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Honghu Lake, in the south of Hubei Province
Honghu City
,
Jianli City
[33]
Between now and then,
Yangtse River
with
Dongjing River
In the depression between. The lake has a height of 25 meters, and the annual water surface is 350 square kilometers (the water level in the mid-1980s), with an area of 348.2 square kilometers in 2008 (the 2018 data of Honghu Municipal Government is 348.33 square kilometers)
[1]
). The east and west sides are connected with the Yangtze River, which is a good place for fish breeding. There are abundant waterfowl resources in the area from Blackfish Bay to Luoshan every winter. The runoff in the catchment area mainly enters the lake through the main trunk canal of the four lakes, and connects with the Yangtze River through several sluice gates to achieve flood regulation and storage. The golden waterway of the Yangtze River runs along the southeast, and the main canal of four lakes flows into the lake District in the northwest.
[2]
Honghu Lake is the seventh largest freshwater lake in China and the largest lake in Hubei Province. It is the only large freshwater lake in China whose ecosystem is well preserved and water quality meets the second class standard.
[3]
Known as the "kidney of Hubei", it has multiple functions such as water supply, irrigation, wetland habitat, aquaculture, shipping and tourism. Foreign experts call it "the main habitat of endangered species in the world", and it was listed as "the main habitat of endangered species in 2008".
Wetlands of international importance
", also
National nature reserve
.
[1]
[4]
- Chinese name
- Honghu
- Foreign name
- Hong Lake
- class
- Interriver depression freshwater lake
- Area product
- About 348 square kilometers
- Average depth
- 1.34 m
- Maximum depth
- 2.3 m
- Drainage system
- Yangtse River
- depth
- Maximum depth 6.5 meters, average depth 1.5 meters
- volume
- 750 million cubic meters
- setting
- Between Honghu City and Jianli County, Hubei Province
- Important position
- The seventh largest freshwater lake in China, the largest lake in Hubei Province, and an important wetland in the world [30]
- Length of river and lake
- Ju Zhaohui [32]
catalogue
- 1Origin of name
- 2Location boundary
- 3Hydrological characteristics
- 4Drainage pattern
- 5Biological resources
- ▪Avian biodiversity
- ▪Aquatic plant
- ▪Aquatic animal
- 6Ecological environment
- 7Ecological change
- 8Governance and development
Honghu as a place name, its origin is not exactly recorded. It was first found in the Ming Dynasty "Jiajing · Mianyang Zhi", which said: "Upper Hong Lake is 120 li in the southeast of the state, and another 10 li is Lower Hong Lake, which is connected with Huangpeng by the water of Zhengdao, Baisha and Batan", "Xia Hong Lake is flooded, which can not distinguish between lake and river, contain no space, flood the coast, all kinds of embankments and lake embankments are not recognized". The Honghu area is between 23 and 28 meters above sea level. Before the Ming Dynasty, there were only two lakes, the upper and lower lakes. After the immigrants from Jiangxi and the local people encircled the lakes to build fields, the lakes became smaller and smaller. During the Qing Dynasty, the Yangtze River flooded, Dongting Lake flooded, and many places in the southwest of the Mianshui burst. The flood swept away Minyuan and connected the upper and lower lakes into a piece, forming a large lake beside the Yangtze River, which was called Honghu, meaning flood rushing. At its largest, Honghu Lake reaches 749 square kilometers. After liberation, large-scale reclamation of the lake reduced the lake surface to 348 square kilometers. There is also a saying that Honghu was named after Kangxi. "Hubei Series" records that in 1663, Kangxi came to ancient Chu to search for the missing Shunzhi emperor, and saw a large lake as misty as smoke (at that time, the Changhu Lake, three lakes, White Lake, Hong Lake four lakes contiguous, a large area), asked what lake, answered: there is no lake name. Kangxi mused: This lake is a flood, it is called Honghu.
[5-6]
The location and boundary of Honghu Lake
Honghu Lake, between Jianli and Honghu counties in Hubei Province, is the largest lake in Jingzhou region. According to the "Mianyang County Chronicle" of the Qing Dynasty, the lake surface was "about sixty to seventy li from east to west, and about ten li from north to south." After the excavation of the Feng River in 1887, the upstream water was accepted into the lake, and the water surface reached 736 square kilometers at high water level in flood season. After 1956, the rivers were separated and the water level dropped. By 1980, the lake was surrounded by a dike, and the water level was 350 square kilometers
[7]
. In 2008, Honghu Lake was 23.4 kilometers long from east to west, 20.8 kilometers wide from north to south, with a coastline of 104.5 kilometers and a lake area of 348.2 square kilometers (the 2018 data of Honghu Municipal Government was 348.33 square kilometers)
[1]
It is a large shallow lake.
[2]
.
Hubei is Qujiawan Town, Shakou Town, Wanquan Town and Chahe Town in Honghu City, east of the lake is Wulin Town and Binhe Street in Honghu City, Hunan is Xindi Street and Luoshan Town in Honghu City, facing the Yangtze River across the main dike of Honghu Lake, west of the lake is Jianli County, from the north to the south bordering: Futian Temple Town, Bianhe Town, Qizhi Township and Zhuhe town.
[2]
[7]
Honghu East Golden Bay fishing ground
Honghu southeast side of the new embankment street around the lake
The west bank of Honghu Lake lies on the water surface of chessboard Township in Li City
Northwest of Honghu Lake Liqujiawan town lake
North of Honghu Lake, Shakou Town, Honghu City
Lake bottom elevation 22-22.8 meters, from west to east slightly inclined, west shallow east deep. The average water depth is 1.35 meters, and the flood depth is 2.32 meters.
Honghu Lake is located at the southeast end of Jianghan Plain in central and southern Hubei Province. It is located at the northern edge of the warm subtropical mid-latitude and has a typical north subtropical humid monsoon climate, featuring abundant heat energy, abundant precipitation and the same season of rain and heat. The average annual precipitation is 1174 mm, the average annual evaporation is 1354 mm, and the average annual runoff depth is 360 mm. The annual runoff is 3.735 billion cubic meters, and the precipitation is mainly concentrated from May to October. The average annual temperature is 16.6℃. Lake bottom elevation 22-22.8 meters, the average depth of 1.34 meters, the maximum depth of 2.30 meters, the minimum depth of 0.40 meters, belongs to a large shallow water lake. The volume of the lake in the dry season is 372 million cubic meters, and when the water level reaches 24.5 meters in the flood season, the volume of the lake is 468 million cubic meters (the data of the Honghu Municipal Government is: when the water level is 245-26 meters, the lake area can reach 600,000 mu, and the corresponding storage volume is 550-800 million cubic meters.
[1]
).
[2]
Honghu Lake water is light green, due to the influence of the surrounding production, Honghu Lake from 1990 to 2009 only two years to reach the national Class II water quality standards, BOD5, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, permanganate index for many years exceeded the standard. Aquaculture is the main pollution source, and the input of COD, ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus are 20,710.5 tons/year, 2,929.9 tons/year and 428.8 tons/year, respectively, and the input load sharing rate is as high as 75%, 72% and 49%, respectively.
[4]
Water system diagram of Honghu Lake
The Neijing River, which runs through Honghu Lake in east-west direction, is a natural drainage channel in the four lakes area. It is gradually evolved on the basis of the diversion system of the Hanshui Estuary of the Yangtze River, the main source from Jingmen Biao Mountain, from the west to the east, collecting dozens of small and large tributaries, connecting dozens of lakes such as Changhu Lake, Sanhu Lake, Bailu Lake and Honghu Lake, flowing through Jingmen, Jiangling, Qianjiang, Jianli, Honghu and other counties and cities, and flowing into the Yangtze River at Xintankou Town of Honghu City. The total length of the main stream is 358 kilometers. The zigzag rate is 1.884. Each section has different names, from the Xijiakou following the Zhongxiang River, Zhangjin River, Changxia River, Chailin River, Fengkou River, Digouzi River, Fuche River said, collectively referred to as the Neijing River. There are many tributaries on both sides of the river, and below the long Lake, the larger tributaries on both sides of the river have Shihui Bridge River, Taihu Port River, Longhuiqiao River, Cen River, Haozikou River, Xijing River, Gongjia River, Shayang River, Wangqiao River, Taima River, Laozha River, Caijia River, etc. 15.
[8]
Honghu City Cha River town section Wanhong village Jinghe river
The main trunk canal of the Four Lakes, the "four Lakes" area of the original Neijing River through, the Neijing River from the west to the east, along the way connecting Changhu, Sanhu, egret Lake and other large and small lakes, at the east end of Honghu City, Xintan Town, Xintan estuary into the Yangtze River. Since 1955, it has been dredged and rebuilt on the basis of the Neijing River to build the main trunk canal of the four lakes. Starting from Xijiakou control Gate in Jiangling, passing through Jiangling, Qianjiang, Jianli and Honghu four counties and cities, and ending at Xintankou drainage Gate in Honghu, with a total length of 185 kilometers, it is the main main drainage canal in the Sihu basin.
In addition, the new dam gate is built on the Yangtze River trunk dam 1 km west of Xindi Street in Honghu City, which can directly discharge Honghu water into the Yangtze River.
[9]
From 1996 to 1997, a total of 130 species of birds belonging to 16 orders and 40 families were recorded in Honghu Lake, which decreased by 2 families and 37 species compared with 1981-1982, but 7 species were recorded for the first time. The number of hunting waterfowl in winter and spring gradually decreased (37% of winter migratory birds, 26% of summer migratory birds, 26% of resident birds and 12% of travelers). The capture of the duck genus dropped to 10% at the most, and the coot chicken (Fulicaatra) rose to 90%, and 16 species of wildlife under national key protection were found: 4 species in Class 1 and 12 species in Class II.
[31]
Honghu scenery
Honghu Lake, known as the underwater "prairie", has an area of 440,000 mu in history. With floating plants such as lotus, Rhomboides and Gorgon euryale on the water surface, as well as rising water plants such as wild rice, reed and silver, it has become a world where plants of various levels blend and coexist with water.
[10]
In the 1950s, there were 92 species of aquatic plants. Due to the reclamation of lakes, the number of aquatic plants has been reduced to 69 species in 32 families. The main dominant species and aquatic biomass are more than 10 species, such as yellow silk algae, black chlorophyta, wild rice, polygrass, bitter grass, goldfish and so on. Water plants: lotus, wild rice, barnyard grass, bulrush grass, mat grass, calamus, Cinea, water cress, duck tongue grass, etc. Floating leaf plants: diamond, Chia, water lily, water lotus, water bamboo leaves, water lotus, Malay eye grass and so on. Floating plants: turnip weed, small duckweed, purple duckweed, three-prong duckweed, locust leaf duckweed, Manchu red, water floss, pig's ear vegetable, water family vegetable, etc. Submerged plants: bitter grass (pole grass), black algae (lantern bubble), polygrass, Macrozia, microzia, waterwheel, wheat yellow grass, yellow silk grass, oxtail, goldfish, etc. Among them, the economic aquatic plants are lotus, Chia, Rhomb, lotus root, water stem, Li Mang, Cinea, reed, MATS and cattails are inherited from natural varieties. At the beginning of the 21st century, there were still 350,000 mu submerged plant zone and 40,000 mu emergent plant zone.
[11]
Good wetland environment and rich wetland resources make Honghu an ideal place for wetland waterbirds to roost and forage for winter. According to the survey results from 1996 to 2004, there are 138 species of birds in Honghu wetland, including 63 species of waterfowl. There are 6 species of white stork, black stork, Chinese merganser duck, white-tailed sea eagle, white-shoulder eagle and great bustard under national first-level protection, and 13 species of white Spoonbill, white-fronted goose, swan, mandarin duck and goshawk under second-level protection. Hundreds of thousands of waterbirds wintering in Honghu Lake each year. Many rare wild animals inhabit, breed and overwinter here, preserving the representative species of freshwater wetlands, known as "the gene bank of wetland resources in Central China".
The east and west sides of Honghu Lake are connected with the Yangtze River, which is a kingdom and paradise for freshwater fish to grow and live. According to the survey results in the 1980s, there are 57 species of fish in Honghu, belonging to 18 families, and the population number is mostly cyprinidae, accounting for about 58.5%, among which the sucker and eel are national key protected fish. Among the 57 species of fish, 23 species, such as Coilia brachygnathus, gnathoxus, Taihu short-rostris and Takifugu, are all Yangtze fish that grew and lived in Honghu Lake when Guanjiang River entered the river course in May, June, July and August of the same year. In fact, there are 34 species of freshwater fish preserved in Honghu Lake, namely: Carassius auratus, Pelteobagrus, erythroculter, Chocephala, Siniperca, catfish, eel, loachim, branchus and a few grass carp and herring etc.
[6]
Honghu Lake is the only large freshwater lake in China whose ecosystem is well preserved and whose water quality reaches the second class standard.
[3]
With a water surface of 530,000 mu, Honghu Lake is one of the large freshwater lakes with excellent water quality in the world and an important wetland nature reserve in China, known as the "kidney of Hubei". It was included in the "List of Important Wetlands in China" and the "Action Plan for Wetland Protection in China". On February 2, 2008, the Honghu Wetland was officially included in the "List of Important Wetlands in the World" with the approval of the Bureau of the International Convention on Wetlands.
[2]
In 2006, at the 11th World Living Lakes Congress, Honghu won the World Living Lakes Best Conservation Practice Award. There are 138 species of birds alone, of which 63 are waterfowl. It is an important wintering ground for waterbirds and a resting place for migratory birds. With 57 species of fish, it is truly the "land of fish and rice". Many rare wild animals and plants inhabit, breed and overwinter here, preserving the representative species of freshwater wetlands, known as "the gene bank of wetland resources in Central China".
[12]
At the beginning of the 21st century, the ecology of Honghu Lake was greatly damaged due to excessive reclamation and aquaculture. The water area is only 533,000 mu, down nearly two-thirds from the beginning of the 20th century. Honghu Seine breeding area once exceeded 300,000 mu, accounting for more than 70% of the lake area.
[13]
Because Seine culture needs stable water level as a guarantee, it increases the difficulty of flood control and water level control. In the event of major floods, embankments and sluice gates are in danger, and shipping emergency equipment and relief supplies cannot be docked in some lakes. The development of the lake surface in a large area, a large number of bait and excrement cause the continuous deterioration of the water quality of the lake, and seriously destroy the lake ecology. The water pollution gradually increased, the aquatic plant community was degraded, and the water grass coverage rate was less than 70%. Species and populations of wildlife, especially waterfowl and fish, have declined. Before the 1970s, 112 species of waterfowl and 5 subspecies (including 61 species of winter migratory birds) and 81 species of fish were recorded. After the barrier between rivers and lakes, the number of fish decreased to 57 species, and the trend of miniaturization was obvious.
[13]
Honghu lake is formed in Heji depression lake, which belongs to the lean to medium nutrient level. The pollutants are mainly transferred from the main trunk canal, including suspended matter, chemical oxygen consumption, sulfide, fluoride, etc.
Hexavalent chromium
Cyanide, arsenic, etc. Because of the ecological imbalance, Honghu Lake has to establish a wetland nature reserve and develop ecological agriculture. On account of
Enclose lakes and build fields
Overfishing has led to shrinking water surfaces, declining water quality, near-depletion of aquatic grasses, and a sharp decline in bird and fish stocks. In the 1950s, Honghu covered 760 square kilometers, and by the early 21st century,
Lake area
It is reduced to 348.33 square kilometers, with an average depth of only 1.35 meters.
[10]
Honghu Lake, the seventh largest freshwater lake in China and the largest lake in Hubei Province, is an internationally important wetland. Since the 1980s, along with large-scale artificial Seine farming, the once vast Honghu has been gradually eroded, and the former "waves playing waves" once became "pole to pole", and overdevelopment has led to a sharp deterioration of ecology. Until the end of 2016, the local government began to implement a series of measures such as removing the purse Seine and improving the ecological function of the wetland, and in recent years, Honghu gradually returned to the former style.
[30]
Located in the southwest of Honghu City, Honghu Lake covers an area of 760 square kilometers and is the largest freshwater lake in Hubei Province. The lake is light green, which is a rare pollution-free lake in the country, and also a freshwater lake with the richest organic content in Hubei Province and an important freshwater fish base in the country. There are 84 species of fish, 18 species of wild ducks, and 39 species of migratory birds such as flying geese. There are 92 species of aquatic plants. Spring flowers, summer lotus, autumn lotus, winter duck, pleasant four seasons, the department of summer and tourist resort.
[14]
1 956 years ago, Honghu was an open lake under the Tongjiang River, receiving water from the four lakes system and the Yangtze River and Dongjing River. After years of treatment, it has achieved free regulation of water and drought.
[7]
Honghu flood storage area, located in the "four lakes" under the area, across Jianli, Honghu 2 counties and cities, the total area of 2783 square kilometers. It can handle the excess flood volume of 16 billion cubic meters in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, which is an important project to ensure the safety of the Jingjiang levee. Construction began in 1972, and by September 1984, according to the plan, a 64.45 km long main dike and a parallel flood drainage river were built, and 11 ancillary buildings were built on the main dike. The first phase of reinforcement was completed in 1980.
Four lakes water system management, the four lakes area is named for the four lakes of Changhu, Sanhu, egret Lake and Honghu. It is located between the north bank of Jingjiang River and the south bank of Hanjiang River and Dongjing River, including the whole territory of Honghu, Jianli and Shashi City, and part of Qianjiang, Jiangling, Shishou and Jingmen. Before the governance, this area was connected with rivers and lakes. During the flood season every year, the Yangtze River pours water from the Dongjing River and the Neijing River into the Honghu Lake, inundating large areas of cultivated land around the Honghu Lake and on both sides of the Neijing River. In severe flood years, more than 60% of the area is inundated.
At the same time of dredging the upstream river, the construction of Honghu barrier project and Xintan Kou plugging project in the lower area of "Four lakes", the completion of the "four lakes" drainage outlet - Xintan Kou sluice gate, blocking the mouth of the river water back, and the implementation of Jianghu river division. Six major drainage canals with a total length of 446.82 kilometers, namely, the main trunk canal, the East Trunk Canal, the West Trunk Canal, the Tianguan River, the Luoshan Canal and the Hongpahe River, and 138 drainage and irrigation branch canals with a total length of 1802.46 kilometers were newly opened and dredged, and 20 control gates were built along the main and branch canals. Drainage and irrigation sluice gates and power stations were built along the river to provide a way out. There is a water source. After treatment, the "four lakes" area has become a channelized plain lake area linked by rivers, rivers and lakes, which has expanded cultivated land by 1.5 million mu and built more than 3 million mu of high-yield and stable farmland, initially forming a comprehensive agricultural production base.
[15]
Main canal
The main channel of the four lakes is a section of Lihuang Xikou Town
The construction of the main trunk canal of the four lakes was roughly divided into three stages: the first stage from December 1955 to March 1960, the second stage from the winter of 1965 to the spring of 1966, and the third stage from the winter of 1978 to the spring of 1980. One river and two levees of the main canal connect the Changhu Lake at the top, the Honghu Lake at the middle, and the Yangtze River at the bottom. The bottom elevation of the canal is 25.36 meters at Xijiakou and 16 meters at Xintan Kou. The design base width is 30 meters Xijiakou, 126 meters above Futian Temple, 130 meters below the gate, and 54 meters at Xintan Kou. In addition to the section of 1 km above and below Futian Temple has reached the design standard, most of the rest of the river section and canal embankment have not reached the design standard. Compared with the original Neijing River, the total trunk canal of the four Lakes has expanded the channel section and reduced the flow of the city by nearly 200 kilometers, increasing the drainage capacity, which is conducive to rush discharge and reduce the groundwater level in flood season, and at the same time, the navigation conditions have been improved. The drainage combined with snail control also alleviated the schistosomiasis epidemic.
[16]
Sluice gate
There are 54 buildings in Honghu City, including 30 sluice gates, 10 pumping stations and 14 buried pipes, most of which were built in the 1960s and 1970s, playing a huge role in irrigation and drainage.
Sluice gate
Xintankou sluice gate, located at the junction of the four Lakes main canal and the Yangtze River, Honghu City, Xintankou Yangtze River trunk bank. The water logging in the four lakes area is mainly discharged into the river through the Neijing River, and the flood of the Yangtze River is also poured back into the four Lakes area along the Neijing River. In order to stop the river flooding, since 1956, the dam has been temporarily blocked in the flood season every year. In August 1958, after the examination and approval of the provincial Water Resources Department, the construction of the new Tankou drainage lock was officially started. The project is under the unified leadership of the General Headquarters of the Sihu Drainage Project. Organize the construction. The project was completed in September 1959. From 2003 to 2005, the new Tan drainage lock room, the left and right bank walls (non-water parts) were reinforced, the highway bridge was rebuilt, the opening and closing machine room was rebuilt, and the internal and external river energy dissipation and shock prevention and reinforcement treatment were completed and put into use.
Xintankou drainage sluice is a light floating raft with three holes and one open tank. The design standard is based on the 1931 outer river water level of 29.8 meters and the inner lake water level of 24.58 meters, and the design standard is based on the 1954 Outer river water level of 31.25 meters and the inner lake water level of 25.4 meters. Design drainage flow of 460 cubic meters/second, the design of the maximum outer stop water level difference of 5.85 meters, the maximum difference of the inner stop water level of 3.9 meters. The gate building is based on the weak foundation of complex geological conditions, and the groundwater level is generally 17-18 meters, up to 23.27 meters. The sluice is located in the lower reaches of the four Lakes area. Years of practical application show that the self-discharging time is long and the drainage benefit is remarkable. After being put into use, the maximum drainage flow is 1280 cubic meters per second, the average annual displacement is 2.683 billion cubic meters, and the benefiting area is 10,352 square kilometers.
Xindi Gate, located 1 km west of Xindi Town on the Yangtze River embankment, the main function is to directly discharge Honghu water into the Yangtze River. Construction began in October 19970 and was completed in June 1971, with a total of 213 earthworks completed. Ten thousand square meters, 19,689 cubic meters of masonry, gate type is arch culvert semi-open trough, reinforced concrete structure, designed drainage flow of 800 cubic meters/second, up to 1050 cubic meters/second. The height of the gate top is 36 meters, and the road bridge is set on the top of the gate, which can pass the vehicle with a load of 15 tons and has the equipment of feeding Jiangnan fry. The gate was originally planned as one of the reclamation projects for flood storage in Honghu Lake. It was designed to rush flood drainage during flood season, quickly drain the lake water after flood and carry out reclamation. However, due to the high river water level in flood season, the probability of flood lake waterlogging in flood season is very low, and some years there is no chance of flood drainage.
[17]
The sluice is located in the west of Xindi Town and 3km upstream of Xindi Old sluice, which is a part of the self-discharging facilities in the middle and lower areas of the four lakes. Its main function is to discharge Honghu water directly into the Yangtze River. The gate type is arch culvert semi-open channel, all reinforced concrete structure, designed drainage flow of 800 meters/s, up to 1050 meters/s. The bottom elevation of the gate is 19.6 meters, the top elevation of the gate is 36 meters, the whole gate is 23 holes, the net width of each hole is 6 meters, the hole height is 9.5 meters, and the steel plate gate is equipped with 12 tons of each gate, and 5 sets of 25.2 tons of electric winch hoist. The road bridge on the top of the gate can carry 15 tons of vehicles. It is also equipped with equipment to divert river water to receive fish fry.
[18]
Xintankou pump station, located on the left side of Honghu Xintankou drainage lock, is connected with the main trunk canal of four Lakes. Construction began on December 6, 1983, and was completed on July 7, 1986. The overall arrangement of the hub is dike-type, bell-type flow channel, low hump siphon outlet, and the outlet is equipped with a flap door. The pumping station is equipped with a central control room, which implements centralized control and adopts the new technology of electric line selection and circuit detection and microcomputer processing. The station can not only discharge the flood lake water, but also directly discharge the cropland under the four lakes, and the drainage benefit is remarkable.
[17]
dyke
The levee of Honghu City in Sihu Basin is composed of Honghu embankment and lower Neijing River embankment. The Honghu embankment is composed of the north embankment of the main trunk canal, Zibeiyuan levee, Xiaxin River levee and Gangluo levee, with a total length of 93.14 kilometers, and belongs to the national III class levee. The Lower Neijing River embankment is composed of the south and north levees of the Lower Neijing River and the east and west levees of the Caijia River, with a total length of 157.5 kilometers.
[19]
Honghu Jinwan fishing ground for fishing
Before the 1980s, the fishing industry in Honghu Lake area was dominated by fishing. The production of fish in the 1950s was about 10,000 tons, and the production fish disappeared with the migratory fish anchovy, whitebait, etc., mainly for large and medium-sized fish such as carp, cario, opocephalus; In the early 1980s, three species of small fish, including carassius carassius, pelteobagrus and redfin, became fishery objects. In the 1990s, with the expansion of fishing methods such as magic array and electric fishing, the miniaturization of fish was further developed, and most of the fishing individuals were only 20-30 grams in weight, and mainly 1-year-old fish. The main fish resources of Honghu Lake, Honghu Lake fish depletion has an accelerated trend.
[2]
Honghu fishermen fishing operations
Honghu aquaculture basically stays in sub-lakes and low-lying areas. In the early 1990s, it began to enter the large lake captive breeding, and in the late 1990s, crab farming rose. In 2004, the breeding area of Honghu Lake was 25,100 square kilometers, accounting for about 80% of the total area of the lake, which greatly exceeded the legal breeding area and the biological carrying capacity of the lake itself.
[4]
Before liberation, Honghu fishery followed the traditional fishing methods, the production level was low, and the fishermen were regarded as "fishing flowers". After liberation, in addition to the use of advanced fishing technology, aquaculture was mainly carried out. In 1985, the fishing farm of Shakou Town in Honghu County took the lead in confining 114 mu of fish in Honghu Lake. The average yield of fish per mu is 195 kg.
In 1986, the fish culture of Honghu Lake was developed to 5980 mu, and the total production of adult fish was 450 tons. Among them, Wangling fishery 500 acres of water, the per mu yield of fish 340 kg, 50 times higher than the natural yield rate. Fish species, before the 1960s, there were 101 species of 21 families, and later due to the isolation of rivers and lakes, migratory fish populations decreased.
[20]
Honghu aquatic products are rich in output and famous in the world for their quality. It is known as the national aquatic capital and has the reputation of "the first city (county) of freshwater aquatic products in China". The annual fish production of the whole lake is more than 300,000 kilograms, accounting for more than half of the output of Hubei province;
[6]
Pearl culture, the lake is rich in hyriopsis cumingii, young crown mussel. In the mid-1960s, the introduction of mussel bead breeding technology. In 1971, Honghu County Luoshan plant lotus farm inserted 3,500 lake mussels, hanging in 4 acres of water pool, 2 years later, 21 kilograms of pearls. The industry did not develop further.
In 1975, Honghu County tested 250 kilograms of natural crab seedlings in Honghu Lake, and by 1983, a total of 2,596 kilograms of crab seedlings were cast and 2,238 thousand kilograms of crabs were caught. In 1985, Honghu County Fisheries Research Institute established the first factory brackish water crab seedling artificial breeding farm in Hubei Province with the support of China Fisheries United Corporation, which produced 17.5 kilograms of crab seedlings that year.
[21]
By the early 21st century, the annual output of Honghu hairy crabs was nearly 50,000 tons, accounting for more than 30% of the total hairy crabs in the province. In 2016, Honghu also won the title of "the first city of famous crabs in China". Honghu crayfish also spread across the world, in 2017 production reached 85,300 tons, ranking second in the country's counties and cities.
[6]
Honghu lotus root harvesting
Lotus seed harvesting in Honghu Lake District
Honghu Lake is known as the underwater "prairie" with abundant water plants. Floating plants such as lotus, Rhomboides and Gorgon euryale on the water surface, and rising water plants such as wild rice, reed and silvergrass on the water surface have become a world where plants of various levels blend and coexist with water. In 1951, the water area of Honghu Lake was 1.14 million mu. At the beginning of the 21st century, there were still 350,000 mu submerged plant zone and 40,000 mu emergent plant zone. There are 92 kinds of aquatic plants in the lake, of which the annual export of lotus seeds is more than 200,000 kilograms.
[6]
In the 1950s, Honghu Lake was still an open water lake with the river, with an area of about 1.14 million mu. Since the 1960s, through the construction of water conservancy, the partition of rivers and lakes and the large-scale reclamation of lakes and fields, the actual water surface of Honghu Lake has been less than 400,000 mu by the early 21st century.
[22]
Honghu City new embankment pier
The Neijing River flows through Jingmen, Shashi, Jiangling, Qianjiang, Jianli, Honghu 6 counties and cities, collecting dozens of river channels along the way, connecting Changhu, Sanhu, Bailu Lake and Honghu Lake, with a total navigable mileage of 1438.5 kilometers, of which 807.5 kilometers are year-round navigable.
[23]
Xintankou ship lock
Xintankou ship lock
Xintankou ship lock,
Built in 1960, it has been designed with a capacity of 300T and an average annual throughput of more than 200,000 tons. Since 2003, the state has invested in strengthening it and it is now in use.
[24]
Honghu Lake has rich tourism resources such as wetland ecology, red tourism, three Kingdoms culture, geothermal hot springs, and beautiful countryside. Honghu Lantian Scenic Area is a national "AAAA" level tourist scenic area. The former Qujiawan Agricultural Industrialization Economic Development Zone was renamed "Hubei Honghu Ecological Tourism Resort" with the approval of the provincial government. Honghu Tourist area (Qujiawan Town ancient street, Lantian Ecological Park, Yue Xi Peninsula Hot spring) won the title of "Lingxiu Hubei Top Ten tourism Rookeries". There are also many historical sites such as the famous Wulin ancient battlefield of The Three Kingdoms and Huangpeng Mountain, the birthplace of Chen Youliang, the leader of the peasant uprising at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, to be further developed.
[12]
Qujiawan town old street
Honghu Lantian scenic spot
Yue Xi Peninsula Hot Springs
Since 2005, Hubei Province has fully launched the Honghu demolition and control action, and dismantled more than 300,000 mu of Seine net in the protected area within three years, so that Honghu is reborn after the disaster, and the water quality has risen rapidly from the original class IV to poor class V to Class II to class III.
[13]
In November 2006, Honghu was awarded the "Best Conservation Practice Award for Living Lakes" by the World Environment Fund's World Congress on Living Lakes, and the wetland has started to be declared
National nature reserve
. At present, the water quality of the open waters of Honghu Lake has improved significantly, and the water quality of some waters has risen from class III-IV before treatment to class II-III. The water grass coverage rate has recovered to about 80%, and the number of birds overwintering in Honghu Lake has increased from more than 20,000 before treatment to more than 300,000
Wetlands in China
A highlight of conservation. Since 2006, the lake has been closed from April to July every year to protect the ecology.
In 2009, the relevant departments of the Wuhan Municipal government and the Wuhan Municipal Government respectively
Hongshan District
,
Hanyang District
,
Jiangan District
,
Wuchang District
,
Qingshan District
and
Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone
Signed a responsibility letter, each district promised to withdraw from operational livestock and poultry farming and "three nets" surface aquaculture within the year. By the end of 2009, the above-mentioned Wuhan main urban areas had completed the demolition work of the "three networks" on time. So far. The history of lake "three nets" culture in the central city of Wuhan, which lasted more than 20 years, came to an end at the end of 2009. In the legislative plan of Hubei Province in 2010, the lake legislation is included in the preparatory items of the annual legislation.
[13]
The whole territory of Honghu Lake historically belongs to the flood plain of the Yangtze River in the east of Yunmengze. The terrain slopes gently from northwest to southeast, forming a broad and flat landform that is high in the north and south, low in the middle, and mostly between 23-28 meters above sea level. The highest point is the main peak of Luoshan Mountain, 60.48 meters above sea level; The lowest point is the bottom of Lake Shatao, which is only 17.9 meters above sea level. The average slope of Honghu City is about 0.3%, and the rivers and canals in the territory are intertwined and the lakes are scattered.
[25]
Honghu region is a subtropical humid monsoon climate, which is characterized by long winter and summer, short spring and autumn, four distinct seasons, sufficient light, abundant rainfall, mild and humid, hot summer and cold winter, rainfall concentrated in spring and summer, and more flood disasters.
The average annual temperature in Honghu area is about 16.6℃. The temperature of the city gradually decreases from southeast to northwest. The coldest month of the year is January, with an average temperature of 3.8℃ and an extreme minimum temperature of -13.2℃ (1977.1.30). The hottest months of the year are July and August, with an average temperature of 28.9℃ and an extreme maximum temperature of 39.6℃ (1971.7.21). The average daily temperature difference is about 7.7℃, and the minimum temperature is 7.2℃ in June and July. The maximum in October is 8.7℃. The average surface temperature over the years is 19℃, the extreme maximum surface temperature is 69.2℃ (1970.8.2), and the extreme minimum surface temperature is -20.1℃ (1977.1.30).
The average sunshine in Honghu region is between 1980 and 2032 hours, the average sunshine is 5.4 to 5.6 hours per day, and the annual percentage of sunshine is 45%. The sunshine hours of each month are the highest from June to August, reaching 700-750 hours, accounting for 35.8%-36.9% of the whole year. December to February is the least, accounting for 18.8% of the year.
The average annual rainfall in Honghu region is 135.7 days, and the rainfall is between 1060.5-1331.1mm. The highest rainfall was 2309.4 mm in 1954 and the lowest was 774.4 mm in 1968. The difference of annual rainfall in spring is 112.8 mm in Luoshan in the south and the peak in the north. The rainfall in summer generally increases, and the rainfall from April to October accounts for about 74% of the annual rainfall, and the spatial distribution of rainfall decreases from southeast to northwest. The annual average number of heavy rain days in the city is 38 days, and May to June is the most heavy rain period of the year, accounting for 51.4%.
[25]
Corner of Honghu City
Honghu Lake is located between Jianli County and Honghu City in Hubei Province, and the basin is mainly distributed in the two counties. The territory of Honghu City in the Xia and Shang dynasties was the land of ancient clouds and dreams, which belonged to Jingzhou of Yu Gong. Jianli County belongs to the ancient southern barbarian state. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, King Wu of Zhou (Ji Fa) was designated as the state, and Honghu and Jianli were the state borders. It was a small vassal state under the Son of Zhou, and later came from Chu and the land belonged to Chu. Qin Nanxian County; West Han belongs to South County, set Zhou Ling County and Huarong County. The Eastern Han Dynasty belongs to Dongwu Jiangxia County. In 222 AD, Sun Quan proclaimed himself emperor and set up Jianli County from Huarong County. In the second year of Yongxing in the Western Jin Dynasty (305), due to Shu's disorderly cutting of the three counties of Huarong, Zhouling and Jianli in the South County, the four counties of Fengdu and Jianli were set up as Chengdu County, under the jurisdiction of Wang Yingguo of Chengdu; In the Southern Dynasty, Zhouling County belonged successively to Baling County and Zhoucheng County. In the 17th year (551) of Emperor Wen of the Western Wei Dynasty, the two counties of Zhouling and Huihuai were abolished and replaced with Jianxing County, which belonged to Mianyang County. From Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties to Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, Honghu City's borders were changed repeatedly, and its prefectures and counties changed frequently. Most of them were divided and combined with Mianyang, either rising or falling, during which they were once named Yusha County, Fuku County, Wenquan County, etc. In the later Zhou Dynasty, Jianli was once changed to Fuzhou, and it was Jiangling House in the Song Dynasty. Ming belongs to Jingzhou. In the fifteenth year of the Republic of China (1926), the city was established in Xindi, which was directly under the Hubei Provincial government together with Jianli. Before long, the new Dike city was withdrawn into Mianyang County. During the Agrarian Revolution, the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation, Honghu, Jianli County was the base of the Red Army, the New Fourth Army and the People's Liberation Army. Qujiawan Town in Honghu was the capital of the Western Hunan Revolutionary Base area, one of the eight revolutionary base areas in China at that time, and the cradle of the Second Red Front Army, the main force of the Long March. He Long, Zhou Yiqun, Duan Dechang and other proletarian revolutionaries of the older generation fought hard here. In 1949, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Mianyang District Commissioner's Office was set up in the new embankment, and the new embankment was a special municipality. In June 1951, the area south of Dongjing River in Mianyang County, and adjacent areas east of Jianli County, north of the Yangtze River in Jiayu County and southwest of Hanyang County were carved out to establish Honghu County. On July 31, 1987, Honghu County was abolished and Honghu City was established.
[5]
[26]
Jianli County to the city corner
Honghu area has long been a land of fish and rice. Honghu City is the largest aquaculture county in Hubei Province, with an area of fresh water aquaculture of more than 800,000 mu and an annual total of about 500,000 tons of fresh water products, ranking first in the country. The output value of aquaculture industry accounted for the proportion of large agriculture, and the net income provided by aquaculture industry accounted for more than 65% of the total income of farmers, ranking first in the province. The city has formed 4 professional aquaculture towns and 10 aquaculture towns. Honghu water hairy crab, Deyan crayfish, Huagui bubble lotus root belt, wild lotus juice as the representative of a number of Honghu aquatic products brand reputation at home and abroad. It is also an important national production base for commodity grain, commodity cotton, commodity oil and fast-growing and high-yield forest.
[12]
Jianli is the first batch of reform and construction pilot counties in the national modern agriculture demonstration zone, the first rice county in the country, the first crayfish county in China, the characteristic county of Chinese eel, and the hometown of Chinese eel food.
[27]
In 2016, the regional GDP of Honghu City was 21.2 billion yuan, the investment in fixed assets was 16.6 billion yuan, the total fiscal revenue was 1.14 billion yuan, and the local public financial budget revenue was 837 million yuan. The per capita disposable income of permanent urban residents was 25,740 yuan, up by 8.9%; The per capita disposable income of permanent rural residents was 14,350 yuan, an increase of 7.1 percent.
[12]
Jianli County achieved a gross regional product of 28.28 billion yuan in 2018.
[27]
During the Agrarian Revolutionary War, Honghu region was the center of the western Hunan and Hubei revolutionary base, and Qujiawan Town in Honghu was the capital of one of the eight revolutionary base areas in the country at that time. The Suvieh Government of Hunan and Western Hubei Province was founded in Zhoulaozui Town, Jianli, and the Sixth Army of the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army was born in Wangqiao Town, the cradle of the Second Front Army, the main force of the Long March. He Long, Zhou Yiqun, Duan Dechang and other proletarian revolutionaries of the older generation fought hard here. In Jianli County alone, nearly 150,000 heroic sons and daughters died, and more than 5,000 Jianli revolutionary martyrs were registered alone. There are 323 former sites of the Western Hunan revolutionary base areas preserved in the county. The movie Honghu Red Guard tells the classic story that happened in this period of red years. In order to commemorate this glorious history, in June 1951, with the approval of the State (political) Affairs Council of the provincial government, Hanyang, Mianyang, Jianli and Jiayu were each designated a piece to establish Honghu County. Qujiawan Revolutionary site Group and the revolutionary Historical Memorial Park of Hunan-Hubei Western Soviet Area have been included in the red tourism classic scenic spots supported by the state.
[12]
[27]
Xiang-hubei Western Soviet revolutionary historical Memorial Park
Honghu Guerrilla Corps, in March 1929, the Communist Party of China West Hubei Special Committee formed the West Hubei guerrilla Brigade in the north district of Honghu. The guerrilla brigade is active on both sides of the Jingjiang River and has been developing and growing. In August, Zhou Yiqun, Wan Tao, and others organized the West Hubei guerrilla brigade and the guerrillas originally active in Jiangling, Shishou, Jianli, and Liyang into the Honghu Guerrilla Corps (also known as the West Hubei Guerrilla Corps), Zhou Yiqun as the general leader and party representative, Duan Decchang as the chief of staff, under the command of three brigades, a total of more than 1,000 people, four or five hundred guns.
[28]
The Red Guard was a volunteer force, out of production and armed. Jiangling, Shishou, Jianli, Mianyang, Qianjiang, Public security, Tianmen, Songzi each set up a brigade. In order to unify the command, the red guard of Jiang, Qian, Jian and other counties was organized as Jiang Left Army, and the red guard of Jiangnan counties was organized as Jiang Right Army. The Red Instruction team is composed of men between 18 and 30 years old, who use broadswords, spears, etc., and do not deviate from production, serving as a support and cooperation mission. The Red Guard is composed of men over 30 years old and able-bodied women, and the Young Pioneers are composed of 14-18 years old. These four organizations played an important role in crushing the Kuomintang's "encirclement and suppression". After crushing the "encirclement and suppression", the Red Guard was integrated into the Red Army.
[29]
