Coniferous forest is the general name of all kinds of forests composed of coniferous trees as group species ^[1] . include evergreen And fallen leaves, cold-resistant , drought-tolerant And warm, wet and other types of needles Pure stand and Mixed forest . It is mainly composed of some hardy tree species such as spruce, fir, larch and pine. Commonly known as The boreal forest Also known as Taiga. Which is composed of larch called Bright coniferous forest Spruce and fir are used as building groups Species of trees It is called dark coniferous forest.

Chinese name: Coniferous forest
Foreign name: Coniferous forest
Distribution area: Cold and warm zone

Gregarious species: Coniferous tree
Wood quality: softwood
Group into: by spruce , fir , larch and Pine tree Etc.

catalogue

intro

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EDITOR

Coniferous forest refers to coniferous trees as a group of species Forest community It includes coniferous pure forest, coniferous mixed forest and coniferous forest Mixed forest . Because coniferous forests are mostly evergreen forests, even in the influence of winter, the hue still appears green ^[1] . Because the coastal zone is greatly affected by human development activities, the natural growth of coniferous forest is generally distributed in mountainous areas.

Conifers are particularly good at resisting the threats of drought, high winds and cold climates. They thrive in areas where other species struggle to survive ^[2] .

Conifers are experts at dealing with extreme weather. It is because of their needle-shaped leaves that they can grow at higher elevations and on arid, barren slopes. Some conifers also grow in tropical jungles and swamps, but their most important strongholds are in the far north. There, they form The boreal forest A vast and remote habitat that encircles almost the entire planet.

Morphological characteristics

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The coniferous forest is Cold temperate zone the Zonal vegetation Is the northernmost distribution of the forest, the northern boundary of the coniferous forest is the northern boundary of the forest. Outside the cold temperate zone, many different types of coniferous forests also grow, but the area is much smaller than that of the cold temperate zone.

Coniferous forest (2 photos)

Larch likes sunny but dry environment, the forest is often sparse and the sunlight goes directly to the forest, and the forest is full of sunlight after the winter leaves, so the leaves are dropped pinery Is typical" Bright coniferous forest ". Larch has a shallow root system that can grow on permafrost and requires little of the soil, making it a forest that lives in the harshest environment. China The Greater Khingan Mountains The forest is Eastern Siberia the Larch forest in Xing 'an The extension of...

In high latitudes and high mountains, there are coniferous forests. The northern hemisphere The coniferous forest is very developed, extending northward from the temperate zone until it reaches the northern limit of the forest, and then is replaced by shrubs, tundra and other vegetation. There are very few coniferous forests in the southern Hemisphere, most of which occur in mountainous areas ^[3] . Generally coniferous forest has strong adaptability to acidic and barren land. In addition to larch forests, coniferous forests are evergreen, the species composition is relatively simple, therefore, there are larix forest, spruce forest, fir forest, pine forest, fir forest and other names. Understory plants are not developed, and extra-layer plants are few. Under the coniferous forest in low humidity environment, moss is often dominant. Under particularly dry coniferous forests, there are often more lichens; Lush herbaceous layers can also appear under coniferous forests with thicker soil and moderate humidity ^[3] .

Coniferous forests in the cold temperate zone are also called Tegarin The Taiga forest stands for Siberia wear bog Coniferous forest, now generally refers to the cold temperate zone coniferous forest. In the cold temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, Taiga ranges almost from the east coast of the continent to West coast Forming a spectacular vast forest. The Tegarin of Europe - Siberia is the largest forest in the world, with latitudes almost halfway across the globe. Due to its large span, the cold temperate zone of Eurasia has different climatic conditions in different regions. The westernmost parts of Northern Europe are affected Marine climate Affected, the climate is relatively warm and humid, the annual temperature difference is small, and Taiga is only distributed in close proximity Arctic Circle In the far north, the trees are mainly spruce and other tree species that prefer shade and wet environment.

Eastern Siberia large-area Larch forest in Xing 'an The eastern region of Eastern Siberia Continental climate Obviously, the winter is extremely cold but the summer is not cold, the annual temperature difference is very large, the world's largest temperature difference last year (up to 100 ° C, winter as low as -70 ° C, and summer as high as 30 ° C) and the coldest place in the northern Hemisphere winter are here (below -70 ° C, second only to the Antarctic, more cold than the Arctic). The spring and autumn seasons in eastern Siberia are very short, with severe winters quickly turning into warm summers and temperatures rising very fast. This spring, when the temperature increases rapidly in a short period of time, is called a Siberian spring. So larch leaves survive the harsher winter in eastern Siberia than in the Arctic.

So do most of the rest of the world's coniferous forests Dark coniferous forest , North America There are large areas of dark coniferous forest. North America's taiga forest is second only to Eurasia From the Atlantic coast all the way to the Pacific coast, across the entire North America . The Taiga forests of the Atlantic coast of North America are similar to the Taiga forests of Eurasia, extending from the coast to the west The Rocky Mountains Down.

The Pacific coast east of the Rocky Mountains has smaller areas of taiga, but the climate there is warmer and wetter than is typical Cold temperate coniferous forest climate The forest extends along the coast to the south, which no longer belongs to the category of the northern Taiga forest, but has the characteristics of a subtropical forest, which is called "the Forest". Temperate rainforest ". This is the world's largest conifer forest, taller and more diverse than the northern Taiga forest, preserving the largest variety of conifer species, many of which are ancient relict species.

It is mainly distributed in evergreen or deciduous coniferous forests in cold temperate zone and middle and low latitude subalpine areas. Also known as Taiga forest, boreal forest. It is distributed in the cold temperate zone between 45° and 70° North latitude, across Eurasia and northern North America, forming a complete taiga zone, that is, from Norway to the east, through Sweden, Finland, Russia and Siberia, across the Bering Strait to Alaska and Canada.

In China, as the southern extension of Taijialin, it is only distributed in the northern part of the Greater Hinggan Mountains and the Altai Mountains in Xinjiang. Winters in these areas are long and cold, and summers are cool and short. The average temperature of the coldest month is -10-20 ° C, the average temperature of the warmest month is above 10 ° C, below 20 ° C, and the average temperature of the month is above 10 ° C in general only 3-4 months. Although there is less precipitation (300-600mm), evaporation is weak, leaching is strong, and nutrients are poor. This limits the normal growth of broad-leaved trees, while the cold-tolerant conifers have been well developed. The forest is composed of poor species, mainly some species of fir, spruce, pine and larch, and shows regional differences. But in each region pure forests are often formed by individual tree species with widths of hundreds or thousands of kilometres. The basic characteristics are negative, swampy and lack of broad-leaved components. According to the community characteristics, it can be divided into two categories: bright coniferous forest and dark coniferous forest. The former is mainly composed of pine and larch, of which pine forests (except Siberian pine) are mostly distributed on sandy soil, swamped areas and some burned areas, and do not occupy a major position.

Coniferous forest

Larch, on the other hand, continuously occupies large areas of highly continental, cooler air. The forest is sparse and sunny, and the forest is bright. The latter consists mainly of shade-tolerant trees such as spruce and fir, with a conical canopy that is more closed and dark and damp, lichen The layers are very developed. Animal species here are relatively poor, especially in winter, rarely see animal activities, most of the animals have hibernation And the habit of storing food. The large herbivorous vertebrates in the forest are elk, deer, caribou , Snow Hare And grouse, ptarmigan The crossbill sparrow is the main. Carnivores do sable Black bears and wolves. in Cold temperate zone South of the mountain, at a certain altitude, also developed Cold and warm coniferous forest Although the composition of the tree species and the flat species are different, they are still the same genus of plants. Mountain drainage is convenient, the forest is not as wet as the north. The production of coniferous forest is less than that of tropical forest Aestival forest 3 tons of wood per hectare (up to 5 tons in the south), but the dry shape is straight, the material is good (most suitable for paper making), the type is simple, and the winter snow is conducive to collection, so the mechanical harvesting conditions are excellent, and it is the world's most important wood producing area. In addition to the proliferation of fur animals, hunting is also very common. but Subalpine dark coniferous forest It is not appropriate to cut large areas and avoid intense cutting Soil erosion And the floods.

Species of trees

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Larix larix forest in North China

Be distributed among Guan Di , Puddles of water , Wutai , Hengshan Mountain , Taeaksan Such as mountains, elevation 1600-2000 meters of Yin slope, semi-yin slope. Understory with sparse shrubs and herbaceous plants sedge Main.

Picea picea and Picea picea

It is distributed in Wutai, Guandi, Guanchen and Huanshan Mountains, with an altitude of 1500-2300 meters. Picea wilsonii, spruce In addition to pure forest, often with Picea picea Mixed growth (fine spruce). The distribution of picea wilsonii is slightly lower than that of Picea wilsonii White birch , aspen Let's wait. There are fewer shrubs, Herbaceous layer Undeveloped, moss vegetation is abundant. Picea picea is a excellent tree of forestation in the middle mountain area of our province.

Abies odorata Chinese larch Picea picea and Picea picea

for Mount Wutai It is a unique type, distributed in the mountainous shade slope and semi-shade slope at an altitude of 1800-2400 meters. The forest is dark and damp and suitable Fetid fir Grow. Undergrowth is sparse with vegetation sedge It is rich in mosses.

Pinus tabulaeformis forest

oil pinery It's North China. Warm coniferous forest The representative type, widely distributed, where the altitude of 800-2000 meters in the low and middle mountains can grow well. merism Secondary forest And plantation forest, mostly medium Young growth . Taihang, Mount Taiyue , Lv Liang Wutai, Hengshan, Zhongtiao Mountain It is distributed in all regions. Community appearance Neat, mostly pure forest, occasionally Cork oak , Whitebark pine , Liaodong oak or aspen Mixed life. Pinus tabulaeformis is an important afforestation tree in the North China mountainous area, with its good shade-loving, barren resistance, strong adaptability, good growth and excellent material.

Whitebark pine, side Berlin

taiyuanic Tianlong Mountain , Lvliang Mountain austral Puxian County And Taiyue Mountain Huo County And other places, 800-1300 meters above sea level mountain shadow slope. Small area, poor growth, but strong adaptability, conducive to soil and water conservation.

Platycladus orientalis

It is more common in the low mountain areas of 800-1300 meters in the middle and south of the province, Community structure The ingredients are simple. Undergrowth is sparse. The herbs are mainly moss. It is a kind of tree for afforestation, water protection and beautifying environment.

Huashan pine forest

Coniferous forest

Huashan Mountain pinery It is a coniferous forest in the warm temperate mountains in the south of the province, distributed in Zhongtiao Mountain and other places, with an elevation of 1400-1900 meters on the Yin slope, semi-yin slope, semi-sunny slope or ridge. Pinus huashanensis has high economic value, its seeds are rich in oil and can be eaten.

Coniferous forest fauna

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EDITOR

Coniferous forest fauna ( coniferous forest fauna )

Fauna of the taiga region. Its distribution includes areas south of the Arctic tundra belt, Temperate deciduous broadleaf forest The cold temperate zone of Northern Europe and North America. Taiga forest zone (also known as Taiga forest zone) has long and cold winters and short and wet summers. Taiga forest has a monotonous composition of tree species, the ground is covered with very thick mossy lichen, few shrubs and herbs, and the winter snow is deep, and the living conditions of animals are not as good as other forest zones.

The species of coniferous forest animals are relatively simple, mainly by Cold tolerance And a wide range of adaptive species are composed, including most Tundra zone Animals such as reindeer, lemmings, snow rabbits, Arctic foxes, thunderbirds, etc. The seasonal variation of its life activity is significant, and some animals enter in winter hibernation For example Brown bear ; Or store food for the winter, as Squirrel ; Many birds and some mammals do seasonality Migrate. Animal population Quantity changes are affected by weather conditions and food shortages, and are extremely unstable Periodic change . When conifer seeds fail, they cause mass migrations of some animals.

Representative animal

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EDITOR

Mammals include moose, red deer, wolverine, marten, lynx, squirrel, and chipmunk. Birds include grouse, hazelnut, The three-toed woodpecker Cross bill finch, jay, chrysanthemum and so on. Amphibians only North American rain frog, more numerous. Reptile species are very poor, only the Eurasian extreme north viper and Viviparous lizard As a typical representative. The humus layer developed under the coniferous forest contains soil animals such as mites, springtails, nematodes and a large number of insect larvae. The taiga is the largest biome in the world and is not disturbed much by humans in some parts of Siberia and Canada. But logging and the hunting of fur-bearing animals have caused some harm to the animal community.

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