Collect
Check out my collection
0
Useful +1
Republic of Moldova (
Romanian
[14]
: Republica Moldova,
English
: Republic of Moldova (abbreviated as Moldova), a landlocked country located in the northern part of Southeast Europe, and
Romania
and
Ukraine
It is bordered by Ukraine to the east, south and north, and Romania to the west. It covers an area of 33,800 square kilometers. The country is divided into 32 districts and 3 municipalities (
Chisinau
,
Boerz
, Bundel) and 2 local administrative districts (Gaguz Autonomous District,
Transnistrian Left Bank administrative region
), the capital is
Chisinau
. As of January 2022, Moldova has a population of 3.49 million and a permanent population of 2.6040 million.
[1]
Moldovan ancestors are
The Dacians
It was founded in 1359
The Principality of Moldova
In 1487, it was reduced to
Ottoman Empire
Vassal, part of the territory in 1812 (
Bessarabia
Area quilt
Russian Empire
Swallow up
[1]
. It declared independence in January 1918 and merged with Romania in March 1918. In June 1940,
The Soviet Union
Annexed it again, established
Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic
, become
Soviet republics
One of them. It became the Republic of Moldova in May 1991 and declared independence on 27 August 1991.
[1]
Moldova is a traditional agricultural country with a well-developed viticulture and wine-making industry. The first half of 2022, Mo
Gross domestic product
About $6.27 billion.
On March 6, 2024, Moldova suspended the treaty.
Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
The effect of...
[17]
- Chinese name
- Republic of Moldova [1]
- Foreign name
-
The Republic of Moldova
[1]
(English)
Republica Moldova [14] (in Romanian) - Abbreviated form
- Moldova
- continent
- Europe
- capital
- Chisinau (Largest city)
- Major city
- Tiraspol, Boerz Etc.
- National Day
- 27 August 1991
- National song
- Our Language
- Country code
- MDA
- Official language
- Romanian [14]
- currency
- Moldovan leu (MDL)
- Time zone
- UTC+2
- Political system
- A parliamentary republic
- National leader
- Maya Sandu (President) , Dorin Rechean (Prime Minister)
- Population number
- 3.49 million [1] (January 2022)
- Population density
- 122.8 people/km2 [8] (2020)
- Major nationality
- Moldovans
- Major religion
- Orthodox Church
- Land area
- 33800 km²
- Water area ratio
- 1.1%
- Total GDP
- $6.27 billion (first half of 2022)
- International telephone area code
- 373
- International domain name abbreviation
- .md
- Road access
- Keep to the right
- National motto
- "Our language is a treasure"
- The national flower
- Peach blossom
- National bird
- White stork
- Leading institution
- State University of Moldova , State Agricultural University of Moldova Etc.
catalogue
- 1Historical evolution
- 2Geographical environment
- ▪Regional location
- ▪landform
- ▪Climatic characteristics
- 3Natural resources
- 4Administrative division
- ▪regionalization
- ▪capital
- 5National symbol
- ▪Country name
- ▪flag
- ▪National emblem
- ▪National anthem
- ▪National bird
- 6population
- 7political
- ▪regime
- ▪constitution
- ▪congress
- ▪government
- ▪judiciary
- ▪dignitaries
- ▪Political party
- 8economy
- ▪summarize
- ▪Farming and animal husbandry
Moldova
The 13th century
to
The 14th century
Mongolian Tartars and
Hungarians
Invading, the Dacians gradually divided into three groups:
Moldovans
,
The Wallachians
Transylvanians. The ancient name of Moldova was
Dacia
- Trajan State, which was later formed
Romania
, Moldova and
Transylvania
The Three Kingdoms.
Between 1600 and 1601, the principalities of Moldova, Wallachia and Transylvania were briefly united.
In January 1859 Moldova and Wallachia merged and became Romania.
It declared independence in January 1918 and merged with Romania in March 1918.
In June 1940, the Soviet Union again included Bessarabia in its territory, and most of the territory of Bessarabia
The Dniester River
left-bank
Moldavia
The autonomous Republic was incorporated
Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic
It became one of the 15 republics of the Soviet Union, and parts of the southern and northern parts of Bessarabia were incorporated
Ukraine
.
When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941,
Romania
Allies of Germany. Germany annexed Bessarabia to Romania.
In September 1944, the Suro Armistice Agreement provided for the restoration of the Suro borders of 1940.
In June 1990, it was renamed the Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic.
On 23 May 1991, it was renamed the Republic of Moldova.
The Republic of Moldova declared its independence on 27 August 1991.
In March 1994, a referendum voted overwhelmingly in favor of maintaining the status of an independent country and against reunification with Romania.
In July 2009, Moldova became integrated
Europe
As a top priority, the country's political, diplomatic, economic, cultural and other fields are advancing around this goal.
In November 2013, Moldova initialed an association agreement with the European Union, including a deep and extensive free trade agreement.
In June 2014, the association Agreement was formally signed.
[3]
On March 3, 2022, Moldova applied to join the European Union.
[9]
On July 26, 2023, Moldovan President Sandu signed a law abolishing the Convention of the Parliamentary Assembly of the CIS member States.
[15]
2023 local time
On August 14, Moldova announced its formal withdrawal from the agreement of the CIS Joint Committee on Disarmament Issues.
[16]
On March 6, 2024, Moldova suspended the treaty.
Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
The effect of...
[18]
The Republic of Moldova is located in Europe
Balkan Peninsula
Northeast part
Danube
Downstream, the southern edge of the Eastern European plain, most of the country between the Prut and Transnistria rivers. East, north and
Ukraine
Border, west
Prut River
It borders Romania and looks to the southeast
The Black Sea
.
Moldova was
The Soviet Union
A republic in the west, covering an area of 33,800 square kilometers, 350 kilometers long from north to south, 150 kilometers wide from east to west, shaped like a bunch of grapes hanging upside down, is a small European country.
[1]
[3]
Landforms of the Republic of Moldova
The geology of Moldova is complex, with large areas of geological structure divided into many units. Topographic uplift in some areas and topographic subsidence in others. Most of the earthquakes occurred in Romania
The Carpathian Mountains
Caused by strong crustal movement in the south. Buildings in Chisinau, the capital of Moldova, and other cities are built with earthquake-resistant materials that can withstand earthquakes with a center of magnitude 6-7 or higher.
[3]
The outstanding geomorphic features of the Republic of Moldova are
hill
And the valley crisscrossed. It has hills, plains, grasslands and forests. The country can be divided into three physical geographical regions: forest areas, forest grassland areas and grassland areas.
Moldova has an average altitude of 147 m above sea level. The highest elevation is in the central part of the country, in the Cordray region, and the highest point in the country is Mount Baraneshte in Cordrinisbolin, which is 429 meters above sea level. Here, four fifths of the area is steep. In Cordray, the height difference is significant. The upper valley of the Baker River, which flows through the area, is only 50-60 metres above sea level, while the banks only 5-8 kilometres apart are nearly 400 metres above sea level. This has resulted in the "mountain country" landscape of Cordray, which is very charming. The central part of the Cordray region is forested and surrounded by vast grasslands. Natural forests account for only 10-20% of the total area, mainly oak-beech and oak-elm forests. The natural terraces on the highlands stand out.
Moldova has three hilly regions. One is
The Dniester River
In the hilly area of the right bank, the highest point is 335 meters above sea level, and the average altitude is 250-300 meters. The hilly region on the right bank of the Dniester River stretches from Soroki to the mouth of the Leute. The western part of the hill is a series of ramps, and the eastern end is a cliff along the Transnistrian River. The exquisite Tige Hills are the second hilly region of Moldova. Its highest point is 301 meters from the village of Yarkore
Prut River
It runs parallel to the city of Cagur. The third hilly region in Moldova is the Podor Hilly Region.
The northern part of Moldova is the vast Belize Hill Plain, also known as the Northern Plain of Moldova, with an average elevation of no more than 100-200 meters. The plain is surrounded by continuous hills, whose elevation is generally 200 meters above sea level.
35% of Moldova's territory is made up of river plains and river terraces with slopes of no more than 2 degrees. The land is rich and fertile. Slopes (slopes between 2 and 6 degrees) account for 37% of the land area, and 20% of the land area is steep slopes and cliffs (slopes of more than 6 degrees). Floodlands make up 8% of the country.
[3]
The Republic of Moldova is located on the border between the Russian plain and the Carpathian Mountains
Temperate continental climate
. Atlantic cyclones blow a lot of moist, warm air to Moldova, but sometimes they also send watery air
Mediterranean
Heat waves, and even heavy summer rains in Moldova. A large amount of dry air blowing from the southeast often causes drought, and the cold Arctic air that can cause cold snaps in early or late autumn rarely invades Moldova. Moldova is known as the "Land of Sunshine" because of its abundant sunshine. continue
Sunshine duration
The north is 2060 hours, the south is 2330 hours, and the plant growth period is more than 210 days.
There is little snow in Moldova in winter and it is often rainy. It was only in January, when the northeasterly winds began to blow, that the weather began to turn cold and snowy. Snow days generally last 2-3 days, with a maximum of 2-3 weeks. In February, the weather begins to warm up, and sometimes there is a cold snap. In March, Moldova often sees heavy snow, which is rare in winter. In April, the trees are green. Moldova's summer climate is dry, and Moldova also has a rainy season. Autumn in Moldova is warm and this climate lasts until early November.
The average annual temperature in the northern and southern regions of Moldova is significantly different: 8 ° C in the north and 10 ° C in the south. The average temperature in January is -5℃ in the north and -3℃ in the south. In July, it is 20 ° C in the north and 25 ° C in the south. The average annual minimum temperature is usually between December and February.
Most of Moldova is in a rain-poor region, with an average annual rainfall of 400-550 mm. Annual precipitation is 500-560 mm in hilly areas and 450-400 mm in plain areas. Rainfall gradually decreases from northwest to southeast. The topographic conditions of Moldova are the main reason for this rainfall distribution. The western region receives about 50-100 mm more precipitation per year than the eastern region. Average annual rainfall in the Cordray region is 500-550 mm. In summer, heavy rains (more than 100 mm in one day and night) can occur throughout the country, resulting in floods. Floods are a common natural disaster in Moldova. Heavy rain often erodes the soil and washes out many gullies, causing soil erosion.
[3]
Moldova is relatively poor in natural resources, lacking hard coal, iron ore, oil and natural gas. However, there are rich non-metallic deposits in the country, mainly marble, gypsum, glass sand, limestone, sand, diatomite, clay and so on. Diatomaceous earth is a valuable mineral resource in Moldova. Moldova is also rich in high-quality clay, green, yellow and red brown, which is an indispensable raw material for brick, pottery and porcelain.
In June 2003, Mozambique implemented new administrative divisions, and the country is divided into 32 districts and 3 municipalities.
Chisinau
,
Boerz
,
Bender
) and 2 local administrative regions (Autonomous Region of Gazuz and Transnistrian Left Bank).
[1]
32 distinctions:
New Aneni District
,
Barca la Beyasca district
,
Bricciane District
,
Kagur district
,
Gundemir District
,
Kalarash District
, Kousseni District,
Chimishleya District
,
Klureni District
, Dunduseni District,
The District of Drokia
, Dubsari District,
Yejinqi District
, Fleishti District,
The district of Floresti
,
The district of Grodeni
,
Henceshti District
,
Yaloveni District
,
The Leowa District
, Nysboleni District,
Oknica District
,
The Arrondissement of Orhay
,
The Regina District
,
Reshkani District
,
The Senjere District
,
Soroka District
,
The district of Strelecheny
,
The district of Sauerdeneshti
,
The Grand District of Strafan
, Taraklia District,
Telenesti District
,
Arrondissement of Wingne
.
[3]
Located on the Baker River, a tributary of the Dniester River, Chisinau covers an area of more than 200 square kilometers and is the political, economic, scientific and cultural center of the country with a population of 673,000.
[1]
From a bird's eye view, the city of Chisinau looks like a blooming stone flower, and the city buildings constitute the five petals of the stone flower. Most of the buildings in Chisinau are made of pure white granite. Chisinau thus gained the reputation of "white city, stone flower".
[3]
During the Soviet period, the Republic of Moldova was called the Moldavian Autonomous Republic and the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic. It was renamed the Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic in June 1990 and the Republic of Moldova on May 23, 1991. Independence was declared on 27 August 1991.
Flag of Moldova
Coat of arms of Moldova
Our Language
Vivid language is our treasure, and from the depths of the shadows of the past, precious gems abound in our ancient lands. Our language is a burning flame, and some of us wake up from a deep sleep, like brave characters in stories. Our language creates the song that strikes from the deepest depths of our souls, how quickly the fire shines, across the blue horizon and the black fog.
The national bird of Moldova is a white stork with a bunch of grapes in its mouth. According to legend, a long time ago, a castle in Moldova was surrounded by the Turks, and the soldiers who defended the city bravely fought the invaders until they ran out of ammunition and food, and the invaders were about to take the castle. At this critical moment, an overwhelming number of storks descended from the sky, blowing a gust of wind, forcing the enemy to lie on the ground, not daring to look up. Hundreds of storks flew towards the castle, carrying grapes in their mouths for the defenders. After the soldiers ate the grapes sent by the divine bird, their mood was high, their morale was greatly increased, and they repelled the invading enemy. Since then, the stork has become an auspicious bird in the hearts of Moldovans, symbolizing happiness and health.
Moldova has a total population of 3,550,900 (as of January 2019),
[1]
Of these, 75.8 per cent were Moldovans, 8.4 per cent Ukrainians, 5.9 per cent Russians, 4.4 per cent Gazuz, 2.2 per cent Romanians, 1.9 per cent Bulgarians and 1.4 per cent others. The official language is Moldovan and Russian is the lingua franca. Most people are Greek Orthodox.
[4]
As of January 2022, Moldova has a population of 3.49 million and a permanent population of 2.6040 million.
[1]
Since 2000
parliamentarism
. Parliamentary elections were held on November 28, 2010,
Communist Party of Moldova
The Liberal Democratic Party, the Democratic Party and the Liberal Party entered Parliament. The Free Democratic Party, the Democratic Party and the Liberal Party form the governing coalition "Alliance for Integration with Europe". Loup, the Democratic Party chairman, was elected Speaker and served as acting President until March 22, 2012; Filat, president of the Liberal Democratic Party, became prime minister. On 23 March 2012, Timofti, an independent elected by the ruling coalition, was elected president. On February 13, 2013, Prime Minister Filat announced the withdrawal of the Liberal Democratic Party from the governing coalition. On March 5, the Moslem parliament passed a no-confidence motion against Filat's government. On 8 March, Filat resigned as Prime Minister. On 25 April, Parliament removed Loup from office. On 30 May, the Liberal Democratic Party, the Democratic Party, and the Liberal Reform Party formed a new governing coalition. The deputy chairman of the Liberal Democratic Party (FDP), Liang, was elected Prime Minister, and the deputy Chairman of the Democratic Party, Coleman, was elected Speaker. On 30 November 2014, the eighth parliamentary election since independence was held, and five political parties, namely the Socialists, the Free Democrats, the Communists, the Democrats and the Liberals, entered parliament. On 23 January 2015, the Liberal Democratic Party (FDP) and the Democratic Party (PD) formed a minority coalition "Alliance for European Integration", and the Democratic Party's deputy chairman, Khandu, was elected speaker. In 2015, tens of thousands of people protested in the capital Chisinau over a scandal in which about $1 billion went missing from three banks, leading to the collapse of the government twice. A new government was formed in January 2016, and popular protests continued. On March 4, the Constitutional Court announced an amendment to the constitution, changing the way the president is elected from a parliamentary election to a direct popular vote.
Igor Dodon
He was elected President on 14 November 2016 and was sworn in on 23 December 2016. November 13, 2019
Igor Dodon
To announce the nomination of the current counsel to the President
Yann Kiku
As the new prime minister
[1]
[3]
[5]
On February 10, 2023 local time, the Prime Minister of Moldova
Natalia Gavrilica
Announced his resignation.
[11]
On February 16, 2023, the new government of Moldova received a vote of confidence in the Parliament, the Prime Minister
Dorin Rechean
He then led the entire cabinet to swear in President Sandu.
[13]
On 29 July 1994, Moldova promulgated its first post-independence constitution. Moldova values the rule of law, civil society, democracy and people as its highest values. The Constitution lays down the following guiding principles for the new national form of government.
(1) Principle of separation of powers. That is, the separation of legislation, judiciary and law enforcement, and the clear division of responsibilities and powers among the three institutions, while restricting each other and cooperating with each other. According to the amendments to the National Constitution adopted on 5 July 2000, the Parliament and the Government have the right to initiate legislation, and the President no longer enjoys this right.
(2)
democracy
Principle. Moldova is a democracy and a democracy
Political pluralism
In principle, no ideology can be defined as the official ideology of the State. Parliamentary democracy is a concrete manifestation of this principle, and the Moldovan Parliament is the highest representative body of the people and the sole legislative authority of the State.
3. The principle of constitutional supremacy. The Constitution of Moldova is the supreme law of the country, and any law or other regulation that contradicts the provisions of the Constitution shall have no legal effect.
(4) Principle of neutrality. Since its independence, Moldova, on the one hand, has repeatedly reaffirmed that Moldova is a sovereign and indivisible independent State, and its territory cannot be ceded, while declaring that the Republic of Moldova is permanently neutral and does not allow the armed forces of other countries to be stationed on the mainland.
(5) The principle of the supremacy of citizens' rights. Moldova regards civil harmony, democracy, human dignity, rights and freedoms, the free development of the human personality, and just political pluralism as the highest values of the Moldovan state.
State sovereignty
Belonging to the citizens of Moldova, the priority of the State is to respect and protect human individuality. The will of the people is the basis of the power of the State, and this will is reflected in free elections, which are held on a regular basis. All citizens of Moldova are equal before the law and rights, and enjoy freedom of expression, belief, association, movement, creation and assembly.
It has a unicameral system, with 101 members serving four-year terms. In July 2017, the Electoral Law was amended, and the parliamentary election method was changed to a mixed electoral system, in which 51 members of parliament were elected in 51 constituencies nationwide and overseas, and 50 members were elected through proportional elections. In the parliamentary elections held on 11 July 2021, the Solidarity and Action Party won an absolute majority and was granted the right to form a cabinet alone, while the Socialist Party-Communists Party contested the Alliance and the Sauer Party entered parliament as opposition. The current Speaker is the acting Chairman of the Solidarity and Action Party
Igor Grossu
Igor Grosu (Igor Grosu).
[1]
The current government was formed on February 16, 2023, with the Prime Minister Dorin Recean (Prime Minister). Key members of the Cabinet are: Nicolay Popescu, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs and European Integration, Н и seem о л а й П о п е с seem), deputy prime minister and minister of economic development and digital, du MiTeLu alle, ba (Dumitru Alaiba, Д м и т р А л а й б а), deputy prime minister and minister of agricultural and food industry Vladimir bao in (Vladimir Bolea, В л а д и м и р Unifying Б о л second), deputy prime minister, Oleg, ray briens (Oleg Serebrian, О л е f С е р е б р second н).
[1]
[6]
Alexandru Tanase, President of the Constitutional Court (since October 2011), President of the Supreme Court
Mihai Poalerenghi
Mihai Poalelungi (since February 2012) and Andrei Pantea (since January 13, 2013), Acting Prosecutor General of the Supreme Public Prosecutor's Office.
Maya Sandu
Speaker:
Marion Loop
(Marian Lupu). He was born on June 20, 1966 in Berz. Doctor of Economics. He graduated from the Department of Economics and Trade of the National University of Moldova in 1987 and has been working in the Ministry of Economics since 1991. In 1997, he became Director of the External Relations Department of the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Reform. He became Deputy Minister of Economic Affairs in May 2001 and Minister of Economic Affairs in August 2003. He served as President from March 2005 to March 2009. On 30 December 2010, he was re-elected as Speaker of the Parliament and served as acting President until 22 March 2012. Married, with a son and a daughter.
Prime Minister:
Dorin Rechean
. On February 16, 2023, the entire cabinet was sworn in by President Sandu.
[13]
In December 2007, the Moldovan Parliament passed a law on political parties. According to the new law, 0.05% of the state budget is allocated for the activities of political parties, and political parties holding more than 20% of the seats in the central and local authorities receive funding in proportion to their share. The main political parties in Moldova are:
(1)
Communist Party of Moldova
Founded on 23 October 1993. By 2014, there were more than 30,000 Party members and 1,670 grass-roots Party organizations nationwide. In 2001,
Communist Party of Moldova
Winning the parliamentary elections, he became one of only three Communist parties in the world to come to power through parliamentary democracy (the other two are
Progressive Party of the Working People of Cyprus
And one of the United Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist). Chairman of the Communist Party of Moldova
Vladimir Voronin
Elected president. In March 2005, the MCPM won another parliamentary election. Voronin was re-elected president of Moldova. He joined the European Left Party in 2007. In July 2009, the Communist Party lost the election.
(2)
Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova
Founded on December 8, 2007, it has 43,000 party members as of 2014. He advocated the consolidation of democratic institutions, economic development, and accession to the European Union and NATO.
(3)
Democratic Party of Moldova
Formerly the socio-political movement "For a Democratic and Prosperous Moldova", founded on 8 February 1997, it changed its name to the Democratic Party of Moldova on 15 April 2000. As of 2014, there are 50,000 party members. With the goal of European democracy, it advocates the revitalization of Moldova on the basis of sustainable economic development, the eradication of poverty and unemployment, the promotion of exports, support for local producers and small and medium-sized enterprises, and the fight against corruption.
(4) Freedom Party of Moldova: formerly the Reform Party founded in 1993, it was renamed the Freedom Party in 2005. As of 2014, there are 12,000 party members. The party advocates creating new jobs, improving social welfare, and attracting the Left Bank through economic development.
Moldova is a traditional agricultural country with a well-developed viticulture and wine-making industry. In 2021, Moldova's GDP is about 13.1 billion US dollars, a year-on-year increase of 10%, and its foreign trade is 9.6 billion US dollars, of which exports are 3.14 billion US dollars, a year-on-year increase of 26.1%, and imports are 6.46 billion US dollars, a year-on-year increase of 19.4%. In 2022, Moldova's GDP is about 14.42 billion US dollars, down 5.9% year on year, foreign trade is 13.555 billion US dollars, up 31.33% year on year, of which exports are 4.335 billion US dollars, up 37.9% year on year, imports are 9.22 billion US dollars, up 28.5% year on year, and trade deficit is 4.884 billion US dollars. It was up 21.1 percent year-on-year. From January to June 2023, Moldova's GDP was about 7.365 billion US dollars, down 2.3% year-on-year, and its foreign trade was 6.413 billion US dollars, of which exports were 2.042 billion US dollars, down 10.9% year-on-year, and imports were 4.371 billion US dollars, up 0.5% year-on-year.
[1]
Fine Moldovan wine
Moldova has a weak industrial base. During the Soviet period, Moldovan industry grew faster than agriculture for the first time. By the 1980s, industrial output was 1.3 times higher than agricultural output in the gross domestic product. In the industrial output value, the output value of the food processing industry ranks first, the heavy industry ranks second, and the light industry ranks third. The share of industrial sectors in the industrial economy is: 23.5 per cent in electricity, 13.7 per cent in machine building and metallurgical processing, 3 per cent in timber and wood processing, 8.5 per cent in building materials, 9.6 per cent in light industry and 36.7 per cent in food industry.
The Achilles heel of Moldovan industry is its total dependence on external supplies of raw materials, energy and technical links.
Moldova's metallurgical plants at the beginning of the 21st century were still considered the best in Europe. It produces high-quality products that are bought by discerning customers. But local raw materials only meet 15-20% of the company's needs.
[7]
In 2020, Moldova's foreign trade is 7.9 billion US dollars, of which exports are 2.49 billion US dollars, down 10.6% year-on-year, and imports are 5.41 billion US dollars, down 7.3% year-on-year. The top three trading partners are Romania, Russia and Germany.
In 2021, Moldova's foreign trade amounted to US $9.6 billion, of which exports were US $3.14 billion, up 26.1% year-on-year, and imports were US $6.46 billion, up 19.4% year-on-year.
[1]
Since its independence, Mozambique has always taken the development of information industry as the focus of national economic development, and at the beginning of the 21st century, remarkable achievements have been made in the field of telecommunications and information transmission.
Fixed service
It is mainly operated by the state-owned company Moelectric. Friction fixation
Telephone penetration rate
About 21.7%, and 50% in the capital; Before 1995, the number of fixed-line telephone users increased by two times each year, among which digital telephones grew rapidly and reached more than 50% of fixed-line telephones at the beginning of the 21st century, but there is a big gap between the popularity of telephones between urban and rural areas, and the rural telephone penetration rate is very low.
Mobile service
At the beginning of the 21st century, there are about 850,000 mobile phone users, accounting for about 25% of the country's population. There are two mobile phone operators: Voxtel and Moldecell, and the service area covers about 80% of the country's territory.
IT industry
The IT industry is developing most rapidly in Mozambique, increasing at an annual rate of almost 100%. At the beginning of the 21st century, the Internet service business accounted for about 10% of the market share of the entire telecommunications service business in Mozambique, with more than 100,000 Internet users, including about 20,000 broadband users.
[7]
Historically, the Republic of Moldova was divided between Romania and the Soviet Union. During the Soviet period, Russian was widely used in the Moldavian SSR, and only a few people spoke Moldovan. Moldovan belongs to the eastern branch of Indo-European Romance languages.
[4]
Russian for
The inter-ethnic language
.
The Moldovan Parliament passed a bill on March 16, 2023, which will incorporate all legal texts and constitutional provisions
Official language
instead
Romanian
.
[14]
Some Moldovans believe that the Moldovan language is
The Soviet Union
Intended to strengthen the product of Moldovan identity, changing the law would help correct this mistake. Many Moldovans consider their language to be Romanian. Others want the language to be called Moldovan.
[14]
Russian Orthodox Church in Chisinau
The majority of Moldova's population is Greek Orthodox. As early as the time of the Moldovan Duchy, the influence of the Greek Orthodox Church has been deeply rooted in the people. At that time, the Greek Orthodox Church in Moldova was under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople (Byzantine). At first, the Greek Orthodox clergy in Moldova were sent from neighboring Slavic states. Later, in order to consolidate its control over religious affairs, the ruling class of the Duchy of Moldova, despite the opposition of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch, established the Greek Orthodox Bishop of the Duchy of Moldova by Archduke Peter Mussaut in 1387, which led to a sharp conflict between the Church of Moldova and the Byzantine Church.
At the beginning of the 21st century, the leader of the Greek Orthodox Church in Moldova was Vladica Fragimire.
The main Greek Orthodox organizations are: Russian Greek Orthodox Church Moldovan Diocese, Russian Greek Orthodox Church, Morokan Denomination, Armenian-Grishori Church.
Other religious organizations include the Jewish Association, the International Association of Consciousness (the 8th patron saint of Hinduism), and so on.
[4]
The New Year on January 1 is the most important festival for the people of Moldova. The custom of celebrating the New Year still exists today. The night before the New Year, every family door to leave a crack, people hope that the old years quietly slip through the crack of the door, new hope will follow. On New Year's Eve, most people stay up all night and take to the streets to hold a New Year party. The boys have to carry the ancestral plow door to door to congratulate the festival, wish everyone happiness, grain harvest. The activity didn't end until the next morning. Another important activity during the New Year is the performance of various forms of folk New Year operas. Young people wear masks and costumes to play horses, bears, sheep and other animals in the play. Traditional plays are frequently performed: Malangka, Bunora, Riyana, Arnaute and the Old People. The New Year poetry concert was interrupted in the 1940s and 1950s, and this cultural tradition began to revive in the 1970s, and has been retained until now.
Baptismal Day is an important Moldovan Greek Orthodox holiday on January 19. This day is often used for initiation ceremonies and the naming day of newborns for baptism. The host recites the scriptures, gives the baptized person water on the forehead or head, sometimes immersing the whole body in water, and then puts the baptized person on a cross necklace. When the newborn is baptized, the parents cannot be present, and the chosen guardian for the baptized person is called "godfather" or "godmother". On Baptismal Day, in addition to being baptized in church, people also take "holy water" from rivers. Healthy people have to jump into the ice and wash themselves.
In addition,
Easter
And Carnival is also a very important religious festival in Moldova. Easter begins every year on the first Sunday from the end of April to the beginning of May and lasts for seven days. The eighth week before Easter is Carnival, which lasts for seven days.
March 1 is the Moldovans welcome the arrival of Spring Festival, called Trinity Day. On this day, everyone wears small flowers woven with red and white silk threads on their chests. White symbolizes a good and pure heart, which can bring love and peace to people, while red represents the resurrection of the sun and nature, which brings health and strength to people.
August 27 is the independence Day of the Republic of Moldova and one of the most important holidays.
[4]
Moldovan wedding customs
Moldovan wedding customs
National characteristics
Moldovans can sing and dance. On major festivals, people take to the streets to dance and sing. It is not an exaggeration to say that "dance is the soul of Moldovans". The national dance of Moldova is passionate, poetic, and slightly melancholy, which fully reflects the character of this nation. The folk dances "Hora dance" and "Jok dance" are well known at home and abroad. Moldovan folk poetry is rich, full of strong national characteristics, lyric song "Doina" is the essence of folk poetry, widely sung.
costume
Every festival, Moldovan men, women and children wear national costumes. Over the centuries, the Moldovan nation has developed a distinctive national dress. Adult men wear a long white shirt and white trousers, a waistcoat made of cloth, a leather or wool vest in winter, a short sheepskin jacket, a sheepskin hat, homemade leather boots, and a wide belt of red, green, or blue around the waist. The belt length is usually 3 meters. Men's belts not only have practical value, but also have a strong decorative. The women wore a large square scarf over their heads, a white embroidered gown, a knee-wide skirt with an apron of wool or linen. Moldovan women's skirts are generally made of dark wool fabrics. The dress was embroidered with multicolored geometric patterns. The skirt has a narrow belt at the waist. In winter, both men and women wear homemade fur coats. At the beginning of the 21st century, the national dress is still retained in the rural elderly, young people have rarely worn it, mostly used in the film and stage, and has gradually become the artistic symbol of the Moldovan nation.
Moldovans are very hospitable and often use wine as a drink to entertain guests. In this case, the guest should not refuse the host's hospitality, but should drink a toast with the host, to show the host's friendship and respect. When dining at the same table, the host taboos others playing with knives and forks or bumping cutlery, picking up the plate to eat dishes and soup is also very unsightly. Do not break into the bedroom or sit on the bed without the permission of the host. This is extremely impolite behavior.
The number 13 is taboo among Moldovans, who believe that it is a symbol of danger and death, but prefer the number 7, which is believed to bring success and happiness.
The army of Moldova was founded on 3 September 1992. The total number of active military personnel is 6,500. The President is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The armed forces are composed of the National Defense Forces, border guards and police forces. The constitution stipulates that Moldova is a neutral country and does not allow foreign troops to be stationed on its territory, nor does it allow the use of its territory to attack other countries, and Moldova does not launch military operations against other countries first.
[1]
On March 6, 2024, Moldova's Ministry of Defense announced that the country was suspending the effect of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE), but left open the possibility of re-implementing the treaty in the future.
[17]
The total length of roads in Moldova is 10,580 km, of which 3,384 km are national roads and the rest are interregional roads. 46% of national roads and 75% of interregional roads are in a state of repair. Road transport plays an important role in domestic transport, with many roads directly connected to neighbouring Romania and Ukraine. The main routes are Tiraspoli - Bundel - Chisinau - Borz - Lipacane - Chernovice; Chisinau-katovsk-komrat-bolgrad; Tiraspoli - Dubsari - Rebnitsa - Chisinau - Kalarash - Wingeni. There are no highways in Moldova.
[10]
The total length of Moldovan railways is 1,318 km. Railways dominate Moldova's transport, with 72% of the country's freight transport relying on railways. Annual shipping capacity of 13.8 million tons of goods, accounting for 95% of the volume of outbound cargo transport; Import capacity 24.5 million tons; It carried 10.1 million passengers. The railway connects Odessa, Kiev, Lviv and Romania in Ukraine. The main railway lines are: Razjellinaya - Tiraspoli - Bundel - Chisinau - Wengeni - Borz - Oknica - Chernovice; Borz Rebnitsa Slobotka; Bender - Bisalabiasca - Leni. Most of the railways in Moldova belong to the broad gauge railways of the former Soviet era, which used to be part of the railway system of the CIS countries, connecting Odessa, Kiev and Lviv in Ukraine, and some standard gauge railways to neighboring EU countries such as Romania. Moldova is one of the few European countries that have not achieved railway electrification, there is no high-speed railway, and Moldova's relatively backward railway facilities are increasingly becoming one of the important factors hindering Moldova's accession to the European Union.
[10]
In February 1992, Moldova formed a national airline and joined the International Aviation Union, and in July 2012, Moldova and the European Union signed an agreement to open airspace to each other. At present, the annual transport of passengers 200,000-250,000, 90% of the business is international passenger transport. There are international flights to Frankfurt, Paris, London, Moscow, Barcelona, Budapest, Dubai, Kiev, Istanbul, Munich, Vienna and Bucharest. At present, there are no direct flights between China and Moldova, the main transit routes are: Kishnau - Moscow - Beijing, Chisinau - Kyiv - Beijing, Kishnau - Istanbul - Beijing, Kishnau - Munich - Beijing, Kishnau - Vienna - Beijing and so on.
[10]
Moldova has two main rivers: the Prut and the Dniester. The Prut River is 953 km long and 716 km in Moldova; The Transdniester River is 1,411 km long and 640 km in Moldova. The inland waterway has a total length of 1356 kilometers, and shipping has been realized in the whole process. Connecting many cities and villages in Moldova.
In 1999, after years of border negotiations, Moldova and Ukraine reached an agreement to grant Moldova part of the southern border with Ukraine on a tributary of the Danube, and the border demarcation agreement entered into force in 2001 after ratification by the Moldovan parliament. Since then, Moldova has decided to build a port on the newly acquired tributary of the Danube, the International Free Port of Jujuleshti, since 2004.
The port is the only port in Moldova where ocean-going vessels can be anchored, located in the southernmost part of Moldovan territory, between Ukraine and Romania, 133.8 km (72.2 nautical miles) from the mouth of the Danube River. The location of the port is very advantageous: first, it is connected with the EU country Romania; Secondly, through this port, goods can be directly connected to traditional international trade and transport routes, such as the waterline of the Rhin-Main-Danube river, which connects the Black Sea, 14 European countries and the North Sea, European and Russian roads and railways. The port could become a regional logistics hub, playing its own unique role in the regional economy of southern Eastern Europe. The port is located on the lower Danube at a favorable waterline at a depth of 7 meters and can accept all inland and ocean-going vessels, and is well positioned to become a distribution point for river-sea transhipment and Moldovan import and export goods, a logistics center that can connect road, rail, river, sea and other regions in Europe. The unique strategic location, triangular transportation routes (water, road, rail), low price services, and special tariff system make the port a good prospect for development.
[10]
As of 2014, 187 newspapers and magazines have been published in the country, half of which are in Romanian and the rest in Russian or both languages. The main newspapers are: Sovereign Moldova (4 weekly issues in Romanian and 1 weekly issue in Russian), Independent Moldova (Government newspaper, Russian), Economic Review (Russian), Current (Romanian), Courier, Sunday, Hurriyet, Moments, Chisinau News (Russian), Moldova Komsomolskaya Pravda (in Russian). The main publications are Bessarabia, Moldovan Women, Moldova and the World, and Moldovan Literature.
News agencies and radio stations include the Moldovan News Agency (State), the Barsa News Agency (private), the Inverdag News Agency (private), Radio and Television Moldova under the Moldovan State Television Broadcasting Company.
In addition, there are four private and local radio stations and three private and local television stations.
[4]
Education is free and compulsory in Moldova. The education structure is divided into: preschool education, primary education, secondary education and higher education. The main institutions of higher learning are the National University, the School of Economics, the Free International University, the National Polytechnic University, the National Medical University, the Agricultural University, the Chisinau State Teachers College, the College of Art, the College of Music and so on.
In the 2019/20 academic year, there were 1,255 primary and secondary schools in Moldova, with 333,100 students. 91 vocational education institutions, including 13 centers of excellence, 36 colleges and 42 vocational schools, with a total of 43,600 students; There are 27 colleges and universities, with a total of 56,800 students.
[10]
|
National University of Arts
|
"Nikolai Testimicanu" National Medical University
|
Moldova university students at the Chinese Embassy
After independence, Moldova's economy developed slowly and its industrial base was weak, but due to the better foundation of the former Soviet Union, it has a certain innovation ability in some fields. In the past five years, the number of innovative patents filed in Moldova has been roughly 300 per year.
[10]
Moldova has universal free medical care, a wide coverage of medical insurance, and people enjoy basic medical services. Large cities (such as the capital Chisinau and Birz, etc.) have a relatively complete health care system, with general hospitals, maternal and child health hospitals, specialized hospitals, emergency hospitals and first aid systems. However, the diagnosis and treatment equipment of each hospital is aging, and the overall medical level is low. The supply of commonly used drugs in pharmacies is sufficient, and the prices are basically normal.
According to the statistics of the World Health Organization and the National Bureau of Statistics of Moldova, in 2019, the total expenditure on health care in Moldova accounted for 4.4% of GDP, and the per capita expenditure on health care was $156 in terms of purchasing power parity. In 2019, the overall life expectancy at birth was 73.3 years, with 47.5 doctors, 89.3 nurses and midwives, 6.4 dentists and 6.9 pharmacists per 10,000 people. In 2019, there were 68.3 hospital beds per 10,000 people.
[10]
Moldova itself is a net exporter of immigrants, although the total population of the country is only about 4 million people, but according to a more conservative estimate, about 1 million young and middle-aged people abroad legally or illegally stay, work, and settle. For years, Moldova has suffered from high unemployment and has imposed very strict restrictions on immigration. Typically, stable, long-term legal residency can be obtained by investing in a business or marrying a Mozambican citizen. If one of the parents is a Moldovan citizen, the child may acquire Moldovan citizenship. The nationality Law of Moldova stipulates that persons who have been normally and legally settled in Moldova for 10 years or more, or have been married to a Moldovan citizen for more than 3 years, recognize and abide by the Constitution, master a considerable degree of the official language to integrate into local life, have a legal source of income, and lose or renounce their foreign citizenship may apply for naturalization. The applicant's knowledge of the Constitution and mastery of the official language is tested in a form prescribed by the Government.
Moldova allows citizens to have multiple nationalities, subject to certain conditions, such as:
(1) The child automatically acquires Moldovan and foreign nationality at birth;
(2) A Moldovan citizen automatically acquires foreign citizenship upon marriage;
(3) International treaties to which Moldova is a party allow for the acquisition of multiple citizenship. At the beginning of the 21st century, Moldova concluded similar bilateral treaties with Romania, Russia, Ukraine and other countries.
Moldova will integrate into Europe, join
European Union
As a diplomatic priority, China actively develops relations with the United States, the European Union and other countries, and attaches importance to developing relations with Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States. In April 2014, it was granted visa-free treatment by the EU, and in June of the same year, it officially signed the association agreement and free trade Agreement with the EU. Actively develop good-neighborly and friendly relations with Ukraine and Romania.
[1]
Moldova has joined the United Nations,
World Bank
,
The International Monetary Fund
,
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
,
European Commission
,
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
NATO Cooperation Council and other organizations. In May 1994, Mozambique and NATO signed the "Partnership for Peace" program. On May 8, 2001, Moldova joined
World Trade Organization
. On June 29, 2001, MO joined the"
Stability Pact for South-Eastern Europe
". On June 16, 2003, Moldova joined
International Organization for Migration
(OIM). In October 2004, Mozambique joined the South-Eastern Europe Cooperation Process as an observer.
We will pursue a pragmatic foreign policy. Taking integration into Europe as a priority, it attaches importance to the development of relations with Europe and the United States. In April 2014, it won the visa-free treatment of the European Union, and in June of the same year, it officially signed the association agreement and free trade Agreement with the European Union. In March 2022, it submitted the application for joining the European Union, and obtained the EU candidate country status in June 2022. Actively developing good-neighborly and friendly relations with Ukraine and Romania; The relationship with Russia is delicate, and different factions in China have different attitudes toward Russia. Emphasis is placed on the development of traditional links with other CIS countries.
Relations with China
胡锦涛会见摩尔多瓦总统
The two sides held the first meeting of the China-Moldova Intergovernmental Economic and Trade Cooperation Committee in 1999 and the eighth meeting in 2016. In December 2017, China and Moldova officially launched negotiations on a free trade agreement. In 2020, the trade volume between China and Moldova reached 206 million US dollars, a year-on-year increase of 17.1 percent. In 2021, two-way trade reached 288 million U.S. dollars, up 28.2 percent year on year. In 2022, the trade volume between China and Moldova reached 290 million US dollars, up 3.6 percent year-on-year. In the first nine months of 2023, the trade volume between China and Moldova reached 244 million US dollars, an increase of 3.1 percent year-on-year.
[12]
Wu Bangguo met with Moldovan Prime Minister Tarlev
In June 2000, China and Moldova signed the Agreement on Cooperation in Health and Medical Sciences between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Republic of Moldova. In February 2003, the two sides signed the Protocol on Cooperation between the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China and the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Moldova on Improving the skills of Health Professionals and the Memorandum of Understanding between the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China and the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Moldova on Cooperation in Traditional Medicine. In May 2004, a delegation from the China Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine visited Mozambique. In March 2011, the Chinese Medicine Center for Momo-Assisted Medicine was completed and officially put into operation.
Relations with Russia
In March 1992, Russia established diplomatic relations with Moldova.
In March 2012, the then-president of Russia
Medvedev
Appointed Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin as Special Representative of the Russian President on the "German-Left" issue. In April, Dmitry Rogozin, Deputy Prime Minister of Russia, Special representative of the President on German-Left issues and Chairman of the Russian Inter-Governmental Commission for Economic and Trade Cooperation, paid a working visit to Moldova. In July, Moldova's Deputy Foreign Minister Aleksandr Popov and Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Aleksandr Karasin held consultations between the two foreign ministries in Chisinau. In September, Moldova's Prime Minister Filat visited Russia. In November, Dmitry Rogozin, Deputy Prime Minister of Russia, Special representative of the President on German-Left issues and Chairman of the Russian Intergovernmental Committee on Economic and Trade Cooperation visited Mozambique and held the 13th meeting of the Intergovernmental Committee on Economic and Trade Cooperation.
Relations with other CIS countries
In January 2012, Moldova's Prime Minister Filat visited Azerbaijan. In the same month, Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych visited Mali. Mozambican Prosecutor General Zubko visits Georgia. In February, Moldova's Prime Minister Filat paid a working visit to Ukraine. In May, President Timofti visited Ukraine. In the same month, Timofti attended the informal meeting of the heads of State of the Commonwealth of Independent States in Moscow. Ukraine Special Representative for the mediation of the "German-left" issue Kharchenko visited Moldova. In July, Moldova's Prime Minister Filat paid an official visit to Georgia. In the same month, Mozamanian Health Minister Moussa Ousatei visited Georgia. In September, Moldova's Prime Minister Filat attended the meeting of the Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Independent States in Yalta, Ukraine.
Relations with the United States
The establishment of diplomatic relations on 25 December 1991.
In February 2012, Prime Minister Filat held a meeting of the Monitoring Committee of the "United States Millennium Challenge - Moldova" Fund in Moldova. In March, at the invitation of US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Moldova's Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Luge paid a working visit to the United States. In September, Moldova's Deputy Speaker and First Vice Chairman of the Democratic Party Prattenyuk visited the United States.
Relations with France
On March 7, 2024, Moldova and France signed a defense cooperation agreement.
[19]
Relations with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
On February 10, 2000, NATO Secretary General Robertson visited Mozambique. Mozamanian President Yuri Ruchinski, Speaker of Parliament Mikhail Diakov, Prime Minister Brakish, Foreign Minister Tebcaru and Defense Minister Gamurari met with Robertson respectively. In February 2003, Foreign Minister Dudeu visited Brussels and held talks with NATO Secretary General Robertson. In March 2004, a NATO parliamentary delegation visited Mozambique. In June, Moldova's President Andriy Voronin attended the NATO Istanbul Summit. In September, the Secretary-General of NATO
Jaap de Hoop Scheffer
Visit motorcycle.
Relations with the United Nations
On September 5, 2000, President Ruchinski went to New York to attend the United Nations Millennium Summit. In March 2002, Moldova's Prime Minister Tarlev visited the country
Mexico
Attended the International Conference on Financing for Development under the auspices of the United Nations. In May,
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
Director-general visits Mozambique. In March 2003, Foreign Minister Dudu attended the 59th High-level Meeting on Human Rights of the United Nations. In September, Moldova's President Andriy Voronin attended the 58th session of the UN General Assembly.
Relationships with other organizations
In January 2012, Moldova's Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Luange attended the 16th meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the Organization for Democracy and Economic Development held by the OSCE in Vilnius. In March, the 10th round of negotiations on the Moldova - EU Association Agreement was held in Chisinau. In April, Mauritius President Timofti visited Brussels, the headquarters of the European Union. In June, Mozambique's Prime minister Filat v
European Union
Head office
Brussels
and
Luxembourg
He made a working visit and attended the 14th meeting of the European Cooperation Council on the partnership between Moldova and the EU.
On 29 November 2013, the two-day EU Eastern Partnership Summit concluded in Vilnius, Lithuania, at which the EU initialed association agreements with Georgia and Moldova to strengthen their political and economic ties.
The Arch of Triumph and the Orthodox Church
Stefan cel Mare Park: Located on the west side of Chisinau city center square, the bronze statue of the Grand Duke of Strfan stands at the gate of the park, which is a good place for Chisinau citizens to relax.
Klikova Wine Cellar: One of the largest underground wine cellars in the world.
