Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum is located in Jiangsu Province Nanjing Xuanwu District Purple Mountain Southern foothill Dulongfu Play Everest, east Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum , south approach Meihua Mountain , locate Zhongshan Scenic Spot Inside, It was Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty Zhu Yuanzhang In the same tomb as his queen. Due to Empress Ma's posthumous title Queen Xiao Ci Gao ", and because of the practice of filial piety governing the world, so the name" Xiao Mausoleum ". Covering an area of more than 1.7 million square meters, it is one of the largest imperial tombs in China ^[17] .

Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum was built in Ming Dynasty Hongwu Fourteen years (1381), to Ming Vinh Lac It was completed in three years (1405), and 100,000 military workers were deployed successively, lasting for 25 years. Tang and Song Emperor mausoleum "by the mountain as mausoleum" old system, and created Square grave New for Circular Mound. The harmony and unity of humanity and nature, to achieve Harmony between nature and man The perfect height has become an excellent model of the combination of traditional Chinese architectural art and culture and environmental aesthetics. The main buildings and stone carvings in the mausoleum area include Fang Cheng, Ming Lou, Bao Cheng and Bao Ding, including Lower Ma Fang, Big Golden Gate, Shengong Shengde tablet, Shendao, stone statue Road stone carvings, etc., which are the architectural remains of the Ming Dynasty, maintaining the authenticity of the original buildings of the mausoleum and the integrity of the spatial layout. ^[21]

Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum as China Ming and Qing imperial Tombs The first, representing the highest achievement of architecture and stone carving art in the early Ming Dynasty, directly affected the shape of more than 20 imperial tombs in the Ming and Qing dynasties for more than 500 years, distributed in accordance with the course of history Peking , Hubei (Province) , Liaoning (Province) , Hebei (Province) The imperial tombs of Ming and Qing dynasties in other places were built according to the regulation and model of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum in Nanjing, which has a special position in the history of the development of Chinese imperial tombs, so it has the reputation of "the first imperial mausoleum of Ming and Qing Dynasties" ^[18] .

In March 1961, the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum was announced by The State Council as the first batch National key cultural relics protection units ; In 1982, it was listed as National key scenic spots ; In July 2003, Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and The tomb of the Ming Emperor Fall under World cultural heritage ; In 2007, it was listed as the first batch National 5A tourist attraction ^[1] ^[13] .

Chinese name: Ming mausoleum
Foreign name: Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum
Geographical position: Nanjing, Jiangsu Province Xuanwu District Zhongshan Scenic Spot
Climatic condition: Subtropical monsoon climate
Opening hours: From February to November 6:30-18:30, from December to January 7:00-17:30 ^[11]
Scenic spot level: National 5A tourist attraction
Ticket price: Seventy yuan
Floor space: 1700000 m²
Famous scenic spot: Lower horse Manor , Grand Golden Gate , Shengong Shengde tablet , Sifang Shinto stone carving, imperial river bridge, etc

World heritage category: World cultural heritage
Protection level: First batch National key cultural relics protection units
Underground area: About 4000 square meters
Date of construction: Ming Hongwu Fourteenth Year (1381)
Date of completion: Ming Yongle Three years (1405)
Special exhibition hall: Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum Museum
Home city: Nanjing
Home country: China
Suggested play time: 2-3 hours
Good season for play: Best in spring and autumn
Official telephone: 025-84433582 ^[12]

catalogue

Historical evolution

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EDITOR

Ming Dynasty

Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum scenic spots map (20 photos)

Ming Dynasty The fourteenth year of Hongwu (1381), Zhu Yuanzhang The order of the military governor's house Li Xin presided over the construction of the mausoleum.

In the 15th year of Hongwu's reign (1382), Horse Queen He died and was buried in Xiao Mausoleum in September, named" Xiao Mausoleum ". The name of Xiao Mausoleum, one is said to be Queen Ma posthumous "filial kindness", take meaning in the posthumous word of filial piety, so the name; One has the meaning of "governing the world with filial piety". ^[1]

Hongwu thirty-one year of the Ming Dynasty (1398), Emperor Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang in Ying Tianfu Die, then use the underground palace and the horse queen buried together. Zhi Ming Vinh Lac Eleven years (1413) completed the "Great Ming Xiaoling Shen Gong Shengde Monument", the entire Xiaoling Mausoleum was completed, which lasted for more than 30 years. Its scale is large, the architecture is majestic, the shape of the mausoleums of the Tang and Song dynasties have been enhanced. When built inside the fence Munden Towering and magnificent pavilions, half of the seventy monasteries of the Southern Dynasty were enclosed in the forbidden garden. ^[1]

At that time from Chaoyang Gate (now Zhongshan Gate ) to Xiao Lingwei The imperial wall built to the northwest of the mausoleum is 45 li long, and there are more than 5,000 garrison guarding the mausoleum. At that time, the pavilion in the cemetery was connected with each other, and the temple was filled with smoke, Songtao Lin Hai, and thousands of deer were raised. In the midst of the deer, the momentum is extraordinary. ^[1]

Ming Dynasty Hongwu sixteen years (1383) Xiao Mausoleum enjoy hall and other main projects were basically completed, has called 100,000 military, to Yongle three years (1405) completed, lasting 25 years. Its overall layout is divided into two parts: one is the Shinto guiding the building, and the other is the main building of the mausoleum. ^[1]

In the thirty-first year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1398), Emperor Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang died in the capital (today's Nanjing) and was buried in Xiao Mausoleum. The underground palace where Zhu Yuanzhang and his empress were buried is commonly known as" Boseong It is a large circular mound with a diameter of about 400 meters, and it is surrounded by stone walls. ^[1]

In the fourth year of Jianwen in the Ming Dynasty (1402), in June, King Zhu Di of Yan captured Nanjing, a fire broke out in the palace, and Emperor Jianwen did not know what to say. All the Kings have been on the table to persuade, Zhu Di in the symbolic decline twice, in his day, "visit Xiao Mausoleum", although "sigh feeling admiration, sorrow can not stop".

At the end of the Ming dynasty, Nanjing Ming Xiaoling has always been the fundamental place of our ancestors and is highly respected. There are three fixed sacrifices and five small sacrifices every year. Every event in the country, all need to send the minister of mourning.

Qing Dynasty

Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum guide map (19 photos)

Ming and Qing Dynasties, Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum still enjoy a high status. In the early Qing Dynasty, due to the conflict between Manchu and Han, the Qing rulers had to win over the Han nationality to strengthen their rule. Influenced by the Han culture, they implemented the policy of protecting the Ming Mausoleum.

Qing Dynasty In May of the first year of Shunzhi (1644), when the national situation was not stable, the regent Prince Rui Durgon "sent the Grand Bachelor Feng Quan to sacrifice the Ming Taizu and the emperors."

In the early May of the second year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1645), he was the Prince of Henan Dodor Pingding Jiangnan, the middle of this month into the city of Nanjing, 27 on the "Ming tomb, order Linggu Temple monk repair." In July, he also "sent two officers, chief and deputy officers, and forty mausoleum households to guard the Ming Mausoleum".

In the twenty-third year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty (1684), the Kangxi Emperor arrived in Jinling for the first time on his southern tour and went to the Xiao Mausoleum to worship. "By the side of the passage, the emperor and all his ministers dismount outside the gate. Up three kneel nine kowtow ceremony, attaintion Bao city forward three gifts; Out, back by the side of the tunnel. There are differences in the supervision and the people in the mausoleum. The decree forbade woodcutting and mining, and ordered the governor and local officials to strictly inspect it." His attitude of deference and respect to the audience were beyond most people's expectation. "Tens of thousands of people who followed their fathers and elders all felt tears."

In the 38th year of Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1699), Xuanye paid homage to Xiao Mausoleum in the south of the Yangtze River, and the title of "Zhi Long Tang Song" was stele in the pavilion.

During the Kang-Qian period of the Qing Dynasty, Kangxi toured the south, sent officials to worship six times, and went to the tomb five times. Qianlong's six southern Tours, but also to Ming Xiaoling "fragrance and wine". And two people worship are three kneeling nine knock of the great ceremony, can be described as excellent. It was praised by people at that time as "Li Wenlong Wo, more than the usual sacrifice, is the Shengde through the ages."

During the Xianfeng period of the Qing Dynasty, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom war almost destroyed the surface buildings of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, and the Kangxi handwritten imperial tablet fell to the ground and broke.

In September of the third year of Tongzhi (1864), he was the governor of Liangjiang Zeng Guofan Worship mausoleum, set about repairing Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum. At that time, Zeng Guofan sent a survey to estimate that the maintenance of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum actually needed 200,000 taels of silver, but the Qing Dynasty was financially strapped, and finally only 740 taels of silver were used to make some minor repairs, and the imperial tablet of "Zhilong Tang and Song" was lifted and bonded. It was possible to walk around the left and right sides of the stone, but after the 1980s, the entire stone was fixed by cement, right and left, all the way to the roof; Therefore, we must first come out of the imperial monument Hall to see the back of the turtle. ^[1]

Qing Dynasty Xuantong first year (1909) Liangjiang Westernization Bureau Daotai and Jiangning Mansion The governor will erect a special notice tablet in front of the civil and military square to warn tourists from all over the world not to paint graffiti here.

Republic of China period

Sun Yat-sen paid a visit to the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum

The Republic of China On February 15, 1912, Sun Yat-sen and Nanjing Provisional government officials paid tribute to Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and prepared an offering. (Right: Front row, third left, Nanjing Garrison Governor Xu Shaozhen, fourth left, Army Chief Huang Xing, fifth left, Interim President Sun Yat-sen, sixth left, Navy Chief Huang Zhongying, and seventh left, Education Chief CAI Yuanpei.)

After the founding of New China

In 1961, Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum was announced as the first batch National key cultural relics protection units .

Since 1997, cultural relic workers have conducted six years of archaeological exploration and research on Xiao Mausoleum by using high-tech means such as precision magnetic survey, and confirmed that no excavation has ever been successful in history. The reason why it is well preserved is the special anti-theft measures of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, historical chance and geographical location jointly decided.

In July 2003, the 27th World Heritage Assembly, Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum as" Imperial tombs of Ming and Qing Dynasties Expansion projects are listed in the" World Heritage List The surrounding tombs of Ming Dynasty heroes, Chang Yuchun Tomb, Qiu Cheng Tomb, Wu Liang tomb, Wu Zhen Tomb and Li Wenzhong tomb are also included in the scope of World Heritage protection.

Ming Xiaoling Shen Dao - Stone elephant road

The comments of the World Heritage Committee: The imperial mausoleum of the Ming and Qing Dynasties is carefully selected according to the theory of feng shui, and a large number of buildings are cleverly placed underground. It is the product of human changes to nature, reflecting the traditional architectural and decorative ideas, and explaining the world view and world view of feudal China lasting more than 500 years View of power . The imperial tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties are distributed in Beijing, Hubei, Liaoning, Anhui, Jiangsu and other places, which are the imperial tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in China Hierarchical regulation Construction, with a complete above-ground and underground construction system, rigorous layout, grand scale, beautiful architecture, fine technology, reflecting the highest funeral system in Chinese feudal society. ^[1]

After more than 600 years of wind and rain, the walls of Baocheng have partially collapsed, the walls have peeled off, and some places have formed huge cracks due to the reverse tearing of the foundation settlement. Nanjing cultural relics department has invested more than 3 million yuan, using Southeast University The protection program of ancient architecture experts, in accordance with the requirements of repairing the old as old, carried out maintenance on the wall, such as "stitching" cracks, leveling the "wall", repairing the deformed wall and waterproof and anti-leakage "surgery". For the convenience of tourists" Dragon vein True appearance, also built a blue SLATE tour trail, so that tourists can climb the treasure to see the full picture of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum. ^[1]

In June 2008, Nanjing Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum Fangcheng Ming building protection project started. ^[15]

In February 2009, the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum Museum was officially open to the public for free. It is a special exhibition hall about the Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang, the World cultural heritage Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and the Ming culture in Nanjing. The appearance of the new museum adopts the architectural style of the Jiangnan area in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with typical elements such as white wall, gray tile, carved wooden door, sloping roof, horse head wall and lattice Windows. Making the overall building and the surrounding Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum remains of the great Golden gate, Sifang Such cultural sites and lush natural environment are coordinated, which also coincides with the construction concept of "harmony between heaven and man" in Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum more than 600 years ago.

In May 2012, Sifang Namely, Daming Xiaoling Shengong Shengde stele Pavilion, repair and roof project started.

In July 2013, the top protection project of Sifang City was completed. ^[14]

On June 8, 2018, Ming Xiaoling Tomb was selected as one of the "Top Ten Most Popular Chinese World Heritage Sites". ^[2]

In July 2019, the construction of the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum big data monitoring and early warning platform was officially started, and after completion, the "national treasure" in the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum will be monitored all day long, and all monitoring data will be connected with the data of the general platform for monitoring and early warning of China's World cultural Heritage. ^[3]

Building layout

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EDITOR

Civil and military doors

Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum is in the environment of beautiful mountains and rivers, the surrounding mountains are ups and downs, the mountains are surrounded by water, and the human and natural landscape are integrated. The cemetery is grand in scale and rigorous in pattern. Xiao Mausoleum was built since Lower horse Manor To Baocheng, 2.62 kilometers in depth, the main building of the tomb was built around the red wall, 2.25 kilometers in circumference.

Ming mausoleum (2 photos)

After 600 years of vicissitudes, the wooden structure of many buildings no longer exists, but the pattern of the tomb still retains the original grand style, and the underground tomb palace is intact as before. Mausoleum area in the main building and stone carvings Square city , Ming Lou, Boseong , zenith , including lower horse barn, Grand Golden Gate , Shengong Shengde tablet , The word of God Stone statues, stone carvings, etc., are the architectural remains of the Ming Dynasty, maintaining the authenticity of the original architecture of the mausoleum and the integrity of the spatial layout.

The architecture of the cemetery area is generally divided into two parts: the first group The word of God Part, from the lower Ma Fang, to the main gate of Xiao Mausoleum; The second group is the main part, from the main gate to Baocheng, Minglou, Chongqiu end.

Along the Shinto, there are: lower Ma Fang, Forbidden Covenant tablet, Great Golden Gate, Shengong Shengde tablet A pavillion built over a stone tablet , Imperial bridge , Stone statue road , peristyle , generals, civil servants, Lingxing Gate . After Lingxing gate to the northeast, it will enter the main part of the cemetery. On the north-south axis facing Dulong Fu are: Jinshui Bridge, Civil and military doors , Hyolungmun , Xiaoling Mausoleum Hall , Inner red door , Fang Cheng Ming floor Buildings such as treasure roof. ^[16] Mausoleum buildings are prepared according to the central axis, reflecting the style of traditional Chinese architecture.

Main building

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EDITOR

Shinto part

The first part is the winding mausoleum Shinto. From the lower Ma Fang to the main gate of Xiao Mausoleum (Wenwu Fang Gate), including the Lower Ma Fang, Shenlie Mountain Monument, Dajinmen, Shengong Shengde tablet And stele pavilion (commonly known as Sifang ), Shinto stone carving and Yuheqiao . ^[4]

	intro	picture
Lower horse Manor	Lower horse Manor It is a stone archway with two columns, 4.94 meters wide and 7.85 meters high, inscribed on the forehead of the square, "officials dismount" 6 regular characters, announcing that officials entering the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum must dismount and walk to show respect for the founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang.	Lower horse Manor
Shen Lie Mountain Stele	Shenlie Mountain monument is located 36 meters east of Xiamafang, is the Ming Jiajing decade (1531), the positive Yin double-hook shallow engraved "Shenlie Mountain" 3 words, the original pavilion, now does not exist, only four corner stone pillars. Shenlie Mountain monument is Ming Jiajing ten years to change Zhongshan for Shenlie mountain. Then 17 meters to the east, there is a lying monument, the "Forbidden Covenant monument", which was erected in the 14th year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty (1641), and the inscription prohibits the damage of the Xiao Mausoleum and the tomb of the nine prohibitions. ^[4]	Shen Lie Mountain Stele
Grand Golden Gate	Located 750 meters northwest of Xiamafang, the Grand Golden Gate is the first due south gate of the Mausoleum. Dajinmen was originally a yellow glazed tile heavy eaves building, the existing brick walls, the lower part of the stone building, 26.66 meters wide, 8.09 meters deep, the wall has 3 gate holes, the middle door is 5.05 meters high, the left and right doors 4.25 meters high.	Grand Golden Gate
Shengong Shengde stele and stele pavilion	Shengong Shengde tablet And the stele Pavilion, 70 meters north of the Great Golden Gate, is the Ming Chengzu Zhu Di in the eleventh year of Yongle (1413) written for Zhu Yuanzhang. Shengong Shengde Stele Pavilion was built in the eleventh year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1413), the architectural plane is square, so it is commonly known as "four square city", built-in Ming Chengzu Zhu Di for his father Zhu Yuanzhang set up "Ming Xiaogling Shengong Shengde Stele", the roof has been destroyed. The original pavilion is built of brick and stone, the plane is square, the top of the structure of the pavilion has disappeared, and there are only four walls, each wall has a 5 meters wide arched door, the appearance is like a castle, so it is commonly known as" Sifang ". ^[4]	Shengong Shengde Stele Pavilion (Sifang City)
Shinto stone carving	Shikata heads northwest about 100 meters across the Oho River and into Shinto. Ming Xiaoling Shrine The biggest feature is the perfect combination of architecture and terrain. It is different from the linear shape of the emperor's mausoleum, but completely according to the topography of the mountain to build a winding layout. Moreover, the placement of stone statues at the nodes of each paragraph controls the space and creates a solemn atmosphere. The foundation of the stone statue has a complete six dynasties brick, so that it has not sunk for 600 years. Stretching from east to northwest, Shinto is lined up on both sides with six stone beasts, lion, Echi, camel, elephant, kirin and horse, two pairs of each, a total of 12 pairs of 24 pieces, each kneeling and standing on two sides. ^[4] These stone beasts reflect the ceremonial requirements of the royal tomb, and each has a meaning: the lion is the king of beasts, showing the majesty of the emperor, it is not only a symbol of imperial power, but also plays the role of warding off evil spirits; A legendary animal It is a kind of divine beast with a single horn, a lion body, and green hair. It is honest and upright in nature and can distinguish right from wrong. It can resist guilty people with its horns. The camel is a symbol of the desert and the tropics, it means the vast territory of the Ming Dynasty, the emperor Wei town quartet; The elephant is a giant animal, its four legs are strong and strong, as solid as a rock, indicating the stability of the country; Kylin is the legendary "four spirits" that is, Lin, turtle, dragon, phoenix head, it is covered with scales, do not wear grass, do not eat creatures of benevolence beast, male called Qi, female called Lin, symbolizing "the king of benevolence and justice" and auspicious, bright; In ancient times, the horse was an important mount for the emperor to fight in the north and south and unify the country. ^[4] Ming Xiaoling Shrine Among the 6 kinds of stone beasts, the elephant is the largest, weighing 80 tons, at that time, in order to transport these stone beasts to Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, in winter, water formed ice on the road, and then use thick bamboo and wood as rollers, and push the way to complete the transportation task. This section is now commonly known as the Stone Statue Road, with a total length of 615 meters. At the end of the stone beast, the way of God bends due north to Lingxing Gate, which is 250 meters long. This section of the divine Way has stone pillars and stone figures, the two pillars are hexagonal prism shape, 6.6 meters high, and the cloud dragon pattern is carved on it. Usually the pillar is placed in the front of the divine Way, but the pillar of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum is placed in the middle of the divine way, which is also unique to Zhu Yuanzhang. Behind the pillar are things facing each other Onzhong There are 2 pairs of military generals and Wenchen, a total of 8 statues, each with a height of 3.18 meters. The size of stone men and stone beasts is very huge, and it is an art treasure of stone carvings in the Ming Dynasty. ^[4]	Shinto stone carving (3 photos)
Lingxing Gate	At the end of 18 meters to the north is Lingxing Gate, which contains 6 pillars and has been restored. From the ruins, Lingxing gate should be a three-room building. After Lingxing gate to the northeast 275 meters, that is, to the royal River Bridge, also known as Jinshui Bridge.	Lingxing Gate
Yuheqiao	Yuhe Bridge is a stone bridge, originally 5 holes, the existing 3 holes, the bridge base and the river on both sides of the lighter stone components are original Ming Dynasty. North through the Yuhe Bridge, along the gentle slope, is the main building of the mausoleum. ^[4]	Yuheqiao

Main building

The second part is the main building of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum. From the main gate to Chongqiu, including the civil and military square gate (i.e. the main gate), the stele hall, Munden Large stone bridge, square city, Ming tower, treasure roof, etc., built with walls. ^[4]

	intro	picture
Civil and military doors	Wenwu Square gate is the main gate of Xiaoling Mausoleum, originally 5 gate holes, 3 large and 2 small, 3 arch gate holes in the middle, 2 rectangular gate holes on both sides. The roof of the hip hall is covered with yellow glazed tiles. During the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty, it was rebuilt into a gate, with the Qing stone gate forehead inlaid, and the 3 words "Ming Xiaoling Tomb" were inscribed in italic script. In 1999, it was restored to the original appearance of the Ming Dynasty gate. Now is five doors, yellow tiles, red walls, hanging above the main gate rectangular door, vertical book "Wenwu square door" 4 gilt characters. There is a "special Notice" tablet on the east side of the main gate, which was erected in the first year of the Xuandong Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty (1909) and written in six languages to warn the precautions for protecting the Xiao Mausoleum. After the pavilion, there were two imperial pavilions, the west is called slaughter Pavilion, and the east is called clothing hall. ^[4]	Civil and military doors
Tablet hall	The monument Hall was originally the middle gate in front of the hall of Xiaoling Mausoleum, that is, the gate of Xiaoling Mausoleum, which was originally 5 gate holes, and was later destroyed. The monument hall was rebuilt in the Qing Dynasty, is a rest of the top of the mountain, three rooms, red walls and small tile buildings, north and south of the middle of each open a door, there are five steles in the pavilion. According to books such as the History of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, there was a middle gate of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum here, but it was destroyed in the war, and the Qing Dynasty rebuilt the stele hall on the basis of the middle gate, and erected five tall stele. There is a large stone tablet in the middle, and there are carrier tablets under the turtle. His hind steps are distinctive and his neck is surprisingly short. ^[4]	Tablet hall
Zhilong Tang and Song stele	The stone tablet in the stele hall reads" Long Tang and Song dynasties Four gilded characters, 3.85 meters high, 1.42 meters wide, 0.38 meters thick. "Ruling long Tang and Song Dynasties" means to praise the Ming Taizu for slightly surpassing the Tang Taizong Li Shimin and Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin in governing the country. This is the title of Emperor Kangxi's third visit to the Gangnam Mausoleum in 1699. This was because the Qing Dynasty had just ruled China, and at the beginning of Kangxi's reign, the Han people refused to accept the rule of the people. Under such a historical background, Kangxi knew that it was not enough to rely on the high pressure policy alone, but also relied on the Han people. Therefore, Kangxi paid homage to Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum five times during his six southern Tours. This monument by Cao Xueqin's grandfather, at that time "Jiangning weaving" doctor Cao Yin Carve it. In the "governing long Tang and Song" tablets around the Qing Emperor Qianlong poem tablets each, there are two lying tablets, the east one engraved with the Kangxi Emperor's first audience with the Mausoleum record, the west one engraved with the Kangxi Emperor's third audience with the Mausoleum. ^[4] ^[6]	Zhilong Tang and Song stele
Munden	The main building of the Mausoleum, the Mausoleum Hall, is located behind the stele Hall. The original Ming Dynasty Xiao Mausoleum Hall was destroyed in the war, and there are still three layers of white jade Xumui pedestal, 3.03 meters high, and 64 large pillars on the pedestal. There are stone carved dragon heads at the four corners of the base, and there are 3 steps at the front and back of the main hall. There are still 6 relief stone stairways of Yunlong landscape. The base of the hall is 57.30 meters long and 26.6 meters wide, which shows the grandeur of the building at that time. The original temple was dedicated to Zhu Yuanzhang and Empress Ma. The existing surface building for the Qing Dynasty Tongzhi twelve years (1873) twice rebuilt three small room enjoy hall, the present hall is the "Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum historical data exhibition room". After the temple is a depth of more than 100 meters, tens of meters wide open space, is the place of open-air worship, in the middle of the path, lush trees on both sides. There is a stone bridge at the end of the Yongdao, called the big stone bridge, also known as the Shengxian Bridge, which means that after this bridge is the "immortal realm". North of the bridge is a castle-style building 75 meters wide, 16 meters high and 31 meters deep, called the Square City. ^[4]	Ruins of Xiumu pedestal base of enjoy Hall
Square city	The Fang City is a huge building in front of the treasure roof of the Xiao Mausoleum. The exterior is built with huge strips of stone. It is 75.26 meters long from east to west, 30.94 meters wide from north to south, 16.25 meters high in front and 8.13 meters high in back. In the middle of the square is an arch, with a circular arched tunnel. From 54 steps up the tunnel, facing is the south wall of Baoding, built with 13 layers of stone. Walk along the left and right sides of the square city to climb Ming Lou.	Fang Cheng Ming floor
minglou	Minglou above the square city, for Reeave the top of the mountain Covered with yellow glazed tiles, 39.45 meters long from east to west, 18.47 meters wide from north to south, three arches open in the south, the remaining three sides each open 1 arch, the door nails above each door for 9 rows, 9 in each row, to show the ninety-five. North of Fangcheng Minglou is Chongqiu, which passes about 400 meters straight zenith Also known as Baocheng, it was the seat of Zhu Yuanzhang and Empress Ma.	Minglou interior
zenith	Baoding is approximately circular, a circular mound with a diameter of about 400 meters, that is, the underground palace where Zhu Yuanzhang and Empress Ma were buried together, surrounded by brick walls. Baocheng thick and solid, according to the ups and downs of the mountain, the bottom of the stone, the top with bright bricks, the thickness of about 1 meters; On the southern stone wall in the Republic of China period, there are seven characters "this mountain is the tomb of Emperor Taizu". From 1998 to 1999, the Nanjing Cultural Heritage Bureau and other relevant departments used advanced precision magnetic surveys to confirm that the underground palace of Zhu Yuanzhang's tomb was below this, buried deep, well-preserved, and never stolen. ^[4]	Engraved on the brick wall is "The Tomb of the Emperor Taizu of this mountain"

Other parts

	intro	picture
The stone Warrior	There are 17 pairs of stone statues in Ming Xiaoling Tomb, including 2 pairs of Chinese ministers, 2 pairs of military generals, 1 pair of standing horses, 1 pair of standing Qilin, 1 pair of standing elephants, 1 pair of standing camels, 1 pair of standing Xie Zhi, and 1 pair of standing lions. Another stone pillar 1 pair ^[19] . All stone statues are carved from one piece of stone. Do not deliberately pursue the appearance, but pay attention to the spirit, its style is rough, vigorous, Simple and simple Powerful, bearing extraordinary. This group of stone carvings are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the Divine Way, more than 800 meters long from north to south, forming a mighty and majestic long queue, making the imperial tomb appear more holy, solemn and solemn. Xiao Mausoleum is the largest and most distinctive group of mausoleums in the Ming Dynasty.	The stone Warrior
Royal river Five dragon Bridge	Nanjing area abundant rainfall, the main peak of the rain mainly through Dulong Fuxiao Mausoleum palace area drainage, Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum must have a perfect drainage system to ensure the safety of the mausoleum palace. Therefore, there are outer royal river, inner royal river and inner royal river in the area of Xiao Mausoleum Boseong The royal river three drainage system. ^[5] The three imperial rivers are unique in their planning and design. They divide the mausoleum area into guiding area, Shinto area, front court area and back bed area. At the same time, three sets of imperial river Bridges connect the four areas into a harmonious whole and make the whole mausoleum area more perfect and full of vitality. The first group of Yuhe Bridge is between the stone pavilion and the Shinto stone carving, which is a single brick arch bridge. The water of Perak flows west from under the bridge. The old site of Yuqiao still exists. The second group of Bridges is located at the end of the Shinto road, which is the bridge leading to the Mausoleum palace, and there are 5 Bridges in a row, also known as "Five dragon Bridges". It is located on the same north-south axis as the Mausoleum Palace, and the bridge is made of stone arch bridge style, and the five stone Bridges correspond to the five holes of the Mausoleum palace gate located 200 meters to the north. There are only three in the middle of the bridge, the bridge is raised, and there is water on both sides Drakehead And guardrail pillar. The base and banks of the Royal River Bridge Stone bank The guardrail was restored in 1995. ^[5] The river channel under the bridge has been cleaned and reformed, and the water flowing through the bridge is clear and unbroken. The third group of royal Bridges is Square city Before, the stone single-bond arch bridge was 57.5 meters long and 26.6 meters wide, and the stone railings and dragon heads on both sides were destroyed, but the bridge body was huge, the structure was firm, and the workmanship was exquisite. It was a masterpiece of bridge construction in the early Ming Dynasty. After this royal bridge is the final resting place of Zhu Yuanzhang, so it is called "Ascension Bridge". In addition to the three royal rivers, Mausoleum and palace Huge tunnels have also been built underground to increase the amount of water released during the rainy season. There are underground drainage pipes in the mausoleum, and bricks are laid around the ground buildings to disperse water Open trench There are dozens of exquisite water hydra heads hanging outwards around the platform of the temple. The water is also laid with bricks outside the palace wall, and the retaining wall is built with brick and stone. The whole drainage system and detailed facilities of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum have both practicability and high aesthetic value. It not only makes full use of the original river, but also integrates it into the layout of the mausoleum area in an artistic way, which highly reflects the scientific and artistic nature of the architectural planning of the water-rich area in the south. ^[5]	Royal river Five dragon Bridge
Zhilong Tang and Song stele	Long Tang and Song dynasties Tablet, the pavilion of the imperial tablet display of five tablets, the middle of a engraved "long Tang Song" four words, for the Kangxi emperor handwritten. The monument is 3.85 meters high and 1.42 meters wide. The meaning of "governing long Tang and Song" is to praise the Ming Taizu's governance slightly more than Emperor Taizong of Tang Lee Shimin Ho Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin. Kangxi, as the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, showed his respect and admiration for Zhu Yuanzhang on the one hand, and also had his good intentions on the other hand. Kangxi visited the south six times in his life, paid homage to Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum five times, and performed the ceremony of kneeling nine knocks. "Ruling Long Tang and Song Dynasties" is his third visit to the Jiangnan Mausoleum in 1699 (38th year of Kangxi), and by Cao Xueqin His grandfather was the "Jiangning Weaving" doctor at that time Cao Yin Set up a monument. He wanted to win over people to ease the conflict between Han and Manchu and strengthen his rule. It can also be seen that Kangxi's great talent and strategy. ^[6]	Zhilong Tang and Song stele
The Eastern Mausoleum Site of the Ming Dynasty	towards Eastern mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty Gutter, Nanjing Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology experts are so said, because there is no sacrifice facilities in the east cemetery park, such as god library, Kugono , Gourmet kitchen Therefore, it can be inferred that the brick drainage ditch building may be related to the Eastern Mausoleum sacrificial facilities. ^[7]	The Eastern Mausoleum Site of the Ming Dynasty
Six kingdoms tablet	The monument was erected by the Qing government to warn foreign tourists who liked to "doodle" in the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, written in six languages. ^[8] The inscription probably means "In view of the serious damage and destruction of the imperial monument and the nearby monuments in the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum over the years, the governor at the end ordered the erection of a fence to protect it." Anyone who crosses the fence to visit or may cause damage to the above-mentioned imperial monument and monument area shall be prohibited." ^[8] In the late Qing Dynasty, after the country was opened, more and more tourists came, especially foreign tourists. Some of these foreigners apparently liked to scrawl graffiti on the buildings and stone carvings of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, which troubled the local government at the time. ^[8] The person who ordered the monument to be erected upright His identity at the time was Governor of the two Rivers According to the jurisdiction, the Liangjiang governor was under the jurisdiction of Jiangsu, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces, and the graffiti behavior of foreigners at that time had made the government intolerable. In response to this situation, the governor of the two rivers came up with two "prescriptions" : First, let the General Bureau of Westernization of the two Rivers and Jiangning House set up a "Six countries notice tablet" in the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, clearly warning the poor quality of foreign tourists not to graffiti; The second is to put all the stone carvings in the Shendao of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum into the wooden grid cage, so that the cultural relics will be isolated from the uncivilized foreigners, and there will be no chance to sabotage graffiti. Nevertheless, on the stele of Shengong Shengde in the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, it is possible to see the inscription left by the Russians in the late Qing Dynasty. ^[8]	Foreign stele

Underground palace of mausoleum

Since 1997, cultural relic workers have used high-tech means such as precision magnetic survey to carry out archaeological exploration of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum for six years, and the underground palace was found to be located under the circular treasure roof of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum. The underground palace construction area according to the detection results has reached more than 4,000 square meters, almost three times the area of the underground palace of Dingling Mausoleum that has been excavated. The specific shape of the underground palace of the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum is still unclear, but from the existing buildings of the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and the architectural remains of the Ming Imperial Palace, it can be inferred that the underground palace of the Ming Mausoleum should also be a large temple type underground building built entirely of stone.

Experts in literature and history boldly guessed the design of the underground palace, with reference to the palace where people live, so there should generally be a primary and secondary division, the arch gate of the large-span strip stone voucher as the main feature of the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum building may continue to be used in the underground palace, the main hall should be arranged into the style of the hall, put some sacrificial supplies, and set up a large cylinder, the cylinder filled with incense oil, the point of eternal light. As the main part of the underground palace, the back hall should be the place where the emperor and the empress's coffins and various funerary goods were placed according to the custom, and the coffins of Zhu Yuanzhang and Empress Ma were placed on the coffin bed in the back hall.

For a founding emperor, there should be no doubt that all kinds of gold, silver and jade wares, dragon robes and brocades, ceremonial utensils and living objects were buried in the underground palace. Of course, all speculation is just conjecture, the real mystery of the underground palace, only to be discovered in the future.

In the history of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum underground palace, no one can be successfully robbed. The reason why it has been well preserved so far is the special anti-theft measures of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, historical chance and geographical location jointly decided.

After exploration, Dulongfu, where Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum is located, was originally a solid stone mountain. Some imperial tombs cut a deep hole from the top down, built and then sealed, but the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum is cut horizontally into the mountain, hollowed out from the inside to build a Xuan palace. This horizontal hole method is a lot of work, but it is very strong. In the absence of explosives, it was impossible for ancient tomb robbers to burrow from the top down. The horizontal cave design makes the tomb passage the only way for grave robbers. In order to hide the tomb, the craftsmen who built Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum also took pains. Through precision magnetic surveys, archaeologists have detected that the tomb is not in the middle of people's imagination, but on the side, this unconventional design has allowed many tomb robbers to fail to return.

In addition to the transverse cave and the side of the tomb, the archaeologists also found a thick layer of rounded soil under the high sealing mound of the Ming Xiaoling Tomb pebble . Cobblestones should have appeared in low-lying mountain streams, they appear on the top of Dulongfu for only one reason - this is intentionally laid on people's backs, not only to facilitate the rapid penetration of rainwater into the Baoding drainage facilities flow out, more importantly, anti-theft. This is similar to the ancient quicksand method, when grave robbers dug a hole, pebbles would roll down from all sides to fill the hole, which is why even the traces of the robbery are difficult to find today.

Although the Ming Xiaoling Tomb adopted three effective measures to rob the tomb, but if it encountered a warlord with heavy troops and explosives like the East Tomb thief Sun Dianying, it could not escape, fortunately, historical chance has allowed the Ming Xiaoling Tomb to escape the claws of these big thieves. Although after the Ming Dynasty, the city of Nanjing repeatedly experienced war, but each new regime without exception to the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum to protect. After the Qing Dynasty was established, it effectively eliminated the anti-Qing ideology in Jiangnan area by protecting Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum. Even Kang, Gan two emperors must come to the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum to worship each time under the south, Kangxi also set up a stone monument in front of the mausoleum "rule long Tang Song". Hong Xiuquan , Sun Yat-sen After the establishment of the regime in Nanjing, the first thing was to worship the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum to show the determination to overthrow the Manchu Dynasty and restore China.

Another important reason for the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum to escape the thief's hand is that it is too close to the city of Nanjing, as long as there is a wind and grass, the city will immediately know, which makes the robbery activities cannot continue for too long, only in vain.

Value of cultural relics

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EDITOR

Building value

Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum is one of the largest ancient imperial mausoleums in existence. Its mausoleum system not only inherited the system of "mausoleums based on mountains" in Tang and Song dynasties, but also changed the mausoleums into mausoleums Circular Mound It created the basic pattern of "front and back circle" of the mausoleum building. The construction regulation of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum has always regulated the architectural pattern of more than 20 mausoleums in the Ming and Qing dynasties for more than 500 years, and has a special position in the history of the development of Chinese imperial mausoleums. Therefore, Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum can be called the first imperial mausoleum of Ming and Qing dynasties. With a history of more than 600 years, this Ming Dynasty royal mausoleum is famous for its prominent tomb owner, large scale, unique shape and beautiful environment, which is one of the largest existing mausoleums in China. ^[9-10]

Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum is built in Zhu Yuanzhang For more than ten years before his death, Zhu Yuanzhang was extremely diligent about it, and the manpower and material resources spent were amazing. All this is for the horse queen, of course, but also for themselves. Other pairs Horse Queen Deep feelings, after her death and no queen, Zhu Yuanzhang will be buried with her.

Zhu Di After he succeeded to the throne, he specially erected "Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum" for his father. Daming Xiaoling Shen Gong Shengde stele ". Since then, at the end of every year, the emperor has to go to the tomb of Xiao, and someone in the royal family has been punished to stay in the tomb of Xiao Mausoleum to repent. The later Ming emperors always took the Purple Mountain in Nanjing as the dragon vein of the Ming Dynasty and paid much attention to it. Emperor Jiajing once changed the name of Purple Mountain to 'Shenlie Mountain'. Emperor Chongzhen Still erect prohibition in Purple Mountain The "forbidden monument" of logging and earth moving.

Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum represents the artistic achievement of imperial architecture in the early Ming Dynasty, and is the epitome of Chinese mausoleum architecture and mausoleum culture. From the starting point of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum to the Baoding where the underground palace is located, the depth of more than 2,600 meters, along the way there are more than 30 buildings and stone carving works of different styles and uses, the overall layout is grand and orderly, the single building is heavy and majestic, and the detailed decoration technology is exquisite, which embodies the talents of politicians, artists and architects at that time. ^[4]

The pioneering status of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum is also reflected in its winding mausoleum Shinto according to the mountain terrain. The Shinto stone carvings of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum are the only mausoleum in China that does not form a straight line, but encircles The Three Kingdoms Period Tomb of Sun Quan The Meihua Mountain forms a curved shape, shaped like The Big Dipper . From the lower horse house of Weigang to the Wenwu square gate The word of God About 2,400 meters long.

Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum first opened the first generation of emperor mausoleum as a system of sharing the spirit of the mausoleum of later generations. The 12 pairs of stone statues and 4 pairs of stone figures distributed on both sides of the Divine Way, the stone carving styles are diverse, the shapes are thick and simple, the overall grand and local fine as a whole, and also represent the highest level of Chinese stone carving art in the early Ming Dynasty." ^[4]

Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum changed the layout of Tang and Song imperial mausoleums, mausoleums, square walls, upper and lower palace systems and cross axes, and was established for the first time according to the layout of the imperial palace. Sleep before and after The three-courtyard system created the basic pattern of the mausoleum building plane being "round in front and back", and has been regulating the construction of more than 20 imperial tombs in the Ming and Qing Dynasties for more than 500 years since then. In particular, the tomb system of the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and the three courtyards reflects the ritual system, but the imperial power and politics are prominent. ^[4]

Ruling significance

The change of the Ming and Qing dynasties was called "the rupture of the sky", the reason why it was so was not only because of the change of political power. The succession of dynasties in Chinese history may only be similar to the Song and Yuan dynasties and the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the common denominator of the two is the entry of foreign ethnic groups into the Central Plains. As the saying goes, "If it is not our kind, its heart will be different", Wang Fuzhi said: "It can be zen, it can be followed, it can be reformed, but it cannot be made among the other categories." "Yi Di, destroy them not for benevolence, seize them not for injustice, lure them not for unbelief, not my kind, not into my opinion." It is not difficult to read his hatred for the Qing rulers who occupied the Central Plains. The "shaving Order" and "Shaving Order" in the early Qing Dynasty The Ten days of Yangzhou "," Jiading Santu A series of misrule, but also aroused the Jiangnan scholars strong resistance. In such a historical background, after the situation in the whole country was basically stable, the Qing emperor went to the south of the Yangtze River to pay homage to Xiao Mausoleum, where the scholar style was the strongest and the descendants were the most concentrated, and his appeal for seeking the recognition of Manchu and Han and eliminating ethnic contradictions was self-evident. "The husband of the world, the world of the people, not the North, South and home to obtain private." Can Shun East Yi and King Wen West Yi be any different?"

Qianlong Once in its "ancient imperial temple ritual into Gong Ji", angrily defended. To eliminate national conflicts, we must first eliminate cultural barriers. Compared with the strong traditional Confucian culture in Central Plains, the Qing rulers could mainly accept and absorb Confucian culture. In November 23, Kangxi passed through Qufu, Shandong Province on his way back from his southern tour and paid his respects at the Confucian Temple. " Draft of Qing Dynasty history "Remember very detailed:" Hundred Days Yin, the last Qufu. MAO, attainments on the temple of the master, people into the door, nine knock ceremony. To the poetry hall, talk about the I Ching. Go up to the Hall of Great Success, look before the holy image, look at the rites. Go to the Shrine, read the book. Apricot altar, view plant juniper. Enter Chengsheng gate, swab hole well water taste. Consultant Lubi ruins, Dr. Kong Yuqi accounts for very detailed, grant official teaching assistant. Libation before Kong Lin's tomb. A book is a teacher for all ages. Leave the crank yellow cover. Gong Yugong of Yi Yan preached each of the sutras the next day. Free Qufu rent next year." The "nine percussion ceremony" in the Confucian Temple reminds people of Kangxi's "three kneeling nine percussion" in front of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum half a month ago, which also shows the good intentions of the Kangxi emperor. In terms of status and influence in Chinese history, the Ming Taizu may not be comparable to Confucius. However, Kangxi Emperor's worship of the two during his southern tour was not only similar to the formal "three kneels and nine kowtoons", but also to the essence of the cultural identity of Manchu and Han. One is the "master of all ages" Kongsheng man, representing the inheritance of thousands of years of Confucian culture; One is the founding of the Ming dynasty, the Ming Taizu, on behalf of the monarch of the previous dynasty; It is called the same journey.

In the sacrificial texts of the Qing Emperor's successive audiences with the Mausoleum, he took pains to explain his identity of "succession" rather than taking the throne. In the first year of Shunzhi, the regent Doulgen sent Grand Bachelor Feng Quan to the tomb of Xiao in the sacrifice text, he said, "I am the roving traitor Li Zicheng, subverting the Ming room, the country Zuo has ended." To drive out the rebel, Ding Ding Yandu. But Ming by the luck of a generation to have the world, the number of transfers, such as four times to pass Zen, not only have Ming, but also the number of heaven and earth." Firstly, it emphasizes that the collapse of the Ming Dynasty is the end of the country and the end of the qi. Secondly, it affirms that the Qing army defeated Li Zicheng's peasant army, which was "driving out the rebellious rebels", which not only reported the deep hatred for the Ming Dynasty, but also maintained the unity of the country. From this, it is natural and reasonable for Ming and Qing dynasties to change generations. Kangxi Emperor In his "On Passing Jinling" written after he had an audience with the Mausoleum, he said: "The intruder with the mob, the hands of Yanjing, the community did not defend." Ma Ruan restored the puppet in the name of the puppet, only fast private hatred, so that you Ming hard to create the foundation, not three hundred years and Qiuxu." Not only was it again emphasized that the peasant army was the culprit that led to the fall of the Ming Dynasty, but it was also emphasized Southern Ming regime Of incompetence and illegality. Therefore, the Qing Dynasty will be "ordered by the heavenly relatives, Shao Zhu PI base". Emperor Qianlong put it more directly in his poem when he visited the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum: "The vicissitvicissitations are all over the sky, and the bustling is not from the dynasty." When we replace grass with grass, it is not a danger that allows us to rise." In a word, explaining the legitimacy of the Qing Dynasty and inheritance is an important content of the Qing emperor's audience. By this time, the sacrificial text had become a kind of political sermon; The Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum became an excellent propaganda platform. This tactful political formulation has proved more effective than the military killings that preceded it.

For the large number of Ming Dynasty survivors at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum did have extraordinary symbolic significance. The worship of Xiao Mausoleum actually represents the remembrance of the motherland. Therefore, in the early Qing Dynasty, there will naturally be so many people to go to "crying Mausoleum". The so-called "lonely loyal old man, after the state of the country, both Luo ran dead helpless." I often cry on the mausoleum 摅 the sorrow of its heroes." Eight years of Shunzhi, Gu Yanwu The first visit of Xiao Mausoleum, from now on living under the Zhong mountain, since the name "Jiang Shan maid", showed that he wants to be the heart of the Ming Taizu mausoleum. In the following ten years, Gu Yanwu paid a total of seven visits to Xiao Mausoleum. "Bo Hai mourning knot, left minister tears thick", his mood of sadness when the mausoleum, is difficult for future generations to truly appreciate. At that time, there was a similar mood, and not only Gu Tinglin, he represented the whole generation of Ming Dynasty. "Isolated minister more than 20 years of tears, endure to this autumn sprinkle Xiao Mausoleum", Xiao Mausoleum has become that generation to express their grief and vent their feelings, but also the last symbol of the extinct Ming Dynasty.

On this premise, if we examine the Emperor's audience with the tomb again, we will find that the pertinence of his behavior itself is quite strong, and it points to those who have an audience with the tomb. The audience of the Qing Emperor, especially the worship of the Kangxi Emperor in the early period, is said to be up to "the old man of the hanging white", down to "the people of the feeding", "tens of thousands of people follow the old people", the audience is blocked, and the crowd is huge; And its respectful and humble approach, even known as "foot super hundred generations." Therefore, it is not difficult to imagine the sensational effect of the Qing Emperor's audience in Jiangnan society. So behind the hustle and bustle, something seems to have quietly changed. Those left behind by the Ming Dynasty will find that their last "spiritual home" seems to be gone, because it has become the site of the new emperor's worship of the previous generations. The protagonists of the audience with the Mausoleum are no longer the "lonely loyal old people" on the "singing and crying Mausoleum", but have become the new monarch with boundless scenery. Inadvertently, people seem to have shifted their attention from the Mausoleum itself to the people who are visiting the mausoleum. And the worship of Xiao Mausoleum, it seems that there is no such "long song crying" sad atmosphere. "Tears in the legacy, lament in the same life", the mood of the Ming legacy, in the people at that time seemed to have been very far away.

Scientific research achievement

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EDITOR

In June 1934, the Ming Xiaoling Annals compiled by Mr. Wang Huan Biao was published by Nanjing Zhongshan Book Company, so that Ming Xiaoling has its own dedicated annals for the first time. In spite of this determination to search the relevant information, there are still some omissions. After 1934, the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and its related people and things have changed a lot, especially after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the protection, management, utilization and development of the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum have made tremendous changes. With this in mind, in order to further sort out the context of the ancient capital and explore the scientific, cultural, ecological, tourism and social values of the world heritage Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, Comprehensively reflecting the management, protection, renovation, renovation and research results of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, the Zhongshan Mausoleum Administration started the compilation of records in 2021, named "New Records of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum", published by Nanjing Press in June 2023. ^[24]

History and culture

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Relevant person

Zhu Yuanzhang grew up poor and once herded cattle for the landlord. He grew up in Haozhou Zhongli Guzhuang village (now Fengyang, Anhui Province) in a poor peasant family, the fourth in the family, the eighth in the family brothers, so called Zhu Chongeight, after the name changed to Zhu Yuanzhang. Unable to study because of his poor family, Zhu Yuanzhang grew up herding cattle for the landowners in his village to earn a living. In 1343, in the face of the corruption and brutality of the Yuan Dynasty and frequent natural disasters, he had no choice but to defect to the monk Gao Bin of Huangjue Temple in the following year, and he was shavened as a monk. When Zhu Yuanzhang was 25 years old, he unexpectedly received a letter from his childhood friend Tang He, inviting him to join Guo Zixing's rebel army, so he readily agreed to join the Red Scarf Army, thus becoming a soldier. After more than 20 years of war baptism, he gradually promoted to the town governor, general officer, vice marshal and other posts, and finally established a base area centered on Ying Tian. In 1367, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered two generals, Xu Da and Chang Yuchun, to "expel Hu Rupp and restore China" as a call for the northern invasion of the Central Plains with 250,000 troops. The following year, in Nanjing, Zhu Yuanzhang also became the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty (kingdom name Daming, year name Hongwu), marking the Ming dynasty's mastery of the area within the Great Wall. ^[20]

Legend

Zhu Yuanzhang's burial place was once a historical mystery. Legend of Zhu Yuanzhang buried in Nanjing 13 city gates at the same time funeral, complicated and confusing, some say buried in the southern foot of Zhongshan Dulong Fu play under the pearl peak, some say buried in Nanjing Chaotian Palace, there are far buried Beijing Long live mountain. Until the end of the 20th century, this mystery was solved, and the founding emperor was buried in the underground palace of Fu Xia in Dulong. ^[25]

Protective measure

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EDITOR

In recent years, the walls of Baocheng have partially collapsed, the walls have peeled off, and some places have formed huge cracks due to the reverse tearing of the foundation settlement. Nanjing cultural relics department has invested more than 3 million yuan, using the protection program of ancient architecture experts from Southeast University, in accordance with the requirements of repairing the old as old, the wall has been repaired, such as "stitching" cracks, leveling the "wall", repairing the deformed wall and waterproof and anti-leakage "surgery". In order to facilitate tourists to see the "dragon vein" true appearance, also built a blue SLATE tour trail, so that tourists can climb the treasure top to see the full picture of Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum. ^[22]

The renovation project of Xiamafang was launched in early February 2023 and completed by the end of June. The renovation adopted new technology, new technology and new materials, which fundamentally removed the security risks of Xiama Fang archway, and protected the authenticity and integrity of the cultural relics as much as possible in the renovation according to the principle of "minimal intervention". ^[23]

Tourist information

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Opening hours

Scenic spot	time
Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum scenic spot	From February to November 6:30-18:30, from December to January 7:00-17:30
Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum Museum	9:00-17:00 (closed at 16:00), no rest on holidays ^[11]

Ticket price

Ticket price
Ming Xiaoling Family Ticket (1 small) ★ Summer Holiday (7.3-7.28)	Door rate is $105, network rate is $86
Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum adult ticket	Door rate is $70, network rate is $60
Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum half-price ticket (student ticket, child ticket) ★ Summer holiday (7.3-7.28)	Door rate is $35, network rate is $35
Zhongshan Scenic Spot Package (including: Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum + Linggu Temple + Music Station)	Door rate 115, network rate 85

Pick-up point
Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum tickets	With the online payment SMS, at the scenic spot ticket office (Ming Xiaoling Meihua Valley Gate 1, Ming Xiaoling Meihua Valley Gate 3, Zixia Lake ticket office).
Zhongshan Scenic Area package	With online payment SMS, in the scenic spot ticket office (Ming Xiaoling Plum Blossom Valley Gate 1, Ming Xiaoling Plum Blossom Valley Gate 3, Linggoksa Ticket office, bandstand Ticket office, Zixia Lake Ticket office) to pick up tickets.

Mode of transportation

Mode of transportation
Public transportation	No. 5, No. 34, No. 36, No. 55, No. 59, No. 142 to Weiqiao Station
Public transportation	Road 20, 315 to "Ming Xiaoling" station
subway	ride Nanjing Metro Line 2 to Alfalfa Garden Station Get off, exit 1, follow the direction of the road sign to the scenic spot

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