Temperate continental climate

The temperate continental climate is located Northern latitude Between 40° and 60 ~ 65° inland and the eastern coast of the continent. In winter Continental climate Under the control, the average temperature of the coldest month is below 0 ° C in the south and close to -40 ° C in the north. The average temperature of the hottest month is 26 ~ 27℃ in the south and close to 20℃ in the north. The growing season lasts about 200 days in the south and only 50 to 70 days in the north. In this climate zone are: China northwest , Siberia Most, Alaska with Canada Most and the United States Great Lakes Nearby. ^[2-3]

Temperate continental climate can be divided into broad and narrow categories. The generalized temperate continental climate includes Temperate desert climate , Temperate grassland climate and Subfrigid coniferous forest climate . A narrower concept would exclude the latter, which is wet. The temperate continental climate is characterized by severe winters, hot summers, large annual temperature ranges, and large daily ranges. Winter is controlled by high pressure, the lowest temperature up to -73℃; The average temperature in July in the southern part of the summer is 26 ~ 27℃, the highest is 33℃, and the northern part is close to 20℃. The maximum annual range is 62.3℃. It is controlled by the continental air mass all year round, and precipitation increases from south to north (west to east in North America), with annual precipitation ranging from less than 200mm to about 400mm, and 300 to 600mm in the north. From south to north, the natural vegetation changed from temperate desert and temperate grassland to subfrigid coniferous forest.

The temperate continental climate is mainly distributed in the Eurasian continent and the North American continent at 40° ~ 60°. Because it is far from the sea, the humid climate is difficult to reach, so it is dry and less rain, and the daily and annual temperature ranges are large. Moreover, the closer to the center of the continent, the more arid it is, the greater the annual and daily temperature range is, and the vegetation also transitions from forest to grassland and desert.

1. It is widely distributed in Asia Siberia Central and eastern North America, central and eastern Europe, are controlled by continental air masses all year round, deep inland, far from the sea, lee side, mountains, less precipitation.

2. South American The Patagonia Plateau It also has this kind of climate because the west wind passes over the tall The Andes After the mountain subsidence formed Samum There is little frontal cyclone activity, and the cold Falkland current on the east coast passes through, so there is little rain throughout the year.

3. Temperate continental climate is the opposite of Temperate maritime climate A type of climate that is dry with little rain because it is far from the sea; Because it is controlled by the continental air mass, the annual and daily temperature ranges are relatively large. ^{[1] [3]}

The temperate continental climate is mainly distributed in Eurasia, the interior of North America and the south of South America at 40° ~ 60° north latitude. Due to distance ocean The humid climate is difficult to reach, so it is dry and rain less, the climate is extremely continental, and the annual and monthly temperature difference is the most of all climate types. Moreover, the closer to the center of the continent, the more arid it is, the greater the annual and daily temperature range is, and the vegetation also transitions from forest to grassland and desert. The climate characteristics are: cold winter and hot summer, large annual temperature difference, concentrated precipitation, four seasons temperature changes, less annual rainfall, strong continental. ^[1-5]

Temperate continental climate Natural vegetation from south to north, from temperate desert, temperate grassland, transition to Subfrigid coniferous forest .

The vegetation type corresponding to the temperate semi-arid climate is Temperate grassland Typical soil is chernozem .

Temperate arid climate The corresponding vegetation type is temperate zone desert The soil is Desert soil .

Asia has the most typical temperate continental climate.

First of all, the vast inland areas and high-latitude areas of Asia have climatic characteristics such as cold winter and hot summer, short spring and autumn, large annual temperature variations, and concentrated precipitation seasons compared with the same latitude areas of other continents. Verkhoyansk , Yakutsk and Chita Both on the eastern side of Eurasia, and Hakata , Trondheim and Bilt The three places are on the west side of Eurasia at the same latitude, and their climate patterns are very different. The common characteristics of the first three places are cold in winter, warm in summer, and large annual temperature difference. In particular, Verkhoyansk in northeastern Siberia -- Oymyakon The region is cold in winter, and the average temperature in January is as low as -50℃. Absolute minimum temperature Zenda -71℃, becoming the "cold pole" in the Northern hemisphere; The average temperature in July is above 10℃. The absolute annual range in Verkhoyansk was as high as 105.1 ° C, the largest in the world. In addition, Verkhoyansk, Yakutsk and Chita have a large temperature rise from March to April and a large temperature drop from October to November, and the spring temperature is higher than the autumn temperature, and the precipitation is mainly concentrated in summer. Therefore, the three places have a continental climate. In the west of Eurasia, the corresponding latitudes of Bodo, Trondheim and Bildt, the winter temperature is about 0℃, the summer is cool, the annual variation is only 15 ~ 18℃, the spring and autumn inter-monthly temperature is not more than 4 ~ 5℃, spring temperature is lower than autumn temperature, belong to Temperate maritime climate .

Secondly, the climate elements in the interior of Asia are extremely variable, which is also a prominent feature of continental climate.

Asia has a vast land area, the mainland is far from the sea, the outline of the continent is complete, and there is no extension into the mainland bay ; At the same time, this continent is located in the east of Eurasia, weakened Westerly circulation And the influence of Atlantic warm and humid air currents on Asian climate. According to the principle that the higher the latitude and the farther away from the sea the greater the annual temperature difference, the climate of the vast inland and high latitudes of Asia is more continental than that of the same latitudes of other continents. The Verkhoyansk-Oymyakon region, located at high latitudes, suffers little heat in winter, and is located in northeast Asia, which is difficult to receive The west wind is warm The impact of... In terms of circulation factors, the winter here is strong anticyclone Under control, the severe cooling effect causes low temperature; The basin and depression topography inclined to the north here is more conducive to the concentration of cold air and the development of anticyclone. As a result, it is the coldest region in the Northern Hemisphere and has the largest annual temperature range in the world. ^[3]

Asian region : Urumqi , Lanzhou (capital of Gansu Province) , Yinchuan , Hohhot , Erenhot (China), Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia), Yakutsk , Irkutsk , Novosibirsk , Omsk (Russia), Tashkent ( Uzbekistan ), Ashgabat ( Turkmenistan ), Teheran , Isfahan , Tabriz (Iran)

Europe, Eurasia : Moscow , St. Petersburg (Russia), Helsinki (Finland) Vilnius ( Republic of Lithuania ), Minsk ( Belarus ), Kyiv ( Ukraine ), Warsaw (Poland), Bragg ( Czech Republic ), Bratislava (Slovakia), Budapest (Hungary), Vienna ( Austria ), Munich , Berlin (Germany), Belgrade ( Serbia ), Bucharest ( Romania ), Sofia (Bulgaria), Madrid (Spain), Ankara (Turkey)

North America : Ottawa, Montreal , Toronto , Quebec, Edmonton (Canada), Pittsburgh , New York , Detroit , Chicago , Denver (United States)

South America : Mendoza, Neuquen ( Argentina ) ^[4]