Europe, the full name of "Europe" (Europe), the name from Greek mythology The character of Europa "( Greek language : ερς πης). Europe is located in The Eastern Hemisphere The northwest, the north The Arctic Ocean West of the Atlantic Ocean, south of the Atlantic Sea Mediterranean and The Black Sea . Extreme east of the continent The Ural Mountains (66° 10’e, 67° 46’n), south to Marokee Point (5°36 'W, 36°N) west to Cape Roca (9°31' W, 38°47 'N) north Nordchen point (27° 42’e, 71° 08’n). ^[1]

Europe occupies the sixth largest area in the world, with a population density of 70 people /km², making it the third most populous continent in the world, second only to Asia and Africa More than 99% of the population belongs to the same genus White race , relatively simple. Europe is human Living standard Higher, environment as well Human development index One of the taller and more habitable continents. ^[1]

Europe to the east The Ural Mountains , The Ural River southeast Caspian Sea , Greater Caucasus Mountains And the Black Sea is bounded by Asia and separated by the west Atlantic , Greenland sea , Denmark Strait with North America Meet each other, meet north The Arctic Ocean , south Septum Mediterranean Looking at Africa, to The Strait of Gibraltar Is bounded.

The northernmost point in Europe is Cape Nordchen in Norway, and the southernmost point is Spain the Marokee Point The westernmost point is Portugal the Roca Head . Europe is the second smallest continent in the world, only slightly larger than Oceania, and is collectively known as Asia Eurasia Together with Asia and Africa, it is called Eurasia and Africa.

because culture , economy , political For other reasons, the borders of Europe have always been different, so there are multiple concepts of 'Europe'. ^[1]

Chinese name: Europe
Foreign name: Europe
alias: Europa
Administrative category: chau
Area product: 10160000 km²
Subordinate area: Western Europe , Nordic , Central Europe , Eastern Europe , Southern Europe
Climatic condition: Temperate maritime climate , Temperate continental climate , Mediterranean climate

Population number: About 740 million (2014)
Population density: 70 people per square kilometer
Country and region: forty-eight
Intrinsic meaning: The West, where the sun sets
Free translation: sunbar
species: English, French, Spanish, Russian, etc

catalogue

history

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EDITOR

Origin of name

Europa in Greek mythology

The full name of Europe is Europa, and the English name is Europe. There are some legends about the origin of the name Europe. in Greek mythology In, Demeter (Demeter) is the goddess of agriculture, she bless the world of grain abundance, people and animals. In pictures of the goddess, she is always pictured sitting on the back of a bull. In ancient times, the bull was an indispensable farm animal for human beings, and since the goddess was in charge of farming, she naturally sat on the back of the bull. Another name of this goddess is Europa, and people call Europa the name of the continent out of respect for the goddess. In addition, there is a popular legend: "The King of gods" Zeus Fancy STH. Phoenicia Europa, the king's beautiful daughter, wanted to marry her, but was afraid she would not agree. One day, Europa was playing by the sea accompanied by a group of girls. When Zeus saw this, he quickly changed into a strong and gentle bull and came to Europa. Europa saw the lovely bull lying on his side and mounted the bull. Zeus took a look Europa The trick, immediately stood up and moved forward, avoiding the crowd, then jumped into the air, and then jumped into the sea to break through the waves, and took Europa to a distant land to live together. ^[1]

Ancient times

The earliest traces of human habitation in Europe date back to 35,000 BC Paleolithic age . Settlements, farming techniques, and domesticated animals appeared in Europe around 7,000 BC Neolithic age Early days. From the earliest recorded civilizations until their temporary retreat in 1200 BC, copper was the main metal used to make tools and weapons, a period historians have named Bronze Age .

Europe Classical period The first 700 years Ancient Greek The text begins to appear again. Roman Republic It was founded in 509 BC. Roman It extended its territory to all of Italy, then the Mediterranean and Western Europe. Roman Empire Its territory reached its maximum around 150 AD. In 313, Christianity in Constantine the Great Legalization under the rule. Just a few generations later, Christianity It became imperial State religion . In 395, the Roman Empire was split in two. Then the barbarian tribes began to invade Western Roman Empire . The Visigoths It was one of the first tribes to cross the Roman border south and west into the territory of the former Roman Empire, and in the early 5th century, it laid siege to Rome three times. It was founded in 418 within the former Roman Empire The Visigothic Kingdom . In 476, the last Western Roman emperor was depose , Europe enters Middle Ages Time. ^[1]

Encyclopedia x Mixed Knowledge: Illustrating the Division between East and West Rome

Encyclopedia x Mixed Knowledge: Illustrating the Germanic People

Parts of South-eastern Europe and the Mediterranean region are still increasingly under siege Roman Empire Under control, but by Constantinople Not Roman rule. in Justinian the First Under the emperor, Roman forces restored imperial rule over much of the Mediterranean, but this expansion began to erode in the late 6th century. Constantinople's control over Western territories weakened, and more The Germans Invade and build kingdoms. Most of the Eastern Mediterranean territory remained in the hands of the Christian emperor of Constantinople throughout the 6th century. Historians often refer to this remnant of the Roman Empire as The Byzantine Empire .

An unexpected and serious threat to its power and territories-the Arabian Peninsula and the newly unified and converted Islamic peoples - emerged in the seventh century. A former Roman province in the Middle East and North Africa, being Arab Empire Occupation and Islamization.

Charlemagne

In Western Europe, many of the new countries had only Latin as a written language, and some retained Roman customs and widespread Christian beliefs. Latin Bible The Vuga translation It appeared in 410. Many Christian areas in the West were absorbed Franks especially Charlemagne Take control. Charlemagne was crowned king by the Pope in 800. His territory was partitioned two generations later, and Europe was attacked by three groups: Scandinavia the Viking , North African Moslem , and Hungary Of the Magyars. Responses to these attacks have varied: some regions have banded together to fend off the threat, others have gone their own way. From the mid-10th century onwards, the Muslim and Magyar threat to Western Europe was eliminated, but the Vikings remained intrusive and a threat British Isles The longest.

In 1054 the schism between the Eastern and Western churches intensified in 451 The Council of Chalcedon The contradictions that had already arisen were then aimed at freeing the East from Muslim occupation crusade Began to weaken the Byzantine Empire. But the crusaders were not limited to reclaiming Muslim lands in the East: Papal power was now also in Spain, Southern France , Republic of Lithuania And other pagan regions settled down. Feudal society began to disintegrate after Mongol invaders broke through the frontiers of Europe, and growing trade with other regions brought the Black Death, first to southern Europe and then to much of Europe. A complex feudal hierarchy developed, with most of the nobles of the new country being closely related to each other through intermarriage.

Relying on knowledge relearned from Muslim and Jewish scholars in Spain and the Middle East, as well as from its own monastic collections, through the rediscovery of Greek and Roman knowledge, and from many of the key innovations learned from the Muslim world (including universities, scientific medicine, printing , guild, citation index, and astronomy), Europe woke up from the Middle Ages - the doctoral cap worn by today's scholars evolved from the dress worn by learned Muslim scholars on graduation. 1492 in Spain Reconquista and Christopher Columbus The colonization that opened Europe to America ended at the same time crusade And began the westward colonization of the Americas. ^[2]

Modern times

Factories during the Industrial Revolution

in Renaissance Then knowledge gained respect and began to challenge traditional scientific and theological dogma. The Protestant Reformation begins. German priest Martin Luther Challenging the authority of the Pope. meanwhile Henry VIII The chaotic love life, the desire for a son, and the political ambition of the Church of England also freed the Church from papal control and allowed England to adopt a more flexible alliance policy in the ensuing religious wars between Germany and Spain. But the religious war continued until Thirty Years' War The war ended in the book The Peace of Westphalia "; Glorious revolution Confirmed the agreement.

Starting with England, the influx of New World resources, plus Industrial revolution This made possible a new type of economy that was more dependent on manufacturing and trade than on a self-sufficient agricultural economy. early British Empire The colonies in America revolted, representative government was established, and the empire was divided. Political reform on the continent has suffered French Revolution Inspired, the people shouted "liberty, equality, fraternity". Subsequent French leaders Napoleon Bonaparte The social structure of the European continent was conquered and reformed through wars until 1815. As more and more small property owners gained the right to vote, socialist and trade union movements gained momentum in France and Britain, and revolutions swept Europe in 1848. The last vestiges of serfdom were abolished in the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1848. Russian serfdom was abolished in 1861. The Balkan countries are starting to Ottoman Empire Regain your independence.

in Franco-prussian War Later, Italy and Germany were united by the principalities in 1870 and 1871, respectively. Global conflict broke out in the pursuit of empire building, until this ambition reached its climax with the outbreak of the First World War. In the midst of hopeless war and abject poverty, 1917 Russia October Revolution Promising "peace, bread and land," Eastern Europe And the political radicalization of the world to this day. Germany was defeated and signed the" The Treaty of Versailles ", paid the price of economic collapse, in Great Depression In full view, causing a new outbreak World War II . capitalism with communism defeated fascism Western Europe formed a free trade area through Iron Curtain with The Soviet Union The latter formed the communist police state system. Berlin Wall After its collapse in 1989, Europe signed a new union treaty that, as of 2007, included 27 European countries with more than 400 million people. Military organization after World War II North Atlantic Treaty Organization It also expanded to include Russia's neighbors - Europe's most integrated and militarily dominant period since the Roman Empire in the first century. ^[2]

Geography

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EDITOR

Location boundary

Maps and flags of European countries (2 photos)

Europe is located in Asia To the west, yes Eurasia Part of it. Its north, west and south sides are close to each other The Arctic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean and The Black Sea The east and southeast are adjacent to Asia, like a large peninsula protruding from Eurasia to the west.

Most of Europe is located The north temperate zone Within, it is the middle distance of the inhabited continents of the world equator The farthest continent. It has no tropics.

The four European poles are located in the North Urals (66°10 'E) in the east; westernmost The Iberian Peninsula superior Roca Head (9°31 'west longitude); northernmost Scandinavia superior Nordchen point (71°8 'N); Southernmost on the Iberian Peninsula Marokee Point (36° N). ^[3]

From the perspective of land and sea, Europe faces the Atlantic Ocean, backs the Asian hinterland, and lies on the west coast of the continent. mid-latitude The west coast of the continent belongs to the atmospheric circulation system westerlies As a result, most of Europe is subject to westerly winds all year round, and the climate is strongly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean.

Horizontal contour fragmentation is a prominent feature of European physical geography. More than 1\3 of the total area belongs to the peninsula and islands, of which the peninsula area accounts for 27% of the total area of the continent, which is unique in the world's continents.

Scandinavia It is the largest peninsula in Europe, and the second largest peninsula is The Iberian Peninsula , The Apennine Peninsula , Balkan Peninsula , Kola peninsula , Jutland , Crimean Peninsula and The Brittany Peninsula Among the islands of Europe Great Britain For the largest, famous Big island also Iceland , The island of Ireland , Sicily , Sardinia , The island of Corsica and Crete Let's wait.

Numerous peninsulas and islands divide the sea at the edge of the European continent into many Marginal sea , Internal sea And the bay. The Barents Sea , Norwegian sea , Beihai and The Bay of Biscay Is Europe's larger marginal sea, White Sea , Baltic Sea , Mediterranean and The Black Sea And so deep into the interior of the continent, becoming an inland sea or Intercontinental sea .

The Barents Sea is The Arctic Ocean A marginal sea between continental Europe and Svalbard , The Franz Josef Land Islands and Novaya Zemlya Between, the area of about 1.4 million square kilometers, all located on the continental shelf. The Barents Sea is Eurasia The largest of the northern marginal seas, most of it is between 200 and 400 meters, with an average depth of 229 meters. It has extensive waterways connected to the Arctic Ocean, so the salinity of the water is similar to that of the ocean, close to 35‰. The Barents Sea Unlike the other marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean, the southwest is affected by The North Atlantic Current Even in the severe winter, the surface water temperature can reach about 4 ° C, so although it is located at high latitudes, the sea water is not frozen all year round.

White Sea

The White Sea is actually an inlet of the Barents Sea deep into the European continent, and has three bays of its own: Candalaksha Bay, Onega Bay And Dvinsk Bay. The White Sea covers only 90,000 square kilometers and has an average depth of only 89 meters. Because the White Sea is surrounded by land on all sides, only a narrow strait and the Barents Sea connected, the North Atlantic current can not reach here, so the water temperature is low here in winter, from November to May of the next year, the sea is covered with snow and ice, showing a white scenery, hence the name of the White Sea. On account of North Devina River and The Aniga River The salinity of the water in the southern part of the sea is low, between 2.0% and 2.6%, and the salinity of the water in the northern part can reach 3.0% to 3.08%.

Europe lies west of the Atlantic Ocean, and there is a large continental shelf between the continent and the deep sea basin, British Isles and Beihai It is located on it. This used to be part of continental Europe, Quaternary glacial period Later, when the sea rose, the North Sea appeared, British Isles Was formed. There are still traces of ancient European waterways under the North Sea. northsea Norwegian sea And south The Bay of Biscay The continental shelf is relatively narrow, and the deep water basin is not far from the coast. ^[3]

Baltic Sea location

The Baltic Sea is located Scandinavia Between the European continent, an area of 386,000 square kilometers, most of the sea depth between 60 to 130 meters, with an average depth of 86 meters. It has many bays deep into the mainland, which take The Gulf of Bothnia It is the largest, accounting for almost a third of the entire Baltic Sea area, with larger bays Gulf of Finland Gulf of Riga, etc. Due to the injection of a large number of rivers, with high latitude, low evaporation and only some shallow and narrow straits connected with the North Sea and other reasons, the salinity of the Baltic Sea is generally very low, about 7% in the middle, 2% to 3% in the gulf, and even all fresh water near the mouth. Deep water has a slightly higher salinity, but not more than 20% at most. In winter, the temperature of the central surface water is 1-3 ° C, and in the Gulf and coastal areas it drops below 0 ° C. The Gulf of Bothnia and the eastern Gulf of Finland freeze from November or December until April or May.

Mediterranean and The Black Sea It's two intercontinental seas in southern Europe. The Mediterranean Sea is located between the three continents of Europe and Asia, and the Black Sea is located between the two continents of Europe and Asia The Dardanelles , Sea of Marmara , Istanbul Strait Communicate. There are so many peninsulas and islands in the Mediterranean Sea that they divide it into basins of different depths, Submarine topography It's complicated. Except for a few small islands in the northwest of the Black Sea, there are basically no islands, except the northwest and north of the sea floor Azov Sea It's shallower outside. Most of it is plain with water depths of 1,500 to 2,200 meters. The Mediterranean Sea is surrounded by either a mountainous peninsula, or desert The injected river water is not much, and the summer is hot and dry, and the evaporation is large, so Salinity of sea water High, the average salinity of the surface water is 3.8%, the Black Sea has a large number of rivers injected, the average salinity of the surface water is only 1.7%~1.85%, and the bottom is only 22.5%. The sea level of the Black Sea is slightly higher than that of the Mediterranean Sea, resulting in the surface flow from the Black Sea into the Mediterranean Sea, in Istanbul Strait The average flow rate is 2.3~4.6 km per hour; At the same time, deep down there is self Mediterranean inject The Black Sea Reflux, but the flow rate is small. in The Strait of Gibraltar There is also surface flow from the Atlantic into the Mediterranean and deep reflux. From the Atlantic and The Black Sea The surface flow of the Mediterranean Sea is an important factor in maintaining the water balance. ^[3]

A small town on the Mediterranean coast

The Mediterranean Sea is rich in biological resources, with more than 8,000 species of plants and animals. The Black Sea The number of animal and plant species is much smaller, only 1/7 to 1/6 of the Mediterranean. Due to the low salinity of the upper waters of the Black Sea, the vertical circulation of the sea water is very weak, so the deep water is often anoxic and has a large amount of oxygen Hydrogen sulfide Gather. The hydrogen sulfide zone starts at a depth of 150 to 200 meters, and the organic realm can only live above this depth, from about 200 meters to the bottom of the sea, is a lifeless world.

The broken horizontal contours, the contours of land and sea, combined with the small size of Europe (10.4 million square kilometers), mean that all parts of the continent are not too far from the sea, and Eastern Europe is only about 1,600 kilometers from the sea at its most distant point. In this way, the influence of the sea on the continent has been deepened, and the maritime nature of Europe's climate has been deepened.

Europe's coastline twists and turns, many good ports, which also provides convenience for human economic activities. ^[3]

landform

The average height of the whole European terrain is 340 meters, the terrain is mainly plain, and a series of mountains stand in the south, the general name Alps System, wherein Mont Blanc At 4,807 meters above sea level, Mont Blanc is located in France, making it the highest mountain in Western Europe. Europe's river network is dense and abundant, and the longest river is Volga With a length of 3690 km, the second longest river is Danube With a total length of 2,850 kilometers, it is the largest river flowing through the country in the world. European shoreline Very zigzag, many peninsulas, islands, bays and inland seas, Northern Europe Scandinavia It's the largest peninsula in Europe. Europe is the only continent without a permanent population Tropical climate A continent, at the same time Polar climate It occupies a small area, so the climate is mild and the precipitation distribution is more uniform.

Mount Elbrus

The topography of Europe has many unique features. The highest point is at Greater Caucasus Mountains the Mount Elbrus The height is 5642 meters.

First, Europe is the lowest-lying continent in the world, with an average height of only 340 meters. The plain below 200 meters in height accounts for about 60% of the total area of the continent, and the proportion of the plain is second to none in the continents. The plain of Europe starts from the Atlantic coast in the west and ends at the foot of the Ural Mountains in the east, stretching for thousands of kilometers without interruption, forming the Great Plain across Europe. Europe has a small area of mountains and even fewer mountains, with mountains above 2000 meters accounting for only 2% of the continent's total area.

Second, the topography of Europe, in general, can be Baltic Sea East coast to The Black Sea The West Bank is divided into two parts: the east is dominated by the plain, the terrain is relatively simple, the west is the mountain and plain interlaced, the terrain is more complex. The distribution of terrain is closely related to the foundation of geological structure.

Mount Elbrus

Third, during the Quaternary glacial period, there were two large glacial centers in Europe Scandinavia the Continental glacier Center, one for Alps Central to the mountain glaciers, the former has a great impact on Europe, and due to its action, the northern half of Europe is spread throughout Glacial landform .

The terrain of Western Europe is relatively flat, plain; Northern Europe has the Scandinavian Mountains; There are Alps The temperature is low; In southern Europe there are the Carpathian Mountains (Balkans), the Apennine Mountains (Apennine) and the Pyrenees Mountains (Iberian Peninsula); Europe has four major peninsulas ( Iberia ; The Apennine Peninsula ; Balkan Peninsula ; Scandinavia The three great plains (Eastern Europe, Poland and Western Europe) are warmer than at the same latitude, mainly due to the influence of the North Atlantic Current.

1. General terrain features: It is mainly plain, the glacier landform is widely distributed, and the high mountains gather in the south.

2. Composition of terrain area: Above 200 meters above sea level plateau , hill Mountains and mountains account for about 40% of the total area of the continent, and plains below 200 meters above sea level account for 60%.

3, mountain distribution characteristics: Alps Across the south, Mountains of Scandinavia Relatively gentle, with steep fjords deep inland along the coast.

4. River distribution characteristics: The river network is relatively dense, many short and abundant rivers, many rivers are connected by canals. ^[4]

hydrology

Europe flows through several countries have the Rhine River, Danube, Elbe, Oder River and so on. In addition, the main rivers are the Seine, the Loire and the Garon in France, the Wova, the Dnieper and the Ural in Russia, the Thames in the United Kingdom and the Po River in Italy.

In addition to rivers, Europe has many lakes. The glacial lakes left behind by the glaciers make Finland known as the land of a thousand lakes. ^[5]

climate

Most of Europe is Temperate maritime climate , also have Mediterranean climate , Temperate continental climate , Polar climate and Plateau mountain climate Wait for the climate. The temperate Marine climate is the most typical. Europe is the world's sixth largest continent with an area of 10.16 million square kilometers ^[22] .

Most of Europe has a mild and humid climate. Most of them are located in the temperate zone, which is the most widely distributed Marine climate in the world. Due to the vast plains, the moist westerly winds blowing from the Atlantic Ocean can go deep inland, and the influence of the North Atlantic current makes the coastal areas of Western Europe very humid, and the European continent transitions from a maritime climate to a continental climate from west to east. ^[4]

Climate map of Europe

Europe lies in the middle and high latitudes, with the west being The sea . Shorelines are jagged by the action of the ocean, which is the main factor controlling the climate. Influenced by the sea, Europe has a mild climate, abundant rainfall, high relative humidity, and cloudy weather, including inland areas north of the Alps.

In the eastern part of the continent, rainfall is low, relative humidity is low, and the sky is clear, this climate phenomenon extends to the vast foothills of the Eurasian junction. These effects are banded along a north-south path and through Norse , Denmark With Germany. Alps South mountain mobility season to Subtropical high As a result, rainfall in this region varies significantly with the seasons, from rainy in winter to dry in summer. ^[7]

The highest temperature in summer is in the Mediterranean region. Athens The average temperature in July is 27 ° C, 25 ° C in Granada, Spain, and 23.5 ° C in Turin, Italy. The average summer temperature gradually drops to the north and coastal areas, and the average July temperature in Tronso and Waldo, Norway, is about 11 ° C and 9 ° C. In winter, the temperature gradually decreases from southwest to northeast. therefore Portugal Lisbon The average temperature in January is 10.5 ° C, The Soviet Union The average temperature for the same month in Akanzeh is -14.5 ° C, and the average winter temperature is quite high along the Atlantic coast, for example, the Arctic coast in Norway is no colder than New York City in winter. Rainfall is concentrated along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts, but also on the islands of the northwest coast, such as the British Isles. The northwest coast receives more than 2000 mm of rainfall, and the rainfall gradually decreases to the southeast towards the Black Sea. ^[1]

Natural resources

Europe is rich in mineral resources such as coal, petroleum, iron and potassium salt. Coal is mainly distributed in Ukraine the The Donetsk coal field Polish Silesia , German Ruhr Industrial zone and Sarlan Lorraine and the north of France, the English Midlands and other places, these places have the world famous large coal fields. Oil is mainly distributed in The Carpathian Mountains Foothills, North Sea and coastal areas. Other important ones are natural gas, potassium salt, copper, chromium, lignite Lead, zinc, mercury and sulfur Let's wait. Albania the Natural bitumen World famous. Europe's forest area accounts for about 39% of the continent's total area (including all of Russia). That's 23% of the world's total area. Western coast for the world famous fishing ground, mainly Norwegian sea , Beihai , The Barents Sea , Baltic Sea The Bay of Biscay and other fishing grounds. ^[7]

Geographical supremacy

Geographical supremacy
name	Description
Danube	It flows through 10 countries and is the largest river in the world.
Azov Sea	At 14 meters deep, it is the shallowest sea in the world.
Caspian Sea	The largest inland lake in the world.
Etna volcano	The world's most prolific volcano on record.
Russia	The largest country in the world by land area, with an area of 17.07 million square kilometers.
Vatican	The smallest country in the world by land area, with an area of only 0.44 square kilometers, is also the only country in the world to be ruled by a Pope.
Monaco	With a population density of about 16,000 people per square kilometer, it has the highest population density in the world and the highest per capita GDP in the world, with a per capita GDP of $172,676 (2011) international exchange rate. ^[7]

Budapest section of the Danube

subzone

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EDITOR

In geography the habit is divided into Nordic , Western Europe , Central Europe , Southern Europe and Eastern Europe Five regions. ^[1]

Nordic

Nordic landscape

Nordic finger Jutland , Scandinavia Around. include Denmark , Iceland , Norse , Sweden , Finland and Faroe Islands (Dan). It covers an area of more than 1.32 million square kilometers. The territory of many plateaus, hills, lakes, Quaternary Ice age All are covered by glaciers, so many glacial terrain and Fjord coast . Scandinavia Covering an area of about 800,000 square kilometers, Coast of Norway Steep twists, islands and fjords. Mountains of Scandinavia Across the peninsula, about 1500 km long, about 400-600 km wide, steep west slope, gentle east slope, for an ancient platform mountain, individual areas covered by glaciers, Norway Glitter peak At 2,470 meters above sea level, it is the highest point on the peninsula. Iceland is full of volcanoes and hot springs. Most of Northern Europe has a temperate coniferous forest climate; Only the Atlantic coast area is affected by the North Atlantic Current, the climate is relatively mild Temperate deciduous broadleaf forest climate . The river is short and swift, and the water resources are rich. The main minerals are iron, lead, zinc, copper and so on. The forest is extensive. Crops include wheat, rye , oat , potato, beet Main. The livestock industry is more developed. Fish production is rich, the western coast is one of the world's four major fishing grounds. The catch accounts for about 9% of the world's total fishing.

The Nordic countries have a close historical background and similar social and political systems. Politically, they are not a community, but they are all involved Nordic council ; There are three language families, namely Indo-European The Scandinavian branch of The Uralic family the Uralic Finno-Ugric language family and Sami , and Eskimo-Aleut Greenlandic . ^[1]

Western Europe

Landscapes of Western Europe

Western Europe in its narrow sense Western Europe Atlantic area and nearby islands, including Britain , France , Ireland , Netherlands , Belgium , Luxembourg and Monaco . Western Europe covers an area of over 930,000 square kilometers. Usually also put Europe Capitalist country It's called Western Europe, and most of its rivers flow into the Atlantic.

The main minerals in Western Europe are coal, iron, oil, natural gas, potassium salt and so on. Crops are mainly wheat, barley, oats, potatoes and sugar beets. Grapes and apples abound. Both fishing and livestock farming are well developed. Made in Belgium and France Alden horse Made in England bachsia , Yorkshire pig , Large white pig , Elshire cattle , A purebred horse The Dutch cattle and other fine breeds produced in the Netherlands are world famous.

The countries of Western Europe are all developed countries. The narrow sense of Western Europe is mainly plain and plateau, mountain area is small. Located in the westerlies, most of the areas are Marine temperate broadleaf forest climate, abundant rainfall, stability, fog. ^[1]

Central Europe

Landscapes of Central Europe

Middle European index Baltic Sea To the south, Alps North of central Europe. include Germany , Austria , Switzerland , Poland , Czech Republic , Hungary , Slovakia , Liechtenstein . China and Europe cover an area of 1.01 million square kilometers. To the south are the tall Alps and their branches The Carpathian Mountains There are many sunken basins in the mountains. To the north is a plain, subject to Quaternary glacier Function, more Glacial landform And the lake. It is located in the transition zone from Marine temperate broadleaf forest climate to continental temperate broadleaf forest climate. With the exception of the Danube, the second longest river in Europe, which flows eastward through the southern mountains and into the Black Sea, most rivers flow northward into the Baltic and North Seas. The main minerals are lignite , Hard coal Potassium salt, lead, zinc, copper, uranium, magnesite Bauxite and Quebrith Let's wait. Crops are mainly wheat, barley, rye, potatoes and sugar beets. Temperate fruits are also produced.

The livestock industry is more developed. Swiss Simmental cattle , Sarnen goat , The Toggenburg goat And other fine breeds are world famous. ^[1]

Southern Europe

Landscapes of Southern Europe

Meridional index Alps South of Balkan Peninsula , The Apennine Peninsula , The Iberian Peninsula And nearby islands, facing the Atlantic Ocean to the south and east the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. include Greece , Italy , Spain , Portugal , Cyprus ^[20] , Romania , Bulgaria , Serbia , Montenegro , Croatia , Slovenia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , North Macedonia , Albania , Vatican , SAN Marino , Malta , Andorra and Kosovo (Unilateral declaration of independence, not widely recognized by the international community). It covers an area of over 1.66 million square kilometers. Three peninsulas of southern Europe Mountainous, the plain area is very small. Located in the Atlantic - Mediterranean - Indian Ocean coast of the volcanic belt, many volcanoes, frequent earthquakes. Most of the area has a subtropical Mediterranean climate. The rivers are short, flowing mostly into the Mediterranean Sea. Major mineral There is oil, Natural bitumen Coal, chromium, mercury, lead, zinc, copper, etc. Southern Europe is olive , grapes, fennel , Europe Cork oak Isocultivated plant Country of origin . Crops are mainly wheat, corn and tobacco. Rich in citrus, grapes, olive Lemon and cork peel, etc. The sheep industry is more developed, Spain is the world famous fine wool sheep Merino sheep The country of origin.

Southern Europe, facing Asia and Africa across the Mediterranean Sea, has had close contacts with West Asia and North Africa since ancient times, and is both an important source of ancient civilization. right Western countries For example, southern Europe is more fertile Ancient Greek , Ancient Rome Culture, which established early Christian societies, laid the foundation for Western thought and knowledge.

Note: Turkey belongs to Asia geographically, and sports and some political divisions belong to Asia, but economically, because of its pro-Western policies, some international economic organizations have classified it as European. But the political division of sovereignty remains Asian. ^[6]

Eastern Europe

Landscapes of Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe refers to the eastern part of Europe, geographically Belarus , Ukraine , Republic of Lithuania , Estonia , Latvia , Moldova , Russia The European part. Terrain with an average elevation of 170 meters Eastern European plain As the main body. On the eastern margin The Ural Mountains There are many hills and glacial terrain on the plain, many lakes in the north, and a wide area of grasslands and deserts in the southeast. Northern coastal area Cold tundra climate And transition south to Temperate grassland climate Southeast branch Temperate desert climate . The Volga, the largest river in Europe, flows southeast Caspian Sea . The main minerals are petroleum, coal, iron, manganese, phosphate and so on. Rich in wheat, potatoes, sugar beets, Sunflower . Livestock farming is more developed, The Soviets pulled back , Orlov trotted his horse The Don horse is an excellent breed of horse. After the collapse of the Soviet Union have joined the European Union, with cheap labor to attract enterprises from all countries to set up factories, here a large population, dense cities, developed transportation networks, distributed there are many famous industrial areas, Russia: Moscow , The Ural Mountains , Kussbane (Kussbane, West Siberian plain To the southeast), the Baikal Industrial Zone ( Baikal Northwest of L.Baykal). Ukraine: Donetz Industrial Zone, the largest arms industrial zone in the Soviet Union. ^[1]

humanity

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EDITOR

race

The majority of the inhabitants of Europe are white, and 99% are of Europa ethnicity. White race ) is a relatively ethnically homogeneous state. ^[5]

population

Population of Western Europe

Population: 731 million (as of 2012), relatively evenly distributed with an average density of 70 people per square kilometer.

The urban population accounts for about 64% of the total population of the continent, which is the second largest among the continents Oceania and North America , ranked third. But population growth was negative, and Europe's population distribution was densest in the west, in the middle Rhine Valley, Paris basin , Belgium Eastern Hoa The Thames Downstream, there are more than 200 people per square kilometer, and the vast majority of the inhabitants of Europe are Europa. White race ). ^[5] Religion: Mostly Catholic and Christian. ^[4]

Language family

Indo-European : This language group accounts for 95% of the total population of the continent, including Slavic group , The Germanic language family , Latin, Albanian, Greek group , Celtic group Of the nation.

1 Germanic language families: English , German , Dutch , Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, Luxembourgish, Low Scottish, etc

2 Latin languages: French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, Catalan

3 Slavic languages: Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Czech, Slovak, Polish, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian

European languages

4 Celtic language families: Irish , Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, Breton

5 Greek language family: Greek

6 Baltic language families: Lithuanian, Latvian

Turkic family : distributed in Southern Europe With Eastern Europe, including Turkey, Azerbaijan , Tartar And other nationalities.

The Uralic family : Finnish and Ugric languages.

Eu languages:

English: The international language, more than 80 percent of the residents of Europe can speak English, especially in Northern Europe and the Netherlands.

French: France and neighboring countries ^[6]

Language

Official language There are English , French , German , Italian , Spanish , Portuguese , Czech , Croatian , Greek language , Latin , POLISH , Dutch , Latvian , Estonian , Albanian , Danish , Swedish Language , Finnish , Icelandic , Irish , Norwegian language , Bulgarian , Romanian , Hungarian , Slovenian , Lithuanian , Luxembourgian , Maltese And dozens of languages.

Europe is home to the richest variety of languages in the world, more than 90% of which are spoken in English Latin alphabet and Cyrillic alphabet On the basis of. ^[5]

political

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EDITOR

There are 44 countries of origin in Europe, and there are also countries associated with Europe (such as across Asia and Europe, or participating in European affairs), such as Cyprus , Türkiye , Armenia , Georgia , Azerbaijan .

In geography: Each of these countries has part of its territory in Europe, and its social economy and culture are similar to Europe.

In politics: Turkey and other countries are Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Member states, Cyprus is European Union Member states. During the Soviet era, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan were part of European countries, but after the breakup they were part of Asia.

In sports: These countries have all joined Confederation of European Football Associations .

Military aspects: Turkey is in. North Atlantic Treaty Organization And join it Missile defense system .

According to the comprehensive strength of each country can be divided into three categories:

The first echelon: The countries marked by dark blue, these countries have a strong national strength and international influence, including politics, economy, culture, military and other aspects, they are:

Britain , France , Germany , Italy , Russia .

The second tier: Countries marked with light blue, these countries have a strong national strength and regional influence, relatively developed or moderately developed economy, military also has a certain influence, they are:

Denmark , Norse , Iceland , Sweden , Finland , Ireland , Spain , Portugal , Netherlands , Belgium , Austria , Switzerland , Ukraine , Belarus , Poland , Czech Republic , Greece , Türkiye , Bulgaria , Romania .

The third tier: Green labeling countries, these countries are mostly small regional countries, even if some countries per capita living standards exceed the first, second echelon countries, but according to the comprehensive level are not as good as the forefront countries, restricting them may be narrow dominion Or other, they are:

Republic of Lithuania , Hungary , Luxembourg , Monaco , Liechtenstein , Estonia , Latvia , Croatia , Serbia , Slovakia , Moldova , Slovenia , Albania , North Macedonia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , Montenegro , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Kosovo (not universally recognized internationally). ^[8]

Sovereign state

Nordic

▪ Denmark Capital City: Copenhagen

▪ Iceland Capital City: Reykjavik ^[18]

▪ Finland Capital City: Helsinki

▪ Sweden Capital City: Stockholm

▪ Norse Capital City: Oslo

Western Europe

▪ Britain Capital City: London	▪ France Capital City: Paris	▪ Netherlands Capital City: Amsterdam	▪ Belgium Capital City: Brussels
▪ Luxembourg Capital City: Luxembourg City	▪ Monaco Capital City: Monaco City	▪ Ireland Capital City: Dublin

Central Europe

▪ Germany Capital City: Berlin	▪ Switzerland Capital City: Bern	▪ Austria Capital City: Vienna	▪ Hungary Capital City: Budapest
▪ Poland Capital City: Warsaw	▪ Czech Republic Capital City: Bragg	▪ Liechtenstein Capital City: Vaduz	▪ Slovakia Capital City: Bratislava

Southern Europe

▪ Italy Capital City: Roman	▪ Spain Capital City: Madrid	▪ Portugal Capital City: Lisbon	▪ Greece Capital City: Athens	▪ Vatican Capital City: Vatican City
▪ Romania Capital City: Bucharest	▪ Bulgaria Capital City: Sofia	▪ Croatia Capital City: Zagreb	▪ Slovenia Capital City: Ljubljana	▪ Serbia Capital City: Belgrade
▪ Bosnia and Herzegovina Capital City: Sarajevo	▪ Montenegro Capital City: Podgorica	▪ North Macedonia Capital City: Skopje	▪ Andorra Capital City: The city of Andorra	▪ Albania Capital City: Tirana
▪ Malta Capital City: Valletta	▪ SAN Marino Capital City: City of SAN Marino	▪ Cyprus Capital City: Nicosia ^[20-21]

Eastern Europe

▪ Russia Capital City: Moscow	▪ Belarus Capital City: Minsk	▪ Ukraine Capital City: Kyiv	▪ Republic of Lithuania Capital City: Vilnius
▪, Estonia Capital City: Tallinn	▪ Moldova Capital City: Chisinau	▪ Latvia Capital City: Riga

(All the information in the table is from Xinhuanet: ^[8] )

Overseas possession

Overseas possession
nation	dominion
Denmark	Greenland
France	Clipperton Island, French Guiana, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Territories (Amsterdam, Sao Paulo, Coroquette, Kerguelen, Adeleland, French Indian Ocean Islands including India Reef, Europa, Glorius, New Juan, Tromland), Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, French New Caledonie Asia, Reunion, Saint Bartholomew, French Saint Martin, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Wallis and Futuna Islands
Netherlands	Aruba, Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Saint Martin, Saint Eustatius)
Norse	Bouvet Island, Peter I Island, Queen Maud Land
Portugal	The Azores, Madeira
Spain	Canary Islands, Spanish sovereignty (Ceuta, Melilla)
Britain	Anguilla, Ascension Island, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Malvinas Islands, Montserrat, St Helena, Tristan da Cunha, Turks and Caicos Islands, British Antarctic Territory, British Indian Ocean Territory, Pitcairn Islands, South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands

Reference materials: ^[9-10]

Schengen countries

Schengen Agreement It was first established in 1985 by the Netherlands, Belgium , Luxembourg France and Germany signed a treaty aimed at unification European Community The agreement on national security and refugee policies was later joined by many countries in batches. The fourth part of the Schengen Agreement is the mutual recognition of visas granted by countries to citizens of non-member States of the European Community. This greatly facilitates the travel of non-EU citizens to Europe. Successively join Schengen Agreement The country is: Netherlands , Germany , Belgium , Luxembourg , France , Spain , Portugal , Italy , Austria , Greece , Norse , Sweden , Finland and Denmark . On December 5, 2006, Czech Republic , Estonia , Hungary , Latvia , Republic of Lithuania , Malta , Poland , Slovakia , Slovenia and Cyprus The 10 EU member states have also formally joined the Schengen Agreement. ^[11]

European Union

The United Kingdom officially leaves the European Union in January 2020

European Union (European Union; The European Union (EU) is based in the capital of Belgium Brussels , is caused by European Community The development of the European Community (also known as the European Common Market) mainly went through three stages: the Dutch Rupee economic Union, the European Community, European Union . In fact, it is a combination of political and economic entities and has important influence in the world Regional integration Organization. European Community, December 1991 Maastricht The Summit adopted the resolution Treaties of the European Union It is also known as the Maastricht Treaty (Mayo). On November 1, 1993, the Treaty entered into force and the European Union was officially born.

According to 2018 statistics, the EU has a total of 28 member states (including the United Kingdom, which has not officially "left the EU" at that time), with a total area of 4.38 million square kilometers, a population of 510 million, and a GDP of 18.77 trillion US dollars. Its main institutions, including European Commission , European Parliament , Council of the EU , European Commission , European Court of Justice and European Central Bank Let's wait. The EU has established diplomatic relations with nearly 200 countries and international organizations and established regular summit meetings with its strategic partners. ^[12]

On January 31, 2020 (GMT), the United Kingdom officially leaves the European Union, ceases to be a member of the EU, and enters a "transition period". ^[13]

Encyclopedia x Mixed Knowledge: Illustrating the birth of the European Union

economy

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EDITOR

Since the 17th century, Europe has gradually become the economic center of the world. 18th century The outbreak of humanity in Europe The first Industrial Revolution . Europe became the economic center of the world. But through the two world wars of the 20th century Europe gradually declined. Europe has contributed greatly to the advancement of human history. All the foundations of modern civilization were laid by Europeans. Europe's economic development level ranks first among all continents, and industry, transportation, commercial trade, finance and insurance play an important role in the world economy. It is also in a leading position in the world in several fields of science and technology. This is inseparable from the fact that Europe is the birthplace of modern industry, and the geographical discovery and colonial plunder of foreign countries in the 15th and 16th centuries. ^[4]

currency

Details of per capita income in Europe

Euro (EURO) Yes European monetary union The name of the single currency of the EMU countries, which is the unified legal tender of the EMU countries.

The euro is European Union The currencies of 18 countries. The 18 countries are: Germany , France , Italy , Netherlands , Belgium , Luxembourg , Ireland , Greece , Spain , Portugal , Austria , Finland , Slovenia , Cyprus , Malta , Slovakia (Joined on 1 January 2009 euroland ), Estonia (Joined the euro on 1 January 2011), Latvia (Joined the euro on 1 January 2014), Republic of Lithuania ^[19] , called the eurozone. The eurozone has 18 member countries and a population of more than 320 million.

The British pound, British legal tender. Swiss franc , Switzerland Legal tender. Norwegian krone , Norse Legal tender. Russia rouble Russian legal tender. Türkiye lira Turkish legal tender. ^[14]

industry

Europe is the continent with the earliest development of capitalist economy, the level of industrial production and the degree of agricultural mechanization are high. The gross domestic product ranks first among all continents in the world, among which Gross industrial product Account for a large proportion. Most countries are not self-sufficient in food. The countries with a higher degree of industrial development in Western Europe are mainly Britain, Germany and France, followed by Belgium , the Netherlands and Switzerland. Britain, France and Germany are in the forefront of industrial production in the world.

1. industry Characterized by processing, fuel and various raw materials are imported in large quantities, and industrial manufactured goods are exported in large quantities.

2, the degree of industrial mechanization is high, the industrial scale is large. ^[4]

agriculture

European agriculture is a secondary productive sector. The level of agricultural modernization is high, the degree of integration of agriculture and animal husbandry is high and the level of intensification is high. Mainly planting wheat, corn, potatoes, vegetables, melons, fruits, beet , Sunflower , Linen Wheat production accounts for about 50% of the world's total output, and barley and oats account for more than 60%. horticulture Developed, main production Grapes And apples. Animal husbandry is based on raising pigs, cattle and sheep. ^[1]

culture

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EDITOR

Ancient culture

European landscapes by country (17 photos)

Europe has a very deep cultural heritage. European prehistoric art Embodies Europe Paleolithic age , Mesolithic age and Neolithic age Among the achievements of architecture, sculpture, painting and craftsmanship, European Paleolithic art is the earliest true artwork known to man to date. In addition European prehistoric art With strong expressive force, it is called activity art by scholars. ^[15]

Renaissance

Renaissance The movement is a great cultural movement in human history, which laid the common foundation of modern European bourgeois culture Bourgeois revolution I was prepared intellectually and publicly. The contribution of Europe to the history of mankind includes the continuous transmission of advanced ideas by advanced men to the Treasury of written ideas of the world; It also includes the major social initiatives undertaken by a number of revolutionaries to promote social progress; It also includes the major discoveries, inventions and creations made by a large number of scientists in the field of science and technology; It also includes a large number of writers, poets, musicians to the world hall of literature and art to provide brilliant literary and artistic treasures.

Europe is a small peninsula The mainland. Its "short" performance is Mean altitude Only 340 meters; Its "small" performance is a small area of 10.16 million square kilometers, its small second only to Oceania; The "peninsular continent" of Europe is even more prominent: it is itself a large peninsula of the whole Eurasian continent reaching deep into the Atlantic Ocean, and on this large peninsula there are many smaller peninsulas. Some of the more famous are: Balkan Peninsula , The Apennine Peninsula , The Iberian Peninsula (Southern Europe), Scandinavia (Northern Europe), Jutland (Western Europe) (55 ° N, 10 ° E). ^[15]

Modern education

Education is compulsory in all European countries, or at least some kind of educational training. Compulsory education in Europe starts around the age of 6 or 7 and continues until the age of 15 or 16. In most European countries, basic education lasts only four or five years, while in a few countries it takes seven or eight years. After the completion of basic education, there are various types of higher schools in which students continue to receive education, including liberal arts secondary schools, which continue to train talents for higher schools, and some technical schools. At the same time, there are many prestigious colleges and universities in many countries that accept students who have completed junior high school and other education. As a result of this educational system, illiteracy rates are very low in almost all European countries.

Sculpture art Architecture, art, literature and music are traditions with a long history in Europe. Many cities, like Paris, Vienna , Rome, Berlin and Moscow Today, while serving as the capital, it is also regarded as the cultural center of the country. In addition, there are many important theaters, museums, symphony orchestras and other important cultural facilities in many cities. ^[15]

Religious activity

Religious adherents in Europe are predominantly Christian (91%, including Catholicism , Protestantism and Orthodox Church ). Eight percent are Muslims, most of whom live in Russia (25 million), with the exception of Turkey (5.9 million), France (5.5 million), Germany (3.2 million), Turkey (5.9 million), France (5.5 million) and Germany (3.2 million). Albania Muslims are found in large parts of Europe, including Italy (1.4-2.5 million) and Italy (1.1 million). Muslims in Western Europe are mainly immigrants. Less than 1% of Europeans believe in it Judaism (Nearly 2 million people). Other religions (e.g Hinduism , Buddhism, etc.) have less than 1% of adherents. ^[15]

International relations

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EDITOR

Asia

European countries now have normal diplomatic relations with China (with the exception of the Vatican). European countries have established vast colonies throughout Asia, for example: Britain once owned India, Malaysia, and so on; France owned Indochina, as it is today Indochina Peninsula The eastern region; Portugal Zeng Governance East Timor (independent); The Netherlands used to own East Indies That is, today Indonesia . therefore Southeast Asia The relationship between China and European countries is very deep, and because of this deep relationship, Europe still has a certain degree of influence on Southeast Asia in international relations today. In the past under Spanish rule, to Catholicism The state religion The Philippines , Pope assigned cardinal It also has political and social influence. Northeast Asia Japan fought with Germany and Italy in World War II Axis powers At present, Japan, South Korea and European countries are mainly economic relations, and the political alliance has been gradually reduced. ^[2]

America

Although Europe and the United States have a strong historical origin and connection in various aspects such as culture and folk customs, the United States and Europe had a relatively close alliance in the middle of the 20th century, roughly after the Second World War. Before that, due to the Americas in 17th century It was once a place where European countries deported dissidents and prisoners, so in the early years of the founding of the United States in 1786, there was an antagonistic relationship with European colonialists, especially Britain, which had ruled the United States. The United States and Europe developed separately in the 18th and 19th centuries due to a long period of political non-interference. The two world Wars in the 20th century devastated Europe, but the United States had a high level of economic growth, and Western European countries needed economic assistance from the United States, naturally close to the United States. Add in Eastern European countries Socialist camp As a result, relations with the United States chilled.

Cold war During the period, the threat of the socialist camp led by the Soviet Union strengthened the closeness of other European countries except Eastern Europe with the United States. But after the end of the Cold War, the threat disappeared, the relationship between Europe (mainly the EU member states) and the United States changed somewhat, and there was a greater need for Europe to have its own voice, so certain European countries in the United States 9/11 , Iraq Questions, Israeli-palestinian conflict Etc. America There have been disagreements, even big ones, but the deep-rooted alliance will remain intact. Britain, on the other hand, drew closer to the United States in these events, forming a strong alliance with the United States, but it was also ridiculed that the former colonial democracy of the United States had become almost a vassal of the United States. The strong support of Spain, Poland and other countries during the Second War with Iraq led the United States to praise these countries as the new Europe, but with the terrorist attacks on Spain, Spain has withdrawn from her alliance with the United States and withdrew from Iraq. ^[2]

The Middle East

Geographically, Europe and the Middle East are close neighbors, and historically, relations between Europe and the Middle East have been tense, basically because of fundamental differences in religious philosophy between the two countries: most of the European countries are Christian, while most of the Arab countries in the Middle East are Christian Islam It is the state religion. Many parts of the Middle East were colonized by Britain and France after World War I in the early 20th century.

Across Europe with Asia Minor Peninsula The Islamic state of Turkey itself had a very delicate relationship with the countries of traditional Europe, it was located on the border of Asia and Europe, and it has died The Byzantine Empire And now eager to join European Union . ^[2]

Africa

The relationship between Europe and North Africa is similar to the relationship between Europe and the Middle East, because North Africa is across the Mediterranean Sea from Europe, and North Africa is also a region of Muslim countries. Historically, only during the Middle Ages, Arab Empire Once ruled Spain, Portugal The south of France. From Europe colonialism The rise, all over Africa became European colonies, France in Central Africa Founded in West and North Africa French West Africa It was the largest colony on the African continent at the time. European colonialists competed for natural resources in Africa, and the situation did not improve until the independence movement of various African nations began in the 1950s, and many countries became independent. Europe and Africa also follow the direction of economic and trade development. ^[2]

Oceania

Like the United States, Europe began its development of Australia as a prisoner of war. However, due to the geographical distance between Europe and Australia, so that the two have room for development, but in terms of economic, cultural and patriarchal ties, Australia and Europe are still very close. The main immigrant groups in Australia and New Zealand are of European origin, with indigenous peoples and other immigrants developing in Oceania. ^[2]

Physical education

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EDITOR

The level of sport in Europe is very high, with Germany, Spain, Holland, France, Italy, England Portugal, Czech Republic, etc.; Germany, France, Greece, Italy, Spain in basketball, Republic of Lithuania Etc.; In volleyball, Italy and the Netherlands are the world's best teams.

Sports event
category	Event name
Football match	Premier League, Serie A, Bundesliga, La Liga, Ligue 1, Champions League, Europa League
Tennis event	The Federation of Tennis Professionals, the International Women's Tennis Association, Grand Slams
Cycling event	Tour de France, Giro d 'Italia, Tour de Spain
Basketball event	FIBA Europa League, FIBA Europa Cup, ULEB Europa League, ULEB Cup
Rugby match	Six Nations, the World Cup ^[16]

travel

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EDITOR

Generally for one or more countries, one country includes: Britain, Greece, France, etc., multinational generally refers to three, four, five or eight countries; Among them, the three countries of tourism are: France, Switzerland, Italy, three countries, four countries of tourism are: Germany, France, Italy, Switzerland four twelve days, five countries Tourist route There are: France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Germany five fifteen days, eight travel routes have: Germany, France, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, Italy, Austria, Switzerland fifteen days, in addition to Northern Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe travel, Northern Europe travel routes have: Russia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Eastern Europe travel routes have: Austria, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Southern Europe tourist routes are: Spain, Portugal, Greece. ^[4]

Europe

The Czech Republic is becoming a popular destination for Chinese tourists travel One of the destinations, yes Unionpay card Demand for cross-border payment services is growing rapidly. Unionpay cards can be conveniently used in about 800,000 merchants and 230,000 ATMs in 20 European countries and regions. ^[17]

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