Yongding River, ancient known as the water, 㶟 water, Sanggan River, Lu ditch, Hunhe, Wuding River. It is one of the seven river systems in the Haihe River basin. Flow through Inner Mongolia , Shanxi (Province) , Hebei (Province) Three provinces, Peking , Tianjin Two municipalities directly under the central government, a total of 43 counties and cities, in Qu Jia shop and Nordkanal Part of the flood flows from the North Canal into the Hai River, most of the flood flows through Yongding New River Enter Bohai Sea at Beitang Street, Binhai New Area, Tianjin. ^[1-2] The river has a total length of 747 km, with an average gradient of 2.85‰. The whole basin covers 47,000 square kilometers ^[2-4]

Yongding River flows upstream Loess plateau The sand content of the river is large, so it is called "small Yellow River" and "Hunhe". Downstream river because of sediment deposition, the formation of an above-ground river, and migration is uncertain, old name "Wuding River". From the 1950s to the 1960s, three large reservoirs (with a total storage capacity of 2.966 billion cubic meters) were built successively in the upper reaches of the Cetian, Youyi and Guanting reservoirs, controlling the drainage area of 43,402 square kilometers, and the Yongding River Plain and the Triangular Lake were set up downstream for flood storage and detention, and the Yongding New River was excavated into the sea, basically solving the flooding problem.

Chinese name: Yongding River
Foreign name: Yongding River
alias: 㶟 water , Sanggan , Hun River , Water control , Lugou River
Drainage system: Haihe river basin One of the seven river systems
Geographical position: North China
Flow area: Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin
cradle: Guancun mountain watershed village, Ningwu County, Shanxi Province

Main tributary: Yanghe River , Sanggan
Length of river: 747 km
Basin area: 47016 km²
Area product: 47016 km²
estuary: Beitang, Binhai New Area, Tianjin
Channel gradient: 2.85 ‰
Head of a river: Shigeru Natabayashi ^[35]

catalogue

Name evolution

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EDITOR

Yongding River, before the Western Han Dynasty collectively referred to the water, the Eastern Han Dynasty called 㶟 water, the Jin Dynasty called Lugou River, the Ming Dynasty called Hunhe, the Qing Kangxi thirty-seventh year (1698) began to call Yongding River. "Guangxu Shuntianfu Annals" records: "Pick the river from Liangxiang Laojun Tang old estuary, through Gu 'an North ten Li shop, Yongqing southeast Zhujiazhuang, East LAN city River, Bazhou Liuzhan triangle Lake, a hundred and forty-five miles long, reached the sea in Xigu, give the name 'Yongding'". ^[7]

Main stream profile

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EDITOR

Channel strike

Location and water system distribution of Yongding River

Yongding River is a large tributary of the Haihe river system. Be due to Yanghe River and Sanggan Two major tributaries. Generally, Sanggan River is the positive source. The Sanggan River originates in the Shanxi Plateau Guanqin Mountain At the north foot, it flows through Datong Basin, Yangyuan Basin, Shixiaoli Gorge, Nahuangshui River, Hunhe River, Yuhe River and Erdao River in the northeast, and flows into Hebei Province, and is accepted in Qianjishawa Huliu River The northeast flow to Zhuguantun, Huailai County, Jiahe village and the Yanghe River confluence, (" Haihe Chronicle "" Tianjin City Chronicle · Physical Geography" this point is the starting point of the Yongding River main stream ^[4] ) Incorporated near the official hall The Gishui River Rear entry Guanting reservoir .

After leaving the reservoir (" Hebei Province Annals No. 3 Physical Geography "takes this place as the starting point of the Yongding River main stream ^[3] ), through the Guanting Mountain Gorge, into Beijing, out of the Shanxia at Sanjiadian, into the plain after the two sides of the levees bundle water, Beijing, through the Langfang city of Hebei Province, in Lianggezhuang into the Yongding River area (Hebei, Tianjin junction), there are Heaven River, Long River into the area, after the regulation and storage to Tianjin Beicchen District Kujiadian and Nordkanal Confluence, part of the flood from the North canal into the Haihe River, most of the flood through the Beichen district of Tianjin Kujiadian water conservancy project It was excavated from 1970 to 1971 Yongding New River Enter Bohai Sea at Beitang Street, Binhai New Area, Tianjin. In order to ensure the safety of Tianjin urban area, the Triangle Lake is designated as the flood storage area, and the West Qilihai is the temporary flood storage area. ^[2] The river has a total length of 747 km, with an average gradient of 2.85‰. ^[2-4]

Channel characteristics

Yanghe and Sanggan River confluence point near Zhuguantun, Yongding River is about 3 kilometers wide, the riverbed is full of sand dunes, due to the small amount of dry water, the river turbulence. GUI Shui (a county in Guizhou Province) Near the confluence point of the river, the river is about 800 meters wide, the left bank is 25 meters high, and it is an alternate cliff with gravel layer and loess layer.

Guanting Mountain Gorge is 108.7 km long and has a longitudinal slope of 1/320. Gorge entrance on both sides of the rock wall standing, the river is 100 to 300 meters wide, two rocks are about 20 to 60 meters high limestone cliffs, which are continuous mountains, curved water, left and right banks have more than 10 mountain streams into.

On both sides of the Qingbaikou section are 40 ~ 80 meters high vertical cliff canyons. Between the prince's tomb and Anjiazhuang, the river is 200 to 300 meters wide, and gravel in the riverbed forms a shallow beach. Near the Qingshui River, the river detour along the cliff to the east, the river width of 100 ~ 200 meters, to the vicinity of the military village is about 300 meters wide, to the three shops gradually increased to 700 ~ 800 meters. The river length from Sanjiadian to Lugou Bridge is about 17 kilometers, the longitudinal slope is about 1/450, and the river width is 250 ~ 300 meters.

The river downstream of Sanjiadian Road Bridge is about 500 meters wide, the river bed is gravel accumulation, and the water flow is divided into two strands. Three shops below 6 km to Shijingshan into the plain, the left bank from Mayu village began to build embankments; The right bank to the mouth of the Yin Shan began to set up a dike, the two strands here. The dike distance of Yinshanzui downstream is 1000-1500 meters, and the dike distance of Lugou Bridge is reduced to about 600 meters at about 1700 meters, and the total width of Lugou stone bridge hole is only 153.16 meters.

Lugou Bridge to Lianggezhuang section of the river is 80 kilometers long, the river is an above-ground river, the left embankment is the main, the beach is 3 ~ 7 meters higher than the ground outside the embankment, and the longitudinal slope is 1/1000 ~ 1/2000.

The length of the levees under Lugou Bridge is about 1400 meters, the levees near Beitangtian are about 3133 meters, the Lifa levees are narrow to 2000 meters, the levees are increased to 2600 meters to Eofang, and the Yanxianfa is about 3000 meters, and the following varies between 1500 and 2000 meters, the levees near Jinmen Gate are 532 meters, and the Shilipu levees are about 1300 meters wide to Xiaoguo Forest, and the Liangge Zhuangkou gate. The embankment is sandy soil, the river quality is mostly sandy soil, the main road is unstable, the main two sides of the more than 20 dangerous places, before the founding of the People's Republic of China to the firewood 埽 bank protection.

Lianggezhuang to Kujiadian for the Yongding River area, 75 kilometers long, north and south width 1.2 ~ 16 kilometers, longitudinal slope 1/2500 ~ 1/10000, an area of 460 square kilometers, across Daxing, Yongqing, An, Wuqing and Tianjin suburbs, the north and south dike in the area, due to the migration of the river channel, farmers to maintain production, life, Temporary embankments were built on both sides of the low water channel. ^[2]

The upper reaches of Yongding River flow through the Loess Plateau, the sand content of the river is large, so it is called "small Yellow River" and "Hunhe". Downstream river because of sediment deposition, the formation of an above-ground river, and migration is uncertain, old name "Wuding River". From the 1950s to the 1960s, three large reservoirs (with a total storage capacity of 2.966 billion cubic meters) were built successively in the upper reaches of the Benhe River, controlling a watershed area of 43,402 square kilometers, accounting for 92.3% of the mountainous area. ^[5]

Yongding River main stream starting point - Jiahe village, Huailai County mulberry, ocean confluence

Guanting reservoir section

Guanting reservoir downstream section

Yongding River Beijing Mentougou district three shop segment

Yongding River Pan section, Dabei Village, Langfang City, Hebei Province

Yongding new river starting point Kujiadian gate

Yongding new river Dongli District section

Yongding New River estuary (damp-proof gate) section

Channel change

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EDITOR

Yongding River is a good migration, good silt, good resolution of the river. "Waterway Outline" said: Yongding River "since the Yuan, Ming, before the Yuan, no big changes, the old Yongding, irrigation rice fields, water points, silt accumulation", "waste rice fields for land, then the flood high dike was xing, floods gradually more and more, follow the north and south, and Xiong, hegemony north, no ning." ^[8]

Yongding River

Yongding River change diagram in the past dynasties

Before Song and Yuan Dynasties

Yongding River, known in ancient times as water control, 㶟 water, also known as Lugou River, Hun River, is a good migration, good silt, good resolution of the river.

Seven or eight thousand years ago, Yongding River, from Shijingshan mountain after the northeast, through the north of Beijing city, northeast and Wenyu River. After gradually moving south, the furthest south took over the Baigou river, to Xiongxian, Baxian area of the holy water (Liuli River), Zhuma River after the east into the sea. In fact, the migration route of the Yongding River can also be divided into three routes: North, middle and south. North road, that is, the road north of Tongxian County; The middle road is the road from Tongxian south to Tianjin north; South Road, that is, the river between Xiongxian County and Baxian County in the west of Tianjin.

Before the Western Han Dynasty, Yongding River was collectively known as water control. In the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the river control had left the north road, moved south to the north of the ancient Jisti City, passed through the middle of Beijing City, roughly the river course of the Gaoliang River, and traveled east to the ancient Yongnu City (south of Xianghe County) near the Gushui (White River), and began to travel the Middle Road. During the Warring States Period, the upper reaches of Yongding River were the same as before, and the lower reaches did not enter Gu from the south of Xianghe River, but continued to flow south along the west side of the modern North Canal, followed the modern North Canal to Wuqing, and merged with 滱 water in Quanzhou (Chengshangzhuang, southwest of Wuqing).

In the Western Han Dynasty, the coastline rose back to the vicinity of Tianjin, and the water was controlled only in Tianjin to the north. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yongding River said water, still follow the Western Han Dynasty old road near the ancient Yongnu city into Lu River (white River), line the middle road.

When The Three Kingdoms, the water rerouted to the south, through the south of the city of Thistle, and the downstream still followed the old road of the Western Han Dynasty near the ancient Yongnu City into the Luhe River, the middle road. In the second year of Wei Jiaping (250), Liu Jing held Jicheng, built Liling Weir near Liangshan (Shijingshan) and opened a carriage canal to the east, changed the direction of the river, so that the water flowed into the carriage canal from the north bank, crossed the north of Babaoshan and the north of Beijing, and joined the Yu Shui (Wenyu River) in the north of Yuantong County.

In Jin Dynasty, Yongding River still coexisted with The Three Kingdoms, North and Middle roads. By the 5th century AD, the carriage canal was cut off, making the Gaoliang River a broken river.

In the Northern Wei Dynasty, Yongding River still followed The Three Kingdoms and Jin River to the southeast, to the Xianghe River into the Baodi River and then to the east, after Baodi south, followed the modern Jicanal into the sea, belonging to the middle way.

Sui Dynasty, Yongding River called Sanggan water, still follow the northern Wei old road through the city of Thistle south southeast flow, to Wuqing north into Lu water. The Yongji Canal dug in the fourth year of Sui Daye (608) basically used this river.

After the Tang Dynasty, the Yongding River gradually moved south. In the twenty-ninth year of Kaiyuan in the Tang Dynasty (741), apart from the Yongji Canal, there were two other rivers. One from Shijingshan to the modern Yongding River to Lugou Bridge, southeast through Daxing, Anding, Langfang, near Wuqing to join the Yongji Canal (the middle one from Lugou Bridge continue to follow the modern Yongding River southward), from Xinzhuangbei modern Yongding River southward, through Gu 'an, Yongqing, Houyi, near Xin 'an into the Jama water (South). ^[9]

Song and Yuan Dynasties

During the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127), the Yongding River was still like the Tang Dynasty, with the Middle Road and the South Road co-existing. However, as the upper source of Yongji Canal, the Sang-dried water has gradually withered into a branch, and the middle road has gradually become the mainstream. The Yongding River course of the first year of Zhenghe (1111) is.

In the Jin Dynasty at the beginning of the 12th century, the Lugou River (that is, Yongding River) began to suffer frequently. As a tributary of Yongji Canal has been completely cut off and become an ancient river, only the middle and south roads of the Northern Song Dynasty remain. According to the "Golden History · River Records" records, "(Da Ding) eleven years (1171) December, the provincial minister played a return to open, from Jinkou (that is, Shijingshan) channeled to the north of the capital into Hao, and east to the north of Tongzhou, into Lu water." According to the "Jin Shi · Sejong Ji" records: "Wuzi (Dading 26 years, 1186) Lu ditch decided in Shangyang Village, turbulent into a river, thus." Since then, the Yongding River has swung to the southwest of Beijing, and the South Road has become the mainstream. The Yongding River course of Dading 29 years is.

From the Yuan Dynasty to the first year of Shun (1330), the main stream of the Lugou River returned to the middle Road of Jinshi, from Shijingshan to the modern Yongding River southward, to the southeast near the mouth of Langfang, through Daxing, Anding, Langfang, the following three branches, one through Lufa, to the south of the old city of Quanzhou into the West Lushui (North Canal); A southeast flow, through Qilidian, Kujiadian, near Qingguang into the Zhuma River, for the mainstream (South Road); The other branch runs south through Hengting and Zuoyi, and enters the Zhuma River (South Road) south of the Yellow Embankment. In addition, according to the "Yuan history · River records" records, from the Shijingshan east there is an artificial river (Jinkou River), roughly through the south of Beijing city, the south of the suburbs, in the Tongxian County near Zhangjiawan into the West Lu water. ^[9]

Changes in Ming Dynasty

After the Ming Dynasty, the flood of Yongding River became more and more serious, and the migration rerouted more frequently.

According to the records of "The History of the Ming Dynasty · The Annals of the River", the situation of Yongding River in the early Ming Dynasty was as follows: "(Lugou River) crosses the western Mountains and enters the Wanping Boundary. Southeast to see Dan mouth, divided into two. One enters the Baihe River from Gaoli Village in Tongzhou. It flows south to Bazhou, He Yishui, and south to Tianjin Dingzigu into the Caohe River."

In the sixteenth year of Hongwu (1383), the Lugou River from the Lugou Bridge to the modern Yongding River southward, to the Jinmen Zhabe modern river southward, through the Banjieta, Zhao Jiabai, in Gaojiazhuang to join the boundary river (South Road), and then east through Baxian County, Principal security Wangqingtuo, Tianjin into the Weihe River. The Yongding River was also dredged in the same year, covering a distance of 40 km from Gu 'an to Gaojiazhuang.

Yongle two years to ten years (1404 ~ 1412), Hunhe (that is, Yongding River) through Gu 'an to the south, still take the current road, in Baxian north along the boundary river to the east to Tianjin.

In the first year of Tianshun (1457), the Yongding River ran south from Jinmen Gate, through Yangxianwu, Banjieta, Lincheng, Nanmeng, Baxian, to Yuanjiakou into Yudai River (South Road).

Chenghua seven years (1471), the downstream silting, Hun River and north migration through the ancient boundary river, Baxian city north east flow. In 21 years, Hunhe River flowed southeast from Niutuo to Qingkou, along the old Huangjia River (South Road), from Qingkou East Flow as the boundary river, through Xin 'an, Wangqingtuo, Yangjia River, and into the Weihe River in Tianjin. In the eleventh year of Hongzhi (1498), Hunhe moved southward again, taking the Wupede River (South Road), flowing east from Jiahe, south Baxian, South Xin 'an, to Wangqingtuo near the Delta Lake.

In the first year of Jiajing (1522), Hunhe underwent another great change. From Baxian County to Gu 'an County north of the Shilipu, through the modern Yongding River river flow east, to Jijiazhuang, Sunjifa is divided into two branches, one east through the Han Liu town, Hengting, old ANSI county south, seven Li Dyke, to Wuqing into Lu River; The other branch runs south into the Yongqing County boundary, and the Hejie River flows east into the lake.

In the first year of Longqing (1567), the east branch of Hunhe River flowed from Hengting to the south, through Zuoyi and Tiaohetou to the east into the Triangle Lake, and later developed into the mainstream (South Road).

In the first year of Wanli (1573), Hunhe River flowed from Shilipu to the southwest, passed Gu 'an to the west, and was divided into two branches, one flowing south along the Mangniu River; The other branch flows southeast, through Hanzhai, Qingfa, Lijiakou, to Caimuying into the boundary river old east flow, to the east of Wangqingtuo into the lake. Ten years, the Lugou River burst its banks, the water lost its old path. From the Lugou Bridge is divided into two branches, one through Daxing, Anding, Langfang, Kujiadian, follow the Yuan Dynasty Lugou River old southeast flow, in Kujiadian south into the triangle lake. The other branch of the south Road followed the modern Yongding River to the south, and then divided into two branches in the east and west to Gu 'an: the east branch passed Yongqing and Houyi, and entered the Triangle Lake in the southeast; the west branch of the South Road went south from Gu 'an, and roughly followed the old Mangniu River into the Yudai River (South Road). ^[9]

Changes in Qing Dynasty

In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties (1595-1698), the Yongding River swung back and forth between Panggezhuang, Lixian, Jiuzhou, Jiuanchi County, Jinmenzha, Yangxianwu, Nanli and Pulufa. As far south as Nanli, Pulufa, Dugang and Zhanggang, it took the modern Daqing River course eastward (for example, Shunzhi 13th year, 1656); The northernmost has been to the goose Fa, Panggezhuang, Lixian, old state a into the triangle lake (such as Chongzhen first year to sixteen years, 1628 ~ 1643). Therefore, Yongding River at this time was called Wuding River.

Due to the continuous extension and improvement of levees, huge amounts of sediment brought by the upper reaches of the Yongding River accumulate in the channel year by year, which makes the river bed rise sharply, and the levees constantly break, and then promote the continuous raising of levees, and so on. In the thirty-seventh year of Kangxi (1698), the Yongding River was dredged on a large scale to build a dam, and the river north of Gu 'an began to stabilize, and from then on it was called the Yongding River. ^[9]

In the thirty-seventh year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (1698), a manual diversion was carried out. "Guangxu Shuntianfu Annals" records: "Pick the river from Liangxiang Laojun Tang old estuary, through Gu 'an North ten Li shop, Yongqing southeast Zhujiazhuang, East LAN city River, Bazhou Liuzhan triangle Lake, a hundred and forty-five miles long, reached the sea in Xigu, give the name 'Yongding'". After the artificial diversion, the Yongding River is forced to flow east, through Yongqing to join the Lancheng River (northeast of Baxian Xin 'an Town), through the triangle Lake to Xigu and into Nordkanal . ^[8]

In the 240 years to the 27 years of the Republic of China (1938), the Yongding River was mainly diverted between the north-south levees below the double camp, and the region formed by it was called Triangle Lake, which was still a southern road.

After the thirty-seventh year of Kangxi, the lower reaches of Yongding River remained stable for about forty years. After the reign of Emperor Qianlong, the river disaster became more and more serious. Only in the 30 years of the early reign of Emperor Qianlong, there were as many as 6 changes in the route.

In the 59th year of Qianlong (1794), "Determined the North Ergong Dyke (a variant of the dyke), slipped a note to Qiuxian Village to divert the river to the lower reaches of Yongding River into the sea." Immediately cut off the flow, and spread the Nantou Gongdike, water from Lao Jun Tang, Zhuang Ma Tou into the Great Qing River, where the construction of the south Dike more than 100 Zhangs "(" Qing History draft · River Canal Records").

In the seventeenth year of Jiaqing (1812), Yongding River trend north, the water by the yellow flower shop bet. Twenty years, heavy rain in June, the north bank of seven workers diffuse collapse, open the river, from the old river slightly south, until the yellow flower shop, the east to the west island. In September, the water returned.

In the third year of Daoguang (1823), the Yongding River was executed from the South eight Gong Dyke to the south, and went straight to the Wanger Lake. In the spring of the eleventh year, the river changed to the northeast, ran into Doudian, Liudaokou, Daqing River, Wanger Estuary began to plug, and the water returned to the old Wangqingtuo channel through the new FanZhukou trough. Fourteen years, Wanping boundary north, north under the flood break, water from Panggezhuang follow the old river to Wuqing yellow flower shop, still return to the end of the river into the sea. Liangxiang boundary south of the second industrial break, the water from Jinmen Zhaigou River into the Qing River, Baigou River to the Daqing River. Thirty years in May, the upstream mountains and rivers bet, the river rose, the north seven workers diffuse, from the old reduced river sow park into the Fenghe.

In the three years of Tongzhi (1864), due to the north migration of the river day, the road was silted, and the Liutuo dam was built to block the north flow, divert to the old river, widen the deep Zhangtuo and Hujiafang river, and enter the sea through Dongan, Wuqing and Tianjin. In eight years, at the request of the direct governor, he built a dam to cut off water at South Qigong, built a ring embankment on both sides, and dredged the middle flood to dredge the lower mouth. Ten years, the south bank stone dyke overflow mouth, take the flow path Liangxiang, Zhuozhou Zhuoqing River into the sea. In the twelfth year, the South four works spread over the mouth, and the Manniu River in Bazhou flowed east.

In the twenty-second year of Guangxu (1896), the North Liugong and the North Middle flood flooded successively, and it entered the Daqing River from Hanjiashu, and then dredged the Daqing River and accumulated more than 10 kilometers of silt. Twenty-five years, direct governor Yulu in view of the Yongding River muddy good silt, before the mouth of the remote dike more than 20 kilometers wide, south, north, three Hong. Later, due to the south and middle floods, the pad was transported by the north flood. So put forward the control of Haihe, smooth tail Lv and other propositions. Guangxu thirty years later, the widening and straightening, and in the south seven gong water east, along the lake to reach jin.

Due to the repeated changes in the Yongding River between the north and south levees, the triangle lake is rapidly silted, and the ground inside the levee is 3 ~ 6 meters higher than the ground outside the levee. On February 26, the 28th year of the Republic of China (1939), the Yongding River flood, burst at Lianggezhuang, Yongding River diverted, the water from the north Dike of the Triangle Lake and the Beijing-Tianjin railway and embankment under the merging, the autumn of the year was blocked, and then was washed, Yongding River water was diverted from Lianggezhuang estuary east flow, the original river was abandoned. ^[8] Until the 2000s, it remained largely unchanged. ^[9]

Hydrological characteristics

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EDITOR

The average annual natural runoff in Yongdinghe Mountain area is 2.08 billion cubic meters, of which 1.97 billion cubic meters are above the government office. The runoff distribution is very uneven during the year, and the general flood season runoff accounts for 30 ~ 60% of the whole year. The maximum measured runoff at Guanting Station was 3.06 billion cubic meters in 1939, and the minimum was 374 million cubic meters in 1972, a difference of 8 times. The average runoff above Guanting station was 1.86 billion cubic meters in the 1950s and 820 million cubic meters in the 1970s. According to the data of Lugou Bridge Station from 1950 to 1980, the annual average flow was the largest in 1956, which was 73.8 cubic meters per second, and the smallest in 1973, which was 3.38 cubic meters per second. The ratio of maximum to minimum annual runoff is 3.24, which is the river system with the smallest inter-annual variation of annual runoff in Haihe River system.

The flood of Yongding River mainly comes from heavy rain during flood season. The maximum flood generally occurs in July and August. From the founding of the People's Republic of China to 1985, the peak flood flow of Lugou Bridge was greater than 1,000 cubic meters per second only four times, namely 2,750 cubic meters per second in 1950, 1,230 cubic meters per second in 1952, 2,450 cubic meters per second in 1956, and 1,190 cubic meters per second in 1958. Since Guanting Reservoir flood blocking in the flood season in 1953, the largest flood peak occurred in Yongding River is generated in Guanting Gorge. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the flood control project has been built, but the flood of Guanting mountain Gorge is still harmful to the downstream because of no control project. Guanting Mountain Gorge is located on the windward slope in the west of Yanshan Mountain and is the center of rainstorm. The annual average precipitation is 450-600 mm. The time from rainfall to runoff to flood peak is very short, lasting less than 10 hours, and the proportion of flood in the mountain gorge is about 90%. ^[2]

The upper reaches of Yongding River are affected by the rising temperature in spring, and often form a transit flood. ^[10]

Flood disaster

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EDITOR

Historically, Yongding River is the most flooded river in the Haihe River system. In the 834 years from the Jin Dynasty to the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Yongding River was breached 81 times and changed course nine times. In the more than 250 years after the construction of levees in the lower reaches of the Qing Dynasty, the breach and overflow amounted to 78 times, and the average flood occurred less than four years.

The flood records of Yongding River are more detailed after Jin Dynasty, and the most complete in Qing Dynasty. Then the Northern warlords melee, followed by the Japanese invasion of China, followed by three years of liberation war, this stage, except for scattered records, lack of systematic data. Before the Qing Dynasty, there was no record of the flow and no detailed statistics of the disaster situation. Therefore, by consulting the historical records, we can only know the frequency of floods and the general situation of repair and treatment.

During the period of the Republic of China, the Yongding River flood area was large four times, which occurred in the 6th year of the Republic of China (1917 AD), the 13th year of the Republic of China (1924 AD), the 18th year of the Republic of China (1929 AD) and the 28th year of the Republic of China (1939 AD).

In the 6th year of the Republic of China, hydrographic stations have not been established in various places, and according to the flood trace survey of Lugou Bridge, the maximum peak discharge of the Yongding River flood is about 3660 cubic meters per second. In late July Yongding Hebei three gong breach, flood flooded Daxing District (former Daxing County) 165 villages, affected by a total of 1623.5 hectares of land; In Wanping County, 46 villages were affected, with a total of 316.18 hectares of affected land. The city of Tianjin was also flooded. After the flood, the Shunzhi Water Conservancy Committee was established to take charge of water conservancy work in Shuntianfu and Zhili Province, to conduct topographic surveys of the Haihe river system, and to set up hydrological stations throughout Shunzhi in 1918.

According to the measurement of Lugouqiao hydrology Station, the maximum peak flood flow is 4920 cubic meters per second, which is the largest flood in the Republic of China, which occurred in July and August. This year a total of 4 breaches: Gaoling breach 800 meters; Baohezhuang breach 300 meters; Pony factory break 800 meters; Xia Jiachang break 800 meters. According to the Shunzhi Water Resources Commission survey, the Yongding River affected an area of about 746 square kilometers.

The flood in 18 years of the Republic of China, measured by Lugouqiao Hydrology Station, the maximum peak flood flow is 4050 cubic meters per second. The floods occurred in July and August. July 19, third section of the right bank two and three breaches. The flood is smaller than the 13th year of the Republic of China, Jinmen Gate upstream of about 900 meters of the breach, the Daqing River basin affected by about 420 square kilometers.

In 28 years of the Republic of China, Yongding River rose three times, all in July, the first time on July 16, the peak flow of Lugou Bridge reached 3180 cubic meters per second, and the right embankment near Qujiadian Gate and Gu 'an County broke; On the night of July 25, the flood peak of Lugou Bridge reached 4,390 cubic meters per second; On the night of July 26, a flood peak of 3,940 cubic meters per second appeared. The last two flood peaks were only 16 hours apart. The flood, the flood of the south and north branches of the Confluent Haihe River, broke through the outer embankment of Tianjin on August 4, and Tianjin was flooded in the afternoon of August 20, with the deepest depth of 2.12 meters. It flooded two-thirds of Tianjin.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Yongding River broke twice. The first time was in 1950 at the Lianggezhuang gate of the North small dam burst, the big slip from Cui command camp through, resulting in the new north Dike south Han breach. The first breach was in 1956 at West Magezhuang in Daxing District (formerly Daxing County) on the left Bank. ^[10]

Main tributary

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EDITOR

Yongding River in addition to the upper two Sanggan River, Yanghe, the main stream on the larger tributaries are: Guishui River, Qingshui River, Qiu River and pan area of the paradise River, Long River, Zhonghong old road, downstream flood diversion channels are: Yongding new River, Yongjin Yinhe and so on.

Zhuolu County section of lower reaches of Sanggan River, Hebei province

Sanggan The basin covers an area of 25840 square kilometers, and there are two sources: one is originated from the southwest of Ningwu County, Shanxi Guanqin Mountain The Hui River One is originated in the northeast of Shanxi Shuo County, the source of the river, the two rivers in Shuo County east confluence after the beginning of the name Sanggan River. The Sanggan River flows slightly to the northeast, through Shanyin, Ying County, Datong, Yanggao, Yangyuan, Xuanhua, Zhuolu and other counties, along the left bank there are Kouquan River, Yuhe and a number of small rivers into. On the right bank, there are yellow water River, Hunhe River, Huliu River and several mountain streams. The Datong Basin is from Mayi Village, the conjuncture of the Ash River and Yuanzi River, to the entrance of the Yuhe River. From the entrance of the Yuhe River, it descends to Xishutian, enters the Shitian Mountain Gorge, and exits the Gorge at the East Shitian. The river is open near the Shetian Mountain Gorge to Yangyuan, and the Huliu River flows into the right bank near Huaioying. Further down about 10 kilometers, is the entrance of Shixia Mountain Gorge, in Zhuolu County Chaoyang Temple into Zhuolu Plain, from Chaoyang Temple down about 30 kilometers to Zhuguantun, with the Yanghe River. ^[4] ^[11]

Yanghe Xuanhua District, Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province

Yanghe River The upper source has three rivers, namely Dongyanghe , Nanyang River and Yanghe River . Dongyang River originated from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous region Chahar right wing front Banner near the four Dingfang village, Xihe originated from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Xinghe County near Xizhou village, Nanyang River originated from Shanxi Province Yanggao County, three rivers in the North sand town of Wanquan District of Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province after the concourse called Yanghe River. ^{[36 to 38]} Yanghe River right bank Nahongtang River, left bank Naximalin River, Chengxi River, Chengdong River, Qingshui River, Pan River, mud River, etc., flow to Jiahe village, Huailai County, and the Guishui River, to Zhuguantun and Sanggan River conjoin. ^[3-4]

Guishui River, Donghu Park section, Yanqing District, Beijing

The Gishui River , also known as the Huailai River, originated in the East Heihan Ridge of Yanqing District, Beijing (former Yanqing County), southwest flow, through the plain of Yanqing and Huailai (Hebei) two counties, about 15 kilometers downstream of the old Huailai County (now the edge of Guanting Reservoir) from the left bank into the Yongding River, a total length of 70 kilometers. The width of the river is 150 ~ 300 meters, the longitudinal slope is about 1/1800, and the drainage area is about 850 square kilometers. There are 8 tributaries. The main river has a medium-sized barrier gate, and the tributary has a Foyu saliva reservoir and the ancient city reservoir. In 1983, it was connected with the Baihebao Reservoir replenishment channel, and the Baihe water flowed into Guanting Reservoir. ^[12]

Qiu River, originated from Changping District (former Changping County) in the west of the Changyu city, also known as the old valley, the south flow of about 20 kilometers into the Yongding River, the basin area of 214.5 square kilometers, the river length of 29.8 kilometers, the average longitudinal slope of 2‰.

Qingshui River, originating at the foot of Lingshan Mountain in the west of Mentougou District, named Daxi Valley, under Dujiazhuang and originated from the Yellow Tower of the south Valley, down to the village of Qingshui, and from the temple of the north of the convergence of the three sources named Qingshui River, east by north through Zhaitang, Junxiang and other places to Qingbai estuary into the Yongding River, the river length of about 28 kilometers, the average longitudinal slope of 1‰, The drainage area is 538.7 square kilometers, accounting for about half of the area of Mentougou District. ^[11]

Paradise River Daxing section

Paradise River Originally a tributary of the Long River, originated in Daxing District (former Daxing County) Yongding River North paradise and Lifa village area of the Ha 'owa, by the Yongding River through the dike water gathered into a river. The river flow is basically parallel to the Yongding River, near South Gezhuang into the county border, after the white housework, South Han, in the east of Xiaolong village and the Long River convolve. In 1961, a new river was opened near Zhugezhuang in Daxing District (former Daxing County), which passed through the Gengzha Gate of Anci County, Hebei Province, and merged into Yongding River about 1 km east of Nansifa village, named New Tiantang River, so it is now Yongding River basin, from then on, Tiantang River is incorporated into Yongding River basin, the whole river length is 37 kilometers, and the basin area is 328.21 square kilometers. ^[11-12]

The Longhe River, also originated near Lifa Village in Daxing District (former Daxing County), has four main tributaries in Beijing, namely, the Da, Xiaolong, the Old Heavenly River and the Tianying Drainage Ditch. Dalong River is located in the north of the Beijing-Tianjin railway, Xiaolong River is located in the south of the railway, and the two rivers converge in the west of the cross-huying village of Anci County, Hebei Province. In 1957, the Xiaolong River was rebuilt in Daxing District (former Daxing County), and the river moved up to Baita Village in Daxing District (former Daxing County) to join the Dalong River, and then flowed southeast along the new north Embankment of the Yongding River, and was divided into two tails in Peishoujia, one flowing east through the Da Nangong Village of Tianjin into the Longfeng New River; The other is the Xinlong River, which crosses the New North Embankment near Dongzhang Housework, enters the Yongding River area, bends to the east, and enters the Yongding River near Yangying. The river basin covers an area of 250.33 square kilometers. Among them, the tributary Xiaolong River is 71.56 square kilometers, the Dalong River is 58.14 square kilometers, the Long River section after the concourse is 21.52 square kilometers, the Tianying drainage Ditch is 57.41 square kilometers, and the old Paradise River is 41.70 square kilometers. The total length of the river in Beijing (including the Dalong River) is 26.7 kilometers. ^[11]

Yongding River in the old way Originally for the Yongding River floodway, is now the drainage channel, the river from Zhengjialou village north entry, through the Zhonghong sluice into Yongding New River, across the county length of 12.5 kilometers. In order to solve the problem of Yongding River water overflow, in 1960, Wangqingtuo drainage gate was built. In November 1971, the old road was excavated (the east and west sides of the Jingfu Branch Line were constructed by Wuqing and Anji counties) and the drainage gates were expanded (Wuqing construction, the excess flow rate was 80 seconds cubic meters), and 19 buildings such as gates, culverts and Bridges were built, and 1.68 million cubic meters of soil were moved. From 1972 to 1973, 12 Bridges were built at Erguang, Chagu Port and Yuba Estuary to facilitate traffic. From March to June 1976, two control gates were built at Hangu Port and Yuba Estuary, with a total of 11 holes, 3 meters per hole, 80 seconds of overflow cubic meters, the design standard is once in 10 years, and the check is 20 years. In the winter of 1976, the dredging of the river was deepened to facilitate water storage and irrigation. ^[13-14]

Governance and development

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EDITOR

River treatment

The main form of governance in Ming Dynasty was to build embankments. According to historical records: There were 25 years in the Ming Dynasty to send the army and people to build embankments, the larger is the Xuande nine years to the orthodox three years (1434 ~ 1438) overhaul the left bank embankment above Lugou Bridge, and built stone embankments in the key sections of the embankment, Jiajing forty-one year to forty-two years (1562 ~ 1563) with 35 thousand silver, by the Ministry of Works Shang Xiao Li built the left embankment above Lugou Bridge. The earth embankment was changed into stone embankment, and later part of the earth embankment below Lugou Bridge was changed into stone embankment.

In February of the thirty-seventh year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, the Hun River flooded and flooded its fields and people's farms. Emperor Kangxi made a quick decision and on February 25, he sent Yu Chenglong (Zhenjia) and Wang Xinmin, the governors of Zhili, respectively to investigate and administer the province. Yu Chenglong personally surveyed the Hun River course, decided to strengthen the old embankment of the Shiglu section at the same time, large-scale treatment of the river section below the Lugou Bridge, both building the embankment and dredging the riverbed, paying attention to sand control while controlling the water, and paying attention to the upper, middle and lower reaches of the whole process, changing the situation of the past. He personally commanded the river, supervised the river workers to pick the new river, and the Kangxi Emperor also personally visited and instructed. New river from Wanping Lugou Bridge to Yongqing Zhujiazhuang, the Wolf city River, note Xigu into the sea, May success. On July 21, Yu Chenglong Shuplease named the new river excavated in Bazhou as Yongding River. The history says: "Kangxi thirty-seven years, from Liangxiang Zhangjiazhuang to Dongan Lang God River re-opened, to the north and south sites, from Gu 'an, Yongqing north, drainage straight out of the Liuchagkou triangle lake (namely Dongdian), to reach Xigu, give the name Yongding River." This Kangxi middle age after the total river Jackie Chan changed the way also." Kangxi considered again and again, Hun River, WudingRiver and even the whole Hunhe main stream named Yongding River, inscription built monument, the first time to seal Yongding River God. Obviously, Yu Chenglong proposed, Kangxi emperor named the "Yongding River", is for the old name "Wuding River" and the opposite of its name, hoping that the Hunhe River from now on peace, no longer flooding, the good wishes of eternal peace, the benefit of Beijing.

In the first year of Yongzheng (1723), the sediment deposition of the triangle lake was serious, and the swing of the downstream river appeared, and the trend developed to the upstream. In the fourth year of Yongzheng (1726), a new river was dug into the river from Guo Housework to Liufa. In the second year of Qianlong (1737), the Yongding River was flooded, and the suburbs of the capital were affected by floods, Qianlong personally dispatched, and organized personnel to draw up a control plan, and put forward the idea of "thinning the river, taking the lower mouth, to smooth its flow, to strengthen the embankment on both sides, to prevent conflicts, deep dredging and reducing the river, to divide its salty rise".

"Gi-fu Tongzhi" records: "Since the thirty-seventh year of Kangxi, after the construction of levees, it changed to the south, divided into the old and new two rivers, the old river, the Yongzheng four years to dredge the busy Niu River also. ... Divided into east and west two strands, west to Bijiazhuang, southwest into the Wupede River Bazhou, and south to the Zhongting River, to return to Dongdian...... East from Bijiazhuang southeast flow, to Niutuo town, access to Huangjia River, with Bazhou Yuanjinwa, also return to Dongdian...... Daoguang three years east and west two reduced river long into Pinglu... . North reduction River, that is, Qiuxian Village reduction river, Qianlong four years to pick this river, to divide the water of Jinmen gate... After Wanping, Gu 'an, Yongqing, Dongan, Wuqing five counties, into the Fenghe... In the second year of Daoguang, the Qiuxian Grey Dam was broken, and the lower reaches of the Yongding River were also moved, thus the river was abandoned." "Cui Ying village south of the river, Qianlong 12 years, because of the half-cut river grass dam too much water, with the blockage, the exploration of Cui Ying low-lying, so the construction of grass dam here, in order to discharge the upstream floodplain water." ^[8]

According to the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong (1772) in December Zhili Governor Zhou Yuanli said: Yongding River since the thirty-seventh year of Kangxi embankment, migration is impermanent, the former river body, known as today's sand silt, high in the south and low in the north, so that the water potential is increasingly in the north, "a little migration regardless of the outside, before and after the river was changed six times", that is:

In the thirty-seventh year of Kangxi, from Liangxiang County Laojun Hall to build the embankment, excavate the new river, from Yongqing County Zhujiazhuang Anlan City into the lake, to Xigu Da Sea. It was the beginning of the construction of the west bank of Yongding River, and the river was changed to Anlan City for the first time.

In the thirty-ninth year of Kangxi, due to the silting of the mouth of Anlan City in Yongqing County under the house, it was changed by Bazhou Liu fork to the lake (that is, Xinzhang Lake in Dacheng County) into the sea, and built the levees on both sides of the river, the second river was changed by Liuchakou.

In the fourth year of Yongzheng, due to gradually high silting above the Liu Fork, it changed to the lower mouth slightly north of the Liu Fork, started to divert water from Guo Jijie in Yongqing County to the northeast of Wangqingtuo in Wuqing District (former Wuqing County), and entered the Daqing River from the triangle lake to the sea, the south bank started from the ice pit in Yongqing County to Wangqingtuo in Wuqing District (former Wuqing County), and the north bank started from He Ma Ying. To Wuqing District (former Wuqing County) Fanweng mouth to build the two sides of the levee (that is, the modern old south and north levees), the third time the river was changed to Wangqingtuo.

In the 16th year of Qianlong, Wuqing District (former Wuqing County) ice cellar to reduce water grass dam, because of the large flood, the dam mouth to stop the flow, then the ice cellar to the river. From the old east old Levee opened to Ye Lake into the sea. In the south bank from the mouth of Bazhou Liuca, the construction to Tianjin County Sanhezeng (that is, Wuqing District Sanhezeng) to the south Nian, the north bank to the west of Fenghe Xiaozhuang Jiannian as a north nian, the fourth river was changed to ice pit grass dam. ^[8]

Qianlong twenty years, Bingjiao estuary north silt into south high north low, open dike to change the river. In the broad terrain, let it ripple, dispersing water and sand, still return to the Shajia Lake into the sea, the fifth river was changed by He Yaoying.

In the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong, Xingju Daigong, the water was straight and deep, and the river was afraid to migrate to the north again, and the river was dredged and expanded in the downstream Tiaohetou area, so that the water potential reached Maojiawa, where the ground was broad and sufficient to accommodate, and still returned to the Shajiadian Dajin into the sea, and the sixth river was changed from the Tiaohe River.

The above rivers have been changed six times since the construction of levees. The first Anlan city, from the modern river has been more than ten miles north. After the ice pit changed the river, the north embankment in the Kangxi years turned to the south embankment, the south embankment in the Yongzheng years turned to the north embankment, in terms of modern river body, all the south embankment and north embankment built in the Kangxi and Yongzheng years are in the south of the river, and then check Qianlong five years, because the river is gradually migrating north, the embankment starts from Geyu City in Dongan County to the west bank of the Fenghe, build a North embankment together, Qianlong 21 years, because the North embankment is insufficient, And in Yongqing County Zhao hundred household camp to build a remote dike. The two banks have long been washed into rippling areas. Qianlong twenty-eight years, in the north dyke Yongqing County Jingfa, to Wuqing District (former Wuqing County) Huanghua shop, add Yue Nian one. Yue Nian and the former Nan Nian, more than 30 miles apart. Now the river is between these two banks. ^[8]

In the Qing Dynasty, since the twenty-second year of Daoguang (1842), the river management was very limited.

During the period of the Republic of China, the governance of Yongding River was basically at a standstill.

In order to protect the railway, during the Japanese puppet period (1941-1942), from the right embankment of the Longfeng River in Dongzhou, Wuqing District (former Wuqing County), the embankment along the railway was repaired to the Luofa Railway bridge, and after that, the small embankment was built on the right bank of the Shunlong River to the right bank of the Shunlong River above Yu Changfu, and later built into the new North embankment, which became the Pan Area North Embankment. The north embankment of the former Yongding River became the south embankment of the region.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, a planned, systematic and comprehensive Jiadian to Lugou Bridge section six times to strengthen the dike, according to the 50 years of peak flow of 4000 cubic meters per second, the dike top height of 2 meters design, according to the 100 years of peak flow of 7000 cubic meters per second, the dike top height of 1 meter check, the channel can pass 10,000 cubic meters. In the flood season of 1976, the flood control standard of the left embankment was raised to 16,000 cubic meters per second, which guaranteed the security of the capital Beijing. Under the unified planning, arrangement and guidance of the central government, Tianjin has carried out the pan-area governance project since 1949 and 1980s. ^[8]

Starting from the end of April 2020, the Beijing section of the Yongding River has launched the largest ecological water supply in 25 years, and the 170 km of the Beijing section of the Yongding River will be fully connected. ^[15]

On September 27, 2021, the sluice gate of Qujiadian Junction was opened, and the 865 km river course of Yongding River was fully accessible. ^[33]

In January 2023, the comprehensive treatment and ecological restoration project of the Shanxia section of the Yongding River in Mentougou District has been basically completed, with a total of 23.1 kilometers of treatment, three new wetlands and 20 floodbridges. ^[34]

Divert the flood from the river

Yongding New River Artificial river, in order to solve the problem of Yongding River into the sea, to ensure the safety of the capital Beijing, Tianjin and Jingshan railway, according to the "Beijing, Tianjin area water conservancy planning opinions" and "Yongding New River construction report" proposed by the Ministry of Water Resources and Electricity Haihe Survey and Design Institute, from the end of the pan Qu Jiadian excavation of a Yongding new River, through the Beijing-Tianjin highway, Jingshan Railway east to Beitang into the sea. The river was in operation from October 1970 to July 1, 1971. Yongding New River from Qujiadian gate to Dazhangzhuang with three dike and two rivers, Dazhangzhuang and a river below, between the Luxin River and Yaozhuang, there is Yangcun Airport drainage river, through the east embankment and Beijing sewage river (drought resistant river), through the north of Tianxinzhuang village, through the Jintang Canal, along the north side of the Fifth Seventh Trunk School of the Navy to Jinzhong River damp-proof gate, near Huanggang through the Jinzhong River, Then along the south side of the Jinzhong River to the east, Huichao Baixin River and through the Jingshan Railway, cut the Jicanal bend, directly to Beitangkou, a total length of 61.9 kilometers. The design standard of Yongding New River is a flood in 50 years, the flow of Kujiadian is 1800 cubic meters per second, in addition to 400 cubic meters per second through the North Canal into the Haihe River, the remaining 1400 cubic meters per second through the Yongding New River. Once in a hundred years flood check, the flow is 1800 cubic meters/second. Along the river, Beijing Sewage River, Chaobai New River and other inflow streams are included successively, and the design flow at its outlet is 4640 cubic meters seconds, and the check flow is 4820 cubic meters seconds.

Yongjin River, artificial river, in 1971 and Yongding New River built at the same time. From Yongding Xinhe Dazhangzhuang Junction water diversion culvert, along a section of the original dian south river, through the Jinyu Road, excavating the new river, to Huantuo water station east into the Jinzhong River, a total length of 9.15 kilometers. The operation conditions of Yongjin diversion river are: closing Dazhangzhuang Junction control gate at the end of the flood season, raising Yongjin diversion river gate, and diverting water from the new diversion river into Yongjin diversion River and Jinzhong River storage, with a maximum diversion flow of 200 cubic meters/second. During the flood season, when the Yongding New River is flooded less than once in 50 years, 200 m3 / s of flood water is diverted from the new River to the Jinzhong River through the Yongjin River for washing and silting, and then to the Yongding New River under the Jinzhong River damp-proof gate. ^[16]

Xiaoqing River It is a tributary of the North Zhuma River in the Daqing River system of the Haihe River Basin and a flood diversion channel on the right bank of the Yongding River. It originated in the northwest of Changxindian Township, Fengtai District, Beijing. Daning reservoir above Fengtai district called dumb Ba River, the following Xiaoqing River. Flowing through Changyang, Cucurfa, Guandao, Yaoshang, Nanzhao and other townships, in Nanzhao Township eight room village south exit, in Zhuozhou City, Hebei Province, south into the North Zhuoma River. The basin covers an area of 436 square kilometers. Fangshan District has a length of 30 kilometers, a watershed area of 212.35 square kilometers and a mountainous area of 28 square kilometers. On the right bank there are dumb and hedgehog rivers into the river. ^[17]

Sluice junction

Three shops block the river lock

Yongding River three shop block lock It was designed by the Beijing Survey and Design Institute of the Ministry of Water Resources and constructed by the Third Mechanical Engineering Corps of the Ministry of Water Resources. It was completed from January 1956 to March 1957. Including Yongding River control gate, channel into sluice gate and Chenglong irrigation area main channel inlet and culvert pipe each, is a secondary building. The sluice is designed to pass 5,000 cubic meters per second in 100 years of flood, and 7,700 cubic meters per second in 1000 years of flood. The steel arc gate of manual and electric hoist is installed on the gate, and a working bridge and a highway bridge are built. The maximum storage capacity is 1.25 million cubic meters. ^[18]

Xiaoqing River flood sluice In the winter of 1971, the Beijing Water Conservancy Meteorological Bureau reported to the Ministry of Water and Power approved the reconstruction of a Xiaoqing River sluice gate at the earth dam to control the discharge water. Construction began in January 1972 and was completed in December 1973. The gate type is an open wide-top weir, with the bottom floor elevation of 60.45 meters (Beijing elevation, the same below), the top of the door elevation of 64.05 meters, and the top of the dike (water arrow) elevation of 65.0 meters. There are 23 holes in the floodgate, each 4 meters high and 6 meters wide. The flat steel mesh concrete gate is adopted, and it is opened and closed by the movable gate type hoist (5 sets), with the opening and closing capacity of 2×7.5 tons/set. The design upstream water level is 64.05 meters, the design downstream water level is 63.70 meters, and the design flow through the gate is 1500 cubic meters per second. Then in 1979, the hydraulic model test results of the Sediment Research Institute of the Ministry of Hydropower showed that when the upstream reaches the design water level of 64.05 meters, the flood discharge capacity can only reach 1130 cubic meters per second, which can not meet the design standard. ^[19]

Lugou Bridge flood diversion hub

Lugou Bridge flood diversion hub On December 20, 1984, the Beijing Municipal Government approved the investment of Lugou Bridge flood diversion Hub project by (84) Jingjiji Zi No. 126. The whole project includes the construction of Yongding River sluice gate, the reconstruction of Xiaoqing River sluice gate and the expansion of Daning reservoir as flood retarding area. All three projects are designed by the Water Conservancy Design Institute of Beijing Water Resources Bureau; The second Engineering Department of Beijing Municipal Water Resources Bureau, the basic treatment team of water conservancy Engineering and the construction Department of water conservancy machinery are responsible for the construction. Construction began in January 1985, and except for the uncompleted expansion of Daning Reservoir, the rest, including the Daning Reservoir floodgate, were completed and put into use before 1986. ^[19]

Dazhangzhuang Gate

Dazhangzhuang Gate Located near Dazhangzhuang Village in the northern suburbs of Tianjin, the new river into the Yongding New River. The gate was built in 1970, the original design of reinforced concrete floor slurry stone pier, laminated beam gate. The main task of the gate is to separate the Yongding Xinhe flood in flood season, the design flow of 380 cubic meters/second, the corresponding upper water level of the gate 4.86 meters (Yellow Sea elevation, the same below), the lower water level of the gate 4.81 meters. Check the flow rate of 515 cubic meters/second, the corresponding upper water level of the gate 5.43 meters, the lower water level of the gate 5.38 meters. Later, in 1983, with the construction and utilization of the Luanhe Diversion project, the new diversion river was reversed to transport water, and the Luanhe diversion water was sent to the Kujiadian culvert into the North Canal and Haihe River. The gate played the role of diversion and water retention, and was rebuilt as well pile foundation in 1983 with 13 holes, including 3 deep slot holes, 2 stepped holes, 8 beach holes, and 8.9 m deep slot holes. The design elevation of the gate bottom plate is 1 m, the net width of the ladder holes is 9 m, the design elevation of the gate bottom plate is 0.3 m, and the net width of the beach holes is 9 m. The design height of the gate bottom plate is 1.8 meters, the height of the gate top is 3.6 meters, the gate is a flat steel gate, the opening and closing equipment is a plunger type hydraulic hoist, and the upper part of the gate is a steam-15 traffic bridge, the bridge floor is 5 meters wide and the bridge floor is 6.84 meters high. ^[20]

Liu Zhuangzi flood diversion gate It is located 2 kilometers above the Lugou Stone Bridge on the right bank of the Yongding River (before 1975, the flood diversion method was used at the gate of Liu Zhuangzi Estuary by blasting). The design flood diversion port is 100 meters wide and 3.5 meters deep. The asphalt road at the entrance is 10 meters wide and 68.7 meters high. After a flood occurred in Henan Province in 1975, according to the requirements of the Ministry of Water and Power, the maximum possible peak flood discharge above Lugou Bridge was considered to be 16,000 cubic meters per second, and flood diversion measures must be taken to ensure that the discharge under Lugou Bridge is less than 2,500 cubic meters per second. In the flood season of 1976, Beijing Flood Control Headquarters worked out the Yongding River flood control plan according to the instructions of the Ministry of Hydropower and with the assistance of the Institute of Water Conservancy Control of the Ministry of Hydropower. With the consent of the Ministry of Hydropower and the Beijing Municipal Committee, the flood diversion gate in LiuZhuangzi was made as an emergency measure during the flood season, and the bottom of the gate (that is, the crest) was excavated to 400 meters wide, and the asphalt pavement was still restored on the crest. The two ends of the weir are connected to the top road with a 4% slope, forming a trapezoidal side weir. The crest elevation is set according to the water surface line at a flow rate of 4,000 cubic meters per second, with the northern end of 65.21 meters (Beijing, the same below) and the southern end of 64.57 meters. Build a dam at the entrance, which is 1 meter higher than the designed flood level and 1.5 meters wider. The waterside slope is protected by dry masonry. When the peak discharge exceeds 4000 cubic meters per second, the soil and embankment are divided. After taking this measure, the flood diversion capacity of Liuzhuangzikou gate can reach 3,300 cubic meters per second. Construction began in August 1976 and was completed in 1977.

Lugou Bridge overflow weir It is located at 1.42 kilometers from the center of Lugou Bridge. It is a section of stone embankment on the right bank of Yongding River with a weir width of 300 meters. On July 25, 1939, the flood overflowed in this section, causing almost all of the Yongding River flood to discharge into the Daqing River through the Xiaoqing River. At that time, the Beijing Engineering Bureau of the Construction General Bureau of the North China Government Affairs Committee of the Japanese Puppet made the design of using the break to build a weir flood diversion, and it was contracted to the Japanese business Dalin Group to complete the construction after the flood in 1940 to the flood in 1942. The crest is 59 meters high, about 1.0 meters lower than the water level at 2,500 cubic meters per second under the Lugou Bridge. From May 22 to 24, 1978, the Ministry of Water and Power held a flood control symposium in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei provinces and cities, and determined that the weir could not be used. In June of the same year, a section of cement mortar masonry embankment consistent with the section of the upper and lower stone embankment was built at the front of the overflow weir, and the overflow weir was blocked. After the stone embankment is filled with soil, the top width is 10 meters, the height is flat with the embankment, and the top of the embankment is paved with gravel pavement.

Jinmen Gate

Jinmen Gate Located 31.2 kilometers below Lugou Bridge on the right embankment of the Yongding River, south of Yaoshang Village, Fangshan County. Qing Kangxi forty years (1701) built grass gate, six years later rebuilt into stone gate, named Jinmen gate. Qianlong three years (1738) built water reduction stone dam, three years later increased into a "stone keel". In the 11th year of Tongzhi (1872), the whole was rebuilt. In the first year of Xuantong (1909), the dam was rebuilt as a stone gate. In 1937, the southern two holes were converted into iron gates. In 1949, the Jinmen Canal irrigation project still used the head of the Jinmen Gate silting project as a diversion gate. In 1953, water diversion began, due to the channel siltation, breach, poor drainage, resulting in the expansion of the alkaline area of cultivated land, small benefits and great harm, stop water diversion. It was converted into an irrigation gate in 1971.

Qu Jiadian water conservancy project Yongding new river into flood sluice

Kujiadian water conservancy project Located in the northern suburb of Tianjin (now Beicchen District) near Kujiadian, the hub project includes the North Canal control lock, ship lock, south flood lock (new Yinhe lock) and north flood lock (Yongding New river lock), responsible for flood discharge, sewage, water supply, irrigation and moisture-proof tasks. ^[18] Due to the flood of Yongding River carrying a lot of sediment discharge, resulting in the North Canal, Haihe and Tianjin port silting, seriously affecting the development of Haihe and Tianjin port shipping industry. To this end, the construction of Kujiadian hub project began in 1930. It mainly includes the North Canal control lock, the ship lock, the new diversion flood sluice, and the excavation of a new diversion river to divert water through the Jingshan Railway into the subsidence river deposition area. The project was completed in 1932. The rainstorm center in the upper reaches of Yongding River, especially Guanting Mountain Gorge, threatened the safety of Beijing and Tianjin and Jingshan Railway. In order to smooth the passage of the lower reaches of Yongding River into the sea and protect the safety of the two cities and railway, Yongding Xinhe River was excavated in 1970 according to the plan of Haihe River basin, and Yongding Xinhe flood gate was built at the same time. ^[20]

Yongding Xinhe estuary

Yongding new river damp-proof gate Is the Haihe river basin Yongding new river estuary control project. According to the flood discharge capacity of 50 years design, 100 years check standard, 20 hole gate. The main task of the damp-proof gate of Yongding Xinhe River is to keep the sediment from the estuary, ensure the flood safety of the upper reaches of Yongding Xinhe River and Chaobai Xinhe River, and ensure the flood control and damp-proof safety of the middle and lower reaches of the North four rivers in the Haihe River basin, especially the central urban area of Tianjin and the Binhai New Area. In November 2007, the first phase of Yongding New River management project was officially started. The total investment of the project is 1.011 billion yuan, and the project was completed in May 2011.

Flood detention area

Daning slow flood reservoir

Daning reservoir flood mitigation project, It is an important part of Lugou Bridge flood diversion hub, and its purpose is to delay the flood that occurs once in 50 years or once in 100 years after Yongding River flood diversion in the reservoir area, so as to reduce the flood disaster in the lower reaches of Xiaoqing River. Daning Reservoir, east of Yongding River, west of Changxindian Town, was built in 1959, is a plain reservoir, storage capacity of 3.3 million cubic meters. The expanded Daning reservoir has a total storage capacity of 36 million cubic meters. ^[21]

Yongding River area It is located at the border of Langfang City and Yongqing County of Hebei Province, Daxing District of Beijing (former Daxing County) and Beichen District and Wuqing District of Tianjin (former Wuqing County), with a width of 6 ~ 7 kilometers from north to south (the widest point is 16 kilometers) and a length of 67 kilometers from east to west, with a total area of 460 square kilometers. When the designed flood storage level is 16.5 meters, the water storage capacity is 400 million cubic meters, inundating 386,000 mu of cultivated land, 224 villages, and 174,000 people. In 1970, the new Yongding River was excavated, and the flood water went straight to Beitang and into the sea.

Triangular lake Located on the right side of the lower reaches of the Yongding River, Wuqing District (former Wuqing County) and Beichen District of Tianjin. It is located in the south of Beiyao Dike, the north of Nanyao Dike, the east of Chenzui Second branch Canal, and the west of increased production dike, the terrain is high in the northwest and low in the southeast, and the diastal elevation is 8.5 ~ 4.5 meters (Dagu, the same below). When the design flood detention level is 8.65 meters, the corresponding flood detention capacity is 101 million cubic meters, with a total area of 59.8 square kilometers. Laogangdian Lake is the end of the lower reaches of Yongding River. It was formed after the Yongding River flood was diverted in Lianggezhuang in 1939. The principle of application is: when the flood flow of the Yongding River is still greater than 1800 cubic meters per second after the flood is stored in the pan-area, and it threatens the safety of the Qujiadian gate or the Yongding Xinhe River and the North Canal dike, the dike should be divided into the triangle Lake near Dawang Village or the North drainage on the right bank of the Yongding River. ^[22]

reservoir

Guanting reservoir

Guanting reservoir In Huailai County, Hebei Province, located in the Yongding River through the Guanting Gorge. Adjacent to the western part of Beijing. Yongding River is one of the rivers in the Haihe River system, formed by the confluence of Sanggan River and Yanghe River. The construction of Guanting Shanxia Reservoir is the beginning of the development of Yongding River cascade hydropower generation. Guanting Reservoir is a multi-year regulation reservoir, which has functions of flood control, irrigation, fish farming and power generation, and plays an ironic and controlling role in Yongding River cascade hydropower generation. The reservoir was started in October 1951, impoundment in 1953, and completed in May 1954. With a total storage capacity of 2.27 billion cubic meters, it is the first large reservoir built in the upper reaches of the Yongding River after the founding of the People's Republic of China. ^[23-24]

In addition to the Guanting Reservoir, from 1958 to 1982, a total storage capacity of 580 million cubic meters has been built on the Sanggan River Chetian reservoir (1960); A total storage capacity of 116 million cubic meters was built on the Toyo River Youyi reservoir (1963); In the upstream tributaries, there are 17 medium-sized reservoirs and 283 small reservoirs, with a total storage capacity of more than 700 million cubic meters. ^[24]

East Yulin Reservoir

The main dam of Dongyulin Reservoir is located on the upper main stream of Sanggan River in the southeast of East Yulin village, Shentou Town, Shuozhou City. Controlling an area of 3430 square kilometers, it is a specially designed spillway free reservoir. The main dam is a homogeneous earth dam with a maximum height of 15.5 meters and a length of 1135 meters. Built in 1978, the dam collapsed in the following year, and it was a dangerous warehouse. Originally an empty repository, the Lord holds God head spring water. In 1999, all water was stored. In 2005, it was strengthened. The total storage capacity is 65 million cubic meters, and in the 20th century, more than 80 million cubic meters of water are supplied to the downstream and surrounding areas every year. In October 2007, it was approved as the first provincial water conservancy scenic spot in Shanxi Province, and in 2008, it was the national water conservancy Scenic spot of Shuozhou Sanggan River Wetland. ^[25]

Chetian reservoir

Chetian reservoir Located in Xubao Township, Yunzhou District, Datong City, Shanxi Province. Founded in March 1958, it crosses the Sanggan River water, east and west 30 kilometers long, downstream for the Wulong Gorge, about 10 kilometers long, Xingli water level area of about 50,000 mu, water storage 86 million cubic meters, can irrigate farmland more than 400,000 mu, an annual output of more than 50,000 kilograms of fish. The main task of the reservoir is to prevent sand, flood control and flood for the downstream Guanting reservoir, which also plays an important role in ensuring the flood control safety of the capital, and also undertakes part of the industrial and domestic water and farmland irrigation in Datong city. ^[26]

Youyi reservoir

Carvatn ( Youyi reservoir ), the upper reaches of the Dongyang River, a tributary of the Yanghe River, the largest basin area of the reservoir is 2250 square kilometers, the largest water collection area is 7.7 square kilometers, accounting for 67.6% of the basin area of the Dongyang River, the total storage capacity is 116 million cubic meters, and the average water depth is 6-9 meters. ^[27]

In addition, the main stream of the Yongding River has the Zhuwo Reservoir built for the cascade power station (total storage capacity of 14.3 million cubic meters) and Luopoling Reservoir (Total storage capacity 3.65 million cubic meters). There are more small and medium-sized reservoirs on the tributaries, such as the Western River reservoir upstream of the upper branch of the Yanghe River, Guanting Mountain Gorge, there are located on the Qingshui River Zhaitang reservoir The total storage capacity is 54.2 million cubic meters, and the control basin area is 345 square kilometers, accounting for 61.9% of the Qingshui River basin area of 557 square kilometers. The other is the Weizui reservoir located on the left branch of Xiamaling Gully, with a total storage capacity of 7.6 million cubic meters, controlling a watershed area of 39 square kilometers, accounting for 70% of the basin area of Xiamaling Gully. ^[24]

Hydropower project

Most of the reservoirs on the tributaries have power stations, and the main hydropower facilities in the main stream are:

Guanting hydropower station

Guanting Hydropower Station is the first hydropower station built in North China after 1949, and it is also the first hydropower station designed, manufactured and constructed by China itself. In June 1954, after the construction of Guanting Reservoir, it was started with three 10,000-kilowatt hydrogenerators. The first unit was put into operation on December 26, 1955, and completed in April 1956. In 1956, an aqueduct was built at the exit of Guanting Shanxia to send water into Beijing, and in conjunction with it, construction of the Beijing Model Mouth Hydropower Station was started. Install two hydrogenerators with a total capacity of 6000 kW. It began generating electricity in March 1957.

Luolingpo hydropower station reservoir area

In 1958, Zhuwo Reservoir was built downstream of Guanting Reservoir, followed by the construction of a single capacity of 65,000 kilowatts of Xiamaling hydropower station, which began to generate electricity in January 1961, forming the second echelon of Yongding River power station. In the spring of 1970, in the lower reaches of Xiamaling, the construction of Luopuling Barrage and Xiaiguidian Hydropower Station began. In December 1975, two 15,000-kilowatt hydropower turbine generators were built at the same time, forming the third stage of Yongding River hydropower generation.

Weizi Power Station dam

Moongkou Hydropower Station (decommissioned)

Yongding River cascade hydroelectric power generation, is composed of the above Guanting, Xiamaling, Xiaiguidian and Mokou four hydropower stations, four cascade power stations a total of 8 units, the total installed capacity of 3× 10,000 kilowatts +1× 65,000 kilowatts +2× 15,000 kilowatts +2×0.3 kilowatts = 131,000 kilowatts. With the development of water conservancy and hydropower science and technology, the whole Yongding River cascade hydropower generation has been automated, and the unit has been started or stopped according to the logical program.

Xiamaling power Station

Yongding River cascade hydropower, in addition to the Guanting reservoir in Hebei Province, other downstream hydropower station sites are in Beijing, so the entire project construction and production management, are responsible for the Beijing Municipal power department. It is managed by Beijing Shijingshan Power Plant. ^[23] ^[28]

irrigate

As far back as 250 AD, Liu Jing, general of Cao Wei Zheng North, used Yongding River to irrigate farmland around Gaoliang River. After Beijing was the capital in the feudal era, it used Yongding River for several times to develop shipping, but all the projects could not be maintained for a long time because of the steep slope of the Yongding River, the floods were raging, and the sand content was large, and even caused major disasters. As for the water source as the lifeblood of the city, it can only rely on the springs in the Yuquan Mountain and the West Mountain area, and dare not cite the Yongding River water.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, from 1951 to 1954, the Guanting Reservoir was built to control the flood of the Yongding River, intercept sediment, regulate the water volume, and create conditions for the construction of the Yongding River water diversion project. From 1956 to 1957, the Yongding River water diversion project was completed, and Beijing's industrial and agricultural production, urban construction and urban environment were further developed and improved.

In 1954, the Guanting Reservoir was built, and the water volume was adjusted, creating conditions for the development of mountain and Sichuan irrigation in the Guanting Mountain Gorge. After the construction of Sanjiadian river lock in 1957, farmland irrigation was further consolidated, developed and improved.

(1) Irrigation of Guanting Mountain Gorge area

Guanting Mountain Gorge is located in the mountains, mostly for irrigation, a total of about 9000 mu. There are four large artesian irrigation channels:

(1) The two townships of Color tree grave and Miaofeng Mountain jointly built a channel in 1974, which was completed in 1978 and can pour 1,300 mu of land.

(2) Miaofeng Mountain Township diverted 0.5 cubic meters of water per second to irrigate the land of Longjiazhuang, Shuiyuzui and Chenjiazhuang, a total of about 1,000 mu.

(3) Miaofeng Mountain Township diverted water to water Dingjiatan village side land 500 mu.

(4) Qingbaikou Township diverted 0.4 cubic meters of water per second, pouring 600 mu of land near Fujiatai.

In addition, the Junzhuang Water turbine pump station was built in 1975 and completed in 1979. The maximum amount of water used is 1 cubic meter per second, the net head is 50 meters, and the mountain near the Junzhuang is irrigated with an area of about 2000 mu.

There are also Zhaitang irrigation canal and Junxiang irrigation canal near Qingshui River, the main tributary of Yongding River in Beijing.

(2) Irrigation of the lower reaches of the Yongding River

The following seven irrigation areas under the management of Beijing directly use Yongding River water for irrigation are Chenglong, Shijingshan, Lianyin, Lugou Bridge, Huangtugang, Yongding River and Daning; Through the Yongding River aqueduct water supply also Haidian, Chaoyang, Daxing, Tongxian County and other districts of the Xishan, Pingfang, southeast suburbs, Nanhongmen, Maju bridge, Xinhe and other irrigation areas, control irrigation area of about 900,000 mu. In addition, part of the branch canals in Shijingshan Irrigation area are also supplied by the Yongding River diversion canal.

The following is a brief description of the irrigation area directly diverted from Yongding River (see Part 2 of Farmland Water Conservancy), as shown in Figure 4-11.

(1) Chenglong Irrigation Area. Located on the right bank of the Yongding River in Mentougou District, it is an old irrigation district, renovated and expanded after the founding of the People's Republic. After the completion of Sanjiadian sluice gate, a new sluice gate was built on the right bank upstream of sluice gate, and the effective irrigation area of the irrigation area was developed to 19,800 mu.

(2) Shijingshan Irrigation Area. After the founding of the People's Republic, it was expanded and developed on the basis of the original Shilu Canal, located on the left bank of the Yongding River between Sanjiadian and Lugou Bridge, with a total of eight diversion canals covering an effective irrigation area of 28,400 mu.

(3) Lianyin irrigation area. Located on the upstream right bank of Lugou Bridge, there are two intakes of artesia and water, with an effective irrigation area of 16,700 mu.

(4) Lugou Bridge Irrigation Area. It is located on the right bank of Yongding River upstream of Lugou Bridge, with an actual pouring area of 0.2 million mu.

(5) Huangshigang Irrigation District. Located on the left bank of Yongding River downstream of Lugou Bridge, it has an effective irrigation area of 7,000 mu.

(6) Yongding River Irrigation District. Located on the left bank of Yongding River downstream of Lugou Bridge, it irrigates part of the farmland in the west and south of Daxing District (former Daxing County). Effective irrigation area of 289,000 mu.

(7) Daning Irrigation District. Located on the right bank of Yongding River downstream of Lugou Bridge, it irrigates farmland south of Daning Reservoir, west of Yongding River, east of Jingshi Highway and south to the city limits, with an effective irrigation area of 86,000 mu. ^[29]

Water supply

In 1954, the Guanting Reservoir was built, which controlled the floods in the upper reaches of Yongding River and created conditions for Beijing to use Yongding River water. It was completed in 1957 Yongding River diversion canal The project takes three shops as the head of the canal to build a barrier gate and a sluice gate. The canal line runs from Sanjiadian through Mokou, Xihuang Village to the east, using a section of the South drought River, through Yuyuantan to Xibianmen into the Mocheng River. In order to supply water to the river and lake in the city, another branch canal was set up from the double pagoda Tree to the Zizhuyuan (Double Purple Branch Canal), which connected with the long river and then entered the North moat through the long River. The maximum capacity of the aqueduct is 50 cubic meters per second.

The Yongding River water drawn by the water diversion project, through the main river and the two branches running through the western suburbs of the city and the south and north of the city, solves the needs of the development of the national economy and urban life. The main river mainly supplies water to Shijingshan Power Plant, Gaojing Power Plant, Capital Iron and Steel Company, Beijing Steel Plant, Yanshan Petrochemical Corporation, Tiancun Water Plant, the second thermal power Plant and some irrigation areas in Shijingshan and Haidian District; In addition to supplying water to the city garden lake, the North Branch also supplied water to industrial users such as the Second Rolling Steel Mill, Yanjing Paper Mill and Pingfang Irrigation District of Chaoyang District (after the completion of the Jingmi Water diversion Project in 1966, the Shuangzi branch Canal was cut off, and the North branch river was supplied by the Jingmi water diversion canal, but during the winter when the Jingmi water diversion canal was shut down, it was still supplied by the Yongding River water diversion canal); South branch line through the south moat into the Tonghui River, in addition to the Taoranting, Longtan two park lake water supply, but also to the water source six plant, the eastern suburb thermal power plant, printing and dyeing, paper and other factories and Chaoyang, Fengtai, Daxing, Tongxian district, some irrigation areas of the county water supply. By 1985, the water diversion project had supplied nearly 20 billion cubic meters of water to industry and agriculture, urban rivers and lakes, and People's Daily life. ^[30]

shipping

Yongding River because of "flooding is fast and difficult to control, dry is a reed impassable", water source is not guaranteed; Also on the way "rocky obstacles", too many passes, the whole line of navigation can not be traced, but the local navigation is still contained in history.

As early as the fourth year of Sui Daye (AD 608), in the Yongding River downstream Jinghai area dug through the Yongji canal, west by Baxian near Xin 'an town, North he Sanggan River branch reached Zhuojun County (that is, Beijing), the Sui Dynasty had used it to transport food and wages.

Later, in the 18th year of Zhenguan of the Tang Dynasty (644 AD), Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty made an expedition to Liaodong, and sent Wei Ting to transport grain from Youzhou to the east through the Sanggan River, but when he reached Lu Shitai, he "went down to Midai side" due to congestion in the canal. This shows that the Tang Dynasty also used it for transportation. Just as the "Preparation for the Ministry of Water" said, "Lu ditch down, the boat is often". ^[31]

"Preparation for the Ministry of Water" also recorded: "Lu Gou up, straight to Xuanfu security State, so Yuan Yundao. From the Guding Bridge in Datong County to the Wuli Village in Lugou Bridge, the distance is about 800 li, with 727 li of boats and 88 li of donkeys." This also shows that the Yuan Dynasty did use the Yongding River as a transport route to transport supplies and grain, but not the whole line of navigation, but both water and land, and some areas are still carried by camels and mules.

The reason why the Yongding River cannot be navigable all the way is that the terrain is complicated. The Yongding River enters Beijing from Shanxi Province through two gorges, one is Shixiaoli Gorge in Yangyuan area and the other is Guanting Gorge in Beijing area. Especially the Guanting Gorge, the terrain is complex, the drop is more than 340 meters, the average gradient is three thousandths, in the era of science and technology is not developed, the ship transport is impossible.

There are also historical records of the failure of successive dynasties to develop and utilize Yongding River for shipping (mainly water transport).

"The Annals of the Golden History, the River Canal" reads: "In the decade of Da Ding (1170 AD), it was decided that Lu Gou should be transported to the capital. ... Eleven years (AD 1171) in December, the provincial minister to open, from Jinkou dredging to the north of the capital, into the trenches and east, to the north of Tongzhou into Lu water. ... Canal into, with high terrain, muddy water. Jun is swirl swirl swirl, snapping shore good collapse; Muddy mud is blocked, accumulated sediment into shallow, can not win the boat. ... But I can't walk away." In the 27th year of Dading (1187 AD), "the capital was viewed from the Jinkou Gate, more than 140 feet high... Meet the rise, people or for adultery, its harm is not shallow. ... The emissaries cancelled." This is the Jin Dynasty channel water navigation failed to succeed in an example. ^[31]

After the Yuan Shizu unified China and moved the capital from Kaiping Prefecture (near Duolun, Inner Mongolia) to Dadu (present Beijing), he was very concerned about the navigation route from Dadu to the northwest Shangdu. In the 28th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1291 AD), Kublai Khan heard someone say, "Luanhe River from Yongping wan boat 窬 mountain, can reach Kaiping; Lu Valley from Mayu to nettle forest (now Wanquan County, Hebei Province wash horse forest) ", that is, sent imperial historian Guo Shoujing to reconnaissance. The result is that "Luanhe River is not feasible boat, Lu Gou is also impassable" (Guo Shoujing Biography, Yuan History). This is another example.

Later, in the second year of Zhizheng of the Yuan Shun Emperor (1342 AD), "The Book of China consulted on the proposal of Luo Timur and Du Shui Fu Zuo, starting from the South Gaoli Village in Tongzhou until the ancient Jinkou of Tibanshui water in Shixia, the West Mountains for more than 120 miles, creating a new river. ... Put the west mountain gold saliva flow east to Gaoli Zhuang, He Yu River, transport to the metropolitan city by sea... The first month of the work, to the end of April. It is impossible to put Jinkou water on the lock, the current is turbulent, the sediment is choked, and the ship is not feasible. ... Die without merit "(The History of the Yuan Dynasty, Records of the River Canal). This was another example of failure.

In the Ming Dynasty, Datong, Xuanhua and other places upstream of the Yongding River were key frontier areas, and the military situation was always tense, and the transportation problem of army grain and wages was very big. Several emperors successively wanted to solve the transportation problem through the Yongding River, and they sent field surveys several times, but they could not be implemented.

By the Qing Dynasty, Xuanhua and Datong provinces were no longer important border areas, and the Yongding River was plagued by frequent floods, so the matter of shipping had no practical significance and was no longer mentioned.

^[31]

Sand mining

The mining of sand and stone in Yongding River was gradually developed after the 1970s. During the period of the Republic of China, only the residents near the river dug the river pebbles on the beach near the Lugou Bridge to build courtyard walls and house foundations, and the number was very small. On the eve of liberation, there were also people who relied on mining and selling pebbles to make a living, but for a few, it was manual mining, and the amount was not large. In the early days of liberation (before the 1960s), although there are sites specializing in sand mining, most of them are located in the river forks upstream of Shijingshan, and they are manual mining or semi-mechanical mining, and the total annual mining is not more than 50,000 or 60,000 cubic meters. ^[32]

The large-scale mechanical mining of sand and stone in Yongding River started from Lugou Bridge branch of Babaoshan Sand and stone Farm. Babaoshan Sand and stone Farm was originally mined near Babaoshan to supply the construction needs of Beijing. Later, due to the decreasing resources, the demand increased. In the early 1970s, a mining farm was set up in the riverbank along the East River above Lugou Bridge. Delimit 900,000 square meters of beach land as the mining area of Babaoshan sand and stone farm (including the mining area of the second component factory of the Building Materials Bureau), and approved the quarry of Shijingshan Commune and the mining of Yongding River sand and stone farm in Daxing District (former Daxing County) at the end of the same year.

After 1980, the housing construction and municipal engineering construction in the capital have been developed on a large scale, and the demand for sand and stone materials has increased, so the units of mining sand and stone in the Yongding River have also increased greatly. ^[32]

After the establishment of the Beijing Yongding River Management Office, in order to combine the dredging of the river, conducive to flood drainage, and supply the capital building materials, the sand mining plan was formulated at the end of 1976, and was approved by the Municipal Water Conservancy Meteorological Bureau in October 1979. The scope of planning is from Sanjiadian Jingmen Railway bridge to Daxing District (former Daxing County) goose House in the river for mining sand and gravel area. The width of the mining area: above the Lugou Bridge, within the flood channel of 4000 cubic meters per second, but at least 200 meters from the embankment on both sides; Below Lugou Bridge, within the river control wire. Mining depth: 2.8 ~ 6.5 meters from Sanjiadian to Lugou Bridge, 2.05 ~ 3.8 meters from Lugou Bridge to Goose Room.

Although there is a sand mining plan, and the mining scope and excavation depth are also specified in the approval letter of the mining unit, some units only look at the immediate interests, rarely consider the river condition after mining, and add lax management, and there is a phenomenon of ultra-wide and ultra-deep mining. ^[32]

In June 1985, in order to ensure the flood control safety of the capital and rationally develop the sand and stone resources of river channels, the Beijing Municipal People's Government issued the Interim Provisions on the Management of Sand and Stone Mining of River Channels in Beijing, which came into force on July 1, 1985. The Yongding River Management Office immediately re-registered the mining units since July, made reasonable adjustments, and re-went through the approval procedures. All mining units are required to mine in strict accordance with the approved delimited scope, and strictly control the depth of excavation.

By the end of 1985, a total of 79 mining units had gone through the approval and registration procedures again, of which 72 were mechanically mined and 7 were manually mined. 72 mechanical mining units, 64 mining in Yongding River, 8 mining in Xiaoqing River floodway; According to the district and county sections, there are 25 in Mentougou District, 6 in Shijingshan District, 24 in Fengtai District, 15 in Fangshan County and 2 in Daxing District (formerly Daxing County). Seven units of artificial mining, all in Shijingshan District. ^[32]

Ecological water replenishment

Since the 1980s, due to the increase in industrial and agricultural water use, water pollution is serious, and the ecosystem of Yongding River is seriously degraded. The main river reaches are dry for 121 days per year, and the average annual flow is cut off for 316 days. The annual inflow of main pollutants COD and ammonia nitrogen exceeds the pollution carrying capacity by 1.5 times and 7.6 times respectively.

The idea of diverting water from the Yellow River to the Yongding River has been proposed since the 1980s, but no progress has been made. Until 2015, the Outline of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Coordinated Development Plan clearly proposed to promote the comprehensive management and ecological restoration of the "six rivers and five lakes", and the Yongding River is one of the "six rivers". Subsequently, in February 2016, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Water Resources, the State Forestry Administration and Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and Shanxi provinces and cities launched the preparation of the "Yongding River Comprehensive management and ecological restoration overall Plan", which was officially announced in December after the completion of the preparation. The scheme is designed to transfer water from Wanjiazhai Reservoir in Shanxi Province to Yongding River through Hebei Province to alleviate the shortage of water in Guanting Reservoir.

In March 2017, the provincial Coordinating leading Group of the Ministry of Comprehensive Management and Ecological Restoration of Yongding River was established to strengthen the upstream and downstream linkage of the river basin and establish a regional interactive cooperation mechanism. At the same time, the formation of watershed companies is studied to drive the integration of watershed governance with the integration of investment subjects. In June 2018, Yongding River Basin Investment Co., LTD., jointly established by the people's governments of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and Shanxi provinces and China Communications Group, was officially inaugurated with a total investment of 37 billion yuan.

In March 2019, the Yongding River for the first time achieved large-scale diversion of Yellow River water into Beijing, with a scale of 200 million cubic meters. The 102-kilometer Yongding River channel in Mentougou area has realized the first full line of water in nearly 40 years, and the mountain gorge section has realized the uninterrupted flow for the first time. In April 2020, Guanting Reservoir opened the sluice again to release water. The water replenishment has helped the Mentougou section of the Yongding River recover about 100 million cubic meters of groundwater, and the water level has risen by 7 to 8 meters. Regional biological chains will be rebuilt, native fish species will gradually recover, and birds will regather. ^[6]

Water scheduling

In December 2023, under the influence of strong cold air, the entire Yongding River froze. At this point, the Yongding River has achieved water along the whole line and the glacial phase of the river course, and successfully completed the water target task of the whole year. This is also the first time that the Yongding River has water throughout the year since it was cut off in 1996, marking a breakthrough in the water scheduling work of the Yongding River. ^[39]

Basin profile

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EDITOR

Yongding River basin scope diagram

Yongding River basin is adjacent to Chaobai and North Canal in the east, Yellow River basin in the west, Daqing River in the south, and inland river in the north; The basin covers Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin 5 provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government; The basin covers an area of 47,016 square kilometers, the basin length is 515 kilometers, the average width is 91 kilometers, and the average gradient of the basin is 2.85‰. ^[4]

In the river basin, the mountain area is 45063 square kilometers, accounting for 95.8%, and the plain is 1953 square kilometers, accounting for 4.2%. From the east foot of Cengshan in the source canal of Huihe River to Yongding at Qujiadianzha River length of 694.1 km. The basin has 43 counties and cities in Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Beijing and Tianjin, five provinces and autonomous regions, with a population of 7.2 million and an area of 22 million mu of cultivated land.

The annual average precipitation in the basin is between 360 and 650 mm, the rainy center is distributed along Jundu Mountain and Xishan Mountain, the annual average precipitation is about 650 mm, the Inner Mongolia Wumeng and Shanxi Yanbei are less, below 400 mm, the Guanting to Sanjiadian area is the rainstorm center, the annual average precipitation is 450 ~ 650 mm, The average annual precipitation in Beijing and Hebei Plain is about 600 mm. The annual variation of precipitation is large, the difference between rainy years and less rainy years is 2-3 times, and the precipitation from June to September in flood season accounts for 70 to 80% of the total annual precipitation. ^[2]

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