The Ming Tombs, located in Beijing At the foot of Tianshou Mountain in the north of Changping District, it is the location of the tombs of 13 emperors of the Ming Dynasty. After the Emperor Yongle made Beijing the capital of the Ming Dynasty, he began to select the mausoleum site in Beijing for political and strategic considerations. This very strategic move played a crucial role in consolidating the regime and completely eliminating the remnants of the Mongolian Yuan. The construction of the Ming Tombs began in the seventh year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1409), and lasted for more than 230 years until the early years of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty. Built 13 splendid emperor mausoleums, built in turn Chengzu Changling Mausoleum Renzong Xian Mausoleum , preaching Jingling , Emperor of England Yuling Mausoleum Heonjong Maoling Mausoleum , filial Emperor Taing Mausoleum , Vouzon A surname , Sejong Yongling Mausoleum Mouzon Zhaoling Mausoleum , Shenzong Dingling Tomb , Mitsujong Kyongneung Pope Xi Deling , Yi Zong Siling . A total of 13 emperors, 23 queens, 1 imperial concubine, and dozens of martyrs were buried in the cemetery area. In addition to the emperor's mausoleum, there are seven imperial concubines in the Ming Dynasty, a eunuch tomb, and several ancillary buildings such as the Jingong prison, ancestral hall, forming a complete system, a grand scale, and a magnificent mausoleum complex, becoming the world's complete preservation and burial of the emperor's most imperial tomb group. ^{[8
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The Ming Tombs cover an area of about 40 square kilometers. The mausoleum area is surrounded by mountains on three sides and has a vast area. The mausoleums of the emperors are scattered on the hillsides of the basin. The mausoleums are surrounded by Changling as the center and hidden in the green trees and jungles. The mausoleum area is built with a wall with a total length of 12 kilometers, which is an important protection facility in the mausoleum area. ^[5] ^{[7-8
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In 1957, the Ming Tombs were listed as the first batch of key ancient cultural relics protection units in Beijing. In 1961, the Ming Tombs were State Council, People's Republic of China rank One of the first key cultural relics under national protection . ^[14] On July 3, 2003, the Ming Tombs, as an extension of the imperial tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, were considered and approved by the 27th World Heritage Assembly of the United Nations and listed in the" World Heritage List ". ^[6]

Chinese name: Ming Tombs
Foreign name: Ming Tombs
Geographical position: Ming Tombs Town, Changping District, Beijing
age: Ming Dynasty

Floor space: 40 km²
Protection level: One of the first key cultural relics under national protection
Publishing unit: State Council, People's Republic of China
numbering: 1-178-006-017

catalogue

Historical evolution

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EDITOR

The construction of the Ming Tombs began in the seventh year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1409), and lasted for more than 230 years until the early years of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty. Built 13 splendid emperor mausoleums, built in turn Chengzu Changling Mausoleum Renzong Xian Mausoleum , preaching Jingling , Emperor of England Yuling Mausoleum Heonjong Maoling Mausoleum , filial Emperor Taing Mausoleum , Vouzon A surname , Sejong Yongling Mausoleum Mouzon Zhaoling Mausoleum , Shenzong Dingling Tomb , Mitsujong Kyongneung Pope Xi Deling , Yi Zong Siling . ^{[8
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Among the 13 tombs, Yongle Emperor's Changling Mausoleum, Jiajing Emperor's Yongling Mausoleum and Wanli Emperor's Dingling Mausoleum were all built during his lifetime and are the largest in scale, while the rest of the mausoleums were started after death and took about half a year to build.

The Qing regime inventoried the tombs of the emperors of the Ming Dynasty and gave them a certain degree of protection. From Shunzhi to Qianlong, there were also different degrees of restoration. With the decline of the regime in the late Qing Dynasty, the restoration and protection of the mausoleum area were gradually abandoned, but the main body of the tombs were well preserved.

In 1955, Wu Han, then vice mayor of Beijing and historian of the Ming Dynasty, consulted with Guo Moruo, then president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and requested The State Council to excavate Changling, one of the Ming Tombs, which was approved by Zhou Enlai, then Premier of The State Council. In the same year, the Changling Excavation Committee composed of Wu Han, Guo Moruo, Shen Yanbing (MAO Dun), Deng Tuo, Fan Wenlan, Zhang Su, Xia Nas, Zheng Zhenduo and Wang Kunlun was established. In September, the Ming Tombs area was transferred from Changping County to the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Parks and Forestry.

In 1956, it was decided to change to "trial excavation" Dingling. In 1957, Dingling Underground Palace was opened. In 1959, the Ministry of Culture and Cultural Relics Bureau approved the establishment of Dingling Museum. However, due to the backward technology and understanding, many cultural relics, including the emperor's coffin, were destroyed after being unearthed.

In 1966, after the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, the "destruction of the Four Old" movement arose, and the Ming Tombs soon became one of the affected areas. A large number of cultural relics unearthed in Dingling were destroyed by Red Guards who came from downtown Beijing to "tandem". On August 24, the remains of Emperor Wanli and Empress Xiaojing and Xiaoduan were burned by the "rebel" gang of Dingling Museum in the square in front of the Big Red Gate of Dingling.

In 1967, after the ebb of the activity, the cultural relics department inventoried that the ancient buildings and affiliated cultural relics of the Ming Tombs had been changed and damaged, mostly due to the automatic destruction or relocation of the management and use units in the breaking of the "Four old", and the bricks and stones of the Mausoleum treasure city and Ming building were removed.

At the end of 1972, the Dingling Museum and the Ming Tombs management Office were merged and assigned to the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Gardens.

In June 1981, the Beijing Ming Tombs Special Zone Office was established as an agency of the Changping County People's Government at that time, taking over the functions of the Ming Tombs management Office.

In November 1982, The State Council of the People's Republic of China announced Badaling - Ming Tombs Scenic Area as one of the 44 key scenic spots in the country.

In December 1995," Museum of the Ming Tombs "Established.

By 2021, the scenic spots that have been opened include Changling Tomb, Dingling Tomb, Zhaoling Tomb, Shenlu Tomb, Kangling Tomb, and the other tombs have not been opened. ^{[8
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Landscape of Ming Tombs (2)

Architectural pattern

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EDITOR

The construction scale of the Ming Tombs varies, and those built during the emperor's lifetime are relatively large, such as Changling, Yongling and Dingling. Those built after death were small in scale, such as Xian Mausoleum, Jingling Mausoleum, Kangling and so on. Siling, because Chongzhen Emperor in the late Ming Dynasty was the king of the subnation, the mausoleum used was originally the tomb of the noble Concubine Tian, so Siling is the smallest of the thirteen tombs.

The most important architectural forms of the Ming Tombs are divided into sacrificial areas, burial areas, government agencies, protection agencies and other parts, forming a complete set of mausoleum overall planning architecture. ^{[8
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The sacrificial area mainly refers to the above-ground buildings of each cemetery in the cemetery area and the leading part of the cemetery area. The main buildings on the ground are God Road, stone archway, big red Gate, big stele building, stone statue, God bridge and cemetery. ^{[9
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The burial area includes the cemetery and the underground palace, collectively known as the mausoleum palace building, which is the concentration of the ground buildings of the imperial mausoleum, and is also an important special place for sacrificial activities. Each tomb is built on the back of the mountain, and the distance between the tombs is as little as 500 meters and as much as 8,000 meters. Except for Siling in the southwest, the rest are fan-shaped around Changling, although the direction and scale are different, but the layout and form of the ground buildings are basically the same, especially the main buildings are almost identical. The Ming Tombs are built as a whole, sacrifice in the front, the palace in the back, the porch, the hall, the Ming building, the treasure city, arranged in a clear hierarchy, serious and orderly, highlighting the characteristics of the mausoleum building. With the central axis as the main body and the two sides as the auxiliary buildings, the architectural layout is reasonable and complete, which is consistent with the layout of traditional Chinese architecture. As the terrain gradually rises, the height of the buildings is uneven. The underground palace was the burial area for the emperor's coffin. Underground buildings are generally built in front of tunnels and tunnels, which become the guiding part of entering the underground palace. The underground palace plane is a "ten" shape. The stone arch structure, the rear hall arch and the middle hall arch are positive, this arch was called "Ding" word big coupon, is a building form for the use of the emperor, the duke minister's tomb is not allowed to build this form. The "ten" shaped building layout of the Ming Dynasty imperial mausoleum is modeled after the layout of the inner palace where the emperor lived, that is, the so-called "nine-fold Law palace", the law palace is the inner court building in the palace, is the emperor's bedroom. The mausoleum underground palace of the Ming Dynasty is a multi-room architectural layout, although this architectural layout has been widely used in the Tang and Song dynasties, but the architectural layout and architectural shape of the mausoleum underground palace of the Ming Dynasty are more than the previous dynasty. The coffin of the emperor was placed in the rear hall of the underground palace, and the coffin bed was also built in the left and right side halls. The nave is a place for funeral officials to hold sacrificial ceremonial activities and place funerary items such as the emperor, the stone throne and the five pieces of glass after Fengan palace. ^{[9
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The government agencies of the Ming Tombs mainly refer to the relevant administrative agencies responsible for protection and management. For example, mausoleum supervision, temple offering office, what room, orchard, hazel factory, etc. The prohibition system of tombs in Ming Dynasty was very strict, in order to ensure the safety and prevention of the mausoleum area, the Ming Tombs in addition to Siling, have a whole set of different functions such as mausoleum supervision and various management organizations. These affiliated buildings are an important part of the complete construction system of each mausoleum.

Qing · Anonymous Ming Tombs map

Main attraction

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EDITOR

summarize

The Ming Tombs is a general term for the tombs of 13 emperors after the Ming Dynasty moved its capital to Beijing. In turn, there are Changling (Chengzu), Xianling (Renzong), Jingling (Xuanzong), Yuling (Yingzong), Maoling (Xianzong), Tailing (Xiaozong), Kangling (Wuzong), Yongling (Sezong), Zhaoling (Muzong), Dingling (Shenzong), Qingling (Guangzong), Deling (Xizong), and Siling (Yizong). ^[1]

Place of worship

Shenlu

Shenlu, also known as Shendao, is the common Shendao of thirteen tombs, and is the guiding part of the Ming Dynasty mausoleum ground building. Shenlu starts from the stone archway in the south to the Changling Mausoleum in the north, with a total length of 7,000 meters. God Road built stone statues, Lingxing Gate, five holes bridge, seven holes bridge, etc., from the beginning of the seven holes bridge, God Road from this branch, leading to the cemetery. ^{[9
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Shenlu

dolmen

The stone archway, all white marble structure, is the landmark building of the entrance entrance of the entire mausoleum area, located between the sand mountains on both sides of the mausoleum area. Built in the nineteenth year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1540), it was built by Emperor Shizong in the Ming Dynasty to extol the sacred virtues of ancestors, so it was called "Sacred Virtues Arch". The whole arch is made of a number of huge blue and white stones that are tenon and tenon after being carved by wild geese. There are a total of five stone archways, imitation wood structure buildings, 28.86 meters wide, about 12 meters high, is China's oldest existing high-grade large stone archway. There are dragons, lions, flowers and other exquisite patterns carved on the components, which reflects the excellent level of stone architecture in the Ming Dynasty. ^{[9
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dolmen

Grand Palace Gate

The Big Red Gate, also known as the Big Palace gate, is the main gate of the cemetery. The door is a three-hole gate, hipped roof, covered with yellow glazed tile roof, the wall is made of brick and stone, and the whole body is painted red. The two sides of the gate fence. The east and west sides of the Great red Gate in front of the dismount monument, the whole body is carved from Han jade, engraved with "officials such as so far dismount" words. All those who come to the tomb must walk into the cemetery from now on to show the dignity of the imperial mausoleum status. The east side of the door slightly away from the original Dusting hall, also known as the Zhi hall, is specially built for the emperor after the changing place, now no longer exist. ^{[9
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Grand Palace Gate

A pavillion built over a stone tablet

Stele Pavilion, located in the front of the Shen Road, is the Changling "Shengong Shengde Stele Pavilion", built in the first year of orthodoxies (1436). The pavilion is square in plane, 25.14 meters high, heavy eaves and resting on the top of the mountain, covered with yellow glazed tiles, the wall is built with brick brush, the whole body is painted red, and the door is opened on all sides. In the pavilion, there is a stone tablet with a dragon head turtle falling, more than 7 meters high, carved into white marble. The stone tablet is engraved on four sides, and the seal character at the head of the tablet is "Ming Changling Shengong Shengde Tablet". The inscription is written by Zhu Gaochi of Ming Renzong and written by Cheng Nanyun, a famous calligrapher in the early Ming Dynasty, up to more than 3,000 words. There is a Hua-table in the four corners of the pavilion, which is an important ornament of the pavilion. It is 10.8 meters high, with cloud dragon pattern carved on the column, cloud plate on the top, and a squatting beast carved on the top disc, commonly known as Wang Tianhao. The watches are all carved with white marble, giving people a solemn and dignified feeling. ^{[9
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A pavillion built over a stone tablet

Shenlu scenery

Stone animal

The stone carving group is a stone carving person and beast placed in front of the tomb, which is called stone statue life in ancient times (stone person is also known as Weng Zhong). From the two hexagonal stone columns in the north of the pavilion to the kilometer God road at the Longfeng Gate, 24 stone beasts and 12 stone figures are neatly arranged on both sides, with vivid shapes and fine carvings, which are deeply loved by visitors. Its large number, large shape, fine carving, and good preservation are rare in ancient tombs. There are 6 kinds of stone beasts, 4 of each kind, which are in the shape of two standing and two kneeling. It means something to have them here. The stone man is divided into four ministers, wenchen and Wuchen, each of whom is the emperor's close servant, all of which are the standing image of Wat, mighty and pious. This kind of stone statue was set up in the imperial mausoleum as early as more than 2,000 years ago during the Qin and Han Dynasties. It mainly plays a decorative role to symbolize the emperor's honor during his lifetime, indicating that after his death, the emperor also has civil and military officials and various livestock to drive, and can still dominate everything. ^{[9
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God Road stone carving

Lingxing Gate

Lingxing gate is also called Longfengmen. It is composed of four stone pillars to form three doorways, and the doorposts are similar to Hua tables, with cloud plates and strange animals on the pillars. In the central part of the three gate square, there is also a stone carved fire pearl, so the door is also called "flame arch". On the northwest side of the Longfeng Gate, the original palace was built, which was the resting place of the emperor's tomb. But later it became the main mausoleum road in the whole mausoleum area. The road runs through the cemetery north and south, a total length of 7 kilometers, along the line with a series of buildings, scattered, magnificent. ^{[9
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Lingxing Gate

Cemetery area

Changling Mausoleum

Changling Mausoleum Located below the middle peak of Tianshou Mountain, it is the mausoleum of Chengzu Zhu Di, the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and Empress Xu. It was the "Longevity Palace" built by the Yongle Emperor in 1409. The cemetery is large-scale, the materials are strictly sophisticated, the construction is fine, the project is numerous, and the construction time is long, only the underground palace lasted four years.

Changling is the largest and most magnificent building group of the Ming Tombs. The plane is rectangular, the front is round, and the building layout is three courtyards, surrounded by tall red cemetery walls. The main buildings are built on a north-south axis, and there are no characters in front of the tomb, and stone Bridges in front of the monument connect with the Shinto Road. The main building of the first courtyard is the Leng En Gate, and the auxiliary buildings such as God kitchen, God library and slaughter Pavilion are built on both sides. The second courtyard is the main body of the sacrificial area, and the building scale and grade are the highest. The main hall branch grace hall tall and majestic, both sides of the building side hall echo. The Hall of Leng Grace was built in the fourteenth year of Yongle (1416), which was a place to worship the memorial tablet of the emperor and hold sacrificial activities on the mausoleum. The main hall is nine rooms wide, with hipped roof and yellow glazed tile roof. It is located on a three-layer white marble balustrade and a small pedestal. There are three platforms in front of the platform base, and there are stone guardrail, three layers of steps in front of each platform, and in the middle of the high relief royal road stone carving, the carving content is the seawater river cliff and double dragons playing beads and other exquisite patterns. Temple "gold" paving, temple beams, columns, fang, purlin, brackets and other building components are all made of gold silk nanmu processing, because gold silk teak has a delicate material, a pure natural aroma and special corrosion resistance characteristics. The 60 whole wood nanmu large columns supporting the temple are thick and strong, especially the 32 heavy ladder gold columns in the temple, with a height of 12.58 meters and a column diameter of more than one meter, which is a rare thing in the world. ^{[10
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Aerial photo of Ming Changling Mausoleum

Xian Mausoleum

Xian Mausoleum It is the tomb of Zhu Gaochi, the fourth emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and Empress Zhang. Zhu Gaochi (1378-1425), reign name Hongxi, temple name Renzong, came to the throne at the age of 47, reigned for 10 months, aged 48. Xian Mausoleum was built in the first year of Hongxi (1425) in July, and the Xuan Palace was completed in August. Orthodox eight years (1443) the ground building was completed. It took 18 years. It covers an area of about 42,000 square meters. ^{[9
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Xianling Shinto from Changling Shinto North Wukongqiao, about 1 km long. There is a single empty stone bridge on the way. The road is paved in the middle of the city brick, both sides of the stucco stone for the water, very simple. Its orientation is 200 meters south by west and covers an area of only about 42,000 square meters. The mausoleum hall, the two-hipped hall and the goddess kitchen are each 5 rooms, and they are all single-eave buildings. There are only three gatehouses (祾 Enmen); The ticket gate was changed to a simpler form of straight front and back. The wall is therefore not located in the voucher hole but after the square city and before the tomb. Since the Xianling Mausoleum system does not pursue luxury, predecessors have said that "Xianling Mausoleum is the simplest and Jingling Mausoleum is the smallest" when referring to the Ming Mausoleum, which has set a model for the subsequent Ming Mausoleum architecture. ^{[9
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Another feature of Ming Xian Mausoleum is that 祾 Grace Hall and Fangcheng Ming Tower are not connected to each other on the courtyard. In front of the 祾 grace hall, built a courtyard, the front left and right side of the hall built two hipped hall and God silk furnace. The main gate of the courtyard is 祾 the Grace gate, that is, the gate of the cemetery. In front of the gate comes a large platform, and a single gate is set behind the courtyard. In the back, Baocheng and Minglou are the main ones, and the front one enters the courtyard. The hospital built two pillars Lingxing gate, stone case. Courtyard gate for three single eaves resting on the top of the glass flower gate. Between the two hospitals, separated by a small earth mountain (Yingbi Mountain).

Panoramic aerial view of Ming Xian Mausoleum

Zhaoling Mausoleum

Zhaoling Mausoleum Located at the eastern foot of Dayu Mountain, it is the tomb of Zhu Zai 坖 (year name Longqing), the 12th emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and his three queens. Zhaoling Mausoleum is the first large-scale restoration cemetery in the Ming Tombs, and it is also one of the tourist attractions officially opened in the mausoleum area.

Zhaoling Mausoleum has a construction area of 35,000 square meters. There are complete 祾 Grace Gate, 祾 Grace Hall and its east and west side halls, and Square City, Ming Building, Baoding and so on. Here are buried the 12th Ming Emperor Mu Zong Zhu Zai 垕 and his three empresses.

Ming building dougong, according to the Ming Dynasty system of each tomb are the upper eaves single warped heavy seven step dougong, the lower eaves heavy five step dougong. However, the repaired Zhaoling Mausoleum has become a single arch with five steps on the upper and lower eaves. Ming building also added a stone voucher top. Although the number of reconstruction time of the gate and the hall of Prism grace has not changed greatly, they have all narrowed the scale. Hall of grace, the original surface width of five (30.38 meters), depth of four (16.77 meters); After the reconstruction in Qing Dynasty, the number of width intervals did not change, but the scale was reduced to 23.3 meters. The depth was changed to three, and the scale was reduced to 11.92 meters. The prism door, originally three wide (18.44 meters), two deep (8.04 meters); After the reconstruction in Qing Dynasty, the width was reduced to 12.52 meters and the depth was reduced to 6.77 meters. The two hipped halls in the mausoleum and the Shengong Shengde Pavilion in front of the mausoleum have not only not been rebuilt, but the remaining walls have also been demolished. Only a Yu wall was built for a week on the base of the old pavilion around the stone. It remained unrepaired for 200 years. The magnificent mausoleum buildings of the past are desolate, and only the broken Ming buildings and mausoleum walls are left. ^{[9
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Panoramic aerial view of Ming Zhao Mausoleum

Jingling

Jingling Located on the eastern peak of Tianshou Mountain (also known as Black Mountain), it is the combined tomb of the fifth Dynasty Emperor Xuanzong Emperor Zhu Zhanji (year name Xuande) and Empress Sun.

Jingling God Road from Changling God Road north five empty bridge south to east, about 1.5 kilometers long, on the way to build a single empty stone bridge. The palace is 550 meters south by west and covers an area of about 25,000 square meters. Boseong has a slender shape with a round front and back because of the terrain. The courtyard at the front and Boseong at the back are integrated. On the central axis, there are successively constructed 祾 Grace Gate, 祾 Grace Hall, three gates, Lingxing Gate, Stone Case, Square City, Ming Lou and other buildings.

The 祾 Endian platform in Jingling Mausoleum is still a relic of its reconstruction during the Jiajing period. From the distribution of the eave columns and columns of the surviving Ming Dynasty temples 柱础石, it can be seen that the hall was originally made of five surface pavilions (31.34 meters), three deep (16.9 meters), and one holding building behind (8.1 meters wide and 4.03 meters deep). The stone carving pattern of two dragons playing beads on the Royal Road in front of it is more exquisite and spectacular than the cloud pattern of Xianling Tomb.

祾 Enmen, 祾 on the base of the Endian there are still 柱础石 left after the Qing Dynasty reconstruction. Only stone tablets and pedestals remain in the Shengde stele Pavilion. ^{[9
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Panoramic aerial view of Ming Jingling Mausoleum

Dingling Tomb

Dingling Tomb It is the tomb of Zhu Yijun (Nian name Wanli), the 13th emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Two of his queens are buried here. The tomb is located in the Dayu mountain, located in the southwest of Changling, built in Wanli 12 to Wanli 18 years (1584 ~ 1590). The main buildings are 祾 Grace Gate, 祾 Grace Hall, Treasure city, Ming Lou and underground palace. It covers 182,000 square meters. It is the only tomb in the Ming Tombs that has been excavated. Dingling underground palace for visitors to visit. ^{[9
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Aerial view of Ming Dingling Mausoleum

Yongling Mausoleum

Yongling Mausoleum Located at the southern foot of Yangcuiling, it is the tomb of Zhu Houcong, Emperor Sejong Su of the eleventh generation of the Ming Dynasty, and the three queens of Chen, Fang and Du.

Yongling is on a grand scale. 裬 The hall of grace has seven double eaves and nine supplementary halls on both the left and the right. Its regulation is second only to Changling and more than that of Xian, Jing, Yu, MAO, Tai and Kang. The 裬 grace facade is five times as wide as Changling, and then only Dingling is the same system. In addition to the quadrangle of Yongling Mausoleum and Baocheng, there is another outer Luo city, which is not found in the first seven mausoleums. Its construction is "strong, 甃 the careful and exquisite work of the stone, and the mind of the planning of Changling Mausoleum is not as good". Outside Luo city, left list of God kitchen, right list of God library each five, but also imitate the deep Gong Yong lane system, built east-west long street. The ancient people designed the outer Luo City in order to bury the imperial wives inside the Outer Luo City, and the burial position was planned to be outside the Baoshan City, in front of the Ming Lou, that is, outside the palace walls in front of the Ming Lou, facing each other from left to right, and in turn 袝. ^{[9
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Aerial panoramic view of Ming Yongling Mausoleum

Kyongneung

Kyongneung Located at the southern foot of Erling of Huangshan Temple in Tianshou Mountain, Changping, Beijing, it is the combined tomb of the 14th emperor of the Ming Dynasty Guangzongzhen Emperor Zhu Changluo (year name Taichang) and the Empress Guo, Wang and Liu.

Qingling underground Xuan palace since the first year of heaven (1621) in March Dingjian built, July 29 closed the dragon gate, lasted four months, the cost of 1.5 million taels of silver. And the quality of the project is fine, in addition to the stone of the Xuan Palace, its "back, middle and front hall", there are "heavy doors separated". The ground building was completed six years after the Apocalypse (1626). The mausoleum architecture consists of three parts: Shinto, Mausoleum palace and mausoleum palace. Shinto built a single empty stone bridge. Near the mausoleum to build Shengong Shengde stele pavilion remains, pavilion upright stele, dragon head turtle fall, no words.

The general layout of Qingling Mausoleum building is in the shape of a circle at the front and back, covering an area of about 27,600 square meters. There are two courtyards in front, which are not connected to each other, and there is a Shinto connection between the two courtyards, and three single empty stone Bridges are built after the first courtyard. First into the courtyard, 祾 En gate for the mausoleum gate, a single eaves rest on the top of the mountain, three wide. The hospital has built 祾 grace hall and left and right side halls, five each. Two silk furnaces. Second into the courtyard, there are three doors in front of it, with two columns of archway doors and stone offerings built inside. On the case, a stone incense furnace is placed, and two Thai and vases are each placed. After the square courtyard, there is a round Bao City, and a square city platform is built at the entrance of Bao City. Inside the building, the sacred monument is engraved with "Daming" and "the tomb of Emperor Guangzong Zhen". After the Ming building, Baocheng was filled with loess, and the central rammed cylinder was called Baoding, with a diameter of about 28 meters at the bottom. The earth wall in front of the tomb is the same height as the Baocheng wall, and the Baocheng platform and the walls on both sides are surrounded into a flat courtyard in the shape of a "crescent" - the dumb courtyard, which has a glass wall with the wall. There are some ancillary buildings outside the mausoleum palace, such as slaughter Pavilion, God kitchen, God library, ancestral hall, sacred palace supervision, court room, orchard, hazel factory, what room, etc. ^{[9
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Aerial panoramic view of Ming Qing Mausoleum

Maoling Mausoleum

Maoling Mausoleum Located on the right side of Yuling under the Jubao Mountain, is the eighth emperor of the Ming Dynasty Xianzong Chun Emperor Zhu Jianshen (Reign Title Chenghua County ) and the three queens Wang, Ji and Shao.

The buildings of Mausoleum were well preserved in the early Qing Dynasty, and the furnishings in 祾 Eun Temple were also well preserved. Gu Yanwu's "Changping Landscape Record" records the situation of Maoling in Shunzhi and Kangxi years: "The twelve Mausoleums are only finished, his mausoleum or only the imperial bed, and Maoling is still a 簨虡." By the end of the Qing Dynasty, 祾 Enmen had collapsed due to disrepair. During the Republic of China, 祾 Enmen Hall had already been damaged and demolished. Its current situation is the same as Yuling.

Panoramic aerial view of Ming Mausoleum

A surname

A surname Located at the eastern foot of Jinling (also known as Lotus Mountain or Eight treasures Lotus Mountain), it is the combined tomb of Emperor Wuzong Yi Zhu Houzhao (year name Zhengde) and Empress Xia of the tenth Dynasty of the Ming Dynasty.

The construction of Kangling took one year, and the overall layout followed the previous system, showing a circular shape in front and back. The tomb was built in 1521 in the sixteenth year of Zhengde and covers an area of 27,000 square meters. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Kangling was burned down, and during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, it was renovated. ^{[9
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Aerial panoramic view of Ming Kang Mausoleum

Taing Mausoleum

Taing Mausoleum Located at the southeast foot of Bijia Mountain, which is also known as "Shi Jia Tai" or "Shi Jia Mountain", it is the combined burial place of the ninth Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Xiao Zongjing Emperor Zhu You (reign name Hongzhi) and Empress Zhang. ^{[9
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Aerial panoramic view of Ming Mausoleum

Deling

Deling 位于潭峪岭西麓，是明朝第十五代皇帝熹宗朱由校（年号天启）和皇后张氏的合葬陵寝。 ^{[9
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Aerial panoramic view of Mingde Mausoleum

Yuling Mausoleum

Yuling Mausoleum Located at the southern foot of Shimen Mountain on the west peak of Tianshou Mountain, it is the tomb of Zhu Qi Zhen, the sixth emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and the Empress Qian family and Zhou family. ^{[9
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Aerial panoramic view of Ming Yu Mausoleum

Siling

Siling Built around 1642, it was originally the garden of Concubine Tiangui, concubine of Emperor Sizong. After the fall of the Ming Dynasty, Li Zicheng ordered Ming Sizong and Empress Zhou to be buried in the tomb of Tian GUI Fei, in order to close the hearts of the people and renamed Siling, so that Siling became the only tomb of the Ming Tombs where the emperor and his concubines were buried, and compared with the Ming Tombs, Siling was also small in scale. Near the mausoleum, there was also the tomb of Wang Chengen, the personal eunuch of Emperor Sizong of the Ming Dynasty, and Emperor Shunzhi and Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty also erected a monument for Wang Chengen to honor the martyr Xu Qizhen.

After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, Siling met many disasters and was seriously damaged. The underground burial chamber has been twice by local bandits. In 1947, the Kuomintang army demolished the ground buildings of the cemetery on a large scale in order to repair the fortress. Siling has been desolate, only tombs, building hall ruins, five stone sculptures, stone tablets as precious cultural relics preserved.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the state attached great importance to the protection of cultural relics, and Siling received due protection. Ming Si Mausoleum, although there is no resplendent temple tower, but the ruins of the ancient mausoleum, bursts of Songtao, still have a different artistic conception. In particular, the remaining stone works of art are wonderfully conceived and finely carved. ^{[9
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Ming Si Mausoleum

Secondary tomb

Imperial concubine garden

There are seven concubine beds in the Ming Mausoleum area, namely the Garden of Empress Wangui of Xianzong, the Garden of Empress Five of Shinzong (the tomb of Empress Zheng), the Garden of Empress Sejong, the Garden of Empress Four of Sejong and Prince Two of Sejong (the tomb of the fifth son), the Garden of Princess Three of Sejong (the tomb of mourning), and the garden of Princess Seongzu (the East Well and the West well). Among the seven concubine gardens, Wan Guifei Garden and Zheng Guifei Garden have the largest scale and the most above-ground buildings.

The building regulations of the concubine garden are basically the same, only the differences of the size and scale of the garden and the number of buildings. The building form is divided into two types: front and back circle and rectangle. The architectural layout is based on the central axis as the reference line of the group of buildings, and the main buildings are all located on the central axis, and the auxiliary buildings on both sides of the main hall echo. The central axis building has garden bed gate, double gate, enjoy hall, triple gate, screen wall, stone tablet, confession, and finally tomb, enjoy hall in front of the God kitchen, God library and other ancillary buildings. The garden is surrounded by a tall wall.

The structure of the tomb chamber of the concubine garden is a palatial building with a "gong" shape, which is composed of the tomb door, the front chamber and the main chamber. The tomb is an arched building with two stone doors between the front chamber and the main chamber, and the heads are carved on the doors. The roof of the door is glazed tile, and there are three dragon heads on each end. The roof of the eaves is decorated with dragon patterns. The roof of the main room is four-a-style, the top slope is covered with square bricks, and the vertical ridge is decorated with glazed tile ridges. The tomb chamber is a coffin bed raised above the ground, on which the coffin is placed. One throne on each side of the stone door of the front chamber. In front of the throne are placed five stone offerings (one incense burner, two candleships, and two vases) and a lamp. ^{[13
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Tomb of Wang Chengen

Tomb of Wang Chengen Located in front of the Mausoleum, it sits west to east, the first pass on the east side is 2 meters high, and the front is inscribed "Wang Chengen Tomb" by Wu Xia Ni Qin. The second monument is 4 meters high, dragon head turtle, the monument head has the words "Royal construction", the inscription 800 words, for the Qing Shunzhi emperor personally wrote the inscription. The monument close to the tomb is 2 meters high, the dragon head square, the monument head has "imperial Jingzhong" four words, the inscription 240 words, is Shunzhi Emperor in the second year of the construction of Siling, to praise Wang Chengen "loyal minister, sacrifice to follow" written.

Government building

Emperor in charge of tombs

Mausoleum supervision is Shengong supervision, Ming Ming Tombs have special for guarding the mausoleum eunuchs live Shengong supervision, is the special management organization of the Ming imperial mausoleum, controlled by the inner minister. Mausoleum supervisors are generally built near the mausoleum palace, on the left or right side of the mausoleum palace. There will be one prison for each tomb. Each branch of the palm print eunuch a member, subordinate gold book, management, incense, long with a number of. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, there were few officials in each tomb, but only two or three in the orthodox time, and it increased to 12 in the Chenghua time. The main responsibility of the mausoleum supervisor is to manage sacrifices, maintain the security of the mausoleum, and manage the royal estates, orchards, hazel factories, what houses, etc. Due to its great responsibility, each tomb supervisor is equipped with a Jinggong military supervision system, as many as thousands of people, whose duty is to assist the tomb supervisor and other management agencies to maintain the security of the tomb area, but also to crush the black evil forces near the tomb area. In the first year of Shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty (1644), the incense palace and mausoleum households were set up, and then the mausoleum supervisors gradually evolved into villages.

The site of the mausoleum supervisor is located near the tomb, which is easy to guard and daily management. There is no fixed orientation of each mausoleum supervisor, which is basically built in the direction of the tomb. Therefore, there are not many mausoleum supervisors in the positive direction of the Ming Tombs, and many are tilted. For example, the direction of the Mausoleum supervisor and Kangling Tomb Supervisor is west-north, and the direction of the Qingling Tomb Supervisor is southeast.

The shape plane of the Mausoleum is square and rectangular, and it is surrounded by two walls inside and outside, also known as the outer wall and the back wall. The outer wall is higher than the back wall in scale. The outer wall wall has two kinds of brick wall and tiger-skin stone wall, because of the different time, the material used is also different. In the early period, the outer walls of the mausoleum guards were basically made of cobblestone, while the late mausoleum guards were made of city brick. ^{[11
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Mausoleum guard

Mausoleum guard is a military organization to protect the mausoleum, known as the Mausoleum guard. Its main duty is to guard the mausoleum, is a special maintenance of the imperial mausoleum of the royal garrison, is an important part of the protection of the thirteen mausoleum. There were twelve mausoleum guards in the Ming Tombs, except for the Mausoleum, each imperial tomb has mausoleum guards to protect the mausoleum. In the Ming Dynasty, the Ming Tombs used to be a heavily guarded restricted area, the Ming Tombs built a wall around the city, called the border city, the Ming Tombs had a total of ten mountain passes and two gates around the mausoleum area. The main mountain passes are East mountain pass, Laojuntang mouth, Huiling mouth, Xianzhuang mouth, Yanzi mouth, Desheng mouth, West mountain pass and Juizi mouth. The border town is about 30 or 40 kilometers long, which is built using the natural topography of the basin where the Ming Mausoleum is located. It is generally divided into two parts: the south is dominated by artificial border towns, and the north is dominated by mountain passes. The walls are tall and strong. There are old buildings in the border town, which are guarded by heavy troops day and night, amounting to tens of thousands of people.

The architectural form of the border town is divided into two types, one is the brick wall of the large and small red gate section on the front of the mausoleum area, and the other is the tiger-skin stone wall of the remote section of the mausoleum area. Because the former is located in the front of the mausoleum area, it is the only way for the royal family to have an audience with the mausoleum and worship, so this section of the border city was built the most solemn, with brick masonry, walls painted with red chalk, and yellow glazed tiles for the wall cap. The red walls and yellow tiles are spectacular. This section of the wall is in harmony with the color and form of the main building such as the large and small red doors. ^{[12
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Value of cultural relics

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In accordance with the theory of feng shui, the Ming Tombs are carefully selected, paying great attention to the harmonious unity of the mausoleum architecture with the natural mountains, rivers, and vegetation, and pursuing the perfect state of being "created by heaven and earth" to reflect the philosophical view of "harmony between heaven and man". Under the guidance of the traditional Chinese feng shui theory, as an outstanding representative of the ancient Chinese imperial mausoleum, it shows the rich connotation of traditional Chinese culture. ^{[8
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Cultural relics protection

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On January 30, the 18th year of the Republic of China (1929), the 61st meeting of the Hebei Provincial Committee passed the "Measures for the Protection of Ming Tombs in Changping County, Hebei Province". Decided to set up a mausoleum police station in Changling

In January 1935, the 24th year of the Republic of China (1935), the Beiping Municipal government, in accordance with the order of the National Government to protect the ancient relics, sent people to survey Changling and estimate the renovation costs. Repairs began on 21 March and were completed on 27 June. The projects include Dahongmen, Shengong Shengde Stele Pavilion, Longfeng Gate, Changling Gate, stele Pavilion in Mausoleum, 祾 Grace Gate, 祾 Grace Hall, Inner Red Gate, archway Gate, Ming Lou, Imperial Wall, Shen Silk Furnace and so on.

From the 26th year of the Republic of China to the 37th year of the Republic of China (1937-1948), the ruined 祾 Enmen and 祾 Endian of the Xian, Jing, Yu, MAO, Tai, Kang, Yong, Zhao, Qing, and De tombs were gradually demolished during the wars, leaving only ruins left. After the Mausoleum hall, stele pavilion and Ming building were demolished by the National Revolutionary Army, the bricks were removed to repair the turret

From 1949 to 1950, the Changping County government, under the special office of Tongxian County, Hebei Province, set up a mausoleum protection committee stationed in Jingling Village

In October 1952, the Hebei Provincial Bureau of Culture instructed that the Mausoleum Protection Committee be changed into the historical relics of the Ming Tombs

In January 1955, according to the former Government Administration Council's instructions on taking over the Ming Tombs, repairing ancient buildings, planting trees and turning them into a park, the Beijing Municipal People's Government sent the No. 1 construction Company of the Municipal Construction Engineering Bureau to prepare materials for construction and repair the Chang, Jing and Yongsan Tombs. In September, the Ming Tombs were transferred from Changping County in Hebei province to the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Gardens.

In 1957, the Beijing Municipal People's Government announced the Ming Tombs as the first batch of key ancient cultural relics protection units in Beijing. In May, the underground palace of Dingling was opened and nearly 3,000 pieces of cultural relics were unearthed.

In 1958, the Cultural Relics Bureau of the Ministry of Culture approved the establishment of Dingling Museum.

In October 1959, Dingling was officially opened to the public (under the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Culture).

In 1957, the Ming Tombs were listed as the first batch of key ancient cultural relics protection units in Beijing.

In 1961, the Ming Tombs were listed by The State Council of the People's Republic of China as the first batch of national key cultural relics under protection. ^[14]

Between 1961 and the 1990s, restoration work was carried out and the rest of the tombs were opened

On August 24, 1966, during the "Cultural Revolution" period, in the slogan of "Down with the landlord class leader Wanli", the "rebels" composed of Dingling Museum staff entered the cultural relics warehouse of Dingling Museum. The three skeletons of "Ming Shen Zong Zhu Yijun", "Xiao Duan Xian Empress Wang" and "Xiao Jing Empress Wang" were pulled out and placed on the square in front of the Great Red Gate of Dingling, and were "criticized and fought" and finally burned.

In April 1987, the Zhaoling Mausoleum renovation project began; It was completed in 1992.

In July 1988, the Ming Mausoleum renovation project.

In 1992, the restoration project of the Shen Road of the Ming Tombs.

In October 1992, the Ming Tombs Xianling Square City Ming Building rescue repair project.

In November 1994, the Ming Tombs Xian Mausoleum renovation project.

In February 1998, the Ming Tombs rescue repair project.

In May 1995, the renovation project of Xianling was completed. In July, the second phase of the Shenlu project was completed; In December, "Ming Tombs Museum" was established.

In June 2001, the first phase of the rescue and repair project of the Ming Tombs Deling was completed.

In February 2002, the second phase of the rescue and repair project of the Ming Tombs Deling was completed.

In January 2003, the Ming Tombs Kangling protection and renovation project.

In February 2003, the Ming Tombs Deling emergency repair project.

On July 3, 2003, the Ming Tombs, as an extension of the imperial tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, were considered and approved by the 27th World Heritage Assembly of the United Nations and were included in the World Heritage List. ^[6]

In July 2003, the protection and repair project of the three doors and screen walls of the Ming Tombs Kangling Mausoleum.

In August 2005, the Ming Tombs were protected and renovated by Simen.

In December 2005, the Ming Tombs Zhaoling emergency repair project. ^{[8
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On the afternoon of March 21, 2017, the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Cultural Heritage set up a special inspection team to conduct a thorough investigation of the safety risks of the Ming Tombs. ^[2]

On April 29, 2017, it was learned from the Ming Tombs Town of Changping District that after the theft of the stone five candlesticks in Siling, from this month to the end of September, the Ming Tombs will carry out a six-month cultural relics safety inspection. The relevant person in charge also introduced that the Ming Tombs will introduce eight advanced security technical management methods such as light wave vibration anti-theft digging system, infrared pulse alarm, electronic patrol system, and update the old monitoring equipment. ^[3]

Tourist information

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Ticket price

Low Season Ticket prices (November - March)

Ticket type	Full fare ticket	Half Price Ticket (Student)
Coupon ticket	100 yuan	50 yuan
Shenlu	Twenty yuan	Ten yuan
Zhaoling Mausoleum	Twenty yuan	Ten yuan
Changling Mausoleum	30 yuan	Fifteen yuan
Dingling Tomb	Forty yuan	Twenty yuan

Peak Season Fares (April - October)

Joint ticket 135 yuan, have not been in the peak season, the specific ticket price hope to have been added to the tourists.

Opening hours

Scenic spot	Peak season (1 April to 31 October each year)	Off-season time (1 November to 31 March each year)
Dingling Mausoleum of Ming Dynasty	8:00-17:30 (stop time)	8:30-17:00 (stop time)
Changling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty	8:00-17:30 (stop time)	8:30-17:00 (stop time)
Ming Zhaoling Mausoleum	8:30-17:30 (Stop time)	8:30-17:00 (stop time)
Total Shinto	8:10-17:30 (Stop time)	8:30-17:00 (stop time)
The Great Wall of Juyongguan	8:00-17:00 (stop time)	8:30-16:30 (Stop time)
Silver Mountain Tallinn	8:00-17:00 (stop time)	8:30-16:30 (Stop time)

Traffic line

If you choose to visit the Ming Tombs scenic area by car, please enter the Jingchang Expressway from Madian Bridge on the North Third Ring Road and exit the expressway at the exit to Changping Xiguan Ring Island. After half a circle around the island of Panxiguan, you can enter the Ming Tombs scenic area. ^[4]

Scenic spot	Public transport routes
Dingling Mausoleum of Ming Dynasty	1, Deshengmen West Station take the 345 branch line to Changping Dongguan Road exit to 314; 2. Take No. 881 from Deshengmen West Station to Changping Dongguan Road Exit and turn to No. 314.
Changling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty
Ming Zhaoling Mausoleum	1, Deshengmen West Station, take the 345 branch line to Changping Sports Committee turn 22 road; 2, Beijing Lishui Bridge by "Changping Road 22" bus line - Zhaoling village; 3. Take Bus 881 from Deshengmen Station to Shahe Station and change to Changping Road 22.
Total Shinto	1, Deshengmen West Station, take the 345 branch line to Changping Sports Committee turn 22 road; 2, Deshengmen West Station, take 345 Branch line, No. 881 to Changping Dongguan Road exit to 314 South Xincun station; 3, Beijing Metro Line 5 Tiantongyuan by "Changping Road 22".
Juyongguan Pass	1, Deshengmen take 345 fast to Shahe get off, change to Chang68 bus direct to the scenic spot; 2, Deshengmen take No. 883 to Nankou East Street, then transfer to Chang 68 bus directly to the scenic spot; 3, City Railway (Line 13) Longze station to Changping District urban and rural bus 68 bus direct to the scenic spot.
Silver Mountain Tallinn	1. Take Route 345 from Deshengmen to "Changping North Station" and turn Route 31 to Yinshan Tallin Station.

Geographical position

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Ming Tombs

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