Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin was born on October 7, 1952 The Soviet Union Leningrad (now Russia St. Petersburg ) ^[46] He graduated from Leningrad University (now Saint Petersburg State University ), Russian politicians, 3rd, 4th, 6th, 7th, 8th President of Russia . ^[1] ^[204] ^[218-219]

In 1975, after graduating from university, Putin joined KGB (National Security Council) And then, in Leningrad Intelligence agency work. In 1985, he was sent to German Democratic Republic As an agent. In 1990, he returned to Leningrad, where he served successively Leningrad University Foreign Affairs assistant to the President, Advisor to the Mayor of St. Petersburg, First Deputy Mayor, etc. In 1997, he was appointed Deputy Director of the General Affairs Bureau of the Presidential Office of Russia, and then successively transferred to the Director of the General Supervision Bureau of the Presidential Office. Security Council of the Russian Federation Secretary, First Deputy Director of the Presidential Administration, Chairman of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, etc ^[46] ^[102] ^{[184
]} ^[185] . In August 1999, he was appointed First Deputy Prime Minister and acting Prime Minister of the Russian Federation ^[49] ^[224] In December, he became acting President of Russia ^[225] . In March 2000, he was elected the third President of Russia ^[48] , He was re-elected in 2004. In April 2008, after the President's term expired, he became Prime Minister United Russia President, during this period, Russia adopted a constitutional amendment to extend the presidential term and modify the limit of two consecutive terms ^{[52] 51 -} . In March 2012, he was re-elected President of Russia ^[226] . In May 2018, he was elected President of Russia for a fourth term ^[7] ^[227] . On May 7, 2024, he was officially inaugurated as the eighth President of Russia. ^[220]

Since Putin came to power, he has been committed to reviving Russia's status as a great power, strengthening the power of the federal government, rectifying economic order, and fighting Financial oligarchy Strengthen the building of the army; Foreign efforts to improve the international environment, expand diplomatic space, safeguard national interests, and gradually restore the status of a great power in the international arena ^[50] . It has been featured in the US age "And" Forbes "Magazine named the world's most influential people. ^[2] ^[47]

Chinese name: Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin
Foreign name: Nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl nacl (Russian)
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (English)
alias: Valodya
gender: male
nationality: Russia
Ethnic group: Russian

Place of Birth: Leningrad ^[46] (present-day St. Petersburg)
Date of birth: October 7, 1952
Graduate School: Saint Petersburg State University
Political party: Communist Party of the USSR , United Russia
degree: Learned scholar ^[185]
Academic calendar: Graduate student
Representative works: On the Principle of the Most Favoured Nation in International Law (Graduation thesis)
Have faith in: Orthodox Church

catalogue

Character experience

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EDITOR

Childhood life

Putin's childhood portrait

Putin was born on October 7, 1952 The Soviet Union Leningrad (Present-day Russia) St. Petersburg ) An ordinary family ^[102] His mother, Maria Ivanovna Putina, was a factory worker, and his father, Vladimir Spiridonovich Putin, served in the Soviet Navy World War II Served as the Soviet NKVD's explosive ^[228] . During his childhood, he lived in a public house with his parents because of his poor family, so he often fought with other children who lived in a large courtyard, and cultivated his fighting quality and tough spirit from childhood ^{[234
]} During this period, he began to try various physical exercises in order to keep his status as the king of the children in the courtyard, first learning boxing for a while, but in a practice boxing sparring, the nose was broken, and then turned to other exercises. In 1965, when he was a fifth grader in primary school, he started working with a coach Anatoly Rachlin Learning wrestling, since then, the character gradually became stable. Under Rakhlin's urging, Putin not only actively exercised, but also began to study seriously, and after the sixth grade of primary school, his performance improved rapidly. ^{[234-235
]}

Middle school years

Young Putin

After graduating from eighth grade, the entire class decided to enter Middle School 197, but Putin chose to transfer to 281 Middle School, an experimental school for chemistry. During the 281 middle school, Putin gradually became a typical "Slavic boy", ordinary and not eye-catching. In addition to focusing on learning, he also focuses on sports like primary school, and goes to the training ground to exercise after school. In middle school, he did not do well in science, but because of his love for literature, he did well in literature and history. In addition, because of his interest in German, his German level also improved rapidly during middle school. Marxist-leninist philosophy and Political economy As the main content of the basic course of social science, was included in the school syllabus, he became interested in the course, one of the first to participate in the political correspondent group, and actively participate in the political evening, pay attention to the international situation, speak boldly, as a political current affairs propagandist of 281 middle school. These experiences gradually cultivated his ability to express himself, and at the same time, he was inspired and explored for his sensitivity to political current affairs and the big picture. ^{[236
]}

College career

Putin in the 1970s

In 1970, after graduating from high school, Putin entered Leningrad State University (now Saint Petersburg State University ) Department of Law International Law. During the university, he studied very hard, all subjects were 5 points, basically did not participate in extracurricular activities, and did not participate in the Communist Youth League organization ^{[240
]} . During his sophomore year, he regained his passion for wrestling and often competed in Sambo wrestling matches. Through wrestling, he developed the ability to quickly and accurately judge situations under complex conditions, laying the foundation for his later entry into the KGB and politics ^{[237
]} . He also has a black belt in judo ^[238] ^{[240
]} He won the St. Petersburg judo Championship in 1974 ^[239] ^{[240
]} . In his junior year, Putin began to follow Anatoly Alexandrovich Sobchak After studying economics, he chose "On the Principle of the Most-Favoured-Nation in International Law" as the topic of his graduation thesis, which was reviewed by Sobchak and received an "excellent" rating ^{[237
]} ^{[240
]} . While in school, he also had several contacts with the KGB, and joined Communist Party of the USSR ^[46] ^{[237
]} . Putin graduated from Leningrad University in law in 1975. ^[241]

Spy experience

Putin in military uniform

Films by Soviet Union Sword and Shield As early as middle school, Putin wanted to join the intelligence service. The KGB reception room staff told him to finish university first, and preferably study law. Thus, Putin chose to study law at university ^[244] . After graduating from university, he joined the National Security Council of the USSR (short for: KGB (National Security Council) ) He was assigned to work in Leningrad District ^[102] . In 1976, he completed his KGB training, and two years later, he joined the secret department of the Leningrad Intelligence Service, where he worked until 1983, when he was sent to the KGB Moscow The KGB school for one year ^[102] . In 1985, he was sent to East Germany ( German Democratic Republic ) His public identity was as director of the "House of Soviet-German Friendship" in Leipzig, and his actual identity was as a secret agent, responsible for collecting sensitive scientific and industrial information held by Western countries. ^[241] In 1990, Reunification of Germany and Germany He was president of the Soviet Union Gorbachev An agreement was reached with the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany to withdraw Soviet troops from Democratic Germany, and in the same year, Putin voluntarily asked to be transferred to the reserves and returned to Leningrad to end his career as a secret agent. He was then promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel. ^[102] ^[243]

Newcomer to politics

Putin photographed in the 1990s

In January 1990, Putin returned to Leningrad with the intention of entering politics. Unable to find a suitable job, he returned to Leningrad University to work, on the one hand as an assistant to the president, responsible for international affairs, on the other hand to prepare a doctoral thesis, continue to study for a doctoral degree ^{[245
]} . Soon after, Sobchak, a university teacher, returned from the Leningrad City Soviet to work at Leningrad University and unexpectedly met Putin. When he was looking for an assistant, he invited Putin to work at the Leningrad City Soviet. After accepting the invitation, Putin resigned from Leningrad University, became foreign affairs adviser to the Chairman of the Leningrad City Soviet, and began to accompany Sobchak to receive foreign guests or receive some minor guests, while becoming familiar with the municipal operation of a large city ^[209] ^[246] ^{[247
]} . In June 1991, he was promoted to Chairman of the International Liaison Committee of the City of Leningrad, responsible for the external economic relations of the municipality ^[185] ^[244] . During this time, he retained his KGB identity ^[246] . In 1991, when the Soviet Union was facing a severe economic crisis, the then-president Gorbachev And the Supreme Chairman of the Soviet Boris Yeltsin The political struggle is also heating up. On August 19, the Soviet Union broke out. August 9 incident "Including the chairman of the KGB Kryuchkov Soviet die-hards staged a coup and put Gorbachev under house arrest. Yeltsin used public opinion to defeat the die-hards and win the support of his own people and the West ^{[248
]} . After the August 19 incident, Sobchak announced his support for Yeltsin, and was put on the arrest list by KGB leader Yuchkov. Putin learned this news from inside the KGB, and saved Sobchak before the KGB personnel attacked, and helped Sobchak stabilize the situation in Leningrad City ^{[249
]} . Later, Putin issued a statement announcing his resignation from the KGB ^[185] ^[244] ^[246] . In March 1994, he was promoted to First Deputy Mayor of St. Petersburg and Chairman of the International Liaison Committee. ^[102] ^{[184
]}

Political dark horse

Putin photographed in the 1990s

In 1996, Sobchak lost the St. Petersburg mayoral election, and Putin left St. Petersburg city Hall ^{[245
]} . In the same year, he combined his years of work practice, with the title of "Strategic plan for the transformation of the mining base in the Region under the condition of the formation of market relations", completed the associate doctorate thesis Saint Petersburg Mining University Apply for and receive an associate degree in Economics ^{[250
]} . In August 1996, a former adviser to Sobchak, then Boris Yeltsin Presidential chief of staff Anatoly Chubais He accepted the invitation of Bowell Borodin, then director of the Presidential Administration of the Office of the President of the Russian Federation, to go to Moscow as deputy director of the Presidential Administration, mainly responsible for the management of the Soviet Union's property abroad, as well as all the foreign economic contacts of the bureau and all the negotiations, which created conditions for him to enter the top power core of Russia ^[102] ^{[245
]} ^{[250
]} . In March 1997, he was promoted to deputy Director of the Presidential Administration and Director of the General Administration of Supervision ^[185] ^{[250
]} During the period, he led the General Administration of Supervision to give full play to its supervisory function, carried out detailed special inspections of many departments and enterprises, including the "Russian Arms" company, and caught a group of incompetent officials headed by Yevgeny Ananiev, president of the "Russian Arms" company, and won Yeltsin's appreciation ^{[250
]} . On March 29, 1998, Boris Yeltsin The secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, Aleksandr Bordyuza, was dismissed and replaced by Vladimir Putin ^[251] . On May 25, Yeltsin fired Vittoria Mitina and appointed Putin as the first deputy Director of the Presidential Office for Central and regional relations, responsible for coordinating relations between the Kremlin and Russia's 89 federal subjects. At the same time, in accordance with Yeltsin's instructions, Putin still holds the post of director of the General Supervision Bureau of the presidential office ^{[250
]} . On July 25, Yeltsin appointed Putin to the Security Council (KGB) chairman ^[102] ^[251] Through reforms, Putin has stabilized Russia's chaotic Security Council. In August 1998, as Russia's domestic political situation deteriorated, Putin clearly supported Yeltsin, and when the situation stabilized, Putin was again promoted by Yeltsin. On 20 November, Yeltsin signed a decree making Putin a permanent member of the Federal Security Council ^{[252
]} . In March 1999, he was appointed Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation. ^{[184
]}

First prime minister

Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin in 1999

On August 9, 1999, Yeltsin announced the dissolution of the Stepashin government less than three months after its establishment, and appointed Putin as the first deputy Prime Minister and acting prime minister of the government State Duma (The lower house of Parliament) nominated Putin as a candidate for prime minister of the government. On the same day, Yeltsin said in a televised speech that he hoped that the acting Prime Minister of Russia, Vladimir Putin, would succeed him and become the new head of state in the presidential election held in June 2000 ^[253-254] ^{[256
]} . On August 16, the Russian State Duma (the lower house of parliament) held a plenary session to approve Putin as the prime minister of Russia ^[55] ^[255] . In the same month, when Chechen separatists attacked Dagestan and blew up residential buildings in Moscow and other places, Putin announced a crackdown on Chechen illegal armed forces in order to "maximize the protection of Russian soldiers and Chechen residents" tactics, mainly aircraft and artillery bombing, which won the support of the majority of Russians. On December 19th the Unity coalition he supported defeated the former prime minister in elections for the State Duma, the lower house of parliament Primakov And then the mayor of Moscow Luzhkov His Fatherland-All-Russia bloc gave pro-government lawmakers a majority in the new Duma, ending years of parliamentary rivalry. As a result, his approval rating has risen from less than 10% to more than 50%. ^[251] ^[257]

First-term president

Vladimir Putin was inaugurated as Russia's second president

On the evening of December 31, 1999, Yeltsin abruptly announced his resignation, and announced that Putin would become acting president, according to the provisions of the Russian Constitution. In January 2000, Boris Yeltsin and Vladimir Putin completed the transition of power ^[253] . On January 25, Putin took office Council of Heads of State of CIS chairman ^[258] . On March 26, Russia's presidential election, originally scheduled for June 2000, was brought forward by Boris Yeltsin's resignation, which left the opposition parties unable to fully prepare for the election and weakened by Putin's actual rise to power ^[4] . On March 27, the chairman of the Russian Central Election Commission, Vishnyakov, announced that according to the preliminary results of the vote, Putin had won more than 50% of the vote and was elected the second (third) president of the Russian Federation ^[48] ^[92] . On May 7, he was sworn in as President of Russia ^[259] . In the first presidential term, Putin focused on stabilizing the social and political situation, gradually establishing a vertical power system in the country, dividing the whole of Russia into seven federal districts, and appointing president plenipotentiary representatives to the seven regions, ending Russia's 10-year "state decentralization period." At the same time, multiple transformation and consolidation United Russia In late 2003, the party won a landslide victory in the Russian Duma general election, taking two-thirds of the seats in parliament ^{[260
]} ^[261] . At the same time, the illegal behavior of financial oligarchs and interference in government decision-making were severely cracked down on corruption, which made the Russian economy gradually emerge from the crisis and move towards recovery. In addition, he launched a sustained campaign against the illegal Chechen armed forces. Diplomatically, it emphasizes multi-polar diplomacy, improving relations with the West, especially with Europe, while strengthening Asia-Pacific diplomacy and increasing cooperation and exchanges with China, India and Japan. ^{[260
]}

Re-elected president

In 2004, Vladimir Putin delivered his inaugural address as president

On 14 March 2004, Putin was re-elected president with 71.3% of the vote. In 2004, The Beslan hostage situation Later, Putin further strengthened the vertical power system with the president as the core by changing the method of local leaders and the election of the State Duma, reformed the local administrative and legislative structure of the Russian Federation, substantiated the federal districts established in 2000, which originally had only supervisory roles, and weakened the autonomy of various federal subjects (republics, autonomous regions, regions, oblast, etc.) to varying degrees ^[52] ^{[260
]} ^[262] . In 2005, Putin put forward four major national projects to prioritize health care, education, housing construction and agriculture ^[263] . At the end of the same year, Russia adopted a law on non-governmental organizations to strengthen the regulation and regulation of the activities of non-governmental organizations ^[52] ^{[260
]} . In the second term, Putin also focused on promoting nationalism, and seized the opportunity of rising oil prices to adjust domestic economic policies, strengthen national macroeconomic regulation and control, adjust industrial structure, accelerate the pace of economic growth, eliminate poverty and improve economic competitiveness as the core objectives of economic policy formulation, and promote the economy to maintain a steady growth rate of 7% per year in 2007. The Russian economy is 58.1 percent larger than it was in 2000. With the development of the economy, the number of unemployed people in Russia decreased from 7.059 million in 2000 to 4.246 million in 2007, and the income of residents increased significantly, with the average annual increase of 12.4% in real money income ^[263] . Russia once joined the ranks of the emerging high-growth countries, becoming" BRICS One of ^[262] . The Russian constitution limits the president to one consecutive term ^[264] In December 2007, United Russia Other parties elected the first deputy Prime Minister of Russia Medvedev Putin, a candidate for a third term as Russian president, agreed. After being anointed by Putin as his successor, Medvedev said he would nominate Putin as prime minister ^[5] . On April 14, 2008, the ninth Congress of the United Russia Party adopted the proposal to recommend Putin as the leader of the party. On April 15, Putin was officially elected chairman of the United Russia Party for a four-year term. On May 7, he officially stepped down as President of Russia. ^[76]

Step aside as prime minister

On May 7, 2008, Putin attended the inauguration of President Dmitry Medvedev

On May 7, 2008, after Medvedev was sworn in as president of Russia, he nominated Putin as Prime Minister of the new government, and Putin agreed to serve as Prime minister ^[76] . On May 8th, Russian State Duma By 392 votes in favor and 56 against, with no abstentions, Medvedev's nomination of Putin as prime minister was approved, and Putin was officially inaugurated as prime minister ^[77] . In his State of the Union address to the Federal Assembly on November 5, Medvedev proposed to extend the term of office of the president and members of the State Duma from four years to six years and five years respectively. On November 11, Medvedev formally submitted to the State Duma a constitutional amendment to change the terms of office of the President and members of the Duma. Putin expressed support for the proposal ^[265] . On November 22, the Russian State Duma officially voted to adopt the constitutional amendment ^[266] . During his term as Prime minister, Putin actively dealt with livelihood problems and personally participated in fighting them 2010 Forest fires in Russia ^[185] ^[268] In order to effectively supervise post-disaster reconstruction, he asked the Ministry of Regional Development to install mobile cameras on the construction site of housing reconstruction for people affected by forest fires, replacing the original fixed cameras, and direct the live content to the government website and the Prime Minister's official website, so as to better understand and monitor the reconstruction process ^[269-270] At the same time, he actively developed agriculture, the military, and education ^[185] .

Reterm as president

On May 7, 2012, Vladimir Putin was inaugurated as President of Russia

On September 24, 2011, Medvedev proposed at the United Russia Party congress that Putin run for president in the March 2012 election, and Putin said that if he was elected president, Medvedev would become Prime minister. Medvedev accepted Putin's offer to head the United Russia party's election list and lead the party in the new State Duma (lower house) elections on December 4, 2011 ^[271] . On November 27, the United Russia Party held a congress, and Putin's nomination as the candidate of the United Russia Party for the 2012 presidential election of the Russian Federation was unanimously approved, and he stood for the presidential election in March 2012 ^[88] . On March 4, 2012, Vladimir Putin was elected president of Russia for the third time ^[93] ^[185] . On May 7, he officially took office as president, and on the same day, he nominated outgoing President Medvedev to the State Duma (lower house) as Prime minister of the new government. ^[6] ^[91] After Putin took office as the third president, while actively fulfilling his commitment to promote the reform of the political system, he made special efforts to control the public political space that has a direct influence on the political situation and social stability, and promoted the adoption of laws such as amendments to the Law on Gatherings, Gatherings, Demonstrations, Marches and Protests, the Law on Internet Blacklisting, and the Law on Non-profit Organizations. It has effectively maintained domestic stability in Russia ^[272-273] . In 2013, Ukraine crisis Putin broke out through Ukraine's then-president Yanukovych It began to pull Ukraine toward the Eurasian Union, but the West clung to it ^[276] . In February 2014, 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics Effectively showcasing the new face of Russia ^[185] ^[274-275] . That same year, Events in Crimea In the Kremlin, Putin signed an agreement with the leaders of Crimea and Sevastopol to join Russia. ^[277] During his tenure, Mr Putin has used the Ukraine crisis to push back against western repression, galvanising patriotic sentiment at home and calling on local business people to repatriate their assets to shore up support for Russia's position in the worst standoff with the west since the Cold War. ^[278]

Four presidents

On May 7, 2018, Vladimir Putin was inaugurated as President of Russia

On December 27, 2017, Putin officially registered with the Russian Central Election Commission as an independent candidate for the March 2018 presidential election ^[90] . In March 2018, he was elected President of Russia for a fourth term ^[7] ^[279] . He was officially sworn in for a fourth term on May 7 ^[101] On the same day, Medvedev was nominated to the State Duma (lower house) as the Prime Minister of the new Russian government ^[100] He also signed a presidential decree defining the national development goals and strategic tasks of Russia in the social, economic, educational and scientific fields until 2024 ^[280] . Appointed by Putin in January 2020 Medvedev As Deputy Chairman of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, while removing Medvedev from the post of acting Prime Minister, appointed Mikhail Vladimirovich Mishustin As premier ^[289] . On April 5, 2021, Putin signed a new presidential term law, which allows the president to serve more than two terms, laying the groundwork for subsequent presidential terms ^[288] . In the same year, because NATO eastward expansion The problem is that Russia-Ukraine relations have further intensified and erupted, and local conflicts between Russia and Ukraine have intensified ^[283] . On February 21, 2022, Putin delivered a nationally televised speech, talking about the relations between Russia and Ukraine, the situation in eastern Ukraine, Russia's security guarantee and other issues. Subsequently, orders on the recognition of the "Donetsk People's Republic" and the "Luhansk People's Republic" were signed, as well as treaties of friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance between Russia and these two "republics" respectively ^[284] . On February 24, Putin addressed the nation, deciding on Donbass region Carrying out "special military operations", Russia-ukraine conflict in 2022 Eruption ^[285] . On 5 October, the four regions of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporozha officially joined the Russian Federation by referendum ^[287] . After the outbreak of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the Western countries imposed multiple rounds of sanctions on Russia, which brought difficulties to the long-term development of the Russian economy. Putin focused on stabilizing the economy and tried to eliminate the impact of sanctions. In foreign relations, he reiterated that he would not reject dialogue with the West, but that dialogue must be on an equal footing ^[286] . During this term, as Russia's diplomatic relations with the United States and Western countries remained in a confrontational form, Putin continued to pursue a "turn to the East" foreign policy, especially deepening the comprehensive strategic coordination with China. ^[281-282]

Five presidents

On May 7, 2024, Putin was sworn in

On December 8, 2023, Putin announced his candidacy for the 2024 Russian presidential election ^[194] . On December 17, local time, the 21st Congress of the United Russia Party held in Moscow, the participants unanimously supported Putin to run as an independent candidate in the 2024 presidential election, and the next day, Putin officially registered as a presidential candidate ^[290] . On March 21, 2024, Chairwoman of the Central Election Commission of Russia Pamfilova announced the results of the Russian presidential election, and Vladimir Putin was re-elected president of the Russian Federation with 87.28% of the vote ^[291] . On May 7, Putin was sworn in as the eighth president of Russia and began his fifth presidential term. In his speech after reading the presidential oath, Putin said that in the face of any challenges and threats, Russia's social and political system must remain stable and ensure that the country can maintain unity, independence and stable development. He also said that the Russian side has not rejected dialogue with the West and is ready for dialogue on topics such as security and strategic stability, but on the premise of equality and respect for each other's interests. ^[292]

Administrative measures

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EDITOR

Political aspect

Strengthen centralization

After Putin was elected president of Russia, in the face of Russia's uncontrolled power and lawless disorder, restoring the unified executive power system of the Russian Federation and building a strong state power are the necessary conditions for Russia to get out of the political and economic crisis, maintain national unity and restore its status as a world power. "Russia needs a strong system of state power," Putin said, "that is, a democratic, legal and competent federal state." To this end, he carried out a series of major reforms in strengthening the central authority of the Russian Federation, consolidating the unified state power system of the Russian Federation, and improving the Russian parliamentary and political party systems. First, the establishment of the Russian Federal District and the appointment of the President's plenipotentiary representative to the Federal District. Second, the Russian president nominates and elects regional leaders. Thirdly, a system of intervention by the President of the Russian Federation in the legislation of the subjects of the Federation or the legislation of the representative bodies should be established. This strengthens the unified system of executive power in the Russian Federation. ^{[260
]} ^[261] ^[294]

Reform the composition of Parliament

Putin reformed the composition of the Federation Council of the Russian Parliament and implemented the principle of professionalization of parliamentary activities. In July 2000, the Russian Parliament passed the Law on the Procedure for the Formation of the Federation Council of the Russian Parliament, which was officially signed by Vladimir Putin on August 5 of the same year. The Federation Council, as the upper house of the Russian Parliament, is composed of two representatives elected by the subjects of the Russian Federation, one from the legislature of the subjects of the Federation and one from the executive authority of the subjects of the Federation. Representatives from the legislature are elected by a majority vote in the Legislative Assembly. Representatives from the executive authority are appointed by the Chief Executive of the federal subject, subject to a vote of the Legislative Council. Elected members of the Federation Council may not be deputies to the Duma or to the legislature of the federal subject, may not hold high state offices, and may not be elected as local leaders. This law changed the way in which the Federal Council was composed of the heads of the executive powers of the federal subjects and of the legislature. This meant democratizing and professionalizing the composition of the Federation Council and strengthening the legislative and supervisory functions of the upper House of the Russian Parliament. ^[294]

Reform the Duma elections

Putin reformed the electoral system of the State Duma and gave full play to the political function of political parties. In July 2005, Russia amended the Law on Elections to the State Duma of the Russian Federation. According to the provisions of the electoral law, the election of the State Duma has abolished the single-constituency election mode, and the election is conducted according to the federal constituency. The list of candidates for deputies to the Duma submitted by political parties was disqualified from the election coalition; According to the proportional representation system, the threshold for political parties to enter the Duma was raised, and parties that obtained 7% or more of the vote in the Duma election were eligible for the allocation of seats in the Duma. On December 2, 2007, the election of the fifth State Duma was held in accordance with the Electoral Law amended in 2005. The aim of Putin's reforms is to develop a multi-party political system and strengthen the role of political parties in the country's political life. ^[294]

Reform the political party system

In December 2000, Putin submitted to the State Duma (lower house) a draft law on Political Parties of the Russian Federation, drafted by the Election Commission. It was adopted by the State Duma in June 2001 Law on Political Parties of the Russian Federation Detailed provisions were made on the establishment, purposes, rights and obligations of political parties, as well as the number of party members and the number of regional organizations. The issuance of the Law on Political Parties of the Russian Federation created legislative standards for the development of the Russian political party system, regulated the development process of the multi-party system in Russia at the federal and local levels as a whole, ended the existence of some small political parties in Russian politics, and ensured the openness of information about political party activities ^[293] .

Develop political ideology

At the turn of the century, Putin published an article "Russia at the turn of the Millennium", stressing that Russia should take the road of enriching the people and strengthening the country, pointing out the importance of "Russian thought" and advocating strengthening the role of the state. Putin believes that the elements of the "Russian idea" are patriotism , Great power consciousness , nationalism And social solidarity. Putin believes that true democracy should take into account the interests of all groups in society, and should not be turned into an entertainment show. In the new" Information age "And people will pass Internet Get more opportunities to participate in politics. ^[89] United Russia has repeatedly expressed its identification with Putin and his ideas. In December 2006, the seventh Congress of the United Russia Party adopted the program "Russia We Choose", which summarized and declared Putin's thought as the guiding ideology of the party.

Readjustment of the presidency

The Russian constitution previously prohibited the president from serving more than two consecutive terms. In 2008, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signed a constitutional amendment extending the presidential term from four to six years. In January 2020, Putin submitted draft amendments to the Constitution to both houses of the Russian Parliament and the State Duma that would allow him to seek two more presidential terms at the end of his term. In July of the same year, a referendum on constitutional amendments passed by the State Duma and the Federation Council was approved with 65% of the vote and 78% of the vote. ^[61] ^[295] On April 5, 2021, Putin signed the bill on the presidential term. According to the bill, Putin can run for two more terms after his current term ends. ^[31] On November 14, 2023 local time, Putin signed an amendment to the presidential election law, which prohibits the use of all frozen resources for election campaigns. ^[192]

Construction of public service

Since 2010, all public officials and their family members have been required annually to declare their income, real estate and bank deposits for the previous year, and this information needs to be published on the websites of corresponding government departments and publicized in the media. After Mr. Putin returned to the presidency in 2012, he gave pay raises to almost all Russian officials, except for a few top officials, including himself, the prime minister and the chairmen of both houses of parliament. On April 14, 2014, Putin signed a decree raising his and then-Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev's salaries to 1.65 times their original salaries. ^[34]

Strengthen information control

In March 2022, Putin signed a presidential decree guaranteeing technological independence, banning state agencies from using foreign software in critical information infrastructure (CII) from 2025 onwards ^[129-130] . On May 1, local time, Putin signed a presidential decree on additional measures to ensure information security in Russia. Putin ordered the creation of IT security units in every ministry, agency and backbone organization. According to the regulations, from January 1, 2025, Russian state-owned enterprises and institutions will be prohibited from using information security equipment produced by unfriendly countries ^[135] On the same day, Signed a law restricting Russian credit institutions from providing information to foreign countries. The new law prohibits Russian banks and credit institutions from providing foreign authorities, including judicial authorities, with requested information about bank customers and their transactions, as well as customer representatives, beneficiaries and account and asset holders. The law also stipulates that Russian banks and credit institutions may submit relevant information to foreign institutions within the scope of international cooperation on tax information, if the account holder is subject to the jurisdiction of foreign tax laws regarding the holding of foreign accounts ^[134] . In November 2022, Putin signed a decree to protect 17 traditional values aimed at preserving national unity, defending national sovereignty and preventing Western countries from posing a threat to traditional Russian values. ^[178]

Economic aspect

Economic regulation

After Putin came to power, he quickly ended the "shock therapy" and promulgated a series of policies to stabilize the economy, such as adjusting the privatization strategy and nationalizing strategic industries. Improve the efficiency of state-owned assets management; Curb the oligarchy's monopoly and plunder of the national economy; Promulgating land, finance, and labor bills; The measures to improve the business environment and participate in the WTO accession negotiations have restored investors' confidence in the government and the economic prospects, and are also Putin's attempts to explore the path of economic reform with Russian characteristics ^{[260
]} ^[296] . He took advantage of high oil prices to further improve social welfare and increase labor income, making Russia once among the ranks of emerging high-growth countries, becoming one of the "BRICS. ^[61] ^[262] . By adjusting domestic economic policies, we will strengthen national macroeconomic regulation and control and adjust the industrial structure ^[263] From 2000 to 2008, the Russian economy achieved rapid growth, with an annual growth rate of 7%. By 2007, Russia's gross domestic product (GDP) had reached $1.3 trillion, up 94% from the beginning of Putin's presidency, and its share of the world economy had climbed from 2% to 4%. Per capita income has doubled, more than half of the poor have been lifted out of poverty, and foreign debt has been repaid ahead of schedule, with the outstanding external debt only accounting for 5% of GDP in 2007 ^[296] . In 2008, the outbreak of the global financial crisis caused a heavy blow to the Russian economy, and Russian GDP fell by 7.9%, which was the first negative economic growth after Putin came to power. From 2009 to 2013, oil prices recovered, the world economy recovered, and the Russian economy achieved recovery growth. However, the Russian economy was hit by the double blow of plunging oil prices and European and American sanctions in 2014, and the economy fell back into recession, which did not ease until 2016. Between 2009 and 2018, Russia's GDP grew at an average annual rate of just 0.9%, well below the world average of 3.2%. In 2020, the global outbreak of the novel coronavirus, the ensuing collapse in oil prices and the social distancing measures implemented by the government, made the Russian economy hit again ^[296] . Russia-ukraine conflict in 2022 After the outbreak, Russia began a new round of investment boom, localization tide and import substitution tide under Western sanctions. In 2023, the Russian economy will grow by 3.6%. ^[62] ^[297-298]

Financial control

On March 1, 2022, Putin signed a presidential decree that will take additional temporary measures to safeguard financial stability, including from March 2, the implementation of special rules for foreigners from unfriendly countries to strengthen controls ^[44] . On March 18, Putin signed a presidential decree on additional economic measures to ensure Russia's financial stability, including in the field of foreign exchange supervision ^[126] .

Foreign exchange control

On May 24, 2022, local time, Putin signed a presidential decree stipulating that the compulsory settlement ratio of foreign exchange earnings from exports of enterprises will be reduced from 80% to 50% ^[142] . On June 9, Putin signed a decree abolishing the requirement that exporters be forced to settle 50 percent of their foreign exchange sales. According to the presidential decree, the proportion of foreign exchange earnings that exporters must now sell (into rubles) will be determined by a government committee. ^[147] On July 5, Putin signed a presidential decree banning Russian residents from transferring foreign exchange earnings earned by Russian companies in the form of dividends to foreign accounts ^[153] . On August 8, a presidential decree was signed, providing that if Russian financial institutions are unable to conduct foreign exchange operations due to sanctions, they have the right to stop such foreign exchange business with legal persons and individual merchants. ^[159]

Push ruble settlement

On March 31, 2022, Putin signed a decree on the settlement of natural gas trade in rubles. He also said that if the buyers of "unfriendly countries (and regions)" do not comply with the new payment conditions, Russia will terminate the existing gas supply contracts ^[131] . On June 22, Putin signed a presidential decree establishing temporary procedures for the payment of government debts in foreign currencies. According to the presidential decree, the payment of the Eurobonds in roubles will be considered as fulfilling Russia's debt service obligations. The amount of roubles thus paid shall be equivalent to the value of the debt in foreign currency and shall be calculated at the exchange rate on the date of payment ^[148] . On August 8, 2023 local time, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a presidential decree stipulating special procedures for the settlement of foreign trade contracts for the supply of Russian agricultural products, establishing a mechanism for the settlement of foreign trade of Russian agricultural products in rubles through a special account. ^[187]

Social aspect

Medical insurance system reform

After Putin came to power, he paid great attention to Russia's health care. In 2005, he identified health care as one of the four priority areas of the national development Plan (the other three being education, housing and agriculture) and personally chaired the National Priority Development Plan Committee set up specifically for this purpose. The "Healthy" National Excellent Development Program was launched that year, and the expenditure in that year alone amounted to 78.7 billion rubles. Another important goal of Putin's "healthy" national development priority plan is to increase the life expectancy of Russians. In order to adapt the health insurance system to marketization and modernization, the Law of the Russian Federation on the partial revision of the Law on Compulsory Health Insurance of the Russian Federation was adopted on 29 November 2010. The main contents are: 1, give the insured the right to choose the medical insurance company; 2. Expand the coverage of compulsory medical insurance; 3. Remove restrictions on private medical institutions entering the compulsory medical insurance system. This reform makes Russia's compulsory medical insurance more convenient for the majority of residents to seek medical treatment. ^[299]

Housing system reform

On February 13, 2012, Putin published a presidential campaign article entitled "Building Justice - Social Policy in Russia" in the Communist Party of Russia: At that time, only a quarter of Russian citizens could afford to build or buy a new house. The Russian government will solve the housing problem through various means. He believes that with the implementation of various measures, 60% of families can get new housing by 2020, and the problem can be completely solved by 2030. In 2004, Putin stressed in his presidential State of the Nation address that in order to standardize the real estate market, the monopoly of the construction market must be broken, and Russian citizens should not pay for the costs caused by administrative obstacles in the construction industry, nor should they pay for the excess profits of builders. ^[299]

Improve low-income groups

After Putin came to power, he adopted a series of policy measures in the field of distribution and focused on improving low-income groups. According to Putin, the gap between the richest and poorest groups is closing too slowly, and excessive differentiation is unjust and causes social tensions. ^[299]

Restore the title of hero mother

On August 15, 2022, Putin signed a decree granting women who have raised 10 or more children "the right to live." Hero mother "Titles and MEDALS. According to the order, those who win the title of "hero mother" will also receive a prize of 1 million rubles (about 110,000 yuan). ^[161]

Cultural aspect

Putin proposed to bring Russia into the "Renaissance of the 21st century," for which he repeatedly stressed the importance of culture, calling on Russia to retain its national identity, promote the essence of national traditions, and play the role of cultural soft power commensurate with national strength. Putin asked Russian cultural personnel not only to open to the world, but also to mind Russia, have full confidence in the Russian civilization and the Russian road, be good at drawing the essence from the Russian traditional culture, and take the transmission of Russia's core values and inheritance of Russian civilization as the top priority of today's Russian cultural undertakings ^[309] . In May 2014, Putin signed a new decree banning vulgar language in Russian culture, art and entertainment ^[307] . On December 24, 2014, President Vladimir Putin signed Presidential Decree No. 808 on the Establishment of a National Cultural Policy. The formation of a clear and unified value orientation of the State cultural policy, the guarantee of national cultural security, the protection of cultural heritage and cultural resources, and the strengthening of cultural education of Russian citizens. On February 29, 2016, the Government of the Russian Federation finally issued the Strategy of the State Cultural Policy of the Russian Federation until 2030. ^[309] . On March 1, 2023, Putin signed the Law on Official Languages, regulating the use of foreign words. According to the new rules, when Russian is used as an official language, foreign words shall not be used, except for those foreign words that do not have similar common words in Russian recorded in standard dictionaries. ^[308]

Military aspect

Strategy of strengthening the military

In 2000, when Putin came to power, he made it clear that the only realistic choice for Russia was to choose to be a great power, and that without a strong armed force, there would be no strong Russia. In 2004, Putin reiterated that "an efficient and effective armed force is the most important factor in defending Russia against any form of military-political pressure or potential aggression, and in consolidating Russia's international standing." Guided by this idea, the Security Council of the Russian Federation, on the basis of the National Macroeconomic Development Plan for 2015, proposed the principle of "asymmetry" and "realistic containment" for the construction of the Russian military. Since then, with the constant changes in the security threats faced by Russia (that is, the continuous eastward expansion of NATO, the withdrawal of the United States from the anti-missile treaty and the decision to deploy missile defense systems near the Russian border) and the continuous enhancement of the armed forces, the goal of Russian military construction has become increasingly high. In 2007, in his State of the Nation address, Putin proposed building the Russian military into a force capable of dealing with both global and regional conflicts, and if necessary, several local conflicts at the same time. ^[302]

Change the mode of national defense management

In February 2007, Putin appointed Serdyukov, former head of the State Administration of Taxation, as defense minister, the first time in Russian history that the minister of defense was civilianized. The purpose of this move is threefold: First, to establish a civilian military system and thoroughly place the military under the leadership of civilian politicians. The second is to make a clear distinction between the administrative functions of the army and the operational command functions, so that servicemen can get rid of all functions unrelated to combat readiness as far as possible, concentrate on training, assign some functions to the government or society, and transfer other functions that do not require professional military knowledge to civilian personnel. The third is to establish a national management system in the military field, so that the legislative authority can exercise civilian supervision over military construction, so as to completely solve the problem of rational allocation and use of military expenditure. ^[302]

Service reform

In terms of military reform, Putin has reduced the number of military personnel, optimized the structure of the military and arms, and established a cross-service command system. By the end of 2003, the Russian military had largely completed its sweeping military reforms. The army was cut from 3 million in 1992 to 1.13 million in 2007. The structure of the services and arms has also been changed from the past five services to three services and three services, which has improved the effectiveness of the use of the units of the services and arms, simplified the coordinated actions of the services and arms, and significantly reduced the cost of the construction of the military command system. In accordance with this, the reform of the inter-service command system has been put on the agenda. According to the next step plan of the Russian army, by 2010, the Russian army will be unified command of the armed forces and the forces of all powerful departments by three permanent regional commands and two functional commands of strategic nuclear forces and air and space defense. ^[302]

Increase military expenditure

According to Russian official data, in 2000, Russia's defense budget was 6 billion to 7 billion US dollars, with an average of less than 10,000 US dollars per soldier, which is 1/18 of the United States. Training costs only 1% of the military budget. The supply of weapons and equipment has largely stopped. The proportion of modern weapons and equipment fell from 70 percent in 1990 to 20-25 percent in 1999. In the face of the financial situation of the Russian military, Putin dramatically increased military spending after the national economy improved, so that the defense budget soared from less than $7 billion in 2000 to $37.4 billion in 2007, thus turning the situation of the defense budget. ^[302]

Equipment innovation

After coming to power, Putin has made the building of strategic nuclear forces a top priority in the construction of the military, and actively embarked on the transformation and development of "North wind" class strategic nuclear submarines, sea-based "round hammer" strategic nuclear missiles, Tu-160 strategic bombers and land-based "Topo-M" mobile intercontinental missiles ^[303] . Russia has restored the global balance of power by successfully upgrading its armed forces, including nuclear weapons, pursuing a balanced defense policy, maintaining strategic deterrence, and not getting involved in a new arms race ^[63] . Through the formulation of a series of military reform plans to promote the construction of Russia's military modernization. ^[300]

Strengthen combat training

When Putin first took office, the overall training level of the Russian military was extremely low. Take Air Force pilot training, for example. Normally, the average minimum number of flying hours for a pilot per year should be 160 to 180 hours. In 2003, the average annual flying hours per pilot in Russia was only about 40 hours. This low level of training has gradually lost the skills of pilots to fly at night and in bad weather conditions, and the accident rate of aircraft has increased significantly. After enhanced training, in 2007, the average annual flying hours of the Russian Air Force pilots have increased to 120 hours, its training level has been close to the Soviet period. In addition, the aircraft carrier formation and strategic bombers have resumed combat duty. On December 5, 2007, the Russian Navy fleet resumed deep-sea navigation, and the aircraft carrier formation composed of the Russian Northern Fleet, Black Sea Fleet and Baltic Fleet conducted deep-sea combat training in the northeast Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea after two months of navigation. ^[303]

Reform military service

After Putin came to power, the military service system was greatly adjusted, the compulsory military service period was shortened from 2 years to 18 months, and in 2008, it was further shortened to 12 months, which ensured the successful completion of the recruitment task, so that the military maintained a high full rate, and solved the problem of recruitment difficulties for a long time. In terms of personnel replenishment, the proportion of contract soldiers has been increased. ^[301] ^[303]

Improve military welfare

The Russian army has raised military salaries four times from 2005 to 20083, increasing by 15% on January 1, 2006, increasing by 10% on January 1, 2007, increasing by 15% on November 1, 2007, and increasing by 15% on September 1, 2008. The four capital increases, which will increase military salaries by 67 percent from 2005 levels, stabilize the military and retain highly qualified personnel in the military. ^[303]

Army building

On March 4, 2022, Putin signed amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The bill stipulates penalties for spreading false information about the behavior of Russian servicemen, discrediting the Russian armed forces and calling for anti-Russian sanctions ^[45] . On May 28, Putin signed a decree abolishing the age limit for Russian and foreign citizens to sign their first military service contract with the Russian military ^[145] . 1 On January 14, Putin signed a decree regulating a number of issues related to foreigners serving in the Russian armed forces. The decree allows citizens of other countries to serve in the Russian military on the basis of contracts signed. In addition, the decree allows the conscription of Russian citizens who also hold citizenship in other countries ^[179] . In January 2024, Putin signed a decree allowing foreigners who sign military service contracts to serve in the Russian armed forces and their families to obtain Russian citizenship ^[196] . In February 2024, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a federal law on the confiscation of property acquired or used through the deliberate dissemination of false information about the armed forces of the Russian Federation and calls for actions against the security of Russia. According to the law, activities that undermine Russia's security, publicly insult and discredit the Russian military may lead to the confiscation of funds or property. ^[200]

Military action

Putin came to power after several military operations, including The Second Chechen War , Russo-georgian War , Ukraine crisis , Russia-ukraine conflict in 2022 Let's wait. ^[60] ^[103] ^[304] In addition, he also asked the Federal Security Service to strengthen anti-terrorism work in various fields, and resolutely crack down on attempts to provoke unrest and "Russophobia". Putin believes that systematic and comprehensive work is needed in the fight against Western attempts to undermine Russia's development. Western countries actively use radical transnational terrorist organizations to oppose Russia and encourage threats to Russia. The provocative statements of Western politicians about the possibility of terrorist attacks against Russia are open blackmail. ^[305]

diplomatically

● Review

After Putin came to power, he further elevated the multi-faceted diplomacy to the height of the principle of "balance" to operate. Its structural situation is roughly as follows: First, the relationship between Russia and other member states of the CIS is the most prominent position in its diplomatic blueprint, and Russia regards it as "internal affairs in diplomacy, internal affairs in diplomacy". Second, in the relations between the United States and Western Europe, the ranking has been adjusted, putting Western Europe ahead of the United States. Third, it attaches much greater importance to relations with countries in the Asia-Pacific region, especially with China, India, Japan, the Korean Peninsula and ASEAN countries. Fourth, diplomacy to African and Latin American countries has also been expanded with emphasis and more flexible means. Since Putin came to power, he has adhered to the principle of national interests, stimulated the spirit of national unity, and his diplomacy has a strong autonomy. Faced with the tide of economic globalization, especially the impact of American unilateralism, Russia is in a weak position, and sometimes it can't help but compromise in its diplomacy. Pragmatism is the hallmark of Putin's diplomacy. In his view, Russia's prestige on the international stage and its domestic political and economic situation depend on the civilized and effective use of its diplomatic resources. The second feature of Mr Putin's diplomacy is compatibility, defending his interests resolutely but without confrontation. The third feature of Russian diplomacy is stealth. Mr. Putin has said that Russia does not objectively have as many means to influence the international situation as it would like. ^[310]

Regarding the UN mechanism, Putin said that as a founding member and permanent member of the UN, Russia has always supported it The United Nations It is also doing all it can to support the principles on which the United Nations is based and intends to continue to do so. ^[155] On April 26, 2022, Putin met with visiting UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres in Moscow, saying that the UN documents are the main norms in international affairs, and the main norms in international affairs are not formulated by some countries themselves, and Russia is surprised that some countries claim some exclusive rights in the world. ^[132]

Putin's speech at the UN General Assembly (28 September 2015)

● Russia-US relations

During his first term as president, Putin continued Yeltsin's pro-American line and gave full support to the United States during the September 11 attacks. However, the relationship between the two countries has been strained by the anti-missile issue, the Yukos case, the Iraq war, the Georgia crisis, and the Ukraine crisis. After Russia announced "military operations" in eastern Ukraine, the US President Biden Says relations between the United States and Russia have completely broken down. ^[73]

Putin and Obama's 'death stare'

The first U.S.-Russia summit after Putin came to power was held in Slovenia in June 2001. At the summit, Putin and then-US President George W. Bush The two were friendly to each other. On September 11, after the terrorist attacks on the United States, Putin was the first foreign leader to call George W. Bush. On the same day, Putin delivered a televised address, saying sincerely, American people, we are with you. On September 24, Putin announced that Russia was ready to provide the United States with information on terrorists and would allow planes carrying supplies to anti-terrorist areas to fly over Russian airspace. In addition, Russia is also in consultation with Central Asian countries to consider providing military airfields to the United States Afghanistan Legitimate government, providing assistance including weapons and military technology. The United States was greatly moved by a series of statements from Russia. ^[72] In November, Putin visited the United States, where the leaders of Russia and the United States agreed to cut their respective nuclear warheads by two-thirds. ^[72]

In the spring of 2002, George W. Bush visited Russia as the United States was gearing up for war in Iraq. Mr. Putin said Russia is not anti-American, but opposed the military operation that toppled Saddam Hussein. Because Russia has a lot of cooperation with Iraq, and because it is in the Middle East, Russia does not want the war to affect the world energy market. ^[72]

Putin (left) and Trump (right) (November 2017)

On March 20, 2003, the United States and Britain launched the Iraq War. Improved relations between the United States and Russia then took a nosedive. ^[72] In May 2012, Putin once again served as the president of Russia, at a time when RussiAn-American relations around the anti-missile system, Syria, Iran, Afghanistan and other issues of sharp contradictions in the complex background, Putin canceled the G8 summit held in the United States, is for his return to the Kremlin after the first "lesson" to the United States. ^[175]

Since the 2014 Ukraine crisis, Russia has faced diplomatic repression and economic sanctions from the United States and its Allies. In addition, Putin and then-US President Obama There are "fundamental differences" over the political future of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. ^[174] Once favored by the Russians Trump Since his inauguration as President of the United States, Russia-US relations have not improved, but have deteriorated due to the "Russian collusion", the expulsion of diplomats from each other and the introduction of new sanctions by the United States. ^[71]

In a meeting with U.S. President Joe Biden on December 14, 2021, Putin reiterated that Russia needs to immediately start negotiations with the United States and NATO to develop international legal provisions to avoid NATO's eastward expansion and the deployment of weapons that pose a threat to Russia in neighboring countries, especially Ukraine.

Putin (right) and Biden (left) (June 16, 2021)

On February 24, 2022, Putin announced the launch of "military operations" in eastern Ukraine, and Biden gave a speech on the situation in Russia that afternoon, saying that "the relationship between the United States and Russia is now completely broken." ^[73] On February 26, the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, and Canada issued a joint statement banning Russia from using the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) international settlement system. ^[74] On March 8, the United States announced a ban on the import of Russian oil, liquefied natural gas and coal, announcing that Western countries have once again escalated sanctions against Russia. ^[62]

● Russia-Ukraine relations

Before the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election, Putin visited Ukraine twice to show his support for then-Ukrainian Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych. Before the election results were announced, Putin sent a congratulatory letter to Yanukovych for his "almost certain victory." Putin's support for the Pro-Russian Yanukovych has been widely criticized as interference in Ukraine's internal affairs. ^[8]

On February 12, 2008, Putin met with then-Ukrainian President Vladimir Putin Yushchenko At a joint press conference after the talks, Russia warned that if Ukraine joined NATO, Russia could target strategic nuclear missiles at Ukraine, which was Putin's strongest warning yet on Ukraine's bid to join NATO. Mr. Yushchenko responded that Ukraine has the right to independently set its own foreign and defense policies, that NATO membership must not be seen as a threat to Russia, and that Ukraine's constitution does not allow foreign military bases on Ukrainian soil. ^[58]

On March 16, 2014, a referendum was held in Crimea, Ukraine. According to the results of 100% votes, 96.77% of the voters who participated in the referendum were in favor of Crimea joining the Russian Federation, and the turnout rate was 83.1%. The Ukrainian government refused to recognize the result of the referendum. On 17 March, the Crimean Parliament passed a resolution declaring Crimea independent and applying to join the Russian Federation. On the same day, Putin signed a presidential decree recognizing the Republic of Crimea as an independent sovereign state. On March 20, Putin ratified Crimea's accession to the Russian Federation, the first major territorial change since the Cold War without the nod of the United States. ^[87] On October 24, Putin admitted for the first time that Russia had helped Ukraine's ousted president in February 2014 Yanukovych Run away. ^[95]

On December 9, 2019, Putin attended a meeting in Paris, France Normandy Model Four countries (Russia, Ukraine, France, Germany) summit. After the talks, the four countries issued a joint communique, which said that Russia and Ukraine committed to fully implement the ceasefire and will implement all necessary ceasefire support measures by the end of 2019 to consolidate the ceasefire. In addition, Putin and then Ukrainian President Zelensky achieved the first face-to-face bilateral meeting during the summit, which was the first meeting between Ukrainian and Russian leaders after Zelensky became the president of Ukraine. ^[86] On December 31, Putin and Zelensky spoke by phone and congratulated each other on a happy New Year. The two leaders welcomed the December 29 exchange of detainees between the parties to the conflict in eastern Ukraine and the signing of a contract for the supply of natural gas through Ukraine to the EU. During the talks, the two sides also expressed their hope for a complete ceasefire in eastern Ukraine and stressed that both sides would work to confirm the list of people to be released next, including Crimeans detained in Russia and Crimea, as well as Russians detained in Ukraine. ^[84-85]

Putin (right) and Zelensky (left) (9 December 2019)

On February 21, 2022, Putin signed a decree recognizing the "Donetsk People's Republic" and "Luhansk People's Republic" in eastern Ukraine. ^[53] On February 24, Putin announced a military operation in the Donbass region of Ukraine, saying that Russia will not allow Ukraine to possess nuclear weapons, and that the special action plan does not include the occupation of Ukrainian territory, but the situation requires Russia to take decisive action . ^[39] On May 1, Putin signed a presidential decree, if the death of the mission to Donetsk, Luhansk, or return to Russia within one year due to injury or illness during the business trip, the family can get a one-time pension of 5 million rubles. A pension of 3 million rubles is granted in case of injury during the course of duty. Putin also signed a presidential decree granting 10,000 rubles to disabled people and veterans of the Great Patriotic War in the Donbass region and the "liberated areas" of Ukraine. ^[133] On May 25, Putin signed a decree on simplifying the procedure for residents of Ukraine's Zaporozhy and Kherson regions to obtain Russian citizenship. ^[143] On September 30, Putin signed the recognition of Kherson and Zaporozha Oblasts as "independent territories. "Of the decree. ^[168] On October 5, Putin signed a presidential decree stipulating that the Zaporizhi nuclear Power plant should be included in the assets of the Russian Federation. ^[169] On October 8, a massive explosion occurred on the Kerch Strait bridge connecting Russia and Crimea. ^[172] Ukraine's Defense Ministry confirmed on social media that there had been an explosion on the Crimean bridge, but gave no further comment, and Ukraine's security service could not be reached for comment. ^[173] On the same day, Putin signed a presidential decree "on strengthening the transport corridor of the Kerch Strait, the power grid bridge between the Russian Federation and the Crimean Peninsula, and protection measures during the operation of the main gas pipeline from Krasnoddarsk Krai to Crimea." ^[170] On October 9, Putin said after listening to the investigation of the explosion of the Crimean Bridge by the chairman of the Russian Investigative Committee Bastrykin that the explosion of the Crimean Bridge on the 8th was planned and carried out by the Ukrainian secret service, which was a "terrorist attack against critical civilian infrastructure." ^[173]

● Russia-EU relations

In the European direction, Putin has been seeking close cooperation with some European countries, including Germany, calling for the unity of Russian and European civilization should not be forgotten, and he believes that Russia is a part of Europe in both a geographical and most important cultural sense. Unity is all the more important in the face of new common threats. However, the relationship between Russia and Europe has been deteriorating due to the eastward expansion of NATO, the Ukraine issue and other factors, and has fallen into a rock bottom after the outbreak of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine. ^[83]

Vladimir Putin (first from right) and Herman Van Rompuy (second from left) (15 November 2014)

The poisoning death of Alexander Litvinenko, a former Russian agent who had fled to Britain in late 2006, greatly soured relations between Russia and Britain.

In July 2014, the European Union imposed economic sanctions on Russia for "destabilizing eastern Ukraine." Since 2015, the EU has said that the duration of sanctions against Russia should be linked to the implementation of the Minsk agreement. The EU believes that the Minsk agreement has not been fully implemented and has extended sanctions against Russia several times. Russia has repeatedly stated that it is willing to restore and further develop relations with the EU, but the EU must first change its position on Russia. Russia believes that the policy of sanctions against Russia will bring serious losses to the EU itself, including billions of dollars in lost revenue and tens of thousands of lost jobs. ^[78]

On February 22, 2021, the Council of Foreign Ministers of the European Union decided to impose sanctions on Russian personnel related to the incident of Russian opposition figure Navalny. At the meeting on the same day, the 27 foreign ministers of the EU member states agreed that the relationship between Russia and the EU is gradually estranged, and Russia does not want to cooperate with the EU, on the contrary, Russia chooses confrontation. The foreign ministers reached a "political consensus" on imposing sanctions on relevant Russian personnel. ^[79]

On February 24, 2022, Russian President Vladimir Putin announced a special military operation in the Donbass region of eastern Ukraine. Later, the president of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, said on social media that she strongly condemned Russia's "unjustified attack" on Ukraine and that the EU would hold Russia accountable. On the same day, a series of EU sanctions against Russia were officially published in the official Gazette of the EU, meaning that the sanctions took effect. A total of 23 Russian individuals have been added to the EU sanctions list, including Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu and Russian presidential chief of staff Vaino, including asset freezes and travel bans. In addition, the sanctions list also includes four Russian entities, including the Russian Internet Research Agency. ^[81] On February 26, the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, and Canada issued a joint statement banning Russia from using the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) international settlement system. ^[80] On February 27, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen issued a statement saying that the EU decided to close its airspace to Russia as a whole, and banned Russian state media Russia Today and Sputnik news products from landing and spreading in the EU. In addition, the EU also decided to provide Ukraine with 450 million euros for the purchase of lethal weapons and 50 million euros for the purchase of non-lethal supplies such as fuel and defensive equipment, which is the first time in the history of the EU to provide arms assistance to a country under external attack. ^[82] On May 3, Putin held a two-hour phone call with French President Emmanuel Macron. ^[136] On May 14, Putin held a telephone conversation with Finnish President Sauli Niinisto, during which they exchanged views on Finland's intention to apply for NATO membership . Putin stressed that abandoning the traditional policy of military neutrality was a mistake and that Finland's security was not threatened. ^[140] On September 9, Russian presidential Press Secretary Dmitry Peskov said that Putin will not attend the funeral of Queen Elizabeth II. ^[163]

● Russia-Japan relations

Russia and Japan are locked in a territorial standoff and have failed to sign a formal peace treaty since the end of World War II. On the question of the Northern Territories, Japan's policy is to conclude a peace treaty on the basis of resolving the ownership of the four Northern Islands. Russia claims sovereignty over the northern territories "as a result of World War II." ^[105]

Putin (right) and Abe (left) (January 22, 2019)

In January 2000, just after taking office as president of Russia, Putin called the then prime minister of Japan Yoshiro Mori I hope the two sides will hold talks. Caught in a political crisis, Mori agreed on the spot that he hoped to rely on talks to resolve the territorial issue between the two countries and gain political capital. Putin, however, stood firm, rebuffing Mori during a visit to Japan in September of the same year Kawana proposal The requirements of. Putin proposed to conclude an intermediate treaty first, which was also rejected by Mori. After negotiations, the two sides jointly announced the adoption of the 1956 Japan-Soviet Joint Statement in March 2001. However, support for Mori's cabinet had fallen to 9% and there were calls for him to step down.

In April 2001, with hopes of a Russian counterattack fading, Mori stepped down, Junichiro Koizumi Take over as Prime Minister. In 2003, the Japanese prime minister visited the shrine Yasukuni Jinjia with China North Korea, Korea Diplomacy is not going well, Junichiro Koizumi decided to visit Russia to seek support. During this visit, Putin endorsed Japan's bid to become a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, but the two countries have yet to agree on territorial issues. In 2004, in Japanese Liberal Democratic Party Against this background, Koizumi decided to raise the territorial issue again as the main issue for discussion. On September 2 of the same year, Koizumi visited the southern Kuril Islands, which was strongly protested by Russia, and the diplomacy between the two countries was deadlocked. In November, in an effort to break the diplomatic deadlock, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said he was willing to abide by the joint statement of Japan and the Soviet Union and return the four islands Habomai Islands and Shikdando . Putin praised the visit to Japan to create publicity. However, the Russian right is opposed. Sakhalin Island The people even organized militias to prevent Japan from getting the islands. Extremists say they will rally to demand Putin's resignation if Russia returns the territory. Japan is also extremely unhappy with Russia's return of only two islands, calling Putin's words "Soviet platitudes." Putin responded that there was only a provision in the Japan-Soviet joint statement for the return of the two islands.

In December 2012, Abe became the Prime Minister of Japan again and actively sought to improve Japan-Russia relations. He met with Putin many times and sought to establish a good personal relationship with Putin, with a view to resolving the disputed territorial issues between the two countries and then concluding a peace treaty. On February 7, 2014, Abe went to Russia to attend the opening ceremony of the Sochi Winter Olympic Games, despite the fact that the heads of major European and American countries would not attend. Abe expressed the hope that through frequent dialogue in the field of economic cooperation to deepen mutual trust, to promote the northern territories (Russia called the South Kuril Islands) to lay the groundwork for the settlement of the issue. However, after the outbreak of the crisis in eastern Ukraine, Japan repeatedly followed the United States in adopting sanctions against Russia, and the relationship between Japan and Russia fell into an awkward situation. ^[105-106]

On June 30, 2022, Putin signed a decree that in the face of Western sanctions against Russia, Russia will set up a new company to take over the energy cooperation development project "Sakhalin 2" with Japan. On July 3, Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida said that "we will establish a mechanism to set the upper limit at about half of the current price, and if the price is higher than that, we will not buy and will not be allowed to buy." ^[154] On July 5, Deputy Chairman of the Security Council of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev responded to Kishida's comments about a cap on Russian oil prices by warning that Japan will not receive oil or gas from Russia and will not participate in the "Sakhalin 2" project. ^[154]

● Russia-China relations

Putin visited China several times during his term of office and attended the opening ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics respectively as Prime Minister and president. Putin reiterated many times that China is a very important strategic partner of Russia, because bilateral trade is growing rapidly, China is developing rapidly, and will become a good market for Russian goods and a good partner for investment in Russia. Putin also said that both sides are willing to develop good-neighborly and friendly relations.

普京（左）与胡锦涛（右）（2012年6月5日）

From July 18 to 19, 2000, Putin visited China. ^[10] In 2000, the bilateral trade volume between China and Russia was only 8 billion US dollars, and in 2014 it reached 95.3 billion US dollars, nearly 100 billion US dollars. China and Russia have set clear goals for future economic and trade cooperation, that is, bilateral trade volume will reach 100 billion U.S. dollars by 2015 and 200 billion U.S. dollars by 2020.

On August 8, 2008, Putin attended the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympic Games. ^[59]

From October 11 to 12, 2011, Putin paid an official visit to China and held the 16th regular meeting between Chinese and Russian Prime Ministers with then Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao, during which natural gas cooperation projects between the two sides in the next 30 years will be at the top of the agenda. ^[59] ^[75] On November 30, Putin said at the "Russia Calling" investment forum that Russia's relations with China are at the highest level, and Russia is not worried about China's military growth, and Russia itself is committed to expanding its military. He added that China's military growth is a natural process and that China has the right to set its own policies to ensure the security of its large population. ^[36]

From June 5 to 7, 2012, Putin paid a state visit to China and attended the summit Peking The 12th meeting of the Council of Heads of Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. This is Putin's first visit to China after taking office again as Russian president. On June 5, then President of China Hu Jintao Invite Putin Beijing Great Hall of the People Meet the press together. The two heads of state exchanged in-depth views on bilateral relations and major international and regional issues of common interest and reached important consensus. Russia is willing to strengthen military, law enforcement and security cooperation with China, promote cultural, news and tourism exchanges, and support cooperation in Russia's Far Eastern Siberia region and China's Northeast region. ^[11]

普京（左）与习近平（右）（2019年11月13日）

2018年6月，普京应中国国家主席习近平邀请对中国进行国事访问并出席上海合作组织成员国元首理事会第十八次会议。 ^[12]

China and Russia should strengthen international coordination, jointly safeguard the authority of the United Nations and the UN Security Council, uphold international law and universally recognized norms governing international relations, firmly promote a multi-polar world and democracy in international relations, and uphold multilateralism. Putin said that Russia-China comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination has reached the best level in history and become a model of state-to-state relations. Russia is willing to keep close high-level exchanges with China, deepen bilateral exchanges and cooperation in various fields, and do a good job in major demonstration projects such as energy and connectivity, he said, agreeing to keep close communication and coordination in international and regional affairs and multilateral institutions. ^[68]

2022年2月4日，普京出席第24届冬季奥运会开幕式，并与习近平在北京举行会谈，双方签署《中华人民共和国和俄罗斯联邦关于新时代国际关系和全球可持续发展的联合声明》，声明集中阐述中俄在民主观、发展观、安全观、秩序观方面的共同立场。 ^[69] In the statement, Russia reaffirmed its adherence to the One-China principle, recognized Taiwan as an inalienable part of the Chinese territory, and opposed "Taiwan independence" in any form. The two sides oppose the continued expansion of NATO and call on NATO to abandon the Cold War ideology, respect other countries' sovereignty, security, interests and diversity of civilizations, history and culture, and view the peaceful development of other countries in an objective and fair manner. ^[70] China supports Russia and Ukraine in resolving the issue through negotiations. China's basic position on respecting the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all countries and observing the purposes and principles of the UN Charter is consistent. China is ready to work with all parties in the international community to advocate a concept of common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security, and firmly uphold the international system with the United Nations at its core and the international order based on international law. ^[40] 9月15日下午，普京同习近平在撒马尔罕国宾馆举行双边会见，就中俄关系和共同关心的国际和地区问题 Exchange of meaning See you. ^[164-165] On October 17, Putin signed a decree declaring 2022-2023 as the Russia-China Year of sports cooperation. ^[176]

普京（右）与习近平（左）（2022年9月15日）

On October 18, 2023, Putin attended The third Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation ，并与习近平在北京举行会谈，就巴以局势等深入交换意见。 ^[190-191]

普京（左）与习近平（右）（2023年10月18日）

2024年2月8日下午，国家主席习近平同俄罗斯总统普京通电话 ^[199] . ^[205] . On April 25, Russian President Vladimir Putin said at an event of the Union of Russian Industrialists and Entrepreneurs that he plans to visit China in May 2024 ^[215] . ^[223] At 4 o 'clock on May 16, Russian President Vladimir Putin arrived in Beijing by special plane. ^[230-231]

2024年5月16日上午，国家主席习近平在北京人民大会堂同来华进行国事访问的俄罗斯总统普京举行大范围会谈 ^[232] . Putin said that China will be his first country to visit after his re-election, which once again shows the particularity and high level of Russia-China relations, as well as the great importance that Russia and China attach to further deepening the comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination. Russia regards China as a long-term and reliable cooperative partner and is willing to continue to expand cooperation with China in politics, economy, culture, education, security and other fields, make the "Russia-China Culture Year" a success and deepen people-to-people exchanges. Russia and China have maintained close coordination on the international stage and jointly committed to promoting the establishment of a more democratic multipolar world order, and are willing to continue to strengthen cooperation within the frameworks of BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization as well as communication on major international and regional issues, so as to promote regional and world peace and development. ^[233] 5月16日晚，国家主席习近平在中南海同俄罗斯总统普京举行小范围会晤。 ^[242] On May 17, Chinese Vice President Han Zheng met with Russian President Vladimir Putin in Harbin. ^[267]

● Russia-Turkey relations

On 24 November 2015, the Turkish military claimed that a Russian Su-24 had violated the country's airspace, knocking it down near the Syrian-Turkish border, and the two pilots ejected to safety. The accident killed one pilot and left the other in the hands of Syrian rebels. ^[108] On November 28, Putin signed a presidential decree on the implementation of sanctions against Turkey, titled "Order on the implementation of special economic measures against Turkey to ensure the national security of the Russian Federation, to protect Russian citizens from crimes and other illegal acts." According to the presidential decree, tour companies are not allowed to process travel procedures to Turkey. The decree requires the government to take measures to ban charter flights between Russia and Turkey, strictly monitor the activities of Turkish transport companies on Russian territory, monitor ports, monitor transport security in the port waters of the Sea of Azov and Black Sea, including banning Turkish ships from staying and sailing in the waters of Russian seaports. As of January 1, 2016, Turkish citizens, with the exception of diplomatic personnel and family members and persons with temporary residence permits, are temporarily banned from entering Russia. ^[107] On March 17, 2022, Erdogan and Putin discussed the latest situation of the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the humanitarian situation on the ground, made positive comments on the results of the recent foreign ministers' talks in Antalya, and expressed their willingness to further develop economic and trade cooperation between the two countries, including projects in the strategic energy sector. During the call, Erdogan said that if a permanent ceasefire was declared in Ukraine, it would pave the way for finding a long-term solution. Reaching a compromise on certain issues requires talks between the leaders of the two countries, and he reiterated his proposal to hold a meeting between the presidents of Russia and Ukraine in Istanbul or Ankara. ^[123-125]

Putin

On September 4, 2023, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan will meet in Sochi, Russia. ^[188]

On March 23, 2024, local time, the press Bureau of the Turkish Presidential Palace released news that Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan had a phone call with Russian President Vladimir Putin on the same day. Erdogan expressed his deep condolences and condolences to Putin over the terrorist attack in Moscow, harshly condemned this heinous terrorist attack against innocent civilians, and expressed his deep condolences to the Russian people. Putin said Russia is grateful for the support of the Turkish people and informed of the ongoing process of investigation into the terrorist attack. ^[210]

● Russia-Israel relations

On May 5, 2022, Putin spoke by phone with Israeli Prime Minister Bennett, during which they discussed relations between the two countries and exchanged views on the situation in Ukraine. ^[138] On August 9, the Kremlin released news that under the Israeli initiative, Putin had a phone call with Israeli President Herzog on the same day. ^[160]

● Peripheral relationship

On May 28, 2022, Putin signed a decree ratifying the agreement on the use of simplified procedures for South Ossetian citizens to obtain Russian citizenship. ^[144]

On September 26, 2022, Putin signed a decree announcing the suspension of the agreement on the avoidance of double taxation between Russia and Latvia. ^[167]

● Alliance

On September 30, 2015, Russia began a military operation in Syria against the extremist group Islamic State. Airstrikes were carried out against extremist targets in Syria. ^[9]

Putin meets with Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan

Putin is in Syria for talks with President Bashar al-Assad

On October 1, 2019, Putin attended a meeting of the Supreme Council of the Eurasian Economic Commission in Yerevan, capital of Armenia.

On January 7, 2020, Putin arrived in the Syrian capital Damascus for a visit and a meeting with then-President Vladimir Putin President of Syria Bashar al-Assad Hold talks. This is Putin's first visit to Damascus since the Syrian crisis erupted in 2011. Putin and Bashar held talks at a Russian military camp in Damascus, the two sides jointly heard the report of the Russian military commander in Syria, and discussed the situation in Syria and the recent situation in the region, involving the situation in Idlib and northern Syria, the fight against terrorism and the promotion of the Syrian political process. Putin and Assad sent New Year greetings to Russian troops in Syria. Assad said he and the Syrian people are grateful to the Russian troops who are fighting alongside the Syrian army. Putin, accompanied by Bashar, also visited the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus on the same day. ^[13]

On October 12, 2021, Putin met with visiting leaders at the Kremlin Prime Ministers of Armenia Nicole Pashinyan . Putin expressed his desire to "meet up" with Pashinyan on the summit of heads of state of the Commonwealth of Independent States to be held in the Belarusian capital Minsk on October 15, as well as bilateral cooperation and regional issues. ^[35]

Vladimir Putin and the President of Belarus on February 19, 2022 Lukashenko Jointly participate in military cooperation activities. ^[38] On May 23, Putin and Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko began talks in Sochi, Russia. ^[141] On the morning of May 29, the President of Serbia Vucic Had a telephone conversation with Putin. Vucic said the two sides touched on a number of topics, the most important being the new three-year gas deal. ^[146] August 22, according to Russian media reports, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Uzbek President Mirziyoyev on the same day phone. The two sides mainly discussed the preparations for the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit to be held in Samarkand in September, as well as related issues such as bilateral cooperation. ^[162]

On June 26, 2022, according to Kremlin officials, Putin will visit Tajikistan this week for talks with Tajik President Emomali Rakhmon. ^[149] On June 28, Putin arrived in Dushanbe, the capital of Tajikistan, by special plane to start his working visit to the country. ^[150] On the same day, Putin held talks with Tajik President Emomali Rakhmon. The two sides discussed the current situation and prospects of the Russia-Tajikistan strategic and alliance relations, focusing on cooperation in the security, military and military-technical fields. ^[151]

On the evening of July 18, 2022, Putin arrived in Tehran, the capital of Iran. Putin will hold talks with Iranian President Raisi and other senior officials and attend the Astana Process summit on Russia, Turkey, Iraq and Syria. ^[157] On the night of July 19, the Supreme Leader of Iran Khamenei Meeting with visiting Russian President Vladimir Putin in Tehran. ^[158]

On March 23, 2024, local time, Russian presidential spokesman Dmitry Peskov said that Putin and Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko spoke on the phone and the two sides confirmed their willingness to cooperate in the fight against terrorism. ^[207]

On March 23, 2024, local time, the Russian Kremlin announced that Russian President Vladimir Putin had a telephone conversation with Uzbek President Mirziyoyev. Mirziyoyev strongly condemned the terrorist attack on the concert hall of the "city of Krokus" in Moscow Oblast, and hoped that Putin would convey his condolences to the families of the dead and hoped that the injured would recover as soon as possible. The two sides confirmed that they will continue to maintain close cooperation in the field of counter-terrorism. ^[208] On March 23, local time, Russian President Vladimir Putin spoke with Syrian President Bashar al-Assad on the phone. ^[211]

On March 27, 2024, Russian President Vladimir Putin spoke by telephone with Mali's Interim President Alessandro Goita and Congo's President Denis Sassou-Nguesso. Putin and Goita decided to strengthen cooperation between Russia and Mali in the field of counter-terrorism. The two sides also discussed strengthening ties in a number of areas, including the implementation of joint projects in energy and agriculture. Putin and Sassou discussed the continuation of the agreements reached at the 2023 Russia-Africa Summit and confirmed that the two countries will strengthen cooperation in the political, economic and people-to-people fields. ^[213]

On the evening of April 11, 2024 local time, Russian President Vladimir Putin held talks with visiting Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko. ^[214]

On May 3, 2024 local time, Russian President Vladimir Putin and his Tajik counterpart Emomali Rahmon exchanged views on bilateral hotspot issues such as the fight against terrorism and migration. In addition, the two sides agreed to improve cooperation mechanisms between relevant ministries and agencies. ^[217]

On May 9, 2024 local time, Russian President Vladimir Putin and visiting Tajik President Emomali Rahmon held talks in the Kremlin. ^[221]

● Russia-Pakistan relations

On February 9, 2022, then-Brazilian Vice President Moran confirmed that the U.S. government had pressured then-Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro to cancel his visit to Russia at a time of heightened tensions in Ukraine. ^[65] On February 12, Bolsonaro insisted on starting his visit to Russia on February 15. ^[66] On the afternoon of February 15, Bolsonaro arrived in Russia, officially opening his first state visit to Russia after taking office . ^[37] On February 16, Putin met with Bolsonaro in Moscow for more than two hours. Putin said Brazil is one of Russia's main economic and trade partners in Latin America, and the two countries will continue to strengthen cooperation in various fields such as economy and trade, science and technology, humanities, education and medicine. Bolsonaro said the two countries have broad prospects for cooperation in various fields, "especially in defense, energy, and agriculture." He said the current visit to Moscow sends a positive signal to the world about the good prospects of bilateral relations. In a joint statement, the two leaders pointed out that on the basis of respect for sovereignty, international law and the common principles of the rule of law of the two countries, they will strengthen the strategic partnership, deepen political dialogue and upgrade the level of bilateral relations. The leaders of the two countries stand for upholding the international system with the United Nations at its core and the international order based on international law, firmly upholding the principle of multilateralism and resolving conflicts through political and diplomatic channels. The two leaders expressed their willingness to adhere to the implementation of the NPT, which is an important foundation for nuclear non-proliferation. Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-ban Treaty And stresses the importance of the early entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, a key element of nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear arms control. The two heads of state also expressed their support for the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and called for the preservation of the Organization's authority, noting that the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) is an important underpinning of international security and its integrity should be safeguarded. ^[64]

Vladimir Putin (right) and Jair Bolsonaro (left) (16 February 2022)

low Russia-north Korea relations

On September 13, 2023, Russian President Vladimir Putin met with Kim Jong UN, General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea and Chairman of The State Council of the People's Republic of Korea, who arrived at the Dongfang launch site in the Amur region of Russia's Far East. ^[189]

On the evening of January 16, 2024 local time, Russian President Vladimir Putin held talks with visiting DPRK Foreign Minister Choe Son Hui at the Kremlin in Moscow, the Russian capital. ^[198]

● Counter-sanctions measures

On May 3, 2022, Putin signed a presidential decree. According to the document, state institutions, organizations and individuals at all levels are prohibited from conducting transactions, including signing foreign trade contracts, with legal persons, individuals and enterprises of unfriendly countries and organizations sanctioned by the Russian side; It is prohibited to perform trading obligations and financial transactions on the subject of Russian sanctions; The export of Russian products and raw materials to the target of Russian sanctions is prohibited. ^[137]

On June 30, 2022, Putin signed a presidential decree imposing special economic measures in the field of fuel and energy in response to unfriendly acts by certain foreign countries and international organizations. ^[152]

On July 14, 2022, Putin signed a law on regulating the activities of foreign agents. According to the law, any Russian or foreign organization or individual that carries out political activities in other ways, such as with foreign support or foreign influence, purposefully collects information about Russian military-technical activities that could harm the national security of Russia, or disseminates and distributes relevant information and materials to the public, or finances such activities, may be considered as activities of a foreign agent. This law will come into effect on December 1, 2022. On the same day, Putin also signed another law that imposes criminal responsibility on Russian citizens who call for acts that undermine Russia's security and take part in military operations against Russia. ^[156]

On September 24, 2022, Putin signed a decree giving Russian university and vocational students the right to defer enlistment. Putin also signed a series of laws related to partial mobilization, including penalties of up to 10 years in prison for voluntary surrender, desertion and non-response to conscription orders, and simplified naturalization procedures for foreigners serving in the Russian armed forces. ^[166]

On October 11, 2022, Putin signed a presidential decree extending the anti-food sanctions introduced in 2014 until December 31, 2023 Day. ^[171]

On December 22, 2022, Putin signed a presidential decree banning Gazprom and its subsidiaries until October 1, 2023, from doing some business with companies and individuals associated with countries that have acted inhospitable towards Russia and its citizens. On the same day, Putin said at a press conference after attending a meeting of The State Council of the Russian Federation that he will also sign a decree next week to deal with the West to set a ceiling on oil prices. ^[180]

On December 27, 2022, Putin signed a presidential decree to take special economic measures in response to the price ceiling imposed by the West on Russian oil and oil products. ^[181]

Relations with Georgia

On May 10, 2023 local time, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed an order announcing that from May 15 onwards Georgia Citizens can enter and leave Russia visa-free. On the same day, Putin also signed a decree repealing Presidential Decree No. 287, signed on June 21, 2019, banning Russian airlines from carrying out flights to Georgia. ^[186]

Russia-egypt relations

On November 14, 2023 (Russian time), Russian President Vladimir Putin and Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi spoke on the phone about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

According to the Russian presidential website, the two leaders discussed the seriously deteriorating situation in the area of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and expressed deep concern over the unprecedented increase in civilian casualties, including thousands of children and women. The two sides stressed the importance of ending the bloodshed as soon as possible, the release of detainees and the unhindered delivery of humanitarian assistance to the civilian population in the Gaza Strip. ^[193]

On March 21, 2024 local time, Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi held a telephone conversation with Russian President Vladimir Putin. ^[206]

Russia-india relations

On December 27, 2023, local time, Russian President Vladimir Putin met with visiting Indian Foreign Minister Sushma Jaishankar in Moscow. ^[195]

On January 15, 2024 local time, Russian President Vladimir Putin held a telephone conversation with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, during which the two sides discussed bilateral cooperation in the fields of economy, trade, science and technology, energy, transportation and logistics. ^[197]

Russia-kyrgyzstan relations

On February 21, 2024 local time, Russian President Vladimir Putin met with visiting Kyrgyz President Alexander Zaparov in Kazan. ^[201]

Russia-kazakhstan relations

Local time 2024 On February 21, Russian President Vladimir Putin met with visiting Kazakh President Mikhail Tokayev in Kazan. ^[202]

On March 2, 2024, local time, the Kremlin released news that Russian President Vladimir Putin and Kazakh President Mikhail Tokayev had a phone call on the same day. The two sides discussed a number of hot issues on the bilateral agenda, focusing on joint projects in the fields of economy and trade, transport, logistics and energy. ^[203]

On May 18, 2024, the Kremlin released news that Russian President Vladimir Putin had a telephone conversation with his Kazakh counterpart Mikhail Tokayev on the same day, and the two sides discussed bilateral cooperation issues and expressed the common will to further strengthen the Russia-Kazakhstan alliance and strategic partnership. ^[306]

Russia-vietnam relations

On March 26, 2024 local time, Russian President Vladimir Putin held a telephone conversation with General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam at invitation. ^[212]

Russia-bolivia relations

On May 13, 2024, local time, Russian President Vladimir Putin spoke on the phone with Bolivian President Luis Arce. The two leaders discussed the further development of bilateral relations, focusing on the implementation of mutually beneficial cooperation projects in the fields of economy, trade and energy. The two sides agreed to strengthen contacts at all levels. ^[222]

Character honor

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EDITOR

Honor received

In 2005, Putin became honorary President of the European Judo Federation. ^[21]

On December 19, 2007, Time magazine named Putin its "Person of the Year". ^[94]

In 2008, Putin was appointed honorary President of the International Federation of Flexo. ^[41]

In November 2011, Putin was ranked the second most powerful person in Forbes 2011.

On October 10, 2012, Putin was awarded the eighth Dan of Judo by the International Judo Federation, becoming the first Russian to do so. ^[21] ^[41]

On December 6, 2012, Putin was listed as the third most powerful person in the world by Forbes 2012. ^[14]

On October 30, 2013, Putin topped Forbes' list of the world's most powerful people.

On November 4, 2013, Putin received the first ever award from the World Assembly of the Russian People Prize for the defense of Russia's Great Power status . ^[15]

On November 13, 2013, Putin was arrested World Taekwondo Federation Awarded the 9th Dan Black Belt in Taekwondo, the highest honor in Taekwondo. ^[22]

In March 2014, Putin was nominated for the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize.

On November 5, 2014, Putin topped Forbes' power list for the second year in a row, beating then-US President Barack Obama for the second time. ^[112]

In April 2015, Putin received 6.9% of the vote, leading the United States. age Magazine's "Most Influential People" list. ^[113]

On November 4, 2015, Putin topped Forbes' list of the world's most powerful people for the third year in a row. ^[114]

On September 22, 2016, Putin was ranked 30th on Bloomberg's list of the World's 50 most influential people. ^[115]

On April 12, 2018, Putin was named the 6th most admired man in the world by YouGov, a British polling agency. ^[16]

On June 8, 2018, Putin was awarded the first Chinese "Friendship Medal". ^[3]

On April 26, 2019, Putin was awarded Tsinghua University An honorary doctorate. ^[17]

On October 31, 2019, Putin once again ranked at the top of the "Top 100 Russian Politics" published by the Russian Independent newspaper. ^[18]

On May 13, 2021, Putin was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. ^[54]

On January 8, 2023, President Milorad Dodik awarded Russian President Vladimir Putin the highest Order of honor for his "care and love" for the Serb-controlled Bosnian Republika Srpska. ^[182-183]

Revoke one's honour

On February 27, 2022, the International Judo Federation (IJF) announced the suspension of Vladimir Putin from the title of honorary President. ^[41]

On February 28, 2022, the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) decided to revoke Putin's ninth Dan black belt in Taekwondo. ^[43]

On 28 February 2022, the IOC announced that Putin (Gold Medal, 2001) had been revoked from the Olympic Order. ^[42]

Personal life

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EDITOR

Family background

relation	name	intro
grandfather	Spiridon Putin	Was in the position of Lenin and Stalin The personal chef.
father	Vladimir Spiridonovich Putin	In 1939, after the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, he was drafted into the army and sent to Sevastopol as a sailor in the submarine unit. He died in 1998.
mother	Marya Ivanovna Putina	She was a factory girl. Two boys were born in the mid-1930s, one of whom died young and the other died of diphtheria during the battle of Leningrad. Putin was born in 1952. He died in 1999.
Reference source: ^[139] ^[228-229]

Family life

Putin's former wife was Lyudmila He was born on January 6, 1958 Kaliningrad He graduated from Kaliningrad No. 8 Middle School. He loves drama and sports activities. After graduating from high school, Lyudmila enrolled in the Kaliningrad Institute of Technology, and dropped out after two years because she did not like engineering. In the early 1980s, she worked as a flight attendant in the Kaliningrad Air Force. He entered Leningrad State University to study languages Spain Word. He was a university teacher in Bryansk, Russia. When he was 24, he took a short vacation to Leningrad, where he met Putin at a concert. On July 28, 1983, Putin married Lyudmila in a small boat on the Neva River. ^[56] On June 6, 2013, Putin and his wife announced that they were divorcing after 30 years of marriage after attending a ballet together at the Kremlin. Lyudmila and Putin have two daughters, Maria Putinina, born in 1985, and Ekaterina Putinina, born in 1986, both of whom graduated from Moscow's Devonian University. ^[57]

Putin (left) and his ex-wife Lyudmila (right)

Personal health

On September 14, 2021, the Kremlin confirmed that Putin was self-quarantined as several members of his entourage were diagnosed with COVID-19. The Kremlin said in a statement on the same day that Putin had spoken with Tajik President Emomali Rahmon on the phone to inform him that he could not attend the meeting in person due to self-isolation and would participate by video link. The Kremlin also said Mr Putin did not have the virus. ^{[33] 32 -}

Personal anecdote

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EDITOR

Sports expert

Putin has had an indissoluble bond with sports since childhood, and Putin's favorite sport is judo. He began to practice judo at the age of 13 and won a judo championship in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg). ^[96] In 1973, Putin went from an apprentice to a Sambo wrestling coach, and two years later became a judo coach. Among Putin's many disciples are outstanding figures, including a two-time world champion Sambo wrestler Abdurayev . In recognition of Putin's special contribution, the former Soviet Union awarded him the title of "Meritorious coach." ^[97] In addition to judo, Putin is also good at wrestling, mountain skiing and other sports. He often has "out of line" behavior, showing a strong, strong side. ^[96]

Putin's sports life

In 2006, Putin caught the world's attention by going topless while fishing. ^[96]

On November 7, 2010, Putin took a test drive at a race track in St. Petersburg Formula Renault Sochi will host an F1 race starting in 2014. Putin believes that the entry of Formula 1 into Russia will increase the interest of young Russians in motorsport. ^[26]

On 11 May 2014, the Russian Amateur Ice Hockey League Championship ended with a score of 21:4, with the Russian Amateur Ice Hockey League Stars winning. Putin opened the scoring for the Stars, scoring six goals and making five productive passes throughout the game.

On January 8, 2016, Putin visited the southern training center of the Russian Judo National team in Sochi, during which he competed with top masters such as the Judo champions of the London Olympic Games. ^[104]

Multiple piloting

Putin flies a plane to put out a fire (August 10, 2010)

In October 1999, Putin flew an Su-25 for 10 minutes. In 2000, Putin flew Su-27 fighter jets to Grozny, the capital of the Chechen Republic, again in person. In August 2005, Putin flew and briefly flew a Tu-160 strategic bomber for five hours during a multi-project military exercise. ^[98]

On August 10, 2010, Putin piloted a B-200 fire-fighting aircraft Liang Zanzhou Participate in the fire fighting. On the same day, Putin boarded the bi-200 amphibious aircraft of the Aviation Fire Service of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations to observe and monitor the forest fires with the help of thermal imagers. ^[23] During the flight, Putin suddenly got up and left his minders, entered the cockpit and sat in the co-pilot seat. The chief of the aviation Fire Department of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations quickly explained the operation essentials to Putin. After circling for a week, the plane landed smoothly in the river and took off again after absorbing 12 tons of water in 11 seconds. A few minutes later, the plane flew over a burning spot and Mr. Putin pressed the spray button. Putin personally piloted his aircraft twice to collect water from the river and spray the burning forest at low altitude, putting out two fires. ^[24]

Dart whaling

Putin hunts whales with crossbow

On August 25, 2010, Putin took part in a scientific expedition to the port of Olga near the Kamchatka Peninsula. in Kamchatka Peninsula With a crossbow in hand, Putin hunched over the side of the fast-moving rubber dinghy, and he accurately hit the gray whale with a specially designed dart designed to collect whale skin samples. "I hit it on the fourth attempt," Putin, wearing a black and orange waterproof suit and a casual black hat, shouted into the camera from the boat. A biologist accompanying Putin showed a sample of the whale's skin, which helped give experts an idea of where the whale came from. ^[25]

After the rubber boat landed, Putin easily jumped onto the shore and sprinted all the way to the waiting reporters, who happily answered their questions. "Overall, it was a dangerous experience," he said. But I love this kind of activity. I love nature." ^[99]

Surprise quote

In August 1999, the terrorist acts planned by the Chechen armed rebel leader Basayev and separatists shocked the Russian government for a time. During a visit to Dagestan, Putin said: "Forgiving them is God's business, and my task is to send them to God." If you meet them on the plane, exterminate them on the plane, if you meet them in the toilet, drown them in the toilet!" ^[27] ^[216]

Character evaluation

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EDITOR

"He (Putin) is a successful president leading our country." ( Medvedev Review)

Vladimir Putin (left) and Dmitry Medvedev (right) (15 January 2020)

"[Putin] is a man who is not only intelligent and knowledgeable, but also very calm and well-behaved." ( Boris Yeltsin Review) ^[127]

"He brought stability to Russia, and not everyone is capable of handling the legacy he inherited from Yeltsin. I didn't think he would succeed, but he did and saved the country from danger. He began to solve some important socio-economic problems and to re-govern Russia. This opens the door to real modernization." ( Gorbachev Review) ^[128]

"I think he's a war criminal." ( Biden Review) ^[118-119]

"When it comes to leadership, Putin gets an 'A' and our [Obama] president doesn't do that well." "Putin is smart. I mean, he's got $2 worth of sanctions for a country. I'd say it's smart." ( Trump Review) ^[29] ^[67]

"Putin has one foot stuck in the Cold War era and one foot in the new era." ( Obama Review) ^[116-117]

"Sometimes he's cocky, sometimes he's charming, but more often he comes off too tough." (Comments by George W. Bush) ^[110]

"A real man and a strong leader." (Commentary by Sobyanin)

"In many ways, Putin is the embodiment of the Russian national consciousness. In the last 100 years, we have never had a leader so close to the soul of Russia as Vladimir Putin." (Commentary by Crobock) ^[28]

"Putin has done an extraordinary job of leadership in bringing Russia back into the ranks of the world powers after it was in chaos." (United States" Time magazine "Review) ^[94]

Russian President Vladimir Putin is a confident and knowledgeable man. ( International Atomic Energy Agency Director GENERAL Rafael Mariano Grossi Review) ^[177]

Character influence

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EDITOR

● Putin's image

Putin's image has been turned into a popular song. In 2002, a popular song called "Marry a Man Like Putin" swept the streets of Russia ^[19] .

The old house in St Petersburg where Mr Putin lived and worked has become a tourist hotline; Putin in Germany Dresden The place where the city lived has also become a lucrative tourist destination for Germans. Putin's image has also been painted into a doll, which has become a hot souvenir in Russia; Pictures of Mr. Putin have also been turned into calendars that have become proud collectibles for officials. ^[20]

Putin connects with the people

Character dispute

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EDITOR

Personality cult

On the one hand, the Russian authorities carefully designed and shaped the leader image of Putin, but also cleverly used the "extraordinary charm" released by Putin as a leader image to highlight the national image of Russia. Putin has presented himself as the man the people want, and the people have given him tremendous support. Russians have even transferred the cult of the "good tsar" to the "new tsar" Putin. A poll was conducted in Russia: "Who is responsible for the increase in wages?" "Who is responsible for rising prices?" Most of those surveyed believe that the good goes to Putin (the good tsar) and the bad goes to the government (the bad aristocrat). A similar example is the controversy over the reform of the Russian Academy of Sciences (PAH) in the summer of 2013, in which the angry scientists' struggle was always directed at the then education minister de Livanov, the then deputy Prime Minister O Gorgerts, and even the then Prime Minister Medvedev, and placed their hopes on Putin. ^[111]

Although Russians largely support Mr Putin, opposition is growing. Pro-american media often accuse Putin's policies of being anti-democratic, and Putin's cult of personality is widely criticized. There are also reports that Putin manipulates the media to suppress opponents, such as chess champion Garry Kasparov, who has been repeatedly arrested for protesting against the government. "In this country, there are people who beg for food from foreign embassies like running dogs, who count on the support of foreign foundations and governments, not on their own," Putin responded. ^[30]

Electoral fraud

Putin's speech on Crimea's independence and joining Russia

Putin and United Russia have long held a commanding lead over opposition parties in opinion polls and elections, but these parties have often accused him of manipulating public opinion behind the scenes.

On December 2, 2007, Russia held the fifth State Duma (lower house of parliament) election, although Putin claimed that the election was "broadly transparent and honest", but the chairman of the Russian Communist Party Zyuganov still commented on the result: "This is a shameful farce, it is not in the interests of the country and democratic institutions." "What you see today is not just a crisis of democracy. A party with no ideas, multiple candidates who did not participate in the debate and a fraud calculated 30 days ago now leaps onto the television screen in front of you." On May 27, 2008, the Communist Party of Russia filed a complaint with the Supreme Court of Russia demanding the cancellation of the results of the 5th State Duma (lower house of Parliament) election. According to the indictment, the Russian Communist Party believes that United Russia committed multiple violations during the State Duma election, including violating pre-election propaganda rules, providing voters with asymmetric information about candidates, and using administrative resources in the counting of votes. The spokesman of the Russian Communist Party said that in light of these irregularities, the Russian Communist Party has reason to demand the cancellation of the results of the current State Duma election. ^[122]

In March 2009, when Russia held its first regional elections since the economic crisis, the opposition accused Putin's United Russia party of trying to disguise the Kremlin's falling popularity as unemployment rose and companies cut wages. Senior Communist Party leader Gennady Zyuganov described the election as "dirty and unforgivable," and Liberal Democratic Party chairman Vladimir Zhirinovsky led a group of lawmakers out of the Duma in protest. ^[121]

On December 7, 2011, former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev said that Russia should nullify the results of the State Duma election and hold new elections because they "do not reflect the will of the people". On December 10, tens of thousands of people held a rally in central Moscow, Russia, to protest the Russian State Duma election fraud and demand a new "honest election". The Russian Interior Ministry put the number of participants at about 25,000, while the opposition said 80,000 people showed up. ^[120]

authoritarianism

In January 2004, he was the US Secretary of State Powell During his visit to Russia, he pointed out that Putin's suppression of opposition media and arrest of plutocrats who support opposition parties are manifestations of "democratic regression." Most senior US officials agree. As a result, although Russia-US relations are ostensibly thriving, many scholars believe that if Putin pushes them further authoritarianism Policy, RussiAn-American relations will eventually break down. Powell also brought Russia into the open: "free but unfair" parliamentary (Duma) elections expelled most pro-Western parties; Russia has gradually pushed private property out of all television stations; Russia has largely ignored international criticism of its policy in Chechnya; Russia's heavy-handed approach to pro-Western oil barons, and so on. ^[109]

43rd President of the US George Walker Bush After leaving office, in his autobiography Decision Points, Putin said in a meeting that he was full of blood, but Bush responded, "No, Vladimir, you're a cold-blooded animal." ^[110]

March in protest

Putin's visit to Germany

In 2006-2007, a different kind of Russian organization launched a march led by Kasparov and Limonov. The march was hampered in several ways: in some cities, the marchers were interfered with by the police, and at least 150 people were arrested; And according to public polls, most Russians do not support the demonstrations. At the same time, not many people actually participated in the march, May 2007 Eu summit During the march, there were even more journalists than the crowd.

On April 8, 2013, Putin was visiting Germany at the time of the German chancellor Merkel Accompanied by the tour Hannover Messe . During the visit, several female activists from a Ukrainian women's rights group broke through police lines and confronted the Russian and German leaders, stripped off their shirts, went topless and shouted uncivilized slogans in English, which had been smeared on their bodies. "As for the demonstration," Mr. Putin said afterward, "I liked it. We should say thank you to the Ukrainian girls, they helped us promote this exhibition. Because, without such demonstrations, the level of attention to the exhibition would not be as high. In fact, it would be better to undress somewhere else, like the beach." Mr. Putin added, "I didn't hear what slogans they were Shouting there. Because the security personnel's approach was very decisive, several big-waisted security guards jumped on them. I felt that this was not right and that the women could be treated in a softer way. I didn't get a chance to see if their hair was dark brown or black." While Mr Putin himself was calm and dignified about a topless demonstration by Ukrainian women's rights activists at the Hannover Messe, the Kremlin has asked Germany to take disciplinary action against three demonstrators.

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