Asia Ski Resort, Baiqingzhai Ski Resort, Qipanshan Ski Resort, Gongchangling Ski Resort
Hubei (Province)	Shennongjia tourist ski resort
Sichuan	Mount Emei ski Resort ^[4] ; Chengdu Xiling Snow Mountain A ski resort.
Hunan (Province)	Yunting ski Resort, East Peak, Hunan ; Daweishan ski Resort
Yunnan (Province)	Yulong Snow Mountain ski Resort
Hebei (Province)	Wanlong Ski Resort, Duolemedi Ski Resort, Changcheng Ling Ski Resort, Saibei Ski Resort (Zhangjiakou. Chongli County) ^[5]
Shandong (Province)	Golden Elephant Mountain ski resort, nine tower ski resort ^[6] Wo Hu Mountain Ski Resort, Century Park Ski Resort, Sorai Mountain Ski Resort, Qingdao Tiantai Ski Resort, Qingdao Qingxian Manor Ski Resort, Qingzhou Taishan Ski Resort, Yudai Lake Ski Resort, Zibo Baoshan Ski Resort, Dingziwan Jinshan Ski Resort
Shaanxi (Province)	Bailuyuan Ski Resort, Yuhuagong Ski Resort, Cuihua Mountain Ski resort, Fengyu Manor Ski resort, Muhuguan ski Resort, Taibai Mountain ski Resort
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region	Jinlong Mountain ski Resort

Organizational structure

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International Ski and Snowboard Federation

International Ski and Snowboard Federation (International Ski and Snowboard Federation), formerly known as the International Ski Federation (International Ski Federation), abbreviation: FIS. ^[11] In 1924, it was reorganized on the basis of the International Ski Council, which had been established in 1910. The International Ski Federation is an international sports organization recognized by the International Olympic Committee and is a member of the General Federation of International Sports Federations. There are more than 50 members. The current president of the International Ski Federation is the CEO of HEAD Group, an international sporting goods company John Eliasch ( Johan Eliasch ). ^[10] It is headquartered in Bern, Switzerland. Currently, the association has 101 members. The working languages are English, German, French and Russian. In case of dispute, English shall prevail. The official journal of the Federation is the International Ski Federation Bulletin, which is published four times a year.

The Chinese Ski Association was admitted to the International Ski Federation Council in 1979.

Asian ski federation

The Asian Ski Federation was founded in 1990, under the leadership of the International Snow Federation, the mission is to promote the development of ski sports in Asia, held once a year congress. ^[12]

Chinese ski association

China Ski Association is the national mass organization of skiing in China and one of the individual sports associations under the leadership of All-China Sports Federation. The China Ski Association originally belonged to the National Winter Sports Association established in the 1950s, and was established separately in 1981, with its headquarters in Beijing. China Ski Association is a national mass sports social organization with independent legal personality registered in the Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China, a group member of the All-China Sports Federation, and a national sports association recognized by the Chinese Olympic Committee. It is the only legal organization representing China to participate in the corresponding international and intercontinental snow activities organized by the International Ski Federation and other international snow organizations. The association is a voluntary, non-profit social organization. ^[13]

Related event

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Olympic Winter Games

The Winter Olympics were originally scheduled to be held every four years, in the same year and in the same country as the Summer Olympics. Since the second Winter Olympics in 1928, the Winter and Summer Games have been held in different countries. In 1986, the International Olympic Committee decided that from 1994, the Winter Olympic Games and the Summer Olympic Games will be held at a two-year interval.

Alpine skiing became an official Olympic sport for the first time at the 1936 Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. At the 8th Winter Olympic Games in 1960, the military ski shooting as the first Winter Olympic performance event became an official competition, and was renamed biathlon, and women's speed skating entered the Winter Olympic Games. At the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, luge became a new member of the Olympic family. At the 1992 Albertville Winter Olympics, short track speed skating and freestyle skiing became official events for the first time. Seven new events will be added to the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, namely women's single moguls, short track speed skating mixed relay, ski jumping mixed team, freestyle skiing men's Big jump, freestyle skiing women's Big jump, freestyle skiing aerials mixed team and snowboard slalom pursuit mixed team. ^[14]

Nordic World Ski Championships

The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships is a world-class ski event organized by the International Ski Federation (FIS). The men's competition began in 1925 and the women's competition began in 1954. Nordic skiing is the umbrella term for cross-country skiing, ski jumping and Nordic mixed events. From 1924 to 1939, the Nordic Ski World Championships were held annually, from 1950 to 1978 every four years, from 1978, basically every two years, and as of 2019, 41 editions have been held. ^[15]

World Alpine Ski Championships

The Alpine World Ski Championships is an alpine ski world championship organized by the International Ski Federation (FIS). The first race was held in 1931. The tournament was held annually in Europe during the 1930s until the outbreak of World War II, when it was discontinued in 1940. It resumed in 1948.

Alpine skiing is a kind of snow competition in which skis and poles are used as tools to quickly turn around and slide down a specially designed route on the hillside. ^[16]

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