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Hainan Island is located to the north
Qiongzhou Strait
With Guangdong Province
Leizhou Peninsula
Facing each other, separated by the west
Beibu Gulf
Qinzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, and Vietnam. The land plane is a pear shaped oval, the long axis for the northeastern-southwest trend, an area of more than 30,000 square kilometers, is the second largest island in China.
The island has dense rainforests and clear blue water, and there are two seasons in the year: dry season and rainy season. Hainan Island is low and flat on all sides, high in the middle, with a domed mountain terrain
Five Finger Mountain
,
Yingge Ridge
It is the core of uplift and descends step by step to the periphery. It is composed of mountains, hills, platforms and plains to form a ring layered landform, and the cascade structure is obvious.
[1]
The coastline of Hainan Island is curved, about 1618 kilometers long (the latest data is 1823), and there are 68 harbours available for construction along the coast, among which the alternative harbours for construction of deep-water ports are relatively scattered. Have been built
Haikou port
,
Sanya Port
,
Yangpu Port
,
Basuo Port
and
Qinglan Port
Five major ports, etc.
[2]
Hainan Island is hailed by biologists as a natural "species gene bank" and the largest "natural museum". It has the reputation of "the kingdom of Southern Medicine"; Hainan's wild rice, small grain rice, wild lychee, wild tea, red pine and other wild species, in scientific research and production are difficult to estimate the important wealth. A total of 102 species of rare animals, including the black-crowned gibbon and the Hainan slope deer, have been included in the list of Class I and Class II key protected animals.
[3]
Hainan Island's magnificent mountains and rivers, magical virgin forests, rare tropical plants and animals, charming coconut wind and sea charm and other natural landscapes; The cultural landscape of Li and Miao nationality, precious revolutionary memorial sites and cultural relics; Coupled with the pleasant climate, the formation of rich tourism resources.
[3]
According to ancient books, in the pre-Qin period, Hainan Island and the South China Sea Islands had already belonged to the Central Plains Dynasty. Since Qin, it belongs to Xiang County, Nanyue Country, Zhuya, Dan 'er 2 counties, Huguang Province and Guangxi Province, Guangdong Province, Hainan provincial administrative office, established in 1988, Hainan Island belongs to. Hainan is the only one in China
The Li nationality, living in Yunnan Province
The ghetto.
[3]
- Chinese name
- Hainan Island
- Foreign name
- Hainan Island
- Geographical position
- Northwest South China Sea
- Area product
- 33900 km²
- Climatic condition
- Tropical monsoon climate
- Main river
- Nandu River Changhua River and Wanquan River
- Length of coastline
- 1823 km [4]
- Island type
- Continental type island
catalogue
- 1Location boundary
- 2Geological characteristics
- ▪Formation and change
- ▪Geological structure
- 3Geomorphic features
- ▪Mountainous region
- ▪Hill basin
- ▪Platform terrace
- ▪Coastal plain
- ▪seaboard
- 4Soil vegetation
- ▪Soil distribution
- ▪Vegetation distribution
- 5Climatic characteristics
- 6Stream hydrology
Location of Hainan Island
Hainan Island, located in China
The South China Sea
Northwest, northwest Hainan Province, latitude 18°10 '~ 20°10' N, longitude 108°37 '~ 111°03' E, north and Guangdong
Leizhou Peninsula
separated
Qiongzhou Strait
It is about 18 nautical miles wide, about 220 nautical miles from Haikou City in the north of the island to Haiphong City in Vietnam, and about 650 nautical miles from Sanya Port in the south of the island to Manitra Port in the Philippines.
The outline of the island is shaped like an oval snow pear, the long axis is northeast to southwest, about 290 kilometers long
[1]
It is about 180 km wide from northwest to southeast
[1]
Others are 240 kilometers long and 210 kilometers wide
[5]
It covers an area of 33,900 square kilometers
[1]
[6]
(The other is 34,400 square kilometers
[5]
It is the second largest island in China after Taiwan. The total coastline is 1,944 kilometers (excluding island shoreline), and the natural shoreline length is 1,272.61 kilometers.
[1]
[6]
1618 kilometers to go
[2]
It is said that 1823 kilometers
[4]
There are 68 large and small harbours, and the surrounding depth area of minus 5 meters to minus 10 meters is 2330.55 square kilometers, equivalent to 6.8% of the land area.
[6]
During the Early Paleozoic period (570 million to 440 million years ago), Leizhou Peninsula and Hainan Island were the same
Zone of subsidence
. The Caledonian orogeny made the Leiqiong area rise to the continent and formed a series of faulted fold belts mainly in the northeast direction, which caused qualitative changes in the strata of early Paleozoic sediments. Until the late Paleozoic (440 million to 230 million years ago), the land mass of Hainan Island was relatively stable. but
Indochinese movement
It also promoted the strong magmatic activity, forming the granite mass widely distributed in Hainan Island, constituting the mountain and forming the foundation of Hainan Island. subsequent
Yanshan movement
and
Himalayan movement
It also caused the granite vault to fracture strongly, forming several large east-west fault zones, lifting about two-thirds of the area south of the fault, called the Hainan tectonic uplift, and has been rising for more than 100 million years. The subsidence occurred in the north of the fault, which is called Leiqiong depression. However, before the Quaternary period (2.5 million years ago), Hainan Island and Leizhou Peninsula were still connected and were an extension of the Cathaysian massif in geological structure. In the middle of the Pleistocene (2.5 million to 15,000 years ago), due to volcanic activity, the fault subsidence between Leizhou Peninsula and Hainan Island occurred, and it became
Qiongzhou Strait
That separated Hainan Island from the mainland. After the sea level rise and fall many times, Hainan Island and the mainland were separated and connected many times
Quaternary glacial period
In the end, the sea level rose greatly to form the Qiongzhou Strait and Hainan Island.
Hainan tectonic uplift caused by geological tectonic movement is the continuous uplift of the middle part of Hainan Island, which gradually forms the geomorphic features of Hainan Island. The mountains are located in the center, and the hills, terraces and plains surround them in turn. Hainan Island has an average elevation of 120 meters. Mountains of more than 500 meters account for 25% of the island, and plains and platforms of more than 100 meters account for two-thirds.
[7]
Some scholars also believe that Hainan Island began to drift away from the Beibu Gulf of China 24 million years ago, and Hainan Island has rotated about 150 degrees counterclockwise from its original position to its current position, and is still drifting left-southeast.
[8]
In terms of spatial distribution, the geological structure of Hainan Island, with various structural combinations of different directions, shapes and properties, forms the main structural systems such as east-west structure, North-South structure, North-East structure and north-west structure, which become the main tectonic pattern of the land, controlling the sedimentary construction, magmatic activity, mineralization and the distribution of mountains and rivers in the recent period.
[9]
The deep geological structure of Hainan Island is a depression area on the background of mantle uplift. The center of mantle depression is from Qiongzhong to Ledong, and the depth of mantle depression is more than 30 kilometers. Due to the differences in crustal structure and deep structure, there are many different characteristics in geological structure, sedimentary construction and magmatic activity.
[9]
Rocks in Hainan
Igneous rock
Magmatic rock
Hydrogenous rock
(sedimentary rock)
Metamorphic rock
3 categories, all over the province.
[10]
Topography of Hainan Island
Hainan Island is low and flat around, high in the middle, with a domed mountain topography, with Wuzhi Mountain and Yingge Mountain as the uplifting core, descending gradually to the outside. It is composed of mountains, hills, platforms and plains to form a ring layered landform, with obvious hierarchical structure.
The landform of Hainan Island is mainly mountainous and hilly, accounting for 38.7% of the total area of the island. The mountains are mainly distributed in the south of the central part of the island, and hilly basins are scattered in the mountains. Hills are mainly distributed in the inland, northwest and southwest of the island. Around the mountains and hills, there are widely distributed platforms and terraces of different widths, accounting for 49.5% of the total area of the island. Most of the surrounding islands are coastal plains, accounting for 11.2% of the total area of the island. The coast mainly consists of Marine erosion and accumulation coast of volcanic basalt platform, small bay or accumulation landform coast evolved from drowned valley, and Marine terrace coast surrounded by sand embankment. The coastal ecology is characterized by tropical mangrove coast and coral reef coast.
[1]
Five Finger Mountain
The mountains of Hainan Island are located in the south of the middle of the island, with Guangya, Danzhou, Renxing, Tunchang, Wupo and Longtang in the north, Changmao, Tiandu, Baoting and Guangpo in the south, Dongsheng, Juntian and Xinglong in the east and Changjiang, Datian and Jianfeng in the west, covering an area of 8,639 square kilometers, accounting for 25.1% of the total area of the island. The central mountain is more than 500 meters above sea level, is the skeleton of Hainan landform, mainly Zhongshan (more than 800 meters), covers an area of 6067.6 square kilometers, accounting for more than 70% of the mountain; The low mountains (500-800 meters) are only 2571.4 square kilometers, accounting for nearly 30 percent. The mountain is mainly composed of granite, the shape of the mountain is high and round. The mountains are generally divided into three columns, all of which are northeast-southwest trending: East
The Five Finger Mountains
The main peaks are Zima Ling, Wuzhishan, Xiaoluo Mountain, Qizhi Ridge, Maju Ridge, etc.; Medium listed
Li Mu Ling
Rh Range, the main peaks are Li Mu Ling, Yingge Ling, Monkey Rh Range, Jianfeng Range and so on; Selje is a mountain range of Jagadaline, the main peaks are
Jaga Ridge
Bawangling, Xianbaoling and so on.
[11]
Tunchang County at the north foot of Wuzhishan
The area around the mountains and hills in Hainan is not large, accounting for only 13.1% of the island's area. There are also high or gentle hilltop surfaces in the hilly land, with common levels of 450 meters, 350 meters, 250 meters. The basins between the hills, such as Baisha basin, Tunchang basin, Ledong basin and Qionghai Shibi Basin, light, heat, water, soil and various ecological conditions are superior, is a good environment for the growth of crops and economic trees. The low hills, valleys and basins below 350 meters above sea level have sufficient rainfall and water moisture, good soil quality and windproof conditions, which are very suitable for the development of natural rubber and tropical cash crops, so the hilly belt around the mountains has become the rubber hot crop distribution belt in Hainan, and is also the largest rubber hot crop base in China.
[11]
The platform of Hainan Island occupies the largest proportion of various landforms, accounting for about one-third of the total area of the island. The broad platform is mainly distributed in Qiongbei area, which can be divided into 2 levels of 20 meters and 40 ~ 50 meters above sea level, and gradually incline to the sea.
[11]
Platform geomorphologic types are diverse, basalt platform, granite platform, red rock platform, metamorphic rock platform, among which basalt platform area is the largest, up to 4159 square kilometers, accounting for nearly 40% of the total platform. On the basalt platform, typical volcanic lava landforms are distributed. Due to the neotectonic movement period from Cenozoic Neogene to Quaternary in the geological history, frequent volcanic activity occurred in the Leiqiong area, and large-scale magma eruption lava flow occurred several times along the fault zone, forming groups of ancient volcanic cones and large areas of basalt covering the north of Hainan Island. There are 101 volcanic cones and more than 110 volcanic vents, the most typical of which are dozens of craters and flowing rocks in the west of Qiongshan and Yongxing. The basalt platform is a low platform formed by the lava flowing and layering on the surface of the volcanic eruption, commonly known as "stone land", such as Qiongshan Yangshan area, Danzhou Mutang, Ding 'an Longtang and other places have large areas of this landform, the soil thickness is small, but the soil is fertile. Lava landform also formed lava tunnels, such as Qiongshan Shishan area has been found "Xianren cave", "Wolong Cave" and other tunnels 11, generally more than 10 meters wide, 2 ~ 4 meters high, the longest more than 1200 meters, the total length of 3574 meters, become a local natural wonder. There are also many platforms formed by Marine erosion. For example, in the granite egg landform under Shimenling in the northeast of Jiusuo, Ledong Li Autonomous County, there are obvious Marine erosion landforms, such as fungus rock, stone pillars, stone POTS, honeycomb sea cave groups, frontal cliffs, etc.
[11]
The coastal plain belt of Hainan Island is the outermost part of the geomorphic belt structure of Hainan Island, covering an area of more than 7800 square kilometers
Coastal plain
, lagoon plain,
Delta plain
Composed of 3 landforms.
[11]
Coastal plain, composed of multiple sand banks and dry low-lying lagoons and swamps, the terrain is undulating, the height is sand bank, soil and sand, and the growth of drought-tolerant plants; The lower part is gray and black marshland with sticky soil. For example, in the Yinggehai area of Ledong, the west bank forms a north-south strike sand embankment group, while the south bank forms an east-west strike sand embankment group, so that the Yinggehai sand embankment group is composed of two groups of sand embankments with different strikes, forming a triangular headland into the sea, and the sand embankment becomes a lagoon depression.
[11]
Lagoon plain, behind the coastal sand embankment, Wenchang, Qionghai, Wanning and other coastal areas on the east coast are the most typical. The largest lagoon in Hainan, Wanning Xiaohai, is formed when the bay is separated by a large sand bank, but it has not dried up into a depression, so it is a typical large lagoon. The other lagoons are mostly filled by wind-blown sand deposits to form a plain, with a sand layer on the surface and a clay layer, a black lagoon clay layer, and some peat soil below.
[11]
Haikou City on the delta of Nandu River estuary
The delta plain is formed by the accumulation of sediment at the outlet of the river. However, Hainan Island is densely forested and the sediment content of the rivers is not large, so the sediment stack at the outlet of most rivers is not thick. For example, Changhua River, Wanquan River and Lingshui River estuaries only remain in the initial form of delta or estuary plain state. There is also the Beimen River delta northwest of Danzhou bordering the Beibu Gulf.
[11]
The Nandu River Delta is the largest delta in Hainan Province. It is formed by the sediment of Marine and river facies, including fine sand and mud containing shellfish, deposited in the ancient gully bay at the mouth of Nandu River over thousands of years.
[11]
The coastline of Hainan Province is 1,927.6 kilometers, of which the coastline of Hainan Island is about 1,618 kilometers long.
[2]
(The new data is 1823
[4]
The coastline coefficient is 0.0477.
[12]
The tropical coastal landforms of Hainan Island mainly include five categories: sand bank accumulation, beach rock, mangrove coast, coral reef coast and harbor landforms.
Red sand bank accumulation
Hainan is located in the tropics, the iron oxidation in the coastal beaches and sand embankments is sufficient, so that the sand embankments become red deposits (the age is late Pleistocene). For example, the red sand embankment between Lingshui New Village and Li 'an Port extends down from the foot of the Phoenix Mountain, covering the white sand beach and cementing into hard red sandstone. The coast of Changhua along the Changjiang River and Wenchang have this kind of red sand embankment landform. On the northeast coast of Qiong, which is facing the northeast monsoon, from Wenchang Mulantou to Bao Hu Port, the coastal wind-blown sand accumulation is increasing, and the wind-blown sand dune rock formation is developed. The sand embankment is more than 30 kilometers long, and the highest point, Changsa Lake Pond slope is more than 58 meters, which is rare in the country.
[13]
Beach rock on the beach
On the beach from the beach surface to the sea surface, due to strong sunlight, calcium saturation in the water precipitates, cementing the sand into a layer of hard coarse sandstone and conglomerate, the thickness is generally below 2 meters. This layer of calcareous consolidated sand, known as beach rock, slopes toward the sea and is broken by wind and waves to form rock piles or large reefs, which are good places for abalone to live. If the coast is washed away and receded, the beach rock formation can be preserved in shallow water offshore, such as the reef two or three hundred meters off the coast of Yingge, Ledong County.
[13]
Mangrove coast at Qinglan Port
Tropical mangrove forest
Shore, mangrove coast is a special tropical biological coastal landform, distributed in the mud flat in the quiet wind environment of the harbor, and the beach with large waves cannot grow mangrove. The more developed mangrove coast is mainly distributed in Qiongshanzhai Port, Wenchang Puqian Port and Qinglan Port, north and south Fengjia Port, Lingaoxin Ying Port, Danzhou Xinying Port and Chengmai Maanniao Port. In addition, there are also small distribution in Haikou, Qionghai, Sanya, Lingshui and other cities and counties. Hainan mangrove has many kinds, tall trees, fast growth, the number and area of the country's top, known as the "sea forest", "coast guard".
[13]
Reef coast around the island
Coral reefs are the long-term accumulation of skeletons and other calcareous biological remains of shallow tropical reef building coral groups, and are also typical tropical biological coastal landforms. Corals generally grow in transparent, mud free, shallow waters with waves, can be connected on the coast into a reef disc (platform) terrain, is actually a huge group of limestone organisms, in the long-term growth process, the formation of a special type of coral reef coast, the thickness of only about 10 meters, below is the sand layer or bedrock, belongs to the Holocene transgressible facies. The coral reef has the effect of protecting the coast from wave erosion, and it is also the site of concentrated growth of fish and aquatic products, so the productivity of the reef area is larger than that of the estuary area, with an average of 4000 grams/square meter · year. There are more than 110 kinds of shallow-water reef-building corals in Hainan Island, and the coastal environment around the island is very suitable for their growth, so the coral reef is particularly developed, and the growth zone can reach 2000 meters wide, ranking first in the country.
[13]
Boao, the beach
Sandy coast,
It is mainly distributed along Shaba Lagoon and delta plain. The sandy coast accounts for the majority of the shoreline from Bohu Point to Dahua Point, and about 250 km of shoreline is sandy lagoon coast, which is concentrated in two shoreline segments from Bohu Point to Tonggukui and Boao to Dahua Point. In the section from Dahua Jiao to Meishan, except for the rocky coast, the rest is basically sandy coast, with a total length of nearly 300 kilometers. In the Meishan ~ Changhua River port section, the sandy coast is dominated by sand dikes, with a total length of nearly 200 kilometers, almost continuously distributed in the entire coastline. The total length of the sandy coastline from Changhua River Estuary to Bahujiao is about 340 kilometers, of which the Changhua River Estuary to Yangpu is about 100 kilometers long, the vicinity of Danzhou Guangcun is about 20 kilometers long, the vicinity of Lingao Jiao is about 25 kilometers long, the coastline from Chengmai County Ma Cun to Wenchang County Bahujiao is about 170 kilometers long, and the rest of the sandy coastline is about 25 kilometers long.
[14]
bay
Hainan Island is surrounded by the sea and has a long and winding coastline (up to 1,584.6 km) (new data is 1,823 km)
[4]
), distribution size of 78 natural harbors (there are 68 large and small harbors,
[1]
), the larger harbor has the northern Xiuying Port (also known as Haikou Port), Haikou New port, Dongshui Port, Puqian Port, Ma Cun Port, Hainan Bay, Haikou Bay, Chengmai Bay, Houshui Bay, Baisha Gate, etc.; In the south, Yulin Port, Sanya Port, Tielu Port, Xincun Port, Li 'an Port, Sanya Bay, Yazhou Bay, Ya Long Bay, Haitang Bay, Lingshui Bay, Nanwan Bay, Fragrance Bay, etc., in the east, Qinglan Port, Boao Port, Wuchang Port, Tanmen Port, Shimei Bay, Riyue Bay, Nanyan Bay, Dahua Point, etc.; The western Bacho Port, Yangpu Port, Baimajing Port, Guancheng Port, Lingtou Port, Yangpu Bay, Beili Bay and Zizhi Bay are rich in harbor resources and superior environmental conditions. Haikou Port, Sanya Port, Yangpu Port, Basuo port and Qinglan Port are the five major ports in Hainan.
[13]
[15 to 16]
hainanese
Horizontal zonality
Not obvious, zonal soil is
latosol
. Because the terrain of Hainan Island is medium high and low in circumference, both soil formation conditions and soil distribution are graded from the central and southern mountains. The soil distribution is greatly affected by the topography, and the soil distribution on the island is in several concentric circles, which are successively distributed around the central mountain. The outermost ring is the coastal sandy soil distributed around the modern coastal terrace of the island, and its altitude is only within 1 meter. The second outer ring is zonal soil - lateritic soil, which is mainly distributed on terraces, platforms and hills below 350 meters (or 400 meters). Because there are wider terraces, platforms and hills along the northern coast of the island, the soil distribution belt in the northern part of the island is wider. In the southern part of the island, the mountains are located in the middle of the south, even towards the coast, and the soil is narrow. The central and southern mountains of the island are yellow soil, which is above 400 meters above sea level.
[17]
Hainan has superior hydrothermal conditions and rich and diverse vegetation, belonging to tropical and tropical island vegetation types. According to the survey, there are 4,200 species of plants in 259 families, more than 1,300 genera, and more than 800 species of trees on Hainan Island, of which 83% are tropical species. In 1995, the forest area of the province reached 1.637 million hectares, of which 839,000 hectares were natural forests and 827,000 hectares were planted forests, and the forest coverage rate had reached 48.7 percent.
-
Natural vegetation
Hainan's natural vegetation is
Tropical monsoon rain forest
, tropical rain forest,
Evergreen broad-leaved forest
,
Mangrove forest
,
Coniferous forest
,
scrub
And grassland and other types.
(1) Tropical monsoon rainforest
Tropical monsoon rainforests are distributed in areas with periodic dry and wet seasons. They are more or less deciduous in the dry season and evergreen in the wet season. Tropical monsoon rainforests in Hainan are divided into two types: evergreen monsoon rainforests and deciduous monsoon rainforests.
[18]
Evergreen monsoon rain forest, similar to tropical rain forest in the primary forest, but the species appearance is inferior to rain forest, mainly distributed in low mountains, hills and platform areas below 750 meters above sea level, especially in the southeast hills and low mountains as typical. The main precious wood are: green bark, litchi,
Butterfly tree
, Nightingale wood,
Oil machilus
,
Tung tree
Let's wait.
Deciduous monsoon rain forest, mainly distributed in the west and south of Hainan, 500 meters above sea level below the hills, platform, community is relatively low. Common vegetation is
pachybark
,
Hemp oak
White lattice, land country, flat pulse thick and so on.
[18]
Qi roots in Hainan's Baihualing tropical rain forest
Qi roots in Hainan's Baihualing tropical rain forest
(2) Tropical rain forests
The tropical rainforests on Hainan Island are actually valley rainforests and mountain rainforests. Gully rainforest is distributed in the valley area below 900 meters above sea level, such as Jianfengling, Xiaoluo Mountain and Kaffa Mountain and other mountains, the main tree species are:
Feather pine
, butterfly tree,
maternal
,
Machilus viridis
,
Malus hainanensis
Let's wait. Mountain rainforest, mostly distributed between 750 and 1200 meters above sea level, in the peak ridge, macaque Ridge, Mayu Ridge and Doluo Mountain and other places, the area is large, and most of the natural forest, the main tree species are:
Dacryoblast pine
, thick wood,
hopea
,
Zijing
,
Flower pear
,
erysipelas
Let's wait. Gully rain forest and mountain rain forest are important water source forests in Hainan Island, and also the production base of tropical precious timber forest and medicinal materials.
[18]
(3) evergreen broad-leaved forests
Evergreen broad-leaved forest is distributed in the mountains of Hainan Island, is a type of vertical distribution of mountains, generally distributed in the mountains above 1000 meters, can be divided into mountain evergreen broad-leaved forest and mountaintop coppice forest. The former species are: pine, Hainan poplar,
Hainan five-needle pine
,
mangrove
,
Yellowback oak
; The latter species are: oak seed thick, five-lobed wood,
pachyderma
, Kawakami,
Holly
,
Rhododendron hainanensis
Let's wait. Mountain evergreen broad-leaved forest and mountaintop coppice forest are also one of the important water source forests in Hainan Island.
[18]
(4) Mangroves
Mangroves in Hainan are divided into two types: beach mangroves and coastal semi-mangroves. Beach mangroves are distributed in the deep silt and relatively closed bay or estuary, the area below the high tide line, the larger distribution area is Qiongshanzhai port, Wenchang Puqian port, Qinglan Port, Danzhou Xinying Port and Lingshui Xincun port. Tree species include mangrove,
Black olive
,
Red sea orchid
,
sonneratia
and
mangosa
. The coastal semi-mangrove forest is distributed in the coastal zone above the high water line, and is often connected with the mangrove forest in a strip distribution, and the area is very small. The main tree species are:
Yellow biscus
,
Begonia fruit
,
Sea mango
,
coconut
,
Pittospora japonica
Water Wanhua, etc.
[18]
Disc-shell oak in the tropical rain forest of Jianfengling, Hainan
(5) Coniferous forests
The pure coniferous forest of Hainan Island is not large in area, with only South Asian pine on the hills and terraces and bamboo bolin on the sandy soil of the eastern coastal platform. In the current vegetation, only Bawangling Mountain and Songtao in Qiongzhong County retain natural pure forest, and the tree species are mainly Hainan Pine. In Hainan's natural vegetation, there are
scrub
Spiny shrub and grassland, etc.
[18]
-
Artificial vegetation
Artificial vegetation is the product of land use by human economic activities. Hainan Island is the main base for the development of tropical cash crops in China, with rich cultivated crops and diverse cultivated communities, which are mainly tropical. The main tree species are casuarina and eucalyptus, forming coastal shelterbelts. In 1995, the province's shelterbelts were about 299,000 hectares, and the main economic forests were rubber, citronella, pepper, mango and banana. In 1995, the planting area of tropical crops in the province amounted to 44 20,000 hectares, accounting for 12.5% of the total land area, of which the rubber planting area was 36 80,000 hectares. The main crops are: rice, sweet potato, cassava, peanuts and sugar cane. In 1995, the rice planting area of the province was 39 40,000 hectares, accounting for 11.1% of the total land area.
[18]
-
Forest distribution
In Hainan Island, forest resources are distributed in the central, southwestern and southeastern mountainous areas, namely Jianfengling, Bawangling, Xianluo Mountain, Wuzhi Mountain, Yingge Mountain, Limu Mountain, Shihan Mountain, Baima Mountain and Jiaji Mountain in Qiongzhong County, Nanxi Mountain, Nangao Mountain and Xiaxeng Mountain in Baisha County, Jiayang Mountain, Bayouling Mountain and Kaffa Mountain in Ledong County, Haowu Mountain, Shengmao Mountain, Sifang Mountain, Nanlin Mountain in Baoting County, Baolong Mountain and Yaliang Mountain in Sanya City, Ma 'anling and Macaque Mountain in Dongfang County, Baomei Mountain in Changjiang County, Niutu Mountain, Tongtieling Mountain, Liulian Mountain, Dongling Mountain, Jianling Mountain, Huisui Mountain in Qionghai City, Lulu Bay in Danzhou City, Huangzhu Mountain in Tunchang County, Renxing Mountain in Chengmai County, etc.
[18]
There are five most important tropical forest areas in Hainan Island: (1) Wuzhishan tropical primitive forest area; ② Wangwang Ling; ③ Jianfengling forest area; ④ Soruo Mountain forest area; ⑤ Limushan Forest area. These forest areas are rich in forest resources and precious tree species. The five forest areas are water source forests and soil and water conservation forests, which play an important role in regulating climate, conserving water sources and preventing typhoons. In addition, the plantation forests in Hainan Island are mainly distributed in the coastal zone around the island and the state-owned farms of the Bureau of Agricultural Reclamation.
[18]
Hainan Island has a tropical monsoon Marine climate. The basic characteristics are: four seasons are not distinct, summer is not hot, winter is not cold, the annual temperature difference is small, the annual average temperature is high; The dry season and rainy season are obvious, the winter and spring are dry, the summer and autumn are rainy, and there are many tropical cyclones. Light, heat, water resources are abundant, wind, drought, cold and other climatic disasters are frequent. The average annual temperature is 22.5-25.60C, the annual sunshine duration is 1780-2600 hours, the total solar radiation is 4500-5800 MJ/m2, and the annual precipitation is 1500-2500 mm (about 1000 mm on the western coast).
[19]
-
sunshine
Hainan Island is located in the south of the Tropic of Cancer, the sun is high all the year round. Before and after the summer solstice, the sun is at the zenith twice, at noon, the sun's altitude Angle is 84°45 '~ 86°45'; Even on the winter solstice, at noon, the sun's altitude Angle is 46°05 '~ 48°05'. The difference between the day length of the summer solstice and the winter solstice is very small, so the solar radiation is quite rich and the sunshine is sufficient, the total annual solar radiation is 4600 ~ 5800 MJ/m2, and the annual sunshine hours are 1793 ~ 2590 hours. It laid the foundation for the formation of tropical climate. Hainan Island is located in the East Asian monsoon area and is affected by the monsoon obviously. It is influenced by both easterly and westerly systems.
[20]
-
Air temperature
The average annual temperature in Hainan is 22.5 ~ 25.6℃, with the lowest in Qiongzhong in the middle and the highest in Sanya in the south. The isotherm curves southward in an arc and increases from the central mountainous area to the surrounding coastal area. The 23℃ isotherm closes in the central mountainous area. Due to the adjustment of the ocean, the annual temperature variation in Hainan is generally small, ranging from 8 ℃ to 10℃ in most areas, and the smallest in Sanya (7.6℃).
[21]
-
precipitation
The average annual rainfall in Hainan is 923 ~ 2459 mm. The isohyets are distributed in a ring, with more in the middle and east and less in the west. There are more mountains and hills, less coastal plains; The rainy center is located from the west of Wanning to Qiongzhong, and the less rainy area is located along the coast of Dongfang City. In Qiongzhong County, the annual average rainfall is 2458.5 mm, the annual maximum rainfall is 3759.0 mm (1978), and the annual minimum rainfall is 1398.1 mm (1959). In Dongfang County, the average annual rainfall is 922.7 mm, the maximum annual rainfall is 1528.8 mm (1980), and the minimum annual rainfall is 275.4 mm (1969). The linear distance between Qiongzhong and the East is less than 150 kilometers, and the difference in rainfall is so great.
[21]
The seasonal distribution of precipitation in Hainan Island is very uneven, with obvious rainy season and less rainy season. Every year from May to October is the rainy season, the total rainfall of about 1500 mm, accounting for 70% to 90% of the annual rainfall, the main rain sources are frontal rain, hot thunderstorm and typhoon; Every year from November to April of the next year is a small rainy season, accounting for only 10% to 30% of the annual rainfall, and drought often occurs in the small rainy season.
[22]
Many large and small rivers in Hainan Island, from the central mountainous or hilly areas to the sea in all directions, forming a radial island water system.
[23-24]
The island has 154 rivers flowing into the sea, with an average catchment area of only 220 square kilometers per river. Among them, there are 39 rainwater collection areas larger than 100 square kilometers, accounting for 84.4% of the island's area; There are 115 rivers with a rainfall collection area of less than 100 square kilometers, accounting for only 15.6% of the island's total area. The main rivers are
Nandu River
,
Changhua River
and
Wanquan River
The drainage area is 7033, 5150 and 3693 square kilometers, respectively. The three river basins account for 47% of the island's area. There are Lingshui River and Ningyuan River with a catchment area of 1000 ~ 2000 square kilometers. The rivers with a drainage area of 500 ~ 1000 square kilometers are: Zhubi River, Wanglou River, Wenlan River, Beimen River, Sun River, Tengqiao River, Chunjiang River and Wenjiao River.
[23-24]
Haikou section of Nandu River
Nandu River
Originating in Nanfeng Mountain, Baisha County, across the north of the island, flowing through Baisha, Qiongzhong, Danzhou, Chengmai, Tunchang, Ding 'an, Qiongshan, to Haikou City into the sea, a total length of 334 kilometers, a total drop of 703 meters, the watershed area of 7176.5 square kilometers, 100 square kilometers of tributaries more than 19. Xichang River is the largest tributary of Nandu River, with a length of 257 kilometers.
[24 to 25]
Ledong county section of Changhua River
Changhua River
It originates in the northwest of Wuzhishan, traverses the west of Hainan Island, flows through Qiongzhong, Baoting, Ledong, Dongfang, and enters the sea to Changhua Port, with a total length of 231 kilometers, a total drop of 1270 meters, a watershed area of 5070 square kilometers, and 10 tributaries of more than 100 square kilometers. Tongshi River is the largest tributary, with a length of 61.8 km.
[24 to 25]
Qionghai section, lower reaches of Wanquan River
Wanquan River
It originates from Fengmen Ridge of Wuzhi Mountain, flows through Qiongzhong, Wanning, Tunchang and Qionghai, and enters the sea at Boao Port, with a total length of 163 kilometers, a total drop of 523 meters, a watershed area of 3683 square kilometers, and eight tributaries of more than 100 square kilometers. The Ding 'an River is the largest tributary, with a length of about 88 km.
[24 to 25]
-
distribution
The main features of the water system in Hainan Island are as follows: (1) The larger rivers all originate from the central mountainous area, while the smaller rivers mostly originate from the hills or platforms in front of mountains. They radiate and run to the sea along the mid-high and low-surrounding terrain. The short and steep slopes of the rivers make it difficult to retain precipitation, but there are alternate basins and canyons of different degrees along the rivers, which is conducive to the construction of reservoirs. (2) Due to the short and steep slope of the river and the influence of topography and climate, the rainstorm intensity is large, the flood peak is high, the duration is short, the flood rise rate is large, and the ratio of the maximum flow to the minimum flow is thousands of times, such as 5970 times at Baoqiao Station of Changhua River. (3) The small flow lasts for a long time and the flushing is ineffective, so that many small and medium-sized rivers are shallow and narrow, the flood discharge capacity is low, and the farmland on both sides is often flooded. (4) The mountain river slope is steep and the water is urgent, the drop is concentrated, and it has better water energy resources. The theoretical reserves are 995,000 kilowatts, and the exploitable capacity is 772,100 kilowatts. (5) The sediment content is small, and the average suspended sediment content for many years is 0.055 ~ 0.197 kg per cubic meter. (6) No freeze all year round.
[26]
-
runoff
The annual average runoff depth in Hainan Island is 909 mm, with a maximum of 1457 mm in Qiongzhong County and a minimum of 547 mm in Dongfang City. The average annual runoff coefficient of the island is 0.51, and the average annual runoff is 30.8 billion cubic meters. Among them, P= 10% of the wet year, the runoff is 49 billion cubic meters; P= 50% normal water year, runoff is 290 cubic meters; P= 75% of dry years, runoff is 20.9 billion cubic meters; P= 90% of dry years, the runoff is 15.1 billion cubic meters, P= 95% of dry years, the runoff is 12.6 billion cubic meters.
[26]
Hainan has a hot climate and high surface temperature. According to the long-term monitoring of the provincial hydrology station, the average annual water temperature of the surface water (river) is between 20℃ and 30℃. The characteristics of runoff distribution are as follows: (1) the annual average runoff depth is large, but the regional distribution is uneven with the annual distribution, and the inter-annual variation is large; (2) The annual average runoff depth decreased from the central mountainous area to the coastal areas around, which was consistent with the trend of precipitation, and the average runoff depth was low in the middle and high regions, small in the east and west, and the difference between the high and low regions was large.
[26]
The average runoff in flood season accounted for 82% of the total annual runoff in Nandu River basin, 81% in Changhua River basin and 68% in Wanquan River basin. 66% in the eastern region of the island, 79% in the central region, 85% in the western region and 79% in the northern region.
[26]
The runoff varied greatly from year to year, and the coefficient of variation ranged from 0.4 to 0.55. The ratio of maximum and minimum annual runoff is as high as 4 ~ 7 times, and the ratio of maximum peak flow to minimum flow is as high as several thousand times.
[26]
Hainan Island lies between the Beibu Gulf, Qiongzhou Strait and the South China Sea. It is mainly restricted by the hydrological environment of the South China Sea.
-
tide
The tidal phenomena in Hainan Island are mainly Pacific tidal channels
Bashi Channel
and
Balintang Strait
enter
The South China Sea
Later formed, the tidal pattern is complex. There are three types of coastal tidal current: the normal diurnal tidal current of surface tidal current, which is distributed from Sanya Harbor to Yinggehai, east of Qiongzhou Strait and along the coast of Xinjiang; Irregular diurnal tide, distributed in Haikou port, Qinglan Port and Bazho port; Irregular semi-diurnal tides are distributed in the north port, Lingshui Point and Yangpu Port. The bottom tidal current is divided into three types: the regular diurnal tidal current is distributed from Haikou Port to Bahujiao, Sanya port to Yinggehai; Irregular diurnal tide, distributed from Bazho Port to the west mouth of Qiongzhou Strait; The irregular semi-diurnal tide is distributed from Qinglan Port to Gangbei Port.
[27]
-
wavy
At Yubao Port and Baishamen, the waves mainly appear in the north. The occurrence frequency is: jade bag 87%, the largest northeast wave, 29%; Baisha Gate is 73%, and the highest North East Wave is 39%.
[27]
Tongguling in the northeast of Hainan Island, Nirvana Bay and Yulin in the south and Yinggehai in the southwest are all dominated by southerly waves. In the coastal area of Tongguling, the frequency of wave was 69%, and the southeast wave was 34%. In Yilang Bay, 57%, the maximum south wave, 31%; Yulin Port, 83%, the maximum southwest wave, 25%; Yinggehai, 61%, southeast wave and south wave the most, 16%.
[27]
The distribution of anisotropic waves at Dongfang (Ba Suo) in the west of Hainan Island is different from the above stations. There are very few waves in the range of NE - SE - SE, and the frequency of each direction is less than 0.5%. The waves in this area are mainly concentrated in the southwest and north. In the range of South - South west - west, the frequency of occurrence is 44%, and the west wave in the south is the most, accounting for 17%. The frequency of waves was 48% in the northwest - North - northeast Sea area, and the frequency of waves was 1.9% in the northwest and northeast.
[27]
The average annual wave height around the island is the highest in the northeast coast and the lowest in the south coast. In the north of the island, the average southward wave height of Yubao Port and Baishamen South Station is small, ranging from 0.2 to 0.4 meters. The west and east direction of Yubao Jiao is larger, ranging from 0.6 to 0.7 m, while the northeast direction of Baishamen is larger, ranging from 0.6 to 1.0 m. In the south of the island, Nirvana Bay and Yulin are larger to the west, the former is 0.7 ~ 0.8 meters, the latter is 0.5 ~ 0.8 meters; The other directions are small, and Tongguling in the northeast of the island has the largest northeast direction, which is 1.1 meters (the highest on the whole coast of Hainan Island) and the other directions are 0.8 ~ 1.0 meters. In the east of the west of the island, the east and west waves are smaller, 0.3 ~ 0.7 meters; Southerly large, 0.9 ~ 1.0 m; In the southwest, the difference of Yinggehai is 0.5 ~ 0.9 m.
[27]
The mean period of the other observatories is close to that of the other observatories except that the mean period of the Yilang Bay is obviously larger. The average wave period along the coast of the whole island is 2.9 to 4.6 seconds, while the Yarang Bay is 8.1 seconds long, rich in sea bathing and surfing entertainment.
[27]
-
Water temperature
The distribution of coastal sea temperature is higher from north to south, higher in west and lower in east, lower in winter along the coast and higher in the open sea, and higher in summer. The temperature difference between the east and west coasts is about 9℃. In winter, the sea water temperature in Haikou is 18.7℃, while the sea water temperature in Sanya in the south has increased to 22℃, which is 4 ~ 5℃ higher than the Pearl River port section, and is the highest water temperature on the coast of China in winter.
The water depth in the coastal area of Hainan Island is relatively shallow, and the annual variation of sea water temperature is greatly affected by climate. It has the characteristics of large annual difference and fast change. The highest water temperature occurs in summer (May to September), and the lowest water temperature occurs in winter (January to February). The annual difference is between 7 and 11℃, and the annual variation of water temperature increases from south to north.
[27]
-
salinity
The salinity of surface water along the coast of Hainan Island has the characteristics of reversing from the coast to the open sea and the spatial and temporal distribution is quite different. The average annual salinity of the whole coast is 32.64, which is slightly higher than that of the north coast of China (28 ~ 30). In spring to early summer (March to May), the salinity is 31.56-34.48, and in autumn (September to October) the salinity is low, generally 18.55 ~ 32.11; The salinity of the rest of the east coast is lower than that of the west and southwest coast except for the high salinity area from Qinglan Port to Lingshui Bay where the salinity increases to 34.47 due to upwelling. The maximum salinity of the East and Yinggehai is 36.0 and 36.2, respectively, which is 5 higher than that of the east, middle and west coasts of Guangdong (30 ~ 31). Under the climatic conditions of high temperature, long sunshine and large net evaporation, it is conducive to salt extraction and should be classified as salt field area. Abundant sea salt has laid the foundation for the development of salt chemical industry.
[27]
-
Water color and transparency
The variation of water color along the coast of Hainan Island is between 2nd and 21st, and the trend of water color distribution is generally from the shore outward with the increase of water depth, and the eastern and southern coastal areas are low and the seasonal variation is more obvious. The transparency change range is between 0.5 and 20 meters, and its change trend is similar to that of water color, that is, the deeper the water depth, the greater the transparency. The eastern and southern coastal regions are more transparent, while the western and northern regions are less transparent. Generally, spring and summer are transparent, and autumn and winter have obvious seasonal changes.
[27]
Hainan Island is China's second after Taiwan island
tropics
The island province is called "one of the few unpolluted pure lands" in the world. There's always spring on the island,
Forest coverage rate
More than 50%. Hainan is a colorful world, sunshine, sea, sand, green, air five tourism elements are complete, with unique tropical island natural scenery.
The average annual runoff across the island is 909 mm,
Average annual runoff
It's 30.8 billion cubic meters. Groundwater reserves of 7.9 billion cubic meters, of which 5.35 billion cubic meters are river base flows (i.e. double counting), the average annual total water resources of 33.35 billion cubic meters. The average annual rainfall on Hainan Island is 1,758 mm, with 59.63 billion cubic meters of rainfall.
28 - [29]
Hainan Island has abundant rainfall, numerous rivers and abundant hydropower resources. The theoretical reserves are 995,000 kilowatts, calculated by dividing the main and tributaries with an area of more than 100 square kilometers. Among them, Changhua River, Wanquan River and Nandu River accounted for 741,500 kW, accounting for 75%. The exploitable capacity of hydropower resources on the island is 772,100 kilowatts, of which the three major rivers are 629,300 kilowatts, accounting for 82%.
[30]
By the end of 2000, 304 hydropower stations had been developed on the island, with an installed capacity of 536,900 kilowatts, accounting for 69.3% of the exploitable capacity (only 19.3% of the national hydropower installed capacity).
[30]
|
Drainage name
|
Theoretical quantity
|
Exploitable quantity
|
Developed installed capacity
|
Developed installed power generation
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Nandu River
|
21.98
|
8.36
|
37200
|
5.78
|
|
Wanquan River
|
21.62
|
21.17
|
77400
|
9.69
|
|
Changhua River
|
30.55
|
33.40
|
102700
|
27.10
|
|
Other river systems
|
25.35
|
14.28
|
60400
|
11.12
|
|
total
|
99.50
|
77.21
|
277700
|
53.69
|
|
Source of information:
[30]
Unit: million kilowatts, million kilowatt-hours
|
||||
Hainan is geologically ancient, with a considerable number of ancient or primitive taxa, which are systemically isolated
Cycadaceae
,
Marsupiaceae
; and
Podophyllaceae
,
pinaceae
,
Magnoliaceae
,
Hamamelidaceae
,
theaceae
The most primitive genus of each family. There is also a large number of beautiful yellow inflorescence type
Myriceae
, clavaceae,
fagaceae
,
ulmaceae
,
juglandaceae
Let's wait.
[31]
Hainan's flora is tropical because of the absolute dominance of tropical components, and the plant species are abundant.
[31]
The natural vegetation types on Hainan Island include evergreen monsoon rain forest, deciduous monsoon rain forest, gully rain forest, mountain rain forest, mountain evergreen broad-leaved forest, tropical conifer forest, coastal mangrove forest, savanna, etc., and artificial vegetation includes rubber forest, coconut forest, litchi forest, rice field, etc. Tropical rain forest and monsoon rain forest are the zonal vegetation types in Hainan Island. Due to the long-term development and utilization, the flat tropical rainforest has been destroyed, and the secondary type plays an important role. Jianfengling, Bawangling, Xiaoluo Mountain, Wuzhi Mountain and other high altitude mountains, there are gully rainforest and mountain rainforest distribution. The evergreen monsoon rain forest is distributed in the wet and low mountains and hills in the east, and the deciduous monsoon rain forest is distributed in the low mountains and hills in the dry areas in the west. Montane evergreen broad-leaved forest and mountaintop coppice forest are vegetation types in the upper part of the mountain with elevations over 800m, and they form a vertical lineage with rainforests and monsoon rainforests in the lower part of the mountain.
[31]
The flora composition of Hainan Island's vegetation is almost all tropical species, because it has not been directly affected by Quaternary glaciers, and more ancient plants are preserved. The flora is rich, there are about 4600 kinds of vascular plants on the island, which are divided into 233 families and 1201 genera, of which about 80% belong to the pantropical and subtropical families, typical tropical families include dipterocarpaceae, annonaceae, myricaceae, palm, sapindaceae, mangrove family, etc. The tropical strong camphoraceae, myrtaceaceae species are particularly rich. The main components of the tree community are lauraceae, Euphorbiaceae, legumes, Annonaceae, Fagaceae, Moraceae, Myrtaceae, Magnoliaceae, Dipterocarbaceae, Meliaceae, and some gymnosperms. The understory plants mainly include rubiaceae, Porphyriaceae, Melastomonaceae, Euphorbiaceae, palm, Bambooinae, Moraceae and rutaceae, and a large number of ferns. The plant species of temperate genera are poor, Carpinus, Acer, purple tree, Rhododendron and Cephalotaxus are only distributed in the upper mountain or limestone areas.
[31]
Hainan Island has superior natural conditions, and there is no shortage of food all year round, which is conducive to the growth and reproduction of various animals and plants. The number of animal species is one of the areas with the largest number of animal species per unit area of small areas in China. There are 112 species of animals, 355 species of birds, 116 species of reptiles, 39 species of amphibians, more than 70 species of freshwater fish, more than 600 species of Marine fish, about 1,320 species of Marine invertebrates, about 880 species of insects, and more than 260 species of other invertebrates.
[32]
According to the zoogeographical division, Hainan Island belongs to the coastal zone of the Oriental realm in South China. The birds and animals on the island are mainly composed of the Oriental realm (more than 80%), while the Palaearctic Realm is very small, and rich in tropical and subtropical rainforest components. Fruit, insects or nectar are the main food.
[32]
Since Hainan Island has been isolated from the mainland for a long time, it has formed an independent island, and its natural environment has gradually changed, becoming an independent sub-region. There are no wild animals such as jackals, wolves, tigers and leopards on Hainan Island. The biggest beast is
Black bear
The main habitat is in the mountains and forests, and there are few. Other animals on Hainan Island have few natural enemies, which is conducive to survival and reproduction. Hainan Island, as an independent subregion, produces
Hainan mountain partridge
,
Hinechinus hainanensis
,
Petaurista hainana
,
Low bubble flying squirrel
,
Lepus hainanus
And other endemic animal species not found anywhere in the world.
The brown belly Falcon Eagle
,
Orange thorax green dove
,
Disc-tailed tree magpie
,
Pintail swift with grey throat
This is the only thing you see in this country. And avian.
Hawkhawk eagle
,
Snake eagle
,
Silver pheasant
,
Peacock pheasant
,
Urocercal tail
Etc. 59 kinds; Hainanese black gibbon, Hainanese ocelot,
Porus hainanensis
Wait 25 kinds. These unique bullies are characterized by their smaller size or darker plumage than in other regions.
[32]
According to the use and economic value of animals can be roughly divided into: (1) rare ornamental animals, Hainan black gibbon, Hainan slope deer,
Clouded leopard
Peacock pheasant, Hainan mountain partridge, python and so on; (2) Fur animals, including Hainan otter,
A small clawed otter
,
Ferret badger
Let's wait; (3) Leather animals, yes
Boar
,
muntjac
Let's wait; (4) Meat animals, including Hainan rabbit, wild boar, red muntjac,
Gallus gallus
,
turtledove
,
Sea turtle
And a variety of fish, mollusks, shrimp and crabs, etc.; (5) Medicinal animals, including black bears,
pangolin
, Rhododendrons,
monitor
,
hawksbill
, turtles, snakes,
Sea dragon
,
seahorse
,
Pearl shell
,
abalone
Cantharides and so on.
[32]
Hainan Province has 105 species of rare animals under state key protection, of which the first class protected animals are Hainan black-crowned gibbon, Hainan slope deer, Hainan mountain partridge, peacock pheasant,
The white-bellied frigate bird
,
Nautilus
Etc. 16 kinds; Class II protected animals, yes
macaque
Pangolin, Hainan water deer, Hainan rabbit, Silver pheasant, pheasant,
Green turtle
, tortoise shell,
Rhabdomycetes monticola
And other 89 species of tiger frog.
[32]
Wildlife resources change with the change of vegetation conditions. Before the 1960s, the animal resources of Hainan Island were quite rich, with considerable species and quantity and wide distribution area. Later, with the destruction of ecological conditions, animal habitats continue to shrink, coupled with man-made indiscriminate hunting and killing, resulting in a significant reduction in the variety and number of wild animals, and a sharp reduction in the distribution area. Hainan black gibbon, in the 1950s, 10 counties on Hainan Island are distributed, there are more than 2000; In the 1980s, it was only found in the tropical forests of Bawangling, Jianfengling and Wuzhishan, and the total number was less than 20. In addition, Hainan slope deer, clouded leopard, peacock pheasant, Hainan mountain partridge, monitor lizard, nautilus and other precious animal resources are decreasing, and one third of the bird species on the island have been difficult to see in recent years, and tend to become extinct. The overfishing of Marine fisheries and the pollution of inland waters to use fried fish, electric fish, poisoned fish, etc., have led to the destruction of animal resources and their ecological environment, and the situation is serious and worrying. In view of this, the relevant government departments have taken a series of protection measures, since 1965 to establish nature reserves, by 1990, Hainan has established 58 types of nature reserves, including 48 land nature reserves, 10 Marine nature reserves. There are 5 national nature reserves, 26 provincial nature reserves and 27 county (city) level nature reserves.
[32]
There are many kinds of mineral resources in Hainan. 88 kinds of minerals have been found in the province, 69 kinds have been proved to be included in the statistics of mineral resources reserves, and 684 places of origin. The mineral resources of Hainan mainly include petroleum, natural gas, ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals, precious metals, rare metals, metallurgical auxiliary raw materials, chemical raw materials, building materials, other non-metallic minerals, groundwater, hot mineral water and natural mineral water for drinking. Proven reserves in the forefront of the country's superior minerals are oil, natural gas, glass sand, ilmenite ore, zircalite ore, precious stones, rich iron ore, bauxite (three-water type), granite for finishing, drinking natural mineral water, hot mineral water and so on.
19 large-scale glass sand deposits have been found in Hainan Island, mainly distributed in Wenchang, Danzhou, Changjiang, Dongfang and other places. The ilmenite ore deposits are mainly distributed in the east coast of Hainan Island. There are 70 proven ore deposits, including 4 large ones and 16 medium ones. Zircon placer has been found in 5 large deposits, 6 medium deposits and 59 small deposits, mainly distributed in Wenchang, Qionghai, Wanning, Lingshui and other cities and counties. Two small gem deposits have been discovered, located in Wenchang. Rich iron ore is distributed in the area of Shiliang Town, Changjiang River, with reserves of 298 million tons, which is a rare rich iron ore ー in China. One large bauxite deposit has been discovered, located in Pengcai area in the north of Hainan Island. Granite is mainly distributed in Tunchang, Ledong, Sanya, Dongfang, Baisha and other cities and counties. Drinking natural mineral water has been found in various cities and counties.
[1]
On the evening of October 19, 2022, China National Offshore Oil Co., Ltd. released news that Baodao 21-1, the first deep-water deep gas field in China, was discovered in Qiongdongnan Basin, southeast of Hainan Island, with proved geological reserves of more than 50 billion cubic meters.
[36]
Hainan Yingge sea salt field
Hainan Island is an ideal natural salt farm. In the arc of hundreds of miles from Sanya to the eastern coast, many harbor beaches can be salted. Has built Yinggehai, Dongfang, Yuya and other large salt farms, among which
Yingge Sea salt farm
The most famous.
[1]
Administrative divisions of Hainan Island
According to ancient books, in the pre-Qin period, Hainan Island and the South China Sea Islands had already belonged to the Central Plains Dynasty. Xia, Shang, Zhou three generations, Hainan for the south of the Yang Yue, the South China Sea coast fishermen have paid tribute to the court pearl shell, tortoiseshell and other local products. The Qin Dynasty set up three counties in the south of the Lingnan, namely Guilin, Nanhai and Xiangjun. At the turn of Qin and Han dynasties, Hainan was under the jurisdiction of South Vietnam. In the first year of Yuanfeng (110 BC), Emperor Wudi of the Western Han Dynasty set up Zhuya Prefecture and Dan 'er Prefecture in Hainan, with jurisdiction over 16 counties, and included the South China Sea Islands in China's territory. Since then, there have been changes in the history of construction, until the Tang and Song dynasties, Hainan Island gradually formed a pattern of four states, southeast, northwest, and became the basis of administrative system in successive dynasties. Before the Ming Dynasty, Hainan was subordinate to Huguang Province and Guangxi Province, and Hainan was transferred to Guangdong Province in the early Ming Dynasty. During the period of the Republic of China, Qiongya Road and Hainan Special Administrative Region were set up successively, which were still affiliated with Guangdong. After liberation, Hainan has long set up administrative offices or administrative offices, which are dispatched organs of Guangdong Province. In October 1984, the Hainan Administrative Region People's Government was established for the first time as a first-level local government institution.
[3]
Haikou City
On April 13, 1988,
First session of the Seventh National People's Congress
The Decision on the Establishment of Hainan Province was adopted, carving out the administrative region of Hainan from Guangdong Province and establishing Hainan Province separately. Its jurisdiction includes Hainan Island, Xisha Islands, Zhongsha Islands, Nansha Islands and their waters; The subordinate administrative structures are Haikou City, Sanya City (prefecture level), Tongshi City (county level), Qiongshan County, Wenchang County, Qionghai County, Wanning County, Ding 'an County, Tunchang County, Chengmai County, Lingao County, Danzhou County, Qiongzhong Li and Miao Autonomous County, Baoting Li and Miao Autonomous County, Dongfang Li Autonomous County, Ledong Li Autonomous County, Lingshui Li Autonomous County, Baisha Li Autonomous County, Changjiang Li Autonomous County and other 19 cities and counties and Xisha, Zhongsha and Nansha Islands offices. The provincial capital is Haikou City.
[3]
Since then, the administrative structure has changed slightly, as of September 2015, Hainan Province has 27 cities and counties (districts), including 4 prefecture-level cities, 5 county-level cities, 4 counties, 6 autonomous counties, 8 districts, 218 townships (including sub-district offices), including 21 townships, 175 towns, 22 sub-district offices. Prefecture-level cities: Haikou, Sanya, Sansha, Danzhou; County-level cities: Wuzhishan City, Wenchang City, Qionghai City, Wanning City, Dongfang City; County: Ding 'an County, Tunchang County, Chengmai County, Lingao County; Autonomous counties: Baisha Li Autonomous County, Changjiang Li Autonomous County, Ledong Li Autonomous County, Lingshui Li Autonomous County, Baoting Li and Miao Autonomous County, Qiongzhong Li and Miao Autonomous County.
[33]
Hainan is a multi-ethnic place, there are Han, Li, Miao, Hui, Zhuang, Yao and other more than 30 ethnic groups. At the end of 1990, the total registered population of the province was 6,512,300, of which 1,091,200 were ethnic minorities (among them, the Li nationality was the largest, reaching 1,007,000), accounting for 16.76% of the total population. The population density is 193 people/km ². There are more than 2 million overseas Chinese and compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao living in the province, and there are more than 1 million returned overseas Chinese and their families in the province, which is one of China's main hometown of overseas Chinese.
[3]
[34]
According to the sample survey of population changes, the province's permanent population at the end of 2019 was 9,447,200, an increase of 104,000 over the previous year, of which 5,595,600 were urban permanent residents, accounting for 59.23% of the total population (urbanization rate of permanent residents). The province has a birth rate of 12.87‰, a death rate of 6.11‰ and a natural growth rate of 6.76‰.
[35]
The distribution of tourism resources in Hainan Island
-
Coastal landscape
Sanya coastal landscape
On the coastline of Hainan Island, the sand bank accounts for about 50% to 6%, the width of the beach ranges from hundreds of meters to more than 1,000 meters, and the slope to the sea is generally 5 degrees, slowly extending; In most places, the wind is calm, the water is clear, the sand is white as wadded, clean and soft; The shore is tree-lined and the air is fresh; The sun shines brightly and most of the year offers sea bathing, sunbathing, sand bathing and wind bathing. From Haikou to the east coast of Sanya, there are more than 60 places that can be turned into seaside baths. There are different types of coastal scenic spots along the coast of the island. On the east coast line, the special tropical tideland forest landscape -- mangrove and the tropical coastal landform landscape -- coral reef are all of high ornamental value. Mangrove protected areas have been built in Dongzhai Port of Haikou and Qinglan Port of Wenchang. There are 22 promontory, 25 lighthouses, 68 bays, 26 漹 lakes, 21 resort areas, 31 scenic spots and 216 places of interest on the coastline.
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Mountains and forests
Siluo Mountain
Hainan Island has 81 mountains above 1000 meters above sea level, rolling, mountain shape is strange, imposing. The famous Wuzhi Mountain with its jagged peaks, the magnificent Yingge Mountain, the Dongshanling with its rocky peaks, the Taiping Mountain with its cascading waterfalls, and the Qixian Mountain, Jianfengling, Xiaolao Mountain and Bawang Mountain are all resorts for mountaineering and summer vacation. The most characteristic of Hainan's mountains is dense tropical primitive forests, including Ledong Peak Ridge, Changjiang Bawangling Ridge, Lingshui Mountain and Qiongzhong Wuzhi Mountain, among which Ledong Jianfeng Ridge is the most typical.
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Rare birds and exotic animals
In order to protect species and facilitate viewing, Hainan has established a number of wildlife nature reserves and breeding farms, including Changjiang Bawangling Black Crown Longarm ape Reserve, Dongfang Datianpo deer reserve, Wanning Continent Island Swiftlet Reserve, Lingshui Nanwan Peninsula macaque Reserve, Tunchang deer Farm, etc.
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River scenery
Nandu River, Changhua River, Wanquan River and other rivers, beach and pool, winding, clear water, is a good place for sightseeing, especially the scenery of Wanquan River is famous throughout the country. Deep in the mountains, the rivers or streams in the mountains are densely covered, and there are many waterfalls, among which the Wuzhi Mountain Taiping Mountain Waterfall and Qiongzhong Baihualing Waterfall have long been famous. There are also many reservoirs on Hainan Island, especially Songtao, Nanfu, Changmao, Shilu and other reservoirs with the beauty of lakes and mountains, rather than lakes.
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Geological landscape
Historical volcanic eruptions have left many dead craters on Hainan Island. The most typical is located in Haikou Shishan, Shishan has an elevation of more than 200 meters of the double ridge, there are two craters on the ridge, the middle of the concave ridge, shaped like a saddle, also known as saddle ridge. The crater of Leihuling and Luojingpan near Shishan are also well preserved. There are many karst caves in various forms, among which the famous ones are the Luobi Cave in Sanya, the Qianlong Cave in Baoting and the Emperor Cave in Changjiang River. Hot springs are widely distributed on the island, most of which are therapeutic hot springs with low salinity, high temperature, large amount of water and good water quality, and the scenery in the area where the hot springs are located is pleasant. Xinglong Hot spring, Guantang hot spring, Nanping hot spring, Blue Ocean hot spring, etc., suitable for the development of tourism, health care, scientific research as one of the tourism.
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Historic and scenic spot
Yazhou ancient city
The main historical monuments of historical significance are the Five Gong Temple built in memory of the five famous officials of the Tang and Song dynasties, including Li Deyu, who was banished to Hainan Island; the Dongpo Academy, the site of Su Dongpo Juqiong in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the Su Gong Temple built in memory of Su Shi; the Qiongtai Academy built by Jiao Yinghan of Lei Qiongbing in the Qing Dynasty; the tomb of Qiu Jun, the tomb of Hai Rui, the tomb of the Ming Dynasty's great official; According to legend, General Ma Yuan, who was sent to Hainan by Emperor Wu of Han, ordered the excavation of the Hanma Fubo Well, the ancient city of Yazhou, the Wei Ancestral Hall, and the Confucian Temple of Wenchang in order to save the soldiers and horses.
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Revolutionary monument
Red Detachment of Women Memorial Park
The revolutionary memorial sites in Hainan include the former site of Qiongya, the former site of Qiongya Column Headquarters, the Memorial Park of the Red Troop of Women, the Jinniu Ling Martyrs Cemetery, the Baisha Uprising Memorial Hall, the former site of the Lingshui County Soviet Government, as well as the ancestral residence and exhibition hall of Song Qingling and the Memorial Hall of General Zhang Yunyi.
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National customs
Li nationality brocade display
The resident ethnic minorities of Hainan Island are
The Li nationality, living in Yunnan Province
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The Miao nationality
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The Hui nationality
It retains many simple folk customs and living habits, making the social landscape of Hainan unique and colorful. Hainan is the only inhabited area of Li nationality in China, Li nationality has its unique national culture and customs, and has unique tourism value.
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Pastoral scenery
A large number of tropical crops grow on Hainan Island, which greatly enrich the natural landscape. Visitors to the island can enjoy the tropical idyllic scenery, increase their knowledge, but also taste tropical fruits, a feast.
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