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Qupai style

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The structure of Chinese opera music

Qupai style, also known as Lianqu style or Qupai combination style, is Chinese Opera music A kind of Structural mode . That is, the Qupai as the basic Structural unit To combine a number of different qupai sets to form a play or a play of music. The whole play is divided into several folds (out), that is, by several sets The names of tunes to which Qu is composed Constitute. Qupai joint set structure, by Earn money by singing , A style of songs in the palace After the drama, Southern opera The development and improvement of Kunqu reached a mature stage. therefrom clapper Represented by skin and yellow plate-cavity Before music, qupai music was Opera music One of the main structural ways. Against antiquity Chinese music The development of opera has had a great influence. Now the use of Qupai joint set structure of China Traditional Chinese opera In addition to Kunqu Opera, there are Gaoqiang operas popular around the country, as well as other ancient operas.

Chinese name: Qupai style

alias: couplet , Qupai interlocking body

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7Artistic value

Basic form

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EDITOR

A combination of qupai divertimento The ancients called it "set number", which has long sets and short sets. from Musical structure There are basically three forms.

First, a number of different qupai combined into a set;

Second, it mainly consists of a set of several repetitions (with varying degrees of change);

Third, what the ancients called" Consonant and consonant That is, in addition to the introduction and the epilogue, it is basically formed by the interactive cycle of two qupai. likeness chaunda . In Nanqu, Northern melody There are both, such as the northern Qu Official palace There is always" Tumbler hydrangea "And" If show ", "one palace to the end". Southern opera During the Kunqu period, Modes of classical Chinese opera The use of increasingly mature, in the strict and its flexibility, a set of melodies can be used two to three palace keys. But these palace tones must also be connected (belonging to a flute color, i.e Homogyal system ) in order to achieve unity and harmony in tone. In addition, the ancients believed that different palace tones had different sounds (tonal colors), and the corresponding palace tones could be selected according to the plot.

divertimento There are certain levels in the arrangement of Qu cards. Basically, the slow song is in the front, the second is the middle song, and the sharp song is in the back, in turn. The front introduction and the final epilogue are often scattered, thus forming: the law of scattered - slow - medium - fast - scattered. The name of the routine is often named after the first qupai and the palace tune to which it belongs. If the first song is the "correct and good" of Zhenggong, it is called the "correct and good" set, if the first song is "correct and good". New Water Ream It is a double tone, which is called the "double tone · New water Ling" set. As far as music is concerned, it can be divided into north sets and Nantau . The northern set is the northern tune, and the southern set is the southern tune. Both are used in Kunqu opera, but when using the north set, it still maintains the characteristics of the north set, one palace in the end and one lead singer. In addition, there are North south sleeve Rhymes with north and south couplets form to express character The contradictions and conflicts Dramatic plot The ups and downs. And can be used medley , borrow palace, Slip in tune And other creative techniques to enrich it Expressive force . A set of qupai Singing form It is diverse, in addition to solo singing, duet singing, and chorus (that is, singing together) as interlude.

Historical change

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EDITOR

Qupai style

Qupai style, from Song Dynasty, Yuan zaju opera To this day, Kunqu opera is performed in the form of Qupai. In the early stage of the opera, lyrics were also composed setting Because some singing passages are harmonious and melodious, they are popular and used by later generations as song lyrics and sanqu songs in the compilation of new plays. The original Qupai is composed of four tones and format of the original lyrics. When filling in the new words, we must also pay attention to the four tones of the lyrics. Phrases and phrases The format of the song must be consistent with the original tonal four tones, long and short sentences, otherwise the word and the song cannot be harmonious. In the later development, different qupai according to different mode, tone Couplet on the door Together, they form a different divertimento Called Qupai set. For example, "Chunxiang Nao Xue" is composed of "a river wind", "around the Earth", "corner", "Epilogue" and so on. "Lin Chong Night Run" is composed of "crimson lips" and "Crimson lips". laurels "," Geese fall belt Victory token "," Sell good wine With "peace order", "Peace order" South of the Yangtze River ", "brake tail" and so on a set of qupai set.

Structural feature

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EDITOR

The popularity of Qupai style music affects the initiation and change of its lyric form. In history, Ci and Qu are two kinds of literary styles, their metrical rules Become a book It is relatively late, but a large number of works written by scholars have shown that the formation of the format law is quite early. The joy of words comes from Ci to a tune . Literati write poems, musicians sing Xue Yongweak Tang Dynasty Ji Yi Ji The record is particularly vivid.

Literature and music as a whole, to harmonize, unified is Syntactic structure . therefore The Northern Song Dynasty (960-907) Shen Kuo " Dream stream pen talk Volume 5 says.

Qupai style

When there is harmony outside the poem, it is called melody. All the ancient Yuefu have words, which belong to the book. Such as the day he He, what he what, all harmony also. Today's orchestra is entangled in the sound, also left behind. Tang people use words to fill in the song, do not reuse harmony. The syntactic structure of music is well known to musicians, but it is difficult to express in words. The Southern Song Dynasty Zhang Yan "Etymology" "The purpose of the song" says: "The song makes the four fingers equal, breaking nearly six are slow eight." This "homogeneity" is the syntax and structure of the word, so that the song is "four homogeneity", the broken and near are "six homogeneity", and the slow is "eight homogeneity". What kind of syntax and structure is that? Song Dynasty Shen's stepfather "Yuefu refers to the fan" by the law of literature to say the characteristics of this "average" : "the word cavity is called the average, that is the rhyme also." In other words, where words rhyme in literature is at the end of a sentence in a musical tune, Ginger white stone The translation and analysis of songs can prove this problem.

The confirmation of this problem, in turn, explains the word this Music literature The syntactic structure is the unity of their artistic form. This feature can be traced back to the Sui and Tang dynasties when poets of Qi Yan enjoyed music. The syntactic structure of the same, the basic frame of the music and literature in the artistic expression (thought, meaning) of the short length, fluctuation, relaxation.

The song "Kang Baek Seok" Yangzhou slow The syntax of music tunes is very consistent with the syntax of literary words, which can be said to be a representative of this aspect.

Chinese music this qupai style music constantly changing characteristics, press Yang Yinliu In the artist's hands, Qupai is a living thing, and its changes will never stop.

From an old (existing) tune, a new tune is changed Chinese traditional music A common method of composing music. Tang Dynasty Duan 'an Festival " Yuefu miscellaneous records When talking about the singer Zhang Honghong, it was mentioned that a musician had written a new song, which was the ancient song "Long Life Xihe Female", "adding or subtracting its rhythm, quite a new sound". Speak of pipa hand Conkunlun Playing a "new feather tune" sextet ". After the modern Western professional composition concept was passed down, the Chinese people did not know much about this traditional folk composition method. Mr. Yang Yinliu once said: "There are many profound and moving songs, operas and instrumental music, which are indeed produced on the basis of some existing quyi."

Musical characteristics

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EDITOR

Qupai style music has the following characteristics:

① There are many Qu cards. Due to the number of sentences, sentence patterns, melodies, rhythms, Modes of classical Chinese opera It can be widely used according to different plots and characters.

Qupai style

② Each The names of tunes to which Qu is composed The style of the opera music is different because of the different sources of the music styles used. However, as far as the music of a certain opera is concerned, although there are many Qupai, the style is harmonious and unified.

③ Qupai style music is suitable for lyric expression, and the expression of passionate emotions is weak.

The Gaoqiang Qupai, unique in Chinese opera music, has a special expressive force.

(5) The use of different music cards makes the music show diversity. Typical qupai style music, when promoting the cavity, Opera in Kunshan Province Willow cavity and numerous Huagu Opera , Huadeng Opera , Tea-picking opera , A popular song-and-dance duet popular in southern China Duet, and so on.

Main content

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EDITOR

1, a number of single qupai together into a set.

Such as Guan Hanqing " Move heaven and earth Dou E injustice "First break:

"Xian Lu Palace" : Crimson lips, mixed river dragon, oil gourd, world music, half, Courtyard flower Green song, parasitic grass, earn kill.

In other words, this combination of the way divertimento It is characterized by the connection of different Qupai syntactic structures.

2, a set of two songs in alternate use ( chaunda Structure)

Such as Guan Hanqing Solo Club Second discount:

"Official Palace" : correct and good, Tumbler hydrangea If a scholar, roll hydrangea, if a scholar, roll hydrangea, if a scholar, roll hydrangea, epilogue, separate tail.

The syntactic structure of "rolling hydrangea" and "if Xiucai" in this combination style is characterized by the alternate appearance of the two qupai. The syntactic structure of "rolling hydrangea" is:

Go flat, go flat, go flat, go flat, go flat, go flat, go flat, go flat, go flat, go flat, go flat, go flat. Flat on flat, flat on flat, flat on flat, flat on flat.

The syntactic structure of "if a scholar" is

Go flat, go flat, go up, go flat, go flat. Go flat, go flat, go flat.

3, a set of variants with the main use:

Such as Ma Zhiyuan The second twist of "Sorghum Dream" :

"Business tone" : Collection of worthy guests , Carefree music, Golden Chrysanthemum, Calabash in vinegar One piece, one piece, one piece, Individual piece One piece, one piece, one piece, one piece, one piece, garden flower, Double wild goose , come above the waves, Go with the tune Bah.

This combination way divertimento It's called "Vinegar gourd" Syntactic structure Characterized by constant repetition," Individual piece "Is repeated (change) before the song. The syntactic structure of "vinegar gourd" is:

Ping Ping to Ping ping, to Ping ping to go up. Go flat, go flat, go flat, go flat. Go to Pingping, go to Pingping, go to Pingping.

Qupai style

4, a major melody interspersed in a set: such as Ma Zhiyuan The fourth fold of Ren Fengzi:

"Double tone" new water order, Standing horse listening , Sichuan dial check, Geese fall , victory order, Sichuan dial check, Seven Brothers Plum blossom wine, Jiangnan, tail.

This combination way divertimento It is the syntactic structure of "Chuandiao" that runs through the middle of a set. The syntactic structure of "Chuandiao" is:

Go flat, go flat, go flat, go flat, go flat, go flat, go flat. Go flat, go flat, go flat.

5. Insert others into one set Modes of classical Chinese opera The names of tunes to which Qu is composed

Such as Shi Junshi "Qujiang Pond" second fold

"Nanlu" A flower , Liangzhou No.7 "Business tone", Shang Jingma, "South Lu" separated tail, Muyang Pass, Scold the boy , Sensual Emperor's Grace , Tea-picking Song "Yellow Bell" fury.

In the cycle, the different connecting and combining ways of Qupai have the internal connection of Qupai music itself. In this regard, the drama and the southern opera are the same. Xu Wei " Narrate of Southern Ci "On the southern opera Qupai connection said.

South Qu solid no palace tune, but the song of the second, must use the sound adjacent to think a set, which also has its own class, not chaos, such as" Huang Yinger "Followed by" Cluster forest "Thrush preface" followed by "Driuzi" and so on, has a certain order, and the author views the old song and follows it.

when divertimento Once formed, the syntactic structure of each card and each card in the set Syntactic structure The relationship is framed Dramatic literature The writing format. Different combinations of Qupai rhymes have different syntactic structure combinations. The writing of dramatic lyrics should follow the syntactic structure of each set of songs, and integrate this law into his creative thinking. Ming Dynasty Wang Jide " Bending temperament "On the series number twenty-four" said.

Among the sets of numbers, Yuan people called "Yuefu", and the ancient Fu, today's Fu, kua time of righteousness, the same machine axis. There are ups and downs, openings and closures. Subject to finalization Frame between two sides Make up your mind, line up the tune, and then send the sentence, and then the chapter. Do not insert, do not settle. Things like Changshan snake, head and tail corresponding, and like shark people of Jin, not a trace of eriemon.

Difference of singing words

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EDITOR

Qupai style

Opera singing style Music always serves and is closely combined with the lyrics, and the lyrics of the "Qupai style" are closely related to the "Song style". plate-cavity Due to the difference in the structure and form of the lyrics, it is also determined Musical structure The difference to the "plate cavity" of the Chinese opera Beijing Opera For example, its lyrics are two, two, three Seven-character sentence And three, three, four Ten-character sentence Lord, occasionally "two, three of the five clause "And appears in a symmetrical form. A seven-character sentence ( Su SAN left Hongdong County Will be in front of the street, did not speak the heart is so sad, the past gentleman listen to slave words...) See the king in the accounts and clothes sleep steady, I here out of the account and scattered sorrow...) Five clauses (angry Yang Yanzhao, blockhead Listen to the roots, life son to patrol, privately put the kiss...) . So is the singing style that matches the lyrics of Beijing Opera The above and the following sentences Structure. Indeed to overcome the inflexible structure of the next sentence, in some Erelong chamber And a certain next line, the lyrics are also added from time to time Crib sentence Rephrasing or lining, in order to make a breakthrough in the singing melody. But generally speaking, Beijing Opera lyrics are even sentences, that is, there is a sentence must be the next sentence, if there is a plot does not need the next sentence, use Percussion music " Sweep head "Sweep away. This is a special case, the so-called "four, six, eight sentences" shows that Beijing Opera lyrics are even sentences. And as "Qupai style" Kunqu opera The structure of the lyrics is inherited from the Song Ci Phrases and phrases . Kunqu Opera Night run The "point will lip" Qu card is the singular five sentences. "The number of more chips, listen to residual jade leakage, escape pro-kou, there is a country difficult to vote, that answer phase help." The number of words in these five sentences is 4, 4, 3, 4, 5.

Artistic value

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EDITOR

Qupai style is one of the main structural systems of Chinese opera music Rap music And the main structural form of instrumental music. It is based on Qupai Structural unit The music of a play or a break of a play is composed of a number of different qu cards in a set according to certain rules. It inherited Tang and Song Daqu, Song Ci, Drum ci , treadle, Earn money by singing , A style of songs in the palace Such song and dance music and rap music based by Southern opera From the development of the northern Zju opera to the maturity of Kunqu Opera, it has experienced a development process from simple to complex. A large number of Qupai formed in the Tang and Song dynasties is the basis for the combination of opera Qupai music. Each Qupai is associated with specific musical melody and ci style, and such qupai styles as Daqu, Guzi Ci, Zuota and Zhugong Diao Musical form It has also accumulated a large number of rich Qu cards for the opera, and provided experience and style for the joint set of Qu cards. It can be seen that the opera Qu cards and the opera Qu card style are complementary to each other as the parent relationship. Common development Yes. Yet as Opera music Opera Qupai style, one of the main structural systems, plays an important role in the field of Chinese and foreign music Artistic value , right Chinese music Development has a major impact.

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