The Han River, also known as the Han River, the Han River, is Yangtse River The largest tributary, modern hydrology believes that there are three sources: the middle source of Yangshui, the north source of Jushui, the south source of Yudai River, are all in Qinling Mountains Southern Shaanxi Ningqiang county Within the territory, it flows through Mianxian County (now Mianxian County) known as Mianshui, and the east flow to Hanzhong began to be known as Hanshui; The section from Ankang to Danjiangkou was called Canglang Water in ancient times, and Xiangyang was alias Xiangjiang, Xiangshui and Xianghe. ^{23 [25]}

The Han River is the longest tributary of the Yangtze River and occupies an important position in history. It is often juxtaposes with the Yangtze River, the Huaihe River and the Yellow River, collectively known as the "Jianghuai River Han River". ^[24]

The Han River flows through Shaanxi (Province) , Hubei (Province) Two provinces, in Wuhan City Hankou Longwang Temple into Yangtse River . The river is 1,577 kilometers long, and its drainage area was 174,300 square kilometers before 1959, ranking first among the basins of the Yangtze River system. After 1959, it was reduced to 159,000 square kilometers. Main stream Hubei province Danjiangkou Above is the upper reaches, the valley is narrow, about 925km long; Danjiangkou to Zhong Xiang It is in the middle of the stream, with a wide river valley and many sandy beaches, about 270km long; Zhong Xiang to Hankou It is downstream, about 382km long, and flows through Jianghan plain The river is winding and gradually shrinking.

Hanjiang River has many beaches and dangerous canyons, large runoff, abundant hydraulic resources and good shipping conditions. ^[1-3]

Chinese name: Han River
alias: Han River, Han River
Drainage system: Tributaries of Yangtze River
Geographical position: Shaanxi and Hubei provinces
Flow area: Shaanxi and Hubei provinces

cradle: 嶓 Zuka Mountain, Ningqiang County, Shaanxi province
Main tributary: Renhe , The Bao River , Danjiang River , Bac Ha , Nanhe et al
Length of river: 1577 km
Basin area: 159000 km²
estuary: Wuhan City, Hubei Province Hankou Dragon King Temple

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Main stream profile

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EDITOR

Channel strike

Location and water system distribution of Han River

The Han River has a total length of 1,577 kilometers, of which the main stream in Shaanxi is 657 kilometers long and the main stream in Hubei is 920 kilometers long, with a total drop of 1,964 meters. The name of the water in the source is Yangshui, which flows through Mianyang County (today Mianxian County Known as the Mianshui, the east flow to Hanzhong began to be known as the Hanshui, from Ankang to Danjiangkou section of ancient known as Canglang water, Xiangyang alias Xiangjiang, Xiangshui. The Han River is a tributary of the Yangtze River, which occupies an important position in history. It is often juxtaposes with the Yangtze River, the Huaihe River and the Yellow River, collectively known as the "Jianghuai River Han River". ^[4]

One of the headwaters of the Hanjiang River in Da 'an Town, Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province^[5]

Headwater reach

The main stream of Han River originates from the southern foot of Qinling Mountain in Shaanxi Province, and has three sources: Yangshui as the middle source, Ju water as the north source, and Yudai River as the south source.

Rippling water Originated from Shaanxi Province Ningqiang county North 嶓 mound mountain, also said Eastern Han water. Mian County in the east for the Mianshui, Baocheng Baoshui began to Hanshui. ^[6] This is the positive source of the annals of Shaanxi Province. ^[2]

The Jushui River (in Hebei Province) It originates from Huanghuaping, the southern foot of Zibai Mountain at the junction of Mianxian, Liuba and Fengxian counties in Shaanxi Province, flows southwest into Zhangjiahe of Mianxian County, and enters Lianghekou of Luiyang County after being incorporated into Miaohe and Lengyu Rivers, and continues to flow south to Heiheba and flows into Liubai River. After the Bai River into the southeast again into the Mianxian border, to the Ju River new Pu dam began to be called Hanshui. With a total length of 130 kilometers, the Gushui River basin covers an area of 1,747 square kilometers, with an annual runoff of 537 million cubic meters. Juhui water in Yangshuibei, known as the Han River ancient north source in history. ^[6] This source is the longest positive source in Hubei province. ^[4]

Yudai River Originating in Caojiaba village, Yangpingguan Town, Ningqiang County, Tongqianba River into the Han River in Mianxian County, the river flow path Ningqiang County. Overlooking river jade around such as belt, so the name of the jade belt river. Before and after liberation, the county seat was once called Jade Belt Town. Yudai River is located in the hinterland of Daba Mountain, with a main stream length of 101.1 kilometers and a drainage area of 831 square kilometers. The annual average runoff is 480 million cubic meters, and the average river gradient is 8.17‰. ^[6]

Main stream trend

The Han River is a tributary of the Yangtze River. It originates from the southern foot of Qinling Mountains Shaanxi Province southwest Hanzhong The city Ningqiang county 嶓 Zuka Mountain in Da 'an town, the main stream flows through Shaanxi and Hubei provinces and joins the Yangtze River in Wuhan. The main stream is 1577 km long.

In Shaanxi Province, basically flows from west to east, and the main stream of the Han River originates in Shaanxi Province Ningqiang county 嶓 Tsuka Mountain flows from west to east Mianxian County , Hanzhong City , Chenggu county , Yangxian County , Shiquan county , Hanyin county , 紫阳县 , Langao county Hanbin District, Ankang City, Xunyang county , to Baihe county Enter Hubei Province. ^[2]

The confluence of the Han River and the Yangtze River in Hankou, Wuhan^[7]

In Hubei Province, after the main flow of the Han River passes through Baihe County, from Yunxi county Enter Hubei Province. Below Danjiang Estuary, the main stream turns southeast and passes along the way Xiangyang City , Yicheng City , Zhongxiang City , Tianmen , Qianjiang City , Xiantao City , Hancheon Counties and cities, and finally by Wuhan City Hankou Dragon King Temple into the Yangtze River. ^[4]

Danjiang Estuary is the upper reaches of the main stream, the river valley is narrow, about 925 kilometers long; Danjiangkou to Zhongxiang is the middle reaches of the river, the river valley is wider, more sandy beaches, about 270 kilometers long; Zhongxiang to Hankou for the downstream, about 382 kilometers long, flows through the Jianghan Plain, built on both sides of the dike, the river winding gradually shrink, the flood discharge capacity is smaller. ^[1]

Channel characteristics

Usually, the river above Danjiangkou is the upper reaches, the river between Danjiangkou and Zhongxiang Lanpan Mountain is the middle reaches, and the river below Lanpan Mountain is the lower reaches.

Upper reach

The upper reaches of the Han River are 956 kilometers long, with a water collection area of 95,220 square kilometers. The main stream runs east-west, passing between the Qinling Mountains and Daba Mountains, alternating valleys and basins along the way. The riverbed is mostly composed of pebbles, gravel and bedrock, and the channel gradient is large. After the trunk stream enters Hubei Province from Yunxi, it has the residual Qinling vein in the north and the Wudang Mountain vein in the south, with a bending coefficient of 1.78 and an average gradient of 0.6‰. It is a meandering mountainous river with rapid flow and rich hydraulic resources, and its reserves account for about 6800 of the theoretical reservoir capacity of the trunk stream. Moreover, the dam construction conditions are good, so it is an important river section for the development of hydraulic resources of the Hanjiang River. ^[4]

According to the morphological characteristics of the channel, the main stream can be divided into 6 river sections:

River source - Wuhou Town section: the valley is narrow, the north bank valley slope is steep, and the south bank is gentle. From Lijinba to Weijiaba, a small basin, Da 'an Basin, was formed along the river. The basin is about 2 ~ 3 kilometers wide, and the modern channel is about 1 kilometer wide. The channel is composed of sand and pebbles, and the erosion and deposition changes significantly.

Wuhouzhen - Longtingpu section: The river enters the river basin, the river surface and beach surface are wide, the slope is small, the water flow is slow, the channel swings from side to side, and the erosion and deposition change is significant. The river bed is composed of sand and pebbles, the river channel is silted and many sandbanks cross the flow, and the Zhongcun Beach in southwest Hanzhong is built on the sandbank in the heart of the river. The basin is about 100 kilometers long from east to west and 5 to 10 kilometers wide from north to south. West of the mouth of the Baohe River, the width of the river is only more than 30 meters in low water, and 400 to 700 meters in flood. East of the mouth of the Baohe River, the river is 300 meters wide in low water and 1 ~ 2 kilometers wide in flood. There are four sections of terrace in the basin, the ground is flat, the soil is fertile, the water resources are rich, the water conservancy conditions are superior, the agriculture is developed, it is called small Jiangnan.

Longtingpu - Weimen section: 53 kilometers long, it is a gorge section of the upper Hanjiang River composed of pre-Cambrian granite, granodiorite, gabbro and amphibolite, among which Xiaoxia and Huangjinxia are the most famous. Small gorge from small mouth to Ring pearl Temple, 23 kilometers long; Golden Gorge, also known as the Big Gorge, is 30 kilometers long from the Pearl Temple to the Weimen. The mountain on both sides of the canyon is 300 ~ 400 meters higher than the river bed, the valley slope is 5070 degrees, the river surface is generally less than 200 meters wide, the narrowest point is only 30 meters, the bedrock in the river is exposed, and the beach is a lot of dangers, with turtle beach, cage beach and golden pomegranate and other places the most dangerous.

Weimen-shiquan Section: This section is 51 kilometers long, the river is curved, the left bank is steep, the right bank is slow, the river surface is about 200 meters wide, the valley is more than 500 meters wide. The Qiliba-belt between Sanhuashi and Chacheng has an open valley with a width of 350 ~ 500 meters. Below Chacheng, it enters the canyon area formed by Xixiang Group of Upper Proterozoic and Cambrian Ordovician Donghe Group. There are many sharp shoal, but the degree of precipitosity is inferior to Golden Gorge. The valley is about 200 meters wide, the river surface is more than 100 meters wide, and the beach is 11 dangerous places.

Shiquan-ankang Section: This section is a cross section of canyons and basins, the peaks on both sides are 300 meters higher than the river, the valley is 200 ~ 500 meters wide, and the river is 200 ~ 300 meters wide. Moon River Ankang basin, the valley is spacious, become a developed agricultural area. The riverbed is composed of sand and pebbles, with 31 beach hazards.

Ankang Baihe Reach: This section is a lower Paleozoic metamorphic rock and limestone canyon, among which Xunyang Baihe canyon is relatively narrow. The mountain is 200 meters above the river, the valley is 200 ~ 500 meters wide, the river is about 250 ~ 350 meters wide, the river bed is composed of pebbles, and the beach is 24 places. ^[2]

Middle reach

From Danjiangkou to Lanpanshan River section, the Han River has a total length of 223 kilometers, with a water collection area of 45,120 square kilometers. The river course flows through hills and open valley basins with an average gradient of 0.19‰. The river bed is wide and shallow, and the water flow is scattered. After the Han River accepts the Nanhe River and the Tangbai River, the amount of water and sand increases greatly. The riverbed is washed and silted at times, and is controlled by the mountain potential nodes on both sides. The width of the low-water channel is about 300-400 meters, the flood period is 2-3 kilometers, and the widest can reach 5-6 kilometers. ^[4]

There are 143 large and small sandbanks and 38 sandy beaches in this section, with an average of one sandbank or sandy beach every 1.7 kilometers. These sandbanks and sandy beaches are constantly changing. For example, in 1944, there were 6 sandbanks in the area from Rao Jiaying near Sangudian to Wangjia Yuan, and by 1953, two sandbanks had been washed away, but new sandbanks appeared in this area. The riverbed above Xiangyang is composed of large rocks, coarse sand and fine sand, while the riverbed below Xiangyang is sandy. The river valley along both sides of the river except for some places (such as Xiangyang Old Long embankment), almost all no levees, therefore, often subject to flood disasters, the natural levees along the river gradually increased, and the plain part from the river, the lower the terrain, to the lowest edge, resulting in the inversion of the valley landform, local residents are also aware of this point, there is "higher than the river, lower than the mountain". ^[9]

Lower reach

Below Rangpan Mountain, the Han River enters the downstream alluvial plain, with a total length of 398 kilometers and a water collection area of 18,660 square kilometers. The average gradient of the reach is about 0.09‰, the water flow is slow, and the bending coefficient is 1.81. It is a meandering river in the plain. The riverbed is mostly sandy, with embankments on both sides. In Qianjiang Zekou Longtou Guai, there is the Han River diversion - Dongjing River, the flood season can be divided into the Han River flood, the maximum capacity of 5600 cubic meters/second, the main flow from the new city below, the development of the river curve, known as "Qu Mohan", and the bank distance and riverbed section, showing the characteristics of wide and narrow, so the river bed safety discharge, the closer to the estuary the smaller, such as flood, Suitable for poor drainage, easy to break into disaster. According to statistics: in the 146 years from 1822 to 1967, the main branch levees of the lower Han River broke in 73 years, of which in the 25 years from 1931 to 1955, there were 15 years of failure, and the failure opportunity has reached 3 in 5 years. ^[4]

This section of the river along the two sides of the elevation of 35 meters below the vast plain and numerous lakes, the plain into a ribbon, parallel to the river. 35 ~ 50 meters are river terraces, hills and hills. The terrain along the Hanjiang River, Dongjing River, Yangtze River and other big rivers is generally relatively high, and depressions are often formed between the rivers, which are the depressions lake belt where the accumulated water gathers. For example, on the left bank of the Han River, there is the Diaohu depression of the Tianmen River between the main stream and the northern hilly land, the Tongshunhe drainage Lake depression between the right bank of the Han River and the Dongjing River, and the Honghu depression of the Neijing River (Zhongxiang River) between the Yangtze River. These depressions are generally in the east-south direction. In the plain and terrace adjacent to the place of the terrain is also very low, often during the lake spread, become the valley side of the lake belt, such as Zhongxiang Da Jia Lake, Tianmen white Lake, Xiaogan Tong Jia Lake, wild pig lake. ^[9]

Han River upper reaches Shiquan County, Shaanxi Province^[13]

Upper Han River, Shiquan County, Shaanxi Fenghuang Gorge^[13]

Liuxi Gorge, Shiquan County, Shaanxi Province, upper reaches of Han River^[13]

Ankang County section of Hanjiang River, Shaanxi Province^[14]

The confluence of the ten-day River and the Han River in Xunyang, Shaanxi Province^[15]

Baihe County section of Han River, Shaanxi Province^[16]

Low water period of Yunxian section of Hanjiang River in Hubei province^[17]

Yunxian section of Hanjiang River, Hubei Province^[3]

Han Jianghu i North Xiangyang section^[18]

The confluence of the Yangtze River and the Han River at Longwangmiao, Hankou, Wuhan, Hubei Province

Hydrological characteristics

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EDITOR

Shaanxi section

1. The Hanjiang River basin area in Shaanxi province only accounts for 26.7% of the province, but the annual average runoff is 24.7 billion cubic meters, accounting for 56.6% of the province's annual average runoff (43.7 billion cubic meters), which is the most abundant river in Shaanxi. The regional distribution of runoff is not uniform. From the perspective of runoff depth, the general trend is that the south bank is more than the north bank, that is, the Daba Mountains are more, and the Qinling Mountains are less. The runoff modulus of the south bank of the Han River is 14 ~ 36 l/s · km2, while that of the north bank is only 9 ~ 16 L/s · km2. This is consistent with the distribution of precipitation. The largest precipitation center of the basin is in the upper reaches of the Xishenkan River and the Lengshui River, and the annual average precipitation can reach 1400 mm, thus forming a high runoff area, the runoff depth is greater than 1000 mm, and the runoff depth of Xishenba is 1124 mm. In addition, due to the influence of topography, the runoff in mountainous areas is higher than that in valley basins, such as Hanzhong and Ankang basins, and the average annual runoff depth is lower than 400 mm. The runoff in mountainous areas on both sides increases with the increase of altitude, but the gradient of runoff with the increase of altitude is different. The gradient of the south slope of the Qinling Mountains is small, the gradient of the north slope of the Daba Mountains is large, especially the gradient of the Lengshuihe River and the Xishenba River is the largest.

2. Runoff changes The Hanjiang River Basin is affected by the monsoon climate, and the precipitation and runoff have obvious inter-annual and intra-year changes.

The coefficient of variation of annual runoff reflects the characteristics of runoff variation over many years. The coefficient of variation of runoff of tributaries on the north bank of the Han River is larger, ranging from 0.38 to 0.46. The south bank tributaries are smaller, ranging from 0.25 to 0.34, that is, the change of runoff on the south slope of Qinling Mountain is greater than that on the north slope of Daba Mountain, and this change is in line with the change of precipitation. Generally, the interannual variation of runoff is relatively small in areas with high precipitation and abundant surface runoff. The precipitation and runoff of the Northern Slope of Daba Mountain are greater than that of the southern slope of the Qinling Mountains, so the annual variation of runoff is smaller than that of the southern slope of the Qinling Mountains. The Xishenba River and the Cold Water River are the areas with the most precipitation and the richest surface runoff. The coefficient of variation of annual runoff is less than 0.30, and the inter-annual variation of runoff is also the smallest.

The variation coefficient of annual runoff of the Han River also has a law of decreasing from the upper reaches to the lower reaches with the increase of water catchment area. For example, the variation coefficient of annual runoff of the main stream Wuhou Town is 0.41, that of Yangxian County is 0.37, that of Shiquan is 0.34, and that of Baihe River is reduced to 0.31. On the tributaries, the coefficient of variation also has this variation rule.

From the ratio of maximum annual runoff to minimum annual runoff, the ratio of tributaries on the north bank of the Han River is generally more than 4 times, of which the Yuehe River is the largest, up to 6.8 times. The ratio of the south bank tributaries is less than 4 times, and that of the Lanhe River and Yangjia River is less than 3 times, which also indicates that the inter-annual variation of runoff in the south slope of Qinling Mountain is greater than that in the north slope of Daba Mountain.

The annual distribution of runoff of the Han River is uneven. The runoff of the main stream in summer and autumn is similar, accounting for 37%-40%, 16.6%-17.5% in spring, and only 5%-6.7% in winter. The runoff of tributaries is usually the highest in autumn, accounting for 34%-40% of the annual runoff and up to 47%. Summer runoff is slightly lower than autumn, spring runoff accounts for about 20%, winter runoff is the smallest, accounting for only 5% ~ 7.7%, the largest monthly runoff generally appears in September, the monthly runoff accounts for about 20% of the annual runoff, the highest accounted for 26.4%, the minimum is also 16.9%, that is, the largest monthly runoff, equivalent to the total runoff of three months in spring. The runoff in July is generally lower than that in September but larger than that in August. Therefore, the runoff in flood season of the Han River has the characteristics of double peaks. The minimum monthly runoff generally occurs in February, and the minimum monthly runoff of each river is less than 2% of the annual runoff.

Compared with that of the Yellow River, the runoff process of the main tributaries of the Hanjiang River was not obvious in spring, but the runoff of the main stream stations in June was slightly lower than that in May, and the other stations did not have low water in June. However, the runoff of all tributaries was low in June, which was similar to the summer dry water of the Yellow River.

3. Flood The Hanjiang River basin belongs to the subtropical monsoon climate area, and the rainstorm flood is mainly related to monsoon activities. From May to June, under the influence of the southwest monsoon, floods can be formed. In July, the southwest monsoon prevails, and the Qinling mountains act, the upper reaches of Han River often form heavy rainstorm flood; In August, the southeast monsoon activity was the highest, which controlled the upper reaches of the Han River and could form a big flood. In September, the strong cold air from the north to the south can also form a major flood, such as the historical major flood, September 16, 1967, September 12, 1832, and September 14, 1974, observed a major flood.

According to historical documents and various investigations, the ancient city of Ankang has been flooded several times in the past 600 years, among which the most serious flood was in 1583, the eleventh year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty. The flood destroyed the old city and drowned more than 5,000 people, not counting all those who drowned at Huumen and those who did not have examinations, making it the flood with the highest death toll recorded in the history of Shaanxi Province. After the disaster, it was forced to build a new city under Zhaotai Mountain in the south of the city. In the 32nd year (1693) and 45th year (1706) of the Kangxi Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty, floods repeatedly forced them to move to the new city again, and it was not until the 13th year (1808) of Jiaqing that they moved back to the old city and rebuilt the city embankment to prevent floods. 10 years of the Republic of China (1921) flood, "sitting on the top of the city embankment can wash your feet". In 1949, the flood in Xiguan houses reached 1 meter deep. In 1965 and 1974, the old city's east and West Passes were flooded.

In August 1981, heavy rain fell on the Han River and Jialing River basin, especially in the middle and late August, and flash floods broke out, which caused rare and extraordinary floods in history, causing serious losses such as human and animal casualties, house collapse, traffic disruption, river banks and farmland destruction, etc. It was the biggest flood after the liberation of Shaanxi Province, referred to as "81/8" rainstorm flood.

According to the statistics of the meteorological department, from August 8 to September 13, 1981, Hanzhong precipitation for 35 days, Liuba, Ningqiang, Mianxian, Nanzheng and other places, precipitation is more than 700 mm, Hanzhong City is 674 mm, more than 621 mm precipitation in 1957. According to the calculation of Shaanxi Provincial Hydrological Station, the return period of the maximum 7-day rainfall of some rain measuring stations in the rainstorm center area, such as Yangpingguan, Xiaowuling, Changping, Miaoba, Guanyin Temple, Chadian, Miaitaizi, and Cold Water River, has reached or exceeded once in 1000 years, and it is common to encounter once in decades or hundreds of years. "81·8" rainstorm is characterized by large amount of rainfall, large intensity, long time and wide range, so the formation of "81·8" flood is characterized by many flood peak times, high peak volume and large flood volume, which is rare in history.

The flood peak discharge of "81.8" in each basin is generally second only to the historical maximum flood peak discharge. For example, Hanzhong is equivalent to a 50-year flood, and the peak flood flow is second only to the 12,800 cubic meters/second in 1949; Jushui Tea Shop is equivalent to a flood once in 83 years, with a peak flow of 3750 cubic meters/second, second only to the largest peak flow of 4140 cubic meters/second in 1852; Bao Hippo Road is equivalent to a 300-year flood, with a peak discharge of 5,810 cubic meters per second, much higher than the historical maximum peak discharge of 4,540 cubic meters per second in 1867. From July 15 to September 8 in Ankang, there were four consecutive flood peaks of about 15,000 cubic meters per second, but the maximum flood peak discharge was less than 22,000 cubic meters per second in 1949 (once in 15 years) and 23,400 cubic meters per second in 1974 (once in 25 years). In the past 80 years, there have been five floods equivalent to or greater than 1949, namely 1903, 1910, 1921, 1949 and 1974, with an average of about once every 16 years. According to historical records, in the 500 years from AD 1400 to 1900, a total of 31 floods of similar magnitude occurred, roughly once every 16 years or so. The total flood process of "81/8" (15 days) is more than double the maximum flood volume of 15 days in history, of which Wuhou Town is 2.1 times, Hanzhong is 2.9 times, and tea shop is up to 4.06 times, which shows that the "81/8" flood is a huge flood in history. ^[2]

Runoff characteristics of upper Hanjiang River
subzone	river	Survey station	Basin area Square kilometer	Years of peace Flow equalization Cubic meter / s	Annual runoff myrialin Square metre	runoff profundity millimeter	Runoff modulus Liters per second · flat Square kilometer	Difference system	Statistical years
han jiang dry flow	Han River	Wuhou Town	3384	42.86	13.51	405.5	12.7	0.407	1936 ~ 1976
	Han River	Ze County	14524	207.1	65.34	444.9	14.3	0.365	1953 ~ 1976
	Han River	Shiquan County	24629	342.6	108	440.9	13.9	0.338	1954 ~ 1976
	Han River	Bai He	59115	833	263	444.9	14.1	0.314	1935 ~ 1976
north The shore the flow	The Jushui River (in Hebei Province)	Tea shop	1690	16.22	5.116	302.9	9.6	0.401	1966 ~ 1976
	The Bao River	Hadong branch	3861	42.75	13.47	348.8	11.1	0.393	1954 ~ 1970
	The Xushui River	Seungseon	2248	35	10.98	492.3	15.5	0.397	1950 ~ 1976
	Youshui river	Youshui Street	913	13.77	4.342	475.7	15.1	0.382	1958 ~ 1976
	Ziwu River	Lianghekou	2818	38.5	12.14	434.2	13.7	0.419	1964 ~ 1976
	Moon River	Spear shop	2810	29.96	9.449	336	10.7	0.456	1960 ~ 1976
	Ngai	Xiangjiaping	6448	69.25	21.84	338.7	10.7	0.378	1956 ~ 1976
	Money River	Namkwanpyong	4003	37.23	11.74	303.7	9.3	0.415	1959 ~ 1976
south The shore the flow	Yudai River	Iron lock pass	435	8.66	2.73	628	19.9	0.309	1961 ~ 1976
	Yangjia River	Yuandun	447	11.84	3.733	834.1	26.5	0.311	1958 ~ 1976
	The Lianshui River	Happy God Dam	85.8	3.057	0.964	1124	35.6	0.29	1963 ~ 1976
	Cold water stream	Sanhua Stone	609	20.17	6.36	1053.9	33.1	0.28	1948 ~ 1976
	Nansha River	Nansha River	243	5.35	1.688	694.8	22	0.296	1964 ~ 1976
	Puma River	White Dragon Pond	2332	51.34	16.19	746.6	22	0.335	1959 ~ 1976
	Renhe	Wafangdian	6704	95.54	30.13	449.5	14.2	0.293	1957 ~ 1967
	LAN River	Zoronggou	1522	45.38	14.31	903.2	29.8	0.249	1959 ~ 1976
	Huangyang River	County estuary	711	12.32	3.886	503.6	17.3	0.298	1963 ~ 1976
	Dam river	Peach Garden	1363	19.8	6.245	463.2	14.5	0.314	1964 ~ 1976

^[2]

Hubei section

The average annual precipitation in the Hanjiang River basin is more than $60 mm, with a gradual increasing trend from the upper reaches to the lower reaches. The average annual precipitation in the upper and middle reaches of the region is 750-900 mm, which is a low-rain area in the province, and the downstream enters the Jianghan Plain with an average annual precipitation of more than 1100 mm. The variation of precipitation time is characterized by uneven distribution within the year and large inter-year variation. In July of the year, the most rainfall, and often large-scale heavy rain, the main rain area is located in the Duhe, Nanhe, Danjiang and Tangbai River, the rainfall intensity is large, regional concentration, is the main cause of the flood disaster in the middle and lower reaches of the region.

The changes of water level and discharge of the main stream of the Han River are basically corresponding to the changes of precipitation. The flood season is from May to October every year, and the dry season is from December to February next year. The period of the highest water level and maximum discharge in the whole year is gradually delayed from the lower reaches to the upper reaches. For example, the maximum monthly average flow of Xiantao station appeared in July, while the upstream Yunxian station was delayed to September. In the flood season, there is relatively little rain in June, so the water level and discharge of each measuring station are significantly lower than that of May.

In addition, the flow process of the Han River is extremely unstable due to the large precipitation variability. For example, the maximum monthly average discharge of Lanpanshan Station is 7.6 times of the minimum monthly average discharge. The average annual flow rate of the station is 1710 cubic meters per second, and the maximum measured flow rate is 29100 cubic meters per second, which is 17.7 times of the former. The measured minimum flow is only 172 cubic meters per second, which is 1/169 of the maximum flow on the real side. In addition, according to flood survey data, the maximum flood peak discharge of Rangpan Mountain in 1935 was 579,400 cubic meters per second, and that of Xiangyang Station in the middle reaches was 52,400 cubic meters per second, reflecting the serious flood threat of Han River.

The total amount of passenger water from the Han River into Hubei province from neighboring provinces upstream is 33.2 billion cubic meters on average for many years. Of which, 27.4 billion cubic meters came from Shaanxi Province; 5.8 billion cubic meters came from Henan Province. The average annual runoff of the whole basin is 57.7 billion cubic meters, the runoff depth is 350.3 mm, the maximum annual runoff in the solid side is 113.5 billion cubic meters (1964), the minimum annual runoff is 25 billion cubic meters (1966), and the ratio of the two is 4.5. The annual runoff of a three-year high water year is 72.6 billion cubic meters, and that of a four-year low water year is 41.1 billion cubic meters.

The annual runoff of the main stream of the Hanjiang River is different from that of other rivers. The annual runoff increases above Huangzhuang Station and decreases below Huangzhuang Station. For example, in the section from Huangzhuang to Xincheng, both the high water and the low water decreased significantly each year, while the section below Xincheng increased along the river in the high water year and decreased along the river in the low water year.

The upper and middle reaches of the Han River are one of the most serious areas of soil and water loss in the province. The sediment content of the river is high, and the sediment transport modulus is large. Before the Danjiangkou reservoir was built, the average sediment content of Huangzhuang Station on the Hanjiang River was 2.62 kg/m3, 4.3 times that of Hankou Station on the Yangtze River. The average annual sediment transport is 127 million tons. Since the Danjiang Reservoir was completed in 1968, the sediment content in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River has decreased rapidly. The modulus of sediment transport at Huangzhuang Station in the 1960s was 26.5% lower than that in the 1950s, and 72.5% lower in the 1970s than that in the 1960s, indicating that the reservoir has played a huge role in sediment retention.

The theoretical reserves of water energy in the Hanjiang River system reach 10.93 million kilowatts, and the exploitable capacity is 6.14 million kilowatts. Among them, the theoretical reserves of hydropower in Hubei tributaries are 3.893 million kilowatts, and the exploitable capacity is 2.4656 million kilowatts, accounting for about 40% of the exploitable capacity of the whole river. ^[4]

Main tributary

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The Han River in Shaanxi Province is the upper reaches of the Han River, so the mountain river is developed, and there are many tributaries. There are 68 rivers over 50 kilometers in length and 18 over 100 kilometers in length. The distribution of the water system is asymmetrical, with more and longer tributaries on the north bank than on the south bank, and the density of the river network is also larger than that on the south bank, with 1.69 km/km ² on the north bank and only 1.52 km/km ² on the south bank.

Water system map of Han River^[8]

The North shore tributaries originate from the southern slope of the Qinling Mountains, and the main tributaries are The Jushui River (in Hebei Province) , The Bao River , The Xushui River , Youshui river , Jinshui River , Ziwu River , Moon River , Ngai , Shu River and Money River Wait, the South Bank tributary originates Toba Mountains North Slope. Major tributaries are Yudai River , Yangjia River , Cold water stream , Nansha River , Puma River , Renhe , LAN River and Dam river . ^[2]

In Hubei Province, for the middle and lower reaches, the Han River system is arranged in a lattice, the tributaries on both sides are shorter, and the left bank is more developed than the right bank. ^[4]

Feature list of main branches and tributaries in the upper reaches of Han River
river	Kishibetsu		River length (km)	Mean gradient (%)	Basin area (km)	Multi-year average Flow rate (billion cubic meters)	Density of river network (km/km2)	bend coefficient
Yudai River	-	south	99.3	2.91	810	3.6	1.809	1.48
The Jushui River (in Hebei Province)	north	-	130	7.21	1576	8.33	1.02	2
Yangjia River	-	south	72.2	5.58	576	2.56	1.39	1.7
The Bao River	north	-	198	5.17	3940	15.8	1.03	1.42
The Lianshui River	-	south	72.2	37.5	695	3.08	1.5	1.16
The Xushui River	north	-	165.5	5.59	2307	12.55	1.7	1.68
Youshui river	north	-	114	7.63	972	4.31	1.98	1.48
Ziwu River	north	-	160.7	5.44	3012	14.15	-	1.71
Puma River	-	south	127.6	2.94	2782	4.3	1.7	1.49
Pond River	north	-	113.9	7.22	1033	4.12	-	-
Renhe	-	south	211.4	8.6	4871.07	31.79	-	-
LAN River	-	south	153	6.03	2126	10.8	-	-
Moon River	north	-	95.2	2.79	2827	12.7	-	-
Huangyang River	-	south	126	3.93	964	5.76	-	-
Dam river	-	south	128.2	3.88	1296	5.82	-	-
Ngai	north	-	218.1	2.9	6308	23.06	-	-
Money River	north	-	245.7	3.14	5650	27.52	-	-
Danjiang River	north	-	249.9	4.75	7519	18.9	-	-

^[2]

List of main tributaries of Han River in Hubei Province
Tributary name	Kishibetsu	headwater	estuary	Catchment area (square kilometers)	Length of river (km)	Average gradient ‰
Money River (Jiahe)	On the left	Luonan Mountain in Shaanxi Province	Jiahe Estuary	5670	210	22.1
The Milky Way	On the left	Tianqiao Cave, Shaanxi Province	Tianhekou	1614	68.7	61.8
Danjiang River	On the left	Zhaojiawan, Shaanxi Province	Danjiangkou	17190	310	-
Tangbai River	On the left	Laojun Mountain in Henan Province	Xiangyang Zhangwan	25800	310	-
Hanbei River	On the left	Jingsan Guanqiao	Wuhan Xingou	8691	242	1.1
Blocking a river	right	Daba Mountain in Shaanxi Province	Yunxian County blocked estuary	12431	338	21
Nam Ha	right	Shennongjia	Tanagi	6497	303	12.7
Bac Ha	right	Fangxian south into the ditch	Gucheng Song Jiazhou	1212	103	33.3
The Manhe River	right	Baokang Poly Longshan	Yicheng small estuary	3244	188	9.4

^[4]

The larger tributaries are The Bao River , Renhe , LAN River , Ngai , Jiahe River , Blocking a river , Danjiang River , South River and Tangbai River Let's wait. ^[1]

Tangbai River, Han River left (north) bank important tributary. In all the tributaries of the Han River, except the length of the river, the basin area, the annual discharge and the annual runoff are the first. With Gongzui Village, Shuanggou Town, Xiangzhou District as the boundary, because the tributary Tang River enters here, the river is divided into upper and lower two sections. The names of the two sections are different, the upper section is used to call the Bai River, and the lower section is used to call the Tang Bai River. Viewed from outside the region, the two sections should be accurately called the Tangbai River. The upper section of Baihe ancient called 淯 water, Tang Baihe positive source. It originates from Gongli Mountain, Song County, Henan Province, turns from the northwest to the southeast, passes through Song County, Nanzhao, Nanyang (now Wancheng District), Xinye and other counties (districts) in Henan Province, to Zhai Wan Village, Zhuji Town, Xiangzhou District, into Xiangyang City, to Lianghekou 328 kilometers long, of which the city length is 26 kilometers; The lower section of the Tangbai River flows from Lianghekou to the southwest, on the way to Tangjiadian Dongjin Town into the Rolling River, to Zhangwan Town Huangshanao into the Han River, a flow of 22.6 kilometers. The upper and lower sections of the city are 48.6 kilometers long, and the drainage area (tributaries including Tang River and Roll River) is 4,208 square kilometers. The Tang Bai River system has a fan-shaped distribution. Before the confluence of the Bai River and the Tang River, their respective flow is long, but after the confluence, the left bank of the last section is injected by the rolling river, and the discharge flood is easy to encounter with the main stream flood of the Han River, so the flood in the lower section has a high frequency of disaster. The largest flood occurred on August 9, 1975, with the highest water level at the upper section of Xinshopshop Station 85.29 meters and the corresponding peak flood flow of 4630 cubic meters per second. The highest water level investigated at Dongpo in the lower section is 75.17 meters, and the corresponding peak flow is 13,400 cubic meters per second. According to the observation of Xinshopshop station, the lowest water level in the upper section occurred on June 25, 1977, and was 76.51 meters. The minimum flow occurred on October 16, 1978, at 0.16 cubic meters per second. There are 47 small (1) reservoirs and 11 small (2) reservoirs in the upper part of the territory, and there are 2 pumping stations with 5 installed machines of 1030 kilowatts, and the designed water lifting capacity is 4.9 cubic meters per second. ^[26]

Danjiang River Commonly known as Dan River, also known as Junshui, also known as Danyuan, originated from the southwest side of the watershed between Lantian County and Shang County, Shaanxi Province, and the Ba River, a tributary of the Weishui River, is the same origin and backflow. In the southeast, it passes through four counties of Shangxian, Danfeng, Shanyang and Shangnan in Shaanxi Province, and two counties of Xichuan and Neixiang in Henan Province, and flows into the Hanjiang River in Danjiangkou City, Hubei Province. With a total length of 390 kilometers, the main stream is the longest tributary of the Han River, with a drainage area of 17,300 square kilometers, accounting for 10% of the total area of the Han River basin. The annual average flow rate is 174 cubic meters per second, and the natural drop is 1401 meters. Water system development, numerous tributaries. The main tributaries are Wuguan River, Qi River, Xi River, Tao River and so on. The most prominent feature of the Danjiang Basin is that the valleys along the river are alternating with flat land. From Danjiangkou to Qinling, there are Jiangkou Canyon, Liguanqiao Basin, Guanfangtan Canyon, Xichuan Jingziguan Basin, Xianghejie Canyon, Zhulin Guanpuyu River Wide Valley, Liuling Canyon, Danfeng-Shangxian Basin, and finally Qinling Valley. This landscape is very favorable for the construction of reservoirs, the canyon banks are high and steep, can be built high dam, and the basin wide valley can hold a large amount of flood water. The famous Danjiangkou water conservancy project is built at the confluence of the Han River and the Danjiang River.

Blocking a river Also known as Wuling water, also known as Yong water, Douhe, for the third largest tributary of the Han River, there are two sources: the south source from the northeast foot of Hubei Shenlongjia, the north stream called Guandu River, to the west of Zhushan County estuary confluence; From the southwest foot of Daba Mountain between Shaanxi and Sichuan Province in the west, the south flow is called Pingxi River, Zhenping County is called Nanjiang, into Zhuxi County in Hubei Province is called Huiwan River, and after the convergence of the south source is called Tuhe. The main stream passes through Zhushan, Fangxian, Shiyan City, to Yunxian Xiliu Town into the Hanshui River. The west source is the main stream, with a total length of about 342 kilometers and a drainage area of 12,431 square kilometers. The average gradient is 1.93‰ and the natural drop is 1586 meters. The annual average sediment transport of Huanglongtan Hydrology Station is 8.34 million tons, and the annual average sediment transport modulus is 695 tons/square kilometers, which is one of the high sediment value areas in Hubei Province, and soil erosion is serious. The river is curved, and the bending coefficient of the main stream is 1.87, which is a mountain curved river type. The main tributaries are Tankou River, bitter peach River, North Star River, Guandu River, Spring River, Zhuxi River and so on.

The Bao River In ancient times, it was called Wulong River, also known as Taibai River and Baoshui. There are two sources: the east source comes from the Qinling Mountains in the southwest of the watershed between Taibai County and Baoji County, Shaanxi Province, and the southwest flow is called Hongyan River; The north source originates from the mountains near Qinling Gully in the east of Fengxian County, Shaanxi Province, and meets the east source of Jiangxiying in Liuba County, and enters the Hanshui River in Hanzhong City. It has a total length of 198 kilometers and a watershed area of 3940 square kilometers. Whether in length, basin area, or water volume, it is more than the Ju River, so some people advocate that the Bao River is the main source of the Han River. The river basin is mountainous and the river flow is relatively straight. The main tributaries are Sand River, Wuguan River, Taibai River, Yangjia River and so on. ^[9]

Zeng He (now called Guanshan River), originated from Fangxian County The Maozi Ditch in the horseshoe Mountains flows into the Yuanjia River in the Guanshan District from the Jiama Cave, and joins the West River through the Lianghekou River, and flows out of the Waichaoshan Mountain to the dry river in the north, and flows into the Zi River and the Jianhe River through the Haokou of Liliping. To the east, there are Dazhi River, Xiaozhi River inflow; North flow 15 kilometers into the Huangsha River, through the Zenghekou into the Hanshui River, a total length of 163 kilometers, watershed area of 880 square kilometers, has always been Guanshan, Liuping, Caodian, Xiaochuan and other places irrigation source. After Danjiangkou Reservoir is filled, it is already an integral part of the reservoir, with a flow length of only 69.2 kilometers.

Lang Ha Originated in Danjiangkou City Yanchi River Town and Fangxian County The watershed, one source from the Baigguoshu east, one source from the Pangma Ling east, divided into two streams, the north into Fangxian, the south flow for Wujia River, Yanchi River, Changtan River, out of the mouth into the Xiaohe; By Langhe shop west, Xiaojie Mountain, Tao Xian Guan and Yinjia River confluence; In the north, it flows through Huayuan Orchard to Langhekou and into the Hanshui River, with a total length of 152 kilometers and a watershed area of 700 square kilometers. After Danjiangkou reservoir is impounded, it flows south to Daijiawan in Langhe Town and into Danjiangkou Reservoir, with a total length of 62.45 km. ^[10]

Nam Ha South from Shennongjia Yangri Bay powder Qing River, north from Wudang Mountain Malan River, flows through Baokang County Zhuzang hole congregate South River, from DongZhuangyu into the county border of Gucheng. Through the county to the mouth of the grid into the Hanshui. In Hujiadu, 23 kilometers away from Gucheng County, Xiangfan's largest hydropower station in the 1980s was built in 1980. ^[11]

Renhe It is a tributary of the upper reaches of the Han River, originating from Dayan Mountain (ancient name Wandou Mountain) at the junction of Chengkou and Wuxi 2 counties in Sichuan Province and Zhenping County in Shaanxi Province, flowing northwestward through Chengkou and Wanyuan 2 counties, crossing Daba Mountain, entering the county in Qingjing and Malu 2 townships, turning to the northeast and joining the Han River in the south of the county. It is 211.4 km long, commonly known as 700 Li. The average width of the basin is 20-25 square kilometers, with a total area of 4,871 square kilometers. It is 56.9 km long in the county. The river bed is narrow and the width of the river is 100-150 meters. The normal water level is 50 ~ 80 meters wide. Ren River and its main tributaries Zhu River, Maliuba River, Quan River along the coast, is the county tea, ramie, raw paint concentrated production. Along the coast, there are Ma Liu Ba, Maoba Pass, high beach, High bridge, Wafangdian, Red Chun Ba and other natural towns.

LAN River A tributary of the Han River in the Yangtze Valley. Known as LAN Valley in ancient times. According to the "Qing Dynasty unified Annals" : "LAN River on both sides of the mountain more Lanqi, so the name of LAN River." The Lanhe River originates from the northern foot of Majiya Estuary, Baxian Township, Pingli County, Shaanxi Province. It is formed by the Longdong River, Nanxi River, Zhengyang River, Ranghe River, Longmen River, Jiaohe River and Baihao River and other tributaries, and flows into the Han River through Langgao County to Ankang City. It has a total length of 153 kilometers, a watershed area of 2130 square kilometers, and a riverbed gradient of 6.03‰. The annual average discharge of the LAN River is 3.314 m3 / s, and the maximum flood volume is 2220 m3 / s (August 24, 1963). The hydraulic capacity is 88,340 kilowatts.

Ruhe River It originates from the north slope of Daba Mountain, flows through six townships such as Liuhe, Qiao Town, Jiefang, Miao River, Shiba and Qianhe, and flows into the Han River in the west of Donghe Natural Town. The upper section is named Liudao River, and the middle section is named Xujia River. The total length of the main stream is 51.9 kilometers, and the total area of the basin is 262.75 square kilometers, all of which are in the county. The slope of the river bed is 30.3‰, and the average width is 50 meters. Upstream is located in a large area of natural forest, water is rich.

Cave river Located on the east side of the Ruhe River, it flows through Jieling, Bantao, Runshui, Mullian and eight townships of Langao County, such as Taishan, Qbu, Yanmen and Changchun, and flows into the Han River in Donghe Natural Town. The main stream is 69.1 kilometers long, the county is 61.9 kilometers long, and the total area of the basin is 532 square kilometers. There are three natural towns along the coast: Zebra Pass, Migration Bay and Dong River.

The Limbon River, which originates from the southern slope of the Phoenix Mountain, collects water from six townships of Angye, Shuangan, Wulim, Seoul, and Niuji and Chaotian in Seoul Township, and flows into the Han River at the mouth of Sanyuan Valley in Gimcheon Township. The upper tributaries are Niuxi River, Liaojia River, Nao River, Anjia River, etc., and the lower reaches are named Shaping River. The main stream has a total length of 35.3 km. The coastal terrain is open and gentle, and it is the concentrated producing area of rice and cocoon in this county.

Haoping River, originated from the north slope of Fenghuang Mountain Fortress Liang drip cliff, through the county of Haoyan, Fuqing and Ankang County righteousness and other three townships (towns), in Dazhuyuan into the Han River. The main stream is 37.9 km long. The territory is 11.4 kilometers long, and the total basin area is 100.8 kilometers.

Mianyang River, also known as Megi River, originates from the north slope of Micang Mountain, bifurcated in Wangjiagou, Sanguantang Township and Jianshan Gully, Yunfeng Township, the west section is called East Qiyuan River, the east section is called Wulang River. The main stream is 19.95 kilometers long and flows into the Han River in the Chonshuya Dialect. It covers an area of 64 square kilometers.

Mianyu River is a river formed by a fault. It originates from Mingyazi of Beidou Township, flows through Beidou and Wulin Township, and flows into Han River from east to west. The main stream is 18.86 kilometers long and the drainage area is 51 square kilometers.

除以上主要河流外，干流长度10公里以下、流域面积20平方公里以下的支流有松河、磨房沟（亦名魔王沟）、西门河、紫阳沟、长滩沟、大米溪、小米溪等6条。 ^[12]

North River, Han River right (south) bank tributary. The northern and southern dynasties called the flood, the Qing Dynasty called the ancient Yanghe, after being located in the north of Gucheng county, which is relative to the South South River located in the county, also known as the North River. Source from the southern foot of the Wudang Mountain Fangxian Shahe town south into the ditch, the east flow to the Gucheng County Zijin Town Yanjiazhou village entry, before 1974 for the South River tributary, 1974 in Anjiagang dam blocked the estuary, the new Kai River channel length of 997 meters, shorten the flow 7.5 kilometers, to the Gucheng County Chengguan Town Anjiagang village directly into the Huihan River. It has a river length of 59.6 kilometers and a drainage area of 894.71 square kilometers. The highest water level occurred on August 9, 1975, when the local overflow depth of the dam top of the medium-sized Tankou Reservoir, which was built to intercept the main stream, was 15 cm, and the peak discharge of 4870 cubic meters per second was investigated at Shihua Town Street downstream of the reservoir. The annual flow rate is 30 cubic meters per second. There are 2 medium-sized reservoirs, 6 small (1) reservoirs and 19 small (2) reservoirs in the basin. ^[26]

Nam Ha Han River right (south) important tributary. The Qin dynasty was called Pengshui before and Zhushui later. Because of its water confluence canyon, the shape is like the ancient percussion string musical instrument "construction", and the water lines drawn by the reef are just like "construction string", so it is named; Han Dynasty also known as powder water, according to the "South Yongzhou record" : the Western Han Prime Minister "Lady Xiao He stained powder (this river), fresh clean is different from the water, because of the name", also called powder green river, powder Qing River, powder stained river; After flowing through the county of Gucheng south, commonly known as the South River. Originating from Da Shennongjia Mountain in Shennongjia Forest area, with an altitude of 2933 meters, it flows from southwest to northeast, to Bijia Village, Maqiao Town, Baokang County, and then through Fangxian County, and then enters Dabangcun Village, Siping Town, Baokang County, and has Qingxi River injected into Kaifeng Valley, flows into Agaiguan Village, Zijin Town, Gucheng County, and enters Han River into Gerizui Village, Chengguan Town, Gucheng County. The total length of the city is 141.5 kilometers (67.5 kilometers of Baokang border, 74 kilometers of Gucheng border), and the watershed area is 2,568 square kilometers. The highest flood level occurred on August 9, 1975, with the water level at Kaifengyu Station (Baokang territory) at 211.79 meters, and the corresponding peak flood flow of 8,280 cubic meters per second. The water level of Gucheng Station (inside Gucheng) is 89.72 meters, and the corresponding flood peak discharge is 12,800 cubic meters per second. According to the observation of Gucheng Station, the minimum flow of 7 cubic meters per second occurred on February 1, 1958; The average annual flow is 80 cubic meters per second. Nine cascaded hydropower hubs (stations) have been built in the main stream of the two counties, including 5 in Baokang and 4 in Gucheng. ^[26]

Qinghe County Hanjiang River left (north) bank tributary. It is named after the clear water of the river, also known as Xiaoqing River. Originating from Zoulou Village, Jiuzhong Township, Xichuan County, Henan Province (before 1972, Dengzhou City), it flows southeast to Dengzhou Luqiao into Laohekou City, flows west to Black Dragon Set into Xiangzhou District, flows east to Shiqiao Town, called Dongpai River, flows south to Shiqiao Town, called the West Pai River after the injection of the river, flows south to Huangmao Mountain, called the Qing River, flows southeast to Fancheng District Hongjiagou has Daligou injection, It flows south to the mouth of the Qinghe River in Fancheng District and then joins the Han River. The length of the city is 74.5 kilometers, and the drainage area is 1376 square kilometers. The largest flood occurred in early July 1935, with a peak flow of 2840 cubic meters per second at Huangmao Mountain. The largest measured flood occurred on July 27, 1964, when the peak flood flow of HuangMaoshan Station was 1580 cubic meters per second. In the dry season, the minimum flow is 0.01 cubic meters per second. There are 2 large (2) reservoirs, 6 medium reservoirs, 19 small (1) reservoirs and 45 small (2) reservoirs in the basin. ^[26]

Xiangshui River Han River right (south) bank tributary. "The book of Han · Geography" said, "Xiangyang is located in Xiangshui Yang, hence the name"; "Water classics Note" Mianshui chapter cloud: "Ying Shao said, the city in Xiangshui Yang, so say Xiangyang, is the water immediately Xiangshui also." In the north and South dynasties, Zhang Shao began to build Xiangyang water and soil dike, that is, Xiangyang City protection dike (also known as saving dike, Zhanggong Dike), and the land on the side of the canal was gradually reclaimed into fields; By the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the troops had settled along the canal. This water is also called Xiangqu. It is now the main ditch for flood drainage and sewage discharge in Xiangcheng District. The channel originates from Fenghuang Village, Yinji Township, Xiangcheng District, the southern foot of the Bian Mountain, the source of the famous spring water hole, the diameter of the spring mouth more than 10 centimeters, the water gushing all the year round, the north flow turns southeast and downward, to the Xianshou Mountain around to the south, to the Pangong street office Guanyinge Village Guanyinge Temple under the Huihan River. It has a total length of 14 kilometers and a drainage area of 31 square kilometers. The basin is high in the southwest and low in the northeast, and it floods in summer and autumn every year. The biggest flood in the past 50 years occurred on August 4, 2004, when the canal embankment overflowed or collapsed in many places, causing direct economic losses of 140 million yuan in Xiangcheng District. After the disaster, the development and management of the canal were further strengthened and improved. ^[26]

Atsukawa Hanjiang River left (east) bank tributary. Ancient known as 瀴 water, pure river. Source from Zaoyang City Qingfengling Daguding mountain, Xiong town Gengji community Yujiawan, south water flow to Gengji west to Luogang reservoir into Xiangzhou district border, to Dongjin town Sanhe village Chun River along the turn to the south, to Wangjiazui into the Han River. It has a total length of 67.4 kilometers and a drainage area of 626 square kilometers. The largest flood occurred in early July 1935, with a peak discharge of 1519 cubic meters per second at Qinsui. The minimum flow rate is 0.1 cubic meters per second during the annual low water season. There are 2 medium-sized reservoirs, 7 small (1) reservoirs and 35 small (2) reservoirs in the basin. ^[26]

The Manhe River Han River right (south) important river. It was called Yan Shui in ancient times, and also renamed Yishui and Manshui. Qing Tongzhi edition "Yicheng County annals" said: "wild water, into the county to the west of the city forty miles, the name of Shen Jiazui. The first name Yan Shui, Yicheng in the ancient name Yan, take this water also. After the water out of the army Yi land, renamed Yi water." "Notes on Water Classics" cloud: "wild water, Yi water also. Jinnan County Duke Huan Wen father name Yi (Tongyi), because of taboo his name, changed the name of Manshui." Also known as brute river, weir river. From Baokang County Longping town Mahuya, from the west to the east, turn to the south, flows through Baokang, Nanzhang, Yicheng and other 3 counties (cities), to Yicheng city Zhengji town Wanggang village island exit into Zhongxiang City, and then to Zhuandou Town Wangjiaying small estuary into the Huihan River. It has a river length of 184 kilometers and a drainage area of 3276 square kilometers. The largest flood occurred on July 7, 1935, when the highest water level in Wuan Town was 74.60 meters, and the corresponding peak flood flow was 4460 cubic meters per second. The minimum discharge occurred on April 30, 1953, when the river was closed. There are 3 large (2) reservoirs, 3 medium reservoirs, 20 small (1) reservoirs and 82 small (2) reservoirs in the basin. The famous "Hundred-mile Long Canal" is an irrigation project, the earliest irrigation canal in the country, perennial irrigation Nanzhang, Yicheng two counties (cities) farmland area of 303,000 mu. ^[26]

Yeongha Ancient name Ru water, also known as Yin water. The upper reaches are named Nanquan River and Ruquan. There are three and five schools in Heyuan, three schools in the north, two schools in the east and two schools in the south, and three schools in the north, the longest Elephant Nose Stream, which is the positive source. Originating from Qingfengling Liangjiashan, Xiong Town, Zaoyang City, north water flows south, to Bao Jia Bay into Yicheng city, to the west turn south flow, to Liu Town Yakou into the Hui Han River. It has a total length of 54 kilometers and a drainage area of 492 square kilometers. The greatest flood occurred in early July 1935, when both sides of the river were inundated. There are 1 large (2) reservoir, 1 medium one and 10 small (2) reservoirs in the basin. ^[26]

Basin profile

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Geomorphic feature

According to the strata of the Hanjiang River basin, we can know that since the passage Triassic period After the late orogeny, the basin was no longer invaded. when Jurassic Period At this time, the low-lying areas of the basin became inland lakes, with sandstone and shale deposits. The orogeny at the end of the Jurassic period was very intense in this basin and completed the broad outline of the geomorphology of this basin. Only the Hanzhong Basin was slightly deposited during the Baijiu period, and the rest of the basin may be erosive areas. The orogeny at the end of the White Evil period caused the surface of the basin to rise, fold and fault, resulting in many basins and grabens, such as Yunxian basin Junxian Basin, Danfeng-Shangxian Graben, Xixia Graben and so on. In these basins and grabens, Tertiary red rock series are deposited. Occurring between the end of the Tertiary period and the beginning of the Quaternary period Himalayan movement Make the whole ground of the basin uplift, Qinling mountains, Ba Mountain , Jingshan Mountain , Dahong Mountain , Dabie Mountains All of them were elevated to high mountains again because of this movement. After this movement, the landform of the basin was basically formed.

The Han River basin is mostly mountainous, with an area of about 123,000 square kilometers, accounting for 70% of the total basin area (174,000), hilly land area of about 22,000 square kilometers, accounting for 13%, plain area of about 27,000 square kilometers, accounting for 16%, and lake area of about 2,000 square kilometers, accounting for 1%. The mountains are distributed above Laohekou, and the main plains are distributed below Zhongxiang, with hilly areas in between. Of course, there are also local flat DAMS and hilly landforms in the upper mountain area, and individual hills on the lower plain, but they are obviously insignificant in the overall landform.

More than 70% of the area of the basin is below 1000 meters above sea level, and only 4% is above 2000 meters. From the difference in absolute elevation of the whole basin, the upper and lower reaches are very different, the highest peak of the Qinling Mountains Mount Taibai The altitude of more than 4100 meters, the average height of the average mountain about 2500 meters; The highest peak of Bashan Mountain is 2,500 meters above sea level, and the average height of the average peak is about 1,500 meters. But the lower plains are below 35 meters above sea level. According to their trend, the mountain systems in this basin can be roughly divided into two groups: the first group is the east-west trend mountains, such as Qinling Mountains and Daba Mountains; The first group is the northwest - southeast trend of the mountains, such as the Dahong Mountains and Jingshan Mountains. Both sets of parallel mountains are influenced by geological structure, and their direction is basically the direction of the stratum. These two groups of mountains are mainly fold mountains, the bank layer compresses very tightly, and there are large Angle reversal faults, especially the Qinling Mountains and Bashan Mountains. Their common feature is "mountain big valley small", the whole mountain only red rock series distribution basin and graben is relatively wide, the rest of the valley is very narrow, especially the flat land is rare.

The plain area of the basin is very small, only four large plains, namely Hanzhong plain, Xiangyang-Yicheng plain, Tangbaihe plain, the lower plain. Among the four plains, Hanzhong Plain, Xiangyang-Yicheng plain and the lower plain are all flood plains with flat terrain. Only Tangbaihe Plain is mostly ancient alluvial plain, commonly known as hilly land, which has been slightly divided and covers a small area under the principle of flood flat.

There are more than 200 large lakes in this basin, most of which are stagnant in depressions, and the lake area varies greatly between dry and wet years. Lakes of all kinds, whatever their origin, are gradually breaking up and disappearing. ^[9]

Climatic characteristics

The Han River basin is located at 30°8 '~ 34°11' north latitude and 106°12 '~ 114°14' east longitude, far from the sea. There are Qinling Mountains in the north of the district, Outer mountains It is bounded by the Yellow River Basin to the northeast Funiu Mountain , Tongbai Mountain with Huaihe River The river basin is adjacent to the southwest Daba Mountain with Jialing River The river basin is adjacent to the southeast Jianghan plain . The whole terrain is high in the northwest and low in the southeast, forming a horn shape that is open to the southeast, so that the southeast monsoon can be driven straight into the basin, coupled with the Qinling Mountains in the north, the general elevation between 2500 and 3000 meters, it not only has the effect of lifting the air flow, but also blocks the invasion of cold air in the north, so here has become the border zone between the north and the south climate, the climate in the basin is relatively mild.

The wind direction in this basin is affected by winter and summer winds, with northeast and northwest winds in winter and southeast and southwest winds in summer. Spring and autumn are transitional periods, and the wind direction changes more, but it is still mostly in the north direction. In terms of geography, roughly since Bai He In the following Han River Valley, there are more southeast and south winds in spring and summer, and more north and northwest winds in winter. Although the north wind is still the main wind above the White River in summer, the south wind or southeast wind does not play an important role. Wind generally speaking, the cold tide of the downstream plain drives straight into, the wind is very large, the maximum wind force of 10; The upstream mountains are full of obstacles, and the wind is weak, the maximum wind is around level 7, but on the canyon road, the wind is also large, which can exceed level 9.

There is little difference in temperature between the upper and lower reaches of the basin. Winter is warm, the frost period is long, and the freezing phenomenon is not serious. In ordinary years, there is no ice in the main stream of the Han River, only thin ice along the river Bay, and quite thick ice in extremely cold years. In January 1955, the main stream of the Han River near Hankou was frozen. The tributaries of the Han River generally have large gradient, rapid water flow, and no ice phenomenon. Only the rivers in the Tangbaihe Plain are more prominent in freezing. The Baihe River is near Nanyang and the Tanghe River is near Tangxian County. The phenomenon of ice in the upper reaches of the mountain is more common than that in the middle and lower reaches, and the mountain with an altitude of about 2500 meters also has ice phenomenon in May. Summer is hot, the average temperature of each month is higher than 22°, the lower the downstream, the higher the temperature, but the difference is only 2 ~ 3°, it can be seen that the basin is generally hot in summer.

Precipitation in this basin is mainly rainfall, with little snowfall and hail, except for the Qinling Mountains Daba Mountain Outside the high mountains, there is rarely more than half a month of snow. The annual average rainfall is about 700 ~ 1100 mm, and the annual distribution is very uneven. The average annual rainfall increases from northwest to southeast. Yunxian County Above, the annual rainfall of the basin valley is between 700 ~ 800 mm, the Daba Mountain and Wudang Mountain is about 1000 ~ 1200 mm, the alpine area is about 1000 mm, 800 ~ 900 mm in the middle reaches, but the Tangbai River basin is only 600 ~ 700 mm, and the downstream is from 1000 ~ 1300 mm. The distribution of rainfall in each season is quite uneven, mainly concentrated in summer. The main reason for the large-scale rainfall in summer is the southward arrival of cold air from the north.

Flood and drought disasters are serious in the Hanjiang River basin. As far as floods are concerned, the causes are both natural and man-made. Heavy rain is the basic cause of flood, and the floods are all formed by heavy rain, and the upper and middle reaches of the region are often in the same rainstorm area. When a heavy rain occurs in the whole region, the movement direction of the heavy rain is often consistent with the flow direction of the main stream. Coupled with the steep terrain and the inlet of important tributaries is not far away, the flood gathers rapidly and gradually increases along the way, forming a flood with concentrated flood volume and extremely large flood peak. Since the Northern Song Dynasty, the wasteland in the lower reaches has been reclaimed in large quantities, so that the lake in the basin has been reclaimed, which hinders the storage capacity. After Ming and Qing dynasties, the large-scale reclamation of mountainous areas caused serious damage to vegetation. Moreover, since the Ming Dynasty in the following large-scale construction of levees, the annual repair, resulting in the river channel increasingly narrow, catharsis difficult, which is the flood of heavy human factors.

In terms of areas, the drought is the most serious in hilly and hilly areas, among which, the drought in the middle and upper reaches of the Han River is much more serious than the flood, the so-called "flood one line, drought a large area". The hilly land in the upper and middle reaches of the region is also a developed agricultural area, but due to the uneven distribution of rainfall, "May and June are often afraid of drought, August and September are often afraid of rain", resulting in large or small water droughts. ^[9]

Governance and development

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Water conservancy before 1949

Historically, the Hanjiang River basin (especially Hanzhong) used to be an important military town. This important military location promoted the development of agricultural production and water conservancy in the Hanjiang River basin, among which the important water conservancy projects include the Shanhe Weir on the Baohe River, the Gaoweir on the Xushui River, Yangzhen Weir and Wumen Weir.

Mountain and river weir Shanhe Weir is a famous water conservancy project built on the Baohe River in the Han Dynasty. " History of Song Dynasty · Records of canals "Records:" Mountains and rivers weir irrigation is very wide, Hanxiao He did ", so it is also known as Xiao He Weir.

Gaoweir: Gaoweir, the first weir of the Xushui River, is in the north of Shengxian Village, entering the Wuli Mountains, and was repaired by the Han Dynasty.

Yangzhen Weir: Yangzhen Weir was built in the early Western Han Dynasty, 15 li to the northeast of Chenggu and 40 to 50 li in Yang County. The shushui River is herded as a weir, which blocks the Xushui River and irrigates more than 24000 mu in Chenggu and Yang County. It was built by Xiao He in the Han Dynasty.

Wumen weir Wumen Weir was built during the reign of Wang Mang in the Western Han Dynasty (6-8 years). Yuan Dynasty to build a stone canal, backwater channel left five holes stone door backwater, so the name of five men weir. It can irrigate forty thousand mu of land, which has a great effect on agricultural production, and the local people call it "the source of life".

According to statistics, the total number of rivers and weirs in southern Shaanxi is 145, with an irrigated area of 378,110 mu. In addition to the above weirs, there are 28 weirs recorded in the construction period. In addition, mountain streams, river banks everywhere guide, or tens of acres, or hundreds of acres, there is water conservancy and no complete project formal organizers, almost everywhere, too numerous to enumerate, not included, but its area is large, in fact, several times the field of canals and weirs.

Another famous project of the Han River system is Baozi incline . Baoxie Road is a channel connecting the Baohe River, a tributary of the Han River, and the Yanshui River (today's Stone River), a tributary of the Wei River, both of which originate in the Qinling Mountains, more than 50 kilometers apart. It is a shortcut from Bashu and Hanzhong to the Guanzhong Plain. In order to transport the products downstream of the Han River to the mouth of the Baogu River in Nanzheng (today's Hanzhong), and then to the Weihe River under the Inclined water through the Baoshui River and the Baoshan Slope Road, and arrived at Chang 'an (the capital), Liu Chee adopted the policy of "Today through the Baoshan Slope Road and Shaoban, nearly 400 li." And Baoshui Mian, oblique water Tongwei, can all travel Cao. Cao from Nanyang on the Mianyang into Bao, Bao water to oblique between more than a hundred miles, east turn, from the oblique Wei, so Han millet can be caused. Shandong from the infinite, convenient pillar of the Cao "suggestion. In the Western Han Dynasty Yuan Yi two years to six years (121-117 BC) sent Zhang Tang and his son led tens of thousands of troops and civilians to build. The project includes the regulation of the waterway of Baoshui and sloping water rivers and the excavation of the land lane of Baoshui Sloping Road. The channel project was difficult and the limitations of construction technology at that time, after the completion of the water rushing and many rocks, can not sail, but the land finally opened. Although this route was not communicated, the ancient people's spirit of river control is worthy of admiration and emulation by future generations.

The Han Dynasty also built sloping ponds (mountain ponds) in the valley area to trap surface runoff and irrigate terraced highlands, such as Wangdao Pond, Shunchi Pond, Moon pond and Caochi Pond in Hanzhong. This kind of mountain pond can be seen everywhere and has been used until now, exerting irrigation benefits.

On the eve of liberation, the main irrigation projects in the Hanjiang River valley include the Hanhui Canal, the Baohui Canal and the Xhui Canal.

Hanhui Canal : Built from 1939 to 1944, using water from the Han River to irrigate 80,000 mu of farmland in Mianyang County and Baocheng County.

Baohui Canal : From 1939 to 1942, most of the works were completed and water was released for irrigation. The 32 km long canal irrigates the plain area south of the main canal, east of the Baohe River, north of the Hanjiang River and west of the Chenggu Wenchuan River, which can irrigate 140,000 mu of farmland.

Xushui Canal: Built from 1940 to 1948, it can irrigate more than 70,000 mu and can be extended to an area of 150,000 mu according to the Xushui Canal water quantity. ^[2]

Water conservancy after 1950

Hongsiba reservoir irrigation area: in Nanzheng county It was built on the Lian River, a tributary of the south bank of the Han River Hongsiba Reservoir There are 25 reservoirs in the whole irrigation area, with a total storage capacity of 56.05 million cubic meters, an effective storage capacity of 42.43 million cubic meters, 70 kilometers of trunk canals, 273 kilometers of branch canals, 511 kilometers of canals, an irrigation area of 173,500 mu, an effective irrigation area of 164,800 mu, an area guaranteed for drought and flood of 138,600 mu, 130 electromechanical Wells, and 128 pumping stations. Installed power of 1911 kW, 8 hydropower stations, installed capacity of 1190 kW.

The Xushui Qu irrigation area: The main Xushui Canal is 49 km long, the branch Xushui canal is 22 km long and the Xushui Canal is 173 km long. It draws to the Hanjiang branch on the north bank of the Hanjiang River to irrigate a large part of town. Facilities irrigation area of 142,000 mu, effective irrigation area of 141,600 mu, drought and flood guaranteed irrigation area of 102,100 mu, 721 mechanoelectric Wells, 43 pumping stations, installed capacity of 1,611 kilowatts, 5 hydropower stations, installed capacity of 620 kilowatts.

In December 1954, the earliest reservoir was built in Shaanxi Province Qiangjiawan Reservoir . Completed in June 1955, after 1958, the canal was repaired again and the dam was added to divert the Lianhe (water) to divert the red (Hongsi Dam water). The dam was 26 meters high, holding 7.56 million cubic meters of water, irrigating 34,000 mu of land, generating 600,000 kilowatts of electricity annually, and raising 1.24 million fish on the surface. ^[2]

In 1956 Xiantao It was built about six kilometers downstream Dujiatai sub-flood storage project .

In 1958, it was built in the upper reaches of the Han River Danjiangkou water conservancy project Water storage formation Danjiangkou Reservoir The maximum storage capacity of the reservoir is 29.05 billion cubic meters The middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion project Water diversion source. Danjiangkou hydropower Station With a total installed capacity of 900,000 kilowatts, it is the largest hydropower station in the Hanjiang River basin. From the northwest to the southeast, the Han River runs through Hubei and can irrigate more than 4 million mu of farmland on both sides of the Jianghan Plain. Downstream also built Dujiatai flood diversion project And the north Han flood drainage project, alleviated Jianghan plain Waterlogging and flooding Wuhan City The threat of...

Hanjiang River Dujiatai flood storage area in Hubei province^[19]

It was completed in 1967 Danjiangkou water conservancy project The initial project was completed successively Shiquan County , Ankang , Stone gate, Huanglong Beach The flood control problem of the Han River has been greatly alleviated by the water conservancy projects such as the Duck River Estuary and the Duck River Estuary. The WangFuzhou project is also planned on the main stream.

It was built in January 1969 Shimen reservoir Irrigation district, completed in December 1973. With a height of 88 meters, Shimen Reservoir Dam is currently the highest double-curved arch dam in China. There are 56 reservoirs in the whole irrigation area, with a total storage capacity of 105 million cubic meters, an effective irrigation area of 406.32 million mu, an area guaranteed by drought and flood of 300,000 mu, 824 electromechanical Wells and 3 hydropower stations.

These projects have flood control, power generation, irrigation, shipping and other benefits, among which Danjiangkou The project has become Central China power system One of the most important peaking and frequency modulation power stations is also The middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion project The source of diversion water. More than 2,700 large, medium and small reservoirs have been built in the basin. Total storage Nearly 33 billion cubic meters. More than 7,000 fixed machines and electric drainage and irrigation stations have been built, with a total installed capacity of 660,000 kW. In addition, there are also a large number of sluice gates and pumping stations along the river in Hubei Province, which have irrigation and drainage benefits, and are important facilities to ensure agricultural production along the river and water supply in towns and villages. ^[1] ^[20]

In Hubei Province after 1949, in addition to the construction of dikes along the whole line, the construction of large flood drainage projects in the lower reaches of the Han North Dujiatai flood diversion project It reduces flood disasters, and has the power of irrigation, shipping, power generation and breeding. ^[4]

On December 17, 2017, Hubei Hanjiang River was selected into the list of 10 "Most beautiful hometown rivers" in the first annual large-scale theme event of "Looking for the Most Beautiful Hometown Rivers". ^[21]

In 2022, the Ministry of Water Resources issued the fourth batch of key rivers and lakes ecological flow guarantee targets, the fourth batch of key rivers and lakes involving the main tributaries of the Yangtze River basin such as the Han River, in accordance with the requirements of "fixed section, set targets, set guarantee rates, set management measures, set warning levels, set monitoring means, set regulatory responsibilities", combined with the river basin water scheduling and total water use control system implementation. We will formulate implementation plans for ensuring ecological flow in key rivers and lakes, and clarify requirements for ensuring ecological flow by river (lake). ^[22]

Fairway shipping

The main and tributaries of the Han River have a long route, distributed in more than 70 counties and cities in Shaanxi, Henan and Hubei provinces, and have made great contributions to the economic and cultural exchanges in this vast area for thousands of years. The earliest geographical work in China Yugon It shows that two thousand years ago, the Han River was already the main road for transporting tributes from Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan and southern Shaanxi to the Central Plains. Before the Longhai Railway opened to Baoji, southern Shaanxi and part Longnan The goods are to be shipped down the Han River Hankou . It can be said that in history, the main tributaries of the Han River have always been one of the backbone of the traffic network in this basin.

The main flow of the Han River is relatively abundant, and 95% of the whole flow can be navigable. However, the average gradient from river source to estuary is 0.36‰, and there are many beach hazards. Upstream accounts for about 62% of the total route and is the most difficult section of full current navigation. Among them, from Yangxian County to Shiquan, the river flows through the mountains, most of them are canyons, with a gradient of 1‰, which is the section with the largest current gradient. The current is extremely swift, the reef beach is the densest, the two beaches are less than 500 meters apart, and the narrowest part of the riverbed is 50 meters. The Golden Gorge is especially the most abundant, and the width of the road is less than 10 meters at the Chetan Beach, the Prison Beach, the Dragon Beach, the Turtle Beach and other places are not easy for boats to turn. Therefore, it is easy to hit the reef and become the most difficult part of the main stream of the Han River.

The middle section accounts for 16.4% of the total route, with an average decline of 0.12‰, which is still too urgent for shipping. This section has the widest channel and the largest sandy beach and sandbank area in the whole river. Because the water flow is loose, the road is changeable, the beach often moves (called running sand), if the channel is not familiar, easy to occur danger.

The average gradient of the lower reaches of the river is 0.09‰, and ships can be passed all year round.

Of the 4,317 kilometers of tributary routes, only 2,294 kilometers, or 53.23 percent, are navigable all year round. There are about 1,873 kilometers of rivers that are not navigable all year round, accounting for 43.39%. Upstream tributaries, the north bank of the Han River less shipping force, the south bank navigable rivers more long, most of the rivers through the relatively slow mountains, however, in addition to the Trojan River, the moon beach less, the other beach is still a lot of danger, passing ships smaller load, navigation is very difficult. There are more navigable tributaries in the middle reaches, mainly Tangbai River , North River, South River, The Manhe River , Lee Chaung , Punglac Chaung , Zi River Among them, Tangbai River route is the longest, North River, Li River, Fengle River and Zi River route is very short. The upper reaches of the downstream tributaries are littered with rocks, the slope is large, most of them are unfavorable to navigation, the middle reaches are rocky beaches, and the downstream has sediment deposition, which also hinders shipping. However, when the Yangtze River and Han River flood to the downstream of each river, often make the downstream water level, and the duration is longer, so the summer shipping is more convenient. ^[9]

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