WEB news Post bar know Web disk picture video map A surname message purchase encyclopedia

Baidu home page

assist

Home page

encyclopaedia

Feature encyclopedia

Knowledge topic

Join the encyclopedia

Encyclopedia team

Authoritative cooperation

Individual center

Czech Republic

broadcast discuss Upload video

Czech Republic

unfoldThree entries with the same name

Collect

Check out my collection

0 Useful +1

Czech Republic (Czech: republika; The Czech Republic (abbreviated as "Czech Republic") is located in central Europe. Border east Slovakia , our south neighbor Austria , to the West Germany , Bac PI Poland It covers an area of 78,900 square kilometers. Belong to The north temperate zone , typical Temperate continental climate . Four distinct seasons, the average temperature in summer is about 18.5℃, the average temperature in winter is about minus 3℃, the climate is humid, the average annual precipitation of 683 mm. The country is divided into 14 state units, including 13 states and the capital City of Prague . Each state has cities and towns. In 2022, the population of the Czech Republic is 10.53 million.

In the 6th century AD, Slavs He began to settle in the area, establishing the Duchy of Bohemia in 870 and becoming the Principality of Bohemia in 1002 Holy Roman Empire the Vassal state . ^[1] By 1198 Holy Roman Emperor Upgrade to The Kingdom of Bohemia . Its capital Bragg It was the center of the Holy Roman Empire at the end of the 14th century. ^[1] From 1419 to 1437, opposition broke out in the Czech region Holy See and Germany aristocratic Husse movement . In 1620, by The Austrian Habsburg Dynasty Annex, ^[1] until World War I When it's over, Austro-hungarian Empire Collapse, October 28, 1918 and Slovakia Joint establishment Czechoslovakia . ^[1] 1960 changed to Czechoslovak Socialist Republic It was established in 1989 Czechoslovak Federal Republic Since January 1, 1993 Slovakia Separate peacefully and become independent Sovereign state . ^[2]

Czech is a developed country Capitalist country He joined in 1999 North Atlantic Treaty Organization He joined in 2004 European Union . In 2006 World Bank enrol Developed country Ranks. ^[3] The year 2021 Gross domestic product $282.3 billion, per capita GDP of about 26,900 US dollars, GDP growth rate of 3.3 percent. ^[1]

Chinese name: Czech Republic ^[2]
Foreign name: The republika ^[1] (in Czech)
The Czech Republic (English)
Abbreviated form: Czech Republic
continent: Europe
capital: Bragg ^[1]
Major city: Brno , Ostrava , Billson , Karlovy Vary Etc. ^[1]
National Day: October 28th ^[1]
National song: Where Is My Hometown?
Country code: CZE
Official language: Czech ^[1]
currency: Czech koruna ^[1] (CZK)
Time zone: UTC+1
Political system: A parliamentary republic
National leader: Peter Pavel ^[17] (President) , Peter Fiala ^[10] (Prime Minister)
Population number: 10.53 million (2022)

Population density: 138.6 people/km2
Major nationality: Czechs ^[1]
Major religion: Catholicism ^[1]
Land area: 78900 km² ^[1]
Water area ratio: 2%
Total GDP: $290.92 billion ^[1] (2022)
Per capita GDP: About $27,600 (2022)
International telephone area code: 420
International domain name abbreviation: .cz
Road access: Drive on the right
The national flower: Rose
Kunishi: Opal
Gini coefficient: 0.26
Largest city: Bragg
Automobile enterprise: Skoda Have been incorporated public Affiliated)
National motto: Truth will prevail! (Czech: Pravda vit isk zi!)
Leading institution: Charles University , Czech Technical University

catalogue

▪Science and technology
▪Physical education
▪celebrity
▪People's livelihood
13diplomacy
▪Foreign policy
▪External relations
▪Relations with international and regional organizations
14travel
▪Visa policy
▪Famous scenic spot
▪World heritage site
15Territorial dispute

Historical evolution

broadcast

EDITOR

The indigenous people of the Czech Republic are Celtic Bois The beginning of the AD was Germanic The Marcomanni Replace.

In the 5th and 6th centuries, Slavs Moved west to the Czech Republic and Slovakia Area.

In 623 AD, Slavs (SLOVANE) Tribal Federation The Duchy of Satsuma Formed, becoming the first in history Slavs The kingdom.

It was founded in 830 AD The Principality of Great Moravia .

From the end of the 9th century to the first half of the 10th century, The Great Moravian Empire Disintegrated, the Prizemese family was formed Bragg centered Czech Principality .

1086 - Holy Roman Emperor, King of Germany Henry IV Awarded to Prince Vradislav II of the Czech Republic Bohemia ( Bohemia is Latin , The Germanic language The title of King, thereafter Czech Principality Submit to the Holy Roman Empire.

In the second half of the 12th century, the duchy was renamed The Kingdom of Bohemia .

In 1620, Bohemia (Czech Republic) and The Palatinate Allied forces in Battle of Baishan In defeat, the Czech Republic long by Austria The House of Habsburg Rule.

After 1867, in Austro-hungarian Empire Under the rule. World War I After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Czech Republic was united with Slovakia and the Czechoslovak Republic was established on 28 October 1918.

In September 1938, Britain, France, Germany and Italy signed the" Munich Agreement Czechoslovakia was forced to turn The Sudetenland And the southern border with Austria was ceded to Germany.

In March 1939, Germany occupy Czechoslovakia Throughout the territory. Czechs became German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia .

In April 1945, with the Communist Party as the main leader Czechoslovak National Front A coalition government was formed; On May 9, a popular uprising took place in Prague Red Army Helped liberate all of Czechoslovakia.

On 9 May 1948, the Czechoslovak People's Democratic Republic was established, and Gottwal was elected president.

On 11 July 1960, the name of the country was changed to Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Dubcek became first secretary of the Communist Party and began a series of reforms.

In 1968, he was first Secretary of the Central Committee of the Czech Communist Party Dubcek Initiated" Prague Spring "Reform, there is detachment The Soviet Union Control tendencies. The Soviet army decided to intervene; In late June, the Warsaw Pact held a military exercise in Czech territory, but did not withdraw after the exercise. After July, the situation eased somewhat; On the evening of August 3, the Warsaw Pact signed a joint statement in Czech Republic, and the crisis seemed to have passed.

At 11 p.m. on August 20, Prague Airport received a signal from a Soviet civil airliner: "Mechanical accident, request for forced landing", but it was not refused. As soon as the plane landed, dozens of Soviet commandos rushed out of the cabin and quickly occupied the airport. A few minutes later, giant transport planes of the 24th Soviet Air Force began landing, one at a time. An hour later, a Soviet embassy car led the way, and Soviet airborne divisions pounced Bragg .

Meanwhile, General Pavlovsky, Commander-in-chief of the Soviet Army, commanded four Soviet armored divisions, one airborne division, and one East German division from Poland to Prague. 4 Soviet divisions and 1 East German division in Germany cut off the western border of the Czech Republic. 8 Soviet divisions in Hungary, 2 Hungarian divisions, and one Bulgarian army attacking from the south. Four divisions of the Soviet-Polish Integrated Army attacked the north. (Third Front to the West) At the same time, Soviet forces against North Atlantic Treaty Organization With the Czech army began full electronic suppression.

On August 21, 1968, Warsaw Pact Soviet, Polish, Hungarian, Communist and Democratic Germany invaded Czechoslovakia with half a million troops ^[11] .

In April 1969, Husak He became first secretary of the Communist Party and president in 1975.

In November 1989, the Czech political situation changed dramatically; On 29 December the Civic Forum took power," Velvet revolution "Leaders, writers Vaclav Havel Elected interim president, the Communist Party lost its ruling party status; In March 1990, the country was renamed Czechoslovak Federal Republic In April, it was renamed the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic.

In June 1992, the first free elections were held, Civic Democratic Party And the Movement for Democratic Slovakia in the Czech Republic, Slovakia To hold office; In November, the leaders of the two republics negotiated the separation of the Czechs and Slovaks, and the Federal Assembly passed the Law on the dissolution of the Federation. The Union was dissolved in the same year.

On 1 January 1993, the Czech Republic became independent Sovereign state ; On January 20th, Vaclav Havel Elected President of the Czech Republic.

In June 1996, the Czech Republic held its first post-independence parliamentary elections. Krauss To succeed the Prime Minister, Social Democratic Party chairman Seemann President of the House of Representatives.

On March 26, 2009, due to World economic crisis Influence, Czech Republic premier Topolanek submitted his resignation to President Vaclav Klaus. Earlier, the Czech House of Representatives has passed a no-confidence motion against the government on the 24th.

On 1 May 2004, the Czech Republic joined European Union Full membership; It became available on 21 December 2007 Schengen Convention Member States. ^[3]

Czech Republic

On April 30, 2020, the Czech authorities declared February 3 a National Day of mourning Jaroslav Kubera . ^[4]

On November 8, 2021, the three-party "Together" coalition and the two-party Pirate Party/Mayors Alliance formally signed a coalition agreement in Prague, Czech Republic. ^[8]

On May 10, 2022, the United Nations General Assembly elected the Czech Republic as a member of the United Nations Human Rights Council to replace Russia, whose membership was suspended. ^[12]

Geographical environment

broadcast

EDITOR

Regional location

Czech map Chinese version

The Czech Republic borders Slovakia on the east and south Austria , adjoining to the north Poland , west and Germany Adjacent, with a territory of 78,900 square kilometers, ^[1] The land area is 77,276km ² and the water area is 1590km². by Bohemia , Moravia and Silesia Consists of 3 parts.

landform

Tabor City

Situated in a quadrangular basin raised on three sides, Czech land is fertile. A surname Kirconoche Mountain To the south there is the Shumava Mountain, and to the east and southeast there is the Czech-Moravian plateau with an average altitude of 500-600 meters. Most of the basin lies below 500 m above sea level, including the Labe Plain, Pilsen Basin, Erz Foothill Basin and the Southern Czech Marsh. The Vltava River The longest, running through Prague. Elbe It is of Czech origin Labbe It is navigable.

Topographic map of the Czech Republic

The east The Morava River - Oder The upper valley area is the zone between the Czech basin and the Slovak mountains, known as the Morava-Oder River corridor, since ancient times Nordic with Southern Europe The main road for trade. The country has rolling hills, dense forests and beautiful scenery.

The country is divided into two geographical regions, one in the western half The Bohemian Highlands The other is the Carpathian Mountains, located in the eastern half of the country, which consists of a series of east-west mountain ranges. The highest point is Gelakhovsky, at 2,655 meters above sea level. Highlands, hills and basins alternate within the territory. The border is mountainous, The Sudetenland Mountains the The Sniezhka Mountain It is 1,602 meters above sea level. Lowest elevation Elbe River: 115 m.

Climatic characteristics

The Czech Republic is undergoing a transition from a maritime to a continental climate Temperate climate . Summers are hot and winters are cold and snowy. It is hottest in July and coldest in January. The average temperature in Prague is 19.5 ° C in July and -0.5 ° C in January.

Time zone

East One, than Greenwich Mean Time An hour earlier; than Beijing time Seven hours late.

Natural resources

broadcast

EDITOR

Czech Republic lignite , Hard coal And uranium deposits are rich, including lignite and hard coal reserves of about 13.4 billion tons, ranking third in the world and third in the world respectively Europe Number five. Oil, gas and iron ore reserves are small and dependent on imports. Other mineral resources are manganese , aluminum, zinc, fluorite , graphite and kaolin Let's wait.

in The Vltava River There is a large hydropower station.

The Czech Republic is rich in forest resources, with a forest area of 2.668 million hectares, accounting for about 34% of the total area of the country, ranking 12th in the European Union. The main tree species are White pine , fir , Oak and beech Let's wait. ^[1]

Administrative division

broadcast

EDITOR

regionalization

The country is divided into 14 cantons, including 13 cantons and the capital city of Prague. Each state has cities and towns. ^[1]

Czech Republic
regionalization	Czech	State unit
City of Prague	/	capital
Central Bohemia	St r edo? esky kraj	state
South Bohemia	Jihočeský kraj	state
Pilsen	Plze timesky kraj	state
Karlovy Vary State	Karlovarsky kraj	state
Usti Oblast	ustecky kraj	state
Liberec Oblast	Liberecky kraj	state
Hradez-kralove Oblast	Královéhradecky kraj	state
Pardubice	Pardubicky kraj	state
Visokina State	Kraj vysoina	state
South Moravia	Jihomoravsky kraj	state
Olomouc Oblast	Olomoucky kraj	state
Zrin Oblast	Zlínsky kraj	state
Moravia-Silesia	Moravskoslezsky kraj	state

capital

Capital city Prague

Bragg Prague is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic, located in Central Bohemia , The Vltava River The river basin. Located in the center of the European continent, the transportation hub, and the connection with the neighboring countries is also quite close (especially in the geographical coincidence between Berlin with Vienna Between the two German-speaking capitals, in addition Billson , Brno , Ostrava Etc.). It has an area of 496 square kilometers. Population 1.275 million (2022) . The terrain is undulating, with the lowest point 190 meters above sea level and the highest point 380 meters above sea level. The climate is typical of temperate continental climate. The average temperature in July is 19.5℃, and in January -0.5℃. The average annual temperature is 10.5℃ . Annual precipitation is about 500 mm. ^[1]

National symbol

broadcast

EDITOR

flag

Flag of the Czech Republic Rectangular in shape, the ratio of length to width is 3:2. The flag is composed of blue, white and red. The blue isosceles triangle is on the left. On the right are two equal trapezoids, white on top and red on the bottom. Blue, white and red are the traditional colors favored by Slavic peoples. The homeland of the Czechs is ancient The Kingdom of Bohemia The colors of this kingdom are red and white. White represents holiness and purity, symbolizing the people's pursuit of peace and light; Red symbolizes courage and the spirit of not fearing difficulties, and symbolizes the blood and victory of the people for the independence, liberation, prosperity and strength of the country. Blue comes from the original coat of arms of the Moravian and Slovak provinces.

National emblem

Coat of arms of the Czech Republic

Coat of arms of the Czech Republic There are two sizes. The national emblem is a square coat of arms, and the shield is divided into four parts: the upper left and lower right is a white two-tailed lion on the red ground, the lion head wears a gold crown, the claws are golden, and the front PAWS are raised, representing Bohemia ; The red and white eagle on the blue ground in the upper right represents Moravia ; The lower left is a black eagle wearing a gold crown on a yellow ground, with red claws, and a white crescent painted on the chest. Cross and three-leaf ornaments are located in the center and two ends of the crescent respectively, representing Silesia .

The Czech Republic includes the historical regions of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia, and this coat of arms vividly reveals the historical origins of the Czech Republic. The small national emblem is in the shape of a shield, the shield is red, and there is a two-tailed lion wearing a gold crown, with golden claws and raised front PAWS.

National anthem

Where Is My Hometown?

Where is my home, where is my home? The river is menacing on the pasture, the pine waves are rustling between the cliffs, and the flower gardens are blooming! Better than the heaven on earth, that is the beautiful motherland, Czech land, my home! Czech land, my home? Where is my home, where is my home, in this heavenly land, our spirit is unyielding, intelligent, innovative and hospitable! There's power in defying frustration, and that's Czech blood, in our house, in my family. In our house. In my house

National Day

World War I after Austro-hungarian Empire The Czechoslovak Republic was established on 28 October 1918. On January 1, 1993, Czechoslovakia split into two independent states, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Czech Republic still uses October 28 as the National Day of Czechoslovakia.

Population nationality

broadcast

EDITOR

population

10.53 million (2022). More than 90% of them are Czechs, 2.9% Slovaks and 1% Germans, in addition to small numbers of Poles and Roma (Gypsies). The official language is Czech. The main religion is Roman Catholicism. ^[1]

nation

Ethnic composition

The ethnic composition of the Czech Republic has changed over the course of history. Today, Czechs are the majority ethnic group in the Czech Republic, making up 94.2% of the population. The Czechs are historically divided into three branches: Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia, with the Bohemian branch accounting for 90.4% of the population, the Moravian branch accounting for 3.7%, and the Silesian branch accounting for 0.1%. Slovaks make up 1.9% of the population, Poles 0.5%, Germans 0.4%, Hungarians 0.1%, Roma 0.1% and other minorities 2.8%. ^[5]

Minority problems in history

The Czechoslovak Republic was founded in 1918 as a democratic, unitary nation-state, but the issue of minorities caused very serious problems for Czechoslovakia during the two World Wars. On the one hand, the majority of Slovaks have consistently rejected the idea of a unified "Czechoslovak nation" as proposed by President Masaryk, and have demanded that Slovakia be understood as an independent nation. On the other hand, ethnic minorities, especially Germans, were reluctant to accept the idea of a unified nation state. More than 3 million Germans were forced to remain in Czechoslovakia after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and even though they had their own educational system (including higher education institutions), political and cultural institutions, and since 1926, Germans had participated in government work, they were still unwilling to accept the status and treatment of a national minority. Nor do Hungarians, Poles and Rothenians want to be treated marginally as minorities. For these reasons, in the 1930s, Germans living in the Sudetenland, the border region between Germany and Germany, joined forces with Nazi Germany to achieve independence, and the "Munich Agreement" of 1938 ceded the German "Sudetenland" to the Czech people Germany . Then the Slovaks also demanded autonomy, and on March 4, 1939, the Slovak Parliament declared an independent state. ^[5]

The treatment and legacy of national problems

After World War II, in the interest of national stability, Czechoslovak authorities began to address the issue of ethnic mixing, taking measures to eliminate non-Slavic minorities: more than two million Germans were deported; There was also a population exchange between Czechoslovakia and Hungary, with about 73,000 ethnic Serbs moving from Hungary to Slovakia and about 74,000 from Slovakia to Hungary. In addition, 700,000 Rothenians living in the vicinity of the Carpathian Mountains were transferred to the Soviet Union with the cession of their settlements. As a result, the number of ethnic minorities in the Czech Republic decreased significantly, and the ethnic minority problem also weakened, but it was not completely solved. As German deportees and their descendants living in Germany continue to lodge protests with the Czech authorities, the Benes Decree on the repatriation of Germans remains a sensitive issue affecting German-Czech relations. ^[5]

Roma problem

"Roma problem" is a prominent minority problem after Czech independence. Roma A nomadic people of Indian origin, who have no unified written language and are scattered throughout the country, the majority of Roma are concentrated in the northern and northwestern regions of the Czech Republic, their thinking and way of life is different, low literacy, poor quality, high unemployment, and living in isolation from other ethnic groups. In the Czech Republic, fewer than 12,000 Roma are declared, while the actual number of Roma living in the country is much higher. Although only a minority of Czechs are willing to tolerate Roma, live with them or cooperate with them, most citizens condemn the aggressive activities of skinheads against Roma. After the upheaval, the Roma themselves formed some political organizations, but they had little impact. The Czech Government had not adopted a single policy for the integration of Roma into society. ^[5]

political

broadcast

EDITOR

Political situation

In October 2017, the Czech Republic held elections for the Lower house of Parliament, ANO2011 Movement Win the election. On December 13, a new Czech government was formed, President of the ANO2011 movement, Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister of the previous government Andrei Babis Andrej BABI led the formation of a minority government with Babis as prime minister. In January 2018, the lower house of Parliament failed to pass a vote of confidence in the government, and the new government submitted its resignation. In June, a minority coalition government formed by the ANO2011 movement and the Social Democrats was formed, and Babis returned as prime minister. In July, the lower house of Parliament passed a vote of confidence in the government, and the new government officially assumed its functions. In November, opposition parties initiated a no-confidence vote in the government, which ultimately failed to pass, and the new government continued to govern. ^[1]

On November 28, 2021, Czech President Milos Zeman appointed Peter Fiala, chairman of the Civic Democratic Party, as Prime Minister of the new government. Fiala will lead a coalition government of five parties. Zeman, who had been hospitalized for COVID-19, was released from the hospital on Tuesday and his appointment on Tuesday was made under social distancing. ^[9]

On January 28, 2023 local time, the second round of the two-day Czech 2023 presidential election ended, and military former Pyotr Pavel defeated his opponent former Prime Minister Andrei Babis to win the election. The Speaker of the House of Representatives, Malketa Pekarova Adamova, announced on the same day that President-elect Pavel will be sworn in on March 9. ^[16]

regime

Czech party Parliamentary democracy The head of government is the Prime Minister. Czech Parliament ( The Parlament is an eske republiky ) Yes bicameralism : Lower house (Poslanecka sn, movna, 200) and The House of Lords ( Senát , 81 people).

The President is elected jointly by Congress for a five-year term and may be re-elected once. The president, as the nominal head of state, has only limited powers, and most decisions are approved by Parliament, but Parliament can be dissolved in exceptional circumstances. He is also responsible for nominating the prime minister and cabinet members. Starting in January 2013, the president will be elected in two rounds of direct elections.

Some of the big parties are to the right Civic Democratic Party And leftist Czech Social Democratic Party , the center-right Christian Democratic Union-Czechoslovak People's Party and Green Party It's a small party. In the 2010 general election, although the Social Democrats won the most seats, the second largest number of seats, the Civic Democratic Party and the Christian Democratic Union formed a coalition to govern.

In the first direct presidential election in January 2013, Milo Zeman was elected with 54.8% of the vote.

Local time on January 28, 2023, retired military Peter Pavel He defeated former Czech Prime Minister Andrej Babis in the Czech presidential election and became the new president of the Czech Republic. ^[17]

constitution

In July 1960, the National Assembly adopted a constitution that changed the country's name to the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. In October 1968, the National Assembly passed a constitutional law establishing Czechoslovakia as a federal state composed of two equal ethnic groups, the Czechs and the Slovaks. In November 1989, the Federal Parliament removed the Constitution's provision on the leading role of the CPK in society. In April 1990, the Federal Assembly adopted a constitutional amendment that changed the country's name to the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic and changed the national emblem. On 25 November 1992, the Federal Assembly passed the Act on the Dissolution of the Federation. On December 15, the Czech National Council decided to take over the functions of the Federal Assembly, and on December 16 adopted a new constitution, changed the name of the country to the Czech Republic, amended the national emblem, and established a multi-party parliamentary democracy and the principles of equality, freedom, and the rule of law. The new Constitution came into force on 1 January 1993. ^[1]

congress

The highest legislative body of the country, with a bicameral system. There are 200 seats in the House of Representatives, which serve four-year terms. The Senate has 81 members who serve six-year terms, with one-third of the senators elected every two years.

The current Chamber of Deputies was elected in October 2021 with seven parties: ANO2011 Movement 72 seats, Civic Democratic Party 34 seats, Union of Mayors 33 seats, Christian Democratic Union-Czechoslovak People's Party 23 seats, Movement for Freedom and Direct Democracy 20 seats, TOP09 14 seats and Pirate Party 4 seats. President Marketa Pekarova Adamova.

In November 1996, the Czech Republic held its first post-war Senate elections. Elections for one-third of the Senate are held every two years, with the most recent election held in October 2022. The chairman is Milos Vystril. ^[1]

government

The current government officially took office on January 13, 2022. The main members are: Petr Fiala, First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior Vit Rakuchoan, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Labour and Social Affairs Marian Jure ka, and Deputy Prime Minister for Digital Affairs and Minister of Local Development Ivan Bartosh Barto?, Deputy Prime Minister and Health Minister Vlastimil Valek, Finance Minister Zbyn � k Stanjura, Defense Minister Jana Chernohova He was appointed by Minister of Justice Pavel Blaselek, Minister of Foreign Affairs Jan Lipavsky, Minister of Industry and Trade Jozef Sikela, and Minister of Transport Martin Kupka Kupka, Mikula? Bek, Minister of Education, Petr Hladik, Minister of Environment, Marek Vyborny, Minister of Agriculture, Martin Baksa, Minister of Culture Baxa; Martin Dvo R ak, Minister-at-large for European affairs; Helena Lang? adlova, Minister-at-large for research and innovation; and Michal Shalomone, minister-at-large for legislative affairs With the opera alomoun). ^[1]

judiciary

The country has a constitutional Court, a Supreme Court and a Supreme Court of Supervision, the presidents of which are appointed by the President. The President of the Constitutional Court, Pavel Rychetsky, took office in 2003 for a 10-year term and was reappointed in 2013. The President of the Supreme Court, Petr Angyalossy, will take office in 2020 for a 10-year term. Igor St Zysz, President of the Supreme Public Prosecutor's Office, takes office in 2021. All prefectures and cities (districts) shall establish courts, procuratorates, notarial organs and economic arbitration organs. ^[1]

Political party

At present, there are more than 30 political parties, movements, alliances and other political organizations that regularly carry out activities across the country. The main ones are:

(1) Civic Democratic Party (Oboanska demokraticka strana) : About 12,000 members. Founded in April 1991, its predecessor was the "Civic Forum", which was established in November 1989. The party is a right-wing conservative party, advocating democracy and freedom, emphasizing the inheritance of European Christian traditions and the humane and democratic traditions of the Czech First Republic, opposing Marxist-Leninist ideology and any form of collectivization, advocating the implementation of thorough privatization and market economy. In the 2021 House of Representatives election, a coalition of the Civic Party, the People's Party and the TOP09 party won. Party chairman Petr Fiala.

(2) ANO2011 Movement (" Dissatisfied Citizens Movement ") : Founded in 2011 by Czech billionaire and food manufacturing magnate Babis. It advocates increasing employment, supporting business operations and reducing value-added tax. It currently has about 2,600 members. In 2012, the party contested Senate and local elections without winning. In the 2013 election, it became the second largest party in the House of Representatives. In 2017, he won the lower House election by a large margin, and won the right to lead a coalition government with the Social Democratic Party. In the 2021 Lower House election, he lost to the electoral coalition led by the Civic Party and failed to enter the government. Party chairman Andrej Babis.

(3) The campaign of mayors and independents Starostove a nezavisli (Alliance of Mayors) : Founded in 2004, Starostove a nezavisli takes its name from the fact that its members are mostly mayors and municipalities across the country. It currently has about 2,200 members. He is a member of the European People's Party (EPP) group and came ninth in the 2017 House of Representatives elections. In the 2021 House of Representatives elections, a coalition with the Pirate Party entered parliament. Party chairman Vit Raku? an.

(4) Christian Democratic Union - Czechoslovak People's Party (K R esť anska a demokraticka unie) : nearly 20,000 members. Founded in 1918, it joined the National Front of the CPK in 1945, and in November 1989 restored the "non-socialist traditions" of the former party. It calls itself a center-right party, emphasizing its Christian heritage. He finished seventh in the 2017 House of Representatives elections. In the 2021 House of Representatives election, a coalition of the Civic Party, the People's Party and the TOP09 party won. Party Chairman Marian Jure Cka.

(5) Movement for Freedom and direct Democracy (Svoboda a p R ima demokracie) : Founded in June 2015 from the split of the sixth largest party in the last parliament, Dawn Party, is a member of the organization "Movement of Peoples and Freedoms in Europe", with more than 10,000 members. It advocates the implementation of "direct democracy" in the Czech Republic, the reform of the existing political and management system, the decision of all important matters by referendum, the expansion of the people's right to political self-determination, and the complete elimination of political corruption. It opposes the Lisbon Treaty, boycots the European integration process, advocates the Czech withdrawal from the EU and NATO, opposes joining the eurozone, and opposes accepting refugees, and is regarded as a "far-right populist party". It was the third largest party in the 2017 House of Representatives elections. In the 2021 House of Representatives election, the support rate was second only to ANO2011 and the two major electoral coalitions. The party's chairman, Tomio Okamura, is a former chairman of the party.

(6) TOP09 party Founded in June 2009, it is a right-wing political party with about 3,000 members. The letters "T, O, and P" are the first letters of the Czech words tradition, responsibility, and prosperity, respectively, and "09" represents the date of establishment in 2009. The party, which advocates democracy and conservatism and opposes populism, came eighth in the 2017 House of Representatives elections. In the 2021 House of Representatives election, a coalition of the Civic Party, the People's Party and the TOP09 party won. Party Chairman Marketa Pekarova Adamova, honorary Chairman Karel Schwarzenberg.

(7) Pirate Party of the Czech Republic (piratske strany) : Founded in June 2009, it has about 1,200 members and is a member of the International and European Piracy Union (PPEU). Most of the members of the party are 20-35 years old IT elites, keen on "network politics", advocating information sharing, direct democracy, freedom of communication, protection of privacy, e-government, etc., against network censorship, requiring direct elections by citizens at all levels of government and management bodies, known as the "force for change" in the Czech Republic, its policy has a distinct anti-tradition and populist color. In the 2017 House of Representatives election, it became the third largest party in parliament. In the 2021 House of Representatives election, his popularity plummeted, but he was able to enter Parliament by forming a campaign coalition with the Mayor's Union movement. Party chairman Ivan Bartosh.

(8) Communist Party of the Czech Republic and Moravia (referred to as Komunisticka strana Komech a Moravy) : There are more than 20,000 members. It evolved from the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and was founded on March 31, 1990. The party has always held a number of seats in every parliament. He finished fifth in the 2017 House of Representatives election. Failed to enter Parliament in the 2021 House of Representatives elections. Party Chairman Kate R Konecna.

(9) Czech Social Democratic Party (Social Democratic Party, Social Democratic Party, strana socialn, demokraticka) : There are more than 7,500 members. It was founded in 1878, dissolved in 1938, resumed its activities in 1945, merged with the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia on June 27, 1948, and became independent on November 19, 1989. Calling itself a centre-left party, it advocates the interests of workers and other workers politically and the social market economy economically. He first became the ruling party in June 1998. He won the 2002 general election for the lower house of Parliament and formed a coalition government led by the party, but fell into opposition in 2006. In 2013, he won the general election in the House of Representatives and ruled in coalition with ANO2011 Movement and People's Party until the end of 2017. In the 2017 House of Representatives election, he was defeated and came sixth, ruling in coalition with the ANO2011 movement. Failed to enter Parliament in the 2021 House of Representatives elections. Party chairman Michal Shmarda. ^[1]

dignitaries

Petr Pavel: President. He was born on November 1, 1961 in Plana. Former Army general. From 1993 to 1994 he served as deputy military attache of the Czech Republic in Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. He served as Chief of the General Staff of the Czech Army from 2012 to 2015. He served as Chairman of the NATO Military Committee from 2015 to 2018. He is elected president in January 2023 and takes office in March for a five-year term.

Peter Fiala: Prime Minister (Petr Fiala). Born in Brno, Czech Republic in September 1964. Doctor of Political Science, professor. He taught at Masaryk University for many years. He was President of Masaryk University from 2004 to 2011. From 2012 to 2013, he was the Minister of Education and Youth Sports of the Czech Republic. He has been elected to the House of Representatives since 2013 and Chairman of the Civic Party since 2014, and was re-elected in 2016, 2018 and 2020. In October 2021, a coalition of three parties, including the Civic Party, won the lower House election and was appointed Prime minister in December. ^[1]

economy

broadcast

EDITOR

summarize

The Czech Republic mainly has industrial sectors such as machine building, chemicals, metallurgy, textiles, shoemaking, wood processing, glass manufacturing and beer brewing.

The Czech Republic was banned in 2006 World Bank enrol Developed country Ranks. Among the eastern European countries, the Czech Republic has a high level of Human development index .

Czech exports are to European Union members, especially Germany. Much of the economy has been privatized, including banking and telecommunications. The central government is now planning to privatise the energy sector and Prague airport. A 2009 survey of Czech economists by the Czech Economic Association proved that most economists would like more liberalization in most sectors of the Czech economy. The most developed of the new democracies in Eastern and Central Europe. Since the Austro-hungarian Empire Since then, the Czech Republic has been the most economically developed region in Eastern Europe, with a highly industrialized economy.

The Czech Republic became a member on 21 December 2007 Schengen Convention Member states have removed border restrictions with neighboring countries. The Czech Republic is not yet euroland Member, not considering joining for now euroland .

The Czech Republic is a moderately developed country with a solid industrial foundation and a high degree of dependence on foreign trade. In recent years, a proactive, balanced and prudent economic policy has been implemented and the momentum of growth has been strong. Key economic data for 2022 are as follows:

Key economic data for 2022
Economic indicator	data
Gross domestic product	$290.92 billion
Gross domestic product per capita	About $27,600
GDP growth rate	2.5%
Currency name	Czech koruna (K?)
Average annual exchange rate	1 dollar ≈23.36 kroner, 1 euro ≈24.09 kroner
Inflation rate	9.0%
Per capita monthly wage	40,317 kroner, or about $1,726, was up 5.1 percent from a year earlier
Unemployment rate	2.6%
(Source: World Bank website) ^[1]

industry

Czechia Austro-hungarian Empire In the industrial zone, 70% of the industry is concentrated here. It is mainly based on machinery manufacturing, various machine tools, power equipment, ships, automobiles, electric locomotives, steel rolling equipment, military industry, textile, chemical and glass industries are also more developed. Textile, shoe making, beer brewing are famous in the world. After World War II, the original industrial structure was changed, focusing on the development of steel and heavy machinery industry. The share of industry in GNP is 40% (1999).

The Czech Republic is a major producer and consumer of beer, and its main export target is Slovakia , Poland, Germany, Austria And America. In 1996, total beer production amounted to 1.83 billion liters. In 1999, the Czech Republic consumed 161.1 liters of beer per capita, 30 liters more than Germany, the largest beer consumer. In terms of beer consumption per capita, the Czech Republic has ranked first in the world for seven consecutive years.

By the end of 1998, the mobile phone penetration rate was close to 10%, and the number of mobile phone users reached 930,000, surpassing some Western developed countries.

The main industries in the Czech Republic are machinery, chemicals, metallurgy, textiles, electricity, food, shoemaking, wood processing and glass manufacturing. The output of main industrial products in recent years is as follows: ^[1]

	2017	2018	2019
Electricity (100 million KWH)	871	880	814
Net coal (tons)	4490	4377	4103
Steel plate (10,000 tons)	185	182	166

agriculture

In 2022, the output value of grain production is 120,752 million crowns, and the output value of animal husbandry is 66,079 million crowns. The agricultural land area is 3.523 million hectares, of which 2.485 million hectares are cultivated. The forest cover rate is 34%. The agricultural population is 148,000, accounting for about 3.0% of the national labor force. The output of main agricultural and animal husbandry products in recent years is as follows: ^[1]

	2018	2019	2020
Sugar beet (tons)	372.4	366.1	367.12
Potatoes (10,000 tons)	57	62.3	69.6
Beef (10,000 tons)	7.06	7.71	7.32
Pork (10,000 tons)	23	21.9	22.7
Poultry meat (10,000 tons)	5.5	5.8	5.5
Milk (million litres)	3078	3073	3182
Eggs (million)	1522	1609	1608

	2018	2019	2020
The cow	141.6	141.8	140.4
The pig	155.7	154.4	149.9
The sheep	21.9	21.3	20.4
The horse	3.5	3.7	3.8
poultry	2357.3	2297.3	2424.7

tourism

Tourism in the Czech Republic (6 photos)

Tourism is also an important source of income for the Czech economy. In 2001, the total revenue of the tourism industry reached 118.13 billion yuan Czech koruna It accounts for 5.5% of GNP. The tourism industry employs more than 110,000 people - 1% of the country's population. In 2008, the number of tourists coming to Prague decreased, possibly due to the strong Czech Koruna making the Czech Republic too expensive for tourists, relative to the level of services available. The country's overcharged taxi drivers and pickpockets have also been criticized by travel guides and tourists. In 2005, Prague's mayor, Pavel Bem, tried to improve the city's reputation by stamping out petty crime. However, despite the above problems, Prague is a relatively safe city, and in most places it is safe even to walk in the dark. Crime rates in the Czech Republic are generally low.

Tourists mainly come from Germany, Slovakia, Poland, China, the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, South Korea, Italy and other countries, and in recent years, Chinese tourists have increased significantly. The main tourist cities are Prague, Krumlov, Karlovivari and so on. According to Czech statistics, in 2022, the Czech Republic attracted a total of 7.343 million foreign tourists, ranking first is the German tourists, 1.843 million; Second and third are Slovakia with 776,000 and Poland with 613,000. 34,000 Chinese tourists. (Source: Czech National Statistical Office website) ^[1]

foreign trade

1. The Czech Republic implements the policy of trade liberalization, abolishes the state-owned monopoly of foreign trade, liberalizes the right to operate foreign trade, and abolishes the restrictions on import and export commodities. According to the Czech Trade Code, as long as the enterprises registered with the court and the Bureau of Industry and Commerce, they have the right to trade.

2. Imports and exports of goods and services were also liberalized, Import duty Lower, available to the EU and countries that have signed trade agreements with Czech Republic Most-favored-nation treatment . GSP treatment for developing countries (including China), yes The least developed countries Provide zero tariff import treatment, export is not taxed. Only a very small number of products (such as arms, drugs and narcotic drugs, etc.) are subject to non-tariff import restrictions, i.e. licensing systems. Export licenses are required for commodities (such as textiles, steel, etc.) for which the State has an international obligation to restrict the export.

3. Active support of the Czech Republic World Trade Organization The liberalization process, and with European Union Signed an association agreement with Poland , Hungary , Slovakia , Slovenia signed Central European Free Trade Agreement In these agreements, there are more specific provisions on market access for goods and services between member countries.

4. The Czech government has relied too much on the original in order to reverse the past Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) The state, especially the former Soviet Union, actively develops economic and trade relations with all regions of the world. The center of Czech trade policy is "diversifying trade with the world, focusing on Europe." Since the beginning of the economic transition, the Czech Republic has gradually completed the transformation of the regional structure of trade, that is, from the eastern market to the western developed Market economy country . Trade with Western developed market economies, especially EU countries, has been in the Czech Republic Total foreign trade Has a large share in 2003 to European Union Exports accounted for 69.8% of the Czech Republic's total exports that year, and imports from EU countries accounted for 59% of the Czech Republic's total imports that year. In addition, after years of negotiations and efforts, ten countries including the Czech Republic officially joined on May 1, 2004 European Union In terms of foreign economic and trade policy, it will implement the EU's common trade policy and become part of the EU's single market.

Foreign trade plays an important role in the Czech economy.

Foreign trade situation in recent years (unit: USD 100 million) : ^[1]

	2020	2021	2022
Value of exports	3430	3881	4418
Amount of imports	3250	3890	4620
balance	180	9 -	- 202.
Reference materials:

The main imported commodities are: petroleum, natural gas, computers, cars and accessories, telecommunications equipment, machinery and equipment, medical products and instruments, chemical products, iron ore, truck and household appliances. The main export commodities are: cars and accessories, electricity, steel, machinery and equipment, glass products, wood, chemical products, tires, furniture, etc. The main trading partners are: Germany, Slovakia, Poland, China, Italy, France, Austria, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Czech famous enterprises include Skoda Automobile, PPF Group and so on.

(Source: Czech Statistical Yearbook and Economic Bulletin 2022)

Finance and finance

According to the data released by the Czech National Bank, as of April 2023, the foreign exchange reserves of the Czech National Bank were 134 billion US dollars. (Source: Czech Statistical Yearbook 2022 and Czech National Bank website) ^[1]

Fiscal revenue and expenditure of the Czech Republic, 2013-2015 (unit: 100 million crowns)
A given year	2013	2014	2015
Fiscal revenue	10942	11338	12345
Fiscal expenditure	11635	12116	12973
Surplus or deficit	- 693.	- 778.	- 628.

Foreign capital

In 2022, the Czech Republic actually attracted about $3.6 billion in foreign investment. From 1993 to 2022, China has attracted US $136.9 billion in foreign investment. The main investment countries are the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, the United States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland. (Source: World Bank website) ^[1]

culture

broadcast

EDITOR

When talking about Czech culture, we must mention Czech literature, because it is here that Kafka, Hasek, Seifert, Kundera and other world-class literary giants were born.

The Czech Republic had two literary and artistic booms in the 20th century, the first of which was the emergence of many Czech literary masters after the establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic in the early 20th century. Examples are Jaroslav Hasek (1883-1923), Vladislav Vanchula (1891-1942), Ka Capek (1890-1938), and the Czech poet Jaroslav Seifolt (1901-1986), who won the Nobel Prize for Literature. "This group of Czech writers suddenly elevated Czech literature to the heights of European literature, but this process was interrupted by the Second World War."

In 1938, the leaders of Germany, Italy, Britain and France signed the Munich Agreement, which ordered Czechoslovakia to cede the Sudetenland Nazi Germany Then Czechoslovakia entered the occupation period. "But even during the occupation, Czechs had great writers and works." The red classic "Report from the Gallow" by Julius Vocic (1903-1943), as well as Capek, Wanzula, "they were all taken by the Germans. Fascism But their works still make people feel the existence of Czech literature.

The second boom came in the 1960s, when Vaclav Havel (1936-2011), Milan Kundera (1929-) and Ivan Klima (1931-) are known as the "troika of Czech literature". "These people played a particularly active role as writers in the 1960s, such as the Prague Spring, which we will now refer to. Kundera's masterpiece Jest was introduced to Czech readers in the early 1960s."

August 1968, Czech Republic" Prague Spring "Ended in repression. "Czech literature was at a new low. But even at this time, Czech writers have their own way of giving voice to their work." ^[6]

Language

Map of Czech Republic

Czech : The standard language based on the Chinese and Czech dialects, and also the official language. Czech is spoken by nearly 11 million people and belongs to the southern branch of the West Slavic language. Early church in the Czech Republic Slavic , Latin or German In the second half of the 13th century, authentic Czech texts began to appear. At the same time as the Reformation of the early 15th century, Hus also laid down the rules of Czech pinyin, which had a major influence on other Slavic languages that used the Latin alphabet. Czech was the main official language of the former Czechoslovakia and is interoperable with Slovak.

etiquette

Dress etiquette: The Czech people are more dressy in wearing, formal occasions are suits or long coats, the weather is cold, but also wear a hat, a longer and wider beautiful scarf, women love to wear a traditional style of black or dark red skirt, once married, men will take off the feathers from the hat.

Manners and etiquette: Czechs believe that you can live without good clothes, but not without good manners. They are not only polite and polite in their dealings with others, but they are not casual when they are alone, they have a strong aversion to frivolous people, and they do not like the phenomenon of hugging each other in public. In the home, respect for the elders, in the outdoors, supporting the old and young can be seen everywhere.

Meeting etiquette: The vast majority of modern Czechs have only a surname and a given name, that is, a surname, a word or a section of the name, in order to distinguish themselves from those with the same name and similar identity, some also add a middle name. When addressing you, you usually address Mr. Miss. Shake hands when you meet.

Dining Etiquette: Czechs are used to eating Western food and love it Chinese food , especially love Cantonese cuisine. When entertaining guests at home, it is often indicated on the invitation that you should bring your own tableware, therefore, guests must bring their own tableware to the dinner. Czech citizens consume about 160 liters of beer per person per year, one of the highest levels in the world.

Funeral ceremony: Every year at the beginning of the New Year, a traditional ceremony is held here to welcome new babies. The first baby citizens of the New Year will be chosen on January 3, and those chosen will receive prizes such as clothes and a bassinet. Local weddings take place in the church. On this day, the bride's home is closed, waiting for the groom and matchmaker led by the wedding team to come to marry.

Business etiquette: Czech foreign trade is developing rapidly, it has economic and trade relations with more than 100 countries and regions in the world, and its specific foreign trade import and export business is responsible for foreign trade enterprises. When conducting business meetings in the local area, it is generally agreed many days in advance. There should be adequate preparation before the negotiation and patience during the negotiation.

Travel etiquette: The Czech Republic does everything possible to develop tourism, almost all historical relics, places of interest are open to tourists, and special attention is paid to improving the quality and level of service personnel. They are polite to guests, like to take the trouble to introduce the scenery, scenic spots, historical stories and local customs here, generally can pay tips, or ask in advance before deciding whether to pay tips.

Major taboo: Czech nation rose As the national flower, people generally taboo red triangle pattern. Popular topics were sports, while unpopular topics were political issues and family issues.

Traditional festival

In the Czech Republic, May Day is also Valentine's Day. The Czech Valentine's Day has been celebrated for centuries. According to Czech tradition, girls are kissed by their lovers under the cherry tree in full bloom, which guarantees more beauty and health during the year, and is blessed by the goddess of flowers for a long time. ^[18]

diet

Czech people's diet is mainly pork, the daily national food is pork chops, sweet and sour vegetables and steamed bread slices, Czech people like to drink beer, per capita consumption of 160 liters, according to the world's first. In the Czech Republic, don't miss the Czech people often eat Knedliky, that is, dumplings with meat wrapped in skin, but with the Eastern European favorite cabbage (Zeli) and dip, quite delicious.

Czechs eat meat and have very few fruits and vegetables. The Czech national dish, can be said to be roast pork (Knedliky and Zeli), stew food is also a good choice.

Czechs love alcohol. It's made locally Pilsen beer PlzenskyPrazdroj is pretty well known, Pearson Beer factory open visit, wine lovers should not miss. In addition, the Moravian region wine Pretty good, too. Pubs around the Czech Republic offer a variety of alcohol, in addition to beer, there are plum brandy (slivovice), herbal bitter (becherovka), etc., can be regarded as a special taste.

Czech and Slow represent the guests in the food habit of eating Western food. When they have breakfast, they have porridge. And for dinner, soup is usually served. However, they love to eat clear soup, but also especially love to eat a variety of desserts made with cream. Generally speaking, they are similar to the French in taste, preferring to eat fried and braised dishes.

The most famous Czech dish is gulas, a beef stew. The braising method is also complicated, with 23 different seasonings added according to the time. The whole process takes about four hours.

Military affairs

broadcast

EDITOR

After the independence of the Czech Republic and Slovakia on January 1, 1993, the armed forces and equipment of the former federal States were divided 2:1, and the President was the supreme commander of the armed forces. The total number of troops was 65,000 in 1996, but was reduced to 32,000 in 2018. After joining NATO, in order to meet the requirements put forward by NATO in terms of military and equipment integration with the States parties, the Czech army has been rebuilt according to the model of NATO countries. In 2021, military spending will be $3.94 billion, or 1.4 percent of GDP. (Source: Czech Statistical Yearbook 2022 and World Bank website) ^[1]

traffic

broadcast

EDITOR

railway

It has a total length of 9,523 km and 3,234 km of electrified railway. In 2022, the passenger volume will total 176 million and the cargo volume will total 93.385 million tons.

In addition, the Czech Republic has a total length of 802.1 kilometers of urban electric traction public transport lines, of which 385.4 kilometers of trackless electric lanes, 351.7 kilometers of tram lanes, and 65.1 kilometers of subways. ^[15]

highroad

Located in Central Europe, the Czech Republic is connected by highways to neighboring countries. The total length is 55,838 km, of which 1,346 km are expressways. Passenger traffic in 2022 will total 334 million passengers and 474 million tons of cargo. ^[15]

Water transport

Czech Republic is a landlocked country in Central Europe, there are dozens of small inland ports and terminals, mainly distributed in the Rabe River (in Germany for the Elbe river), Vltava River and Beronka River along the coast, the main navigable cities are Jacin, Usti, Melnik, Prague, Lovosice and Kolin, import and export goods through the Rabe River - Elbe waterway to Rotterdam and other European ports. Inland waterways are 726.2 kilometers, with a total cargo volume of 1.266 million tons in 2022. ^[15]

aviation

There are currently 91 civil airports in the Czech Republic, of which 6 are international airports, located in Prague, Brno, Ostrava, Budeyowitz, Karlovy Vary and Pardubice, the rest are domestic and private airports, the main international airport is Prague Vaclav Havel Airport. In addition, there are four military airports such as Chaslav. In 2022, the passenger volume will total 4.065 million passengers and the cargo volume will total 73,300 tons.

There are four direct flights between the Czech Republic and China: Beijing - Prague operated by Hainan Airlines, Shanghai - Prague and Shanghai - Xi 'an - Prague operated by China Eastern Airlines, and Chengdu - Prague operated by Sichuan Airlines. At present, only the Chengdu-Prague route remains, and the operation has been suspended due to the epidemic. In addition, the capital Prague airport is connected by flights to all major European cities. From China to the Czech Republic, you can stop in Vienna, Frankfurt, Helsinki, Amsterdam, Moscow or Paris. ^[15]

society

broadcast

EDITOR

education

Nine years of education is compulsory in the Czech Republic. High schools and universities are self-funded and scholarship systems, but the state subsidizes students' accommodation expenses. Under the relevant law enacted in 1990, the establishment of private and missionary schools is permitted. Famous universities include Charles University, Czech Technical University, Masaryk University, Prague University of Economics and Palatsky University. ^[1]

Number of schools, students and teachers in 2021/2022 ^[1]
	school	Students (10,000)	Teachers (10,000)
kindergarten	5349	36.0	3.3
Nine-year primary school	4238	96.4	7.1
High school (including technical school)	1285	44.6	4.1
Reference materials:

In 2022, there are 59 universities in the Czech Republic, 28 public and 31 private. The university has 304,000 students, including 50,000 foreign students. Charles University, located in the capital, is the oldest institution in Central Europe, founded in 1348, and now has 17 faculties (three of which are located outside the city). Founded in 1707, the Czech Technical University also has the longest history of its kind in Central Europe. (Source: Czech Statistical Yearbook 2022) ^[1]

media

Father of little mole

In 2021, the Czech Republic will publish 1,639 newspapers. The main newspapers are: "Today's Youth Front", "Rights", "Economic", "People" and so on.

The Czech News Agency (Czech News Agency) is a national commercial news agency with 12 bureaus abroad and business links with news agencies in more than 20 countries.

Czech radio: In 2021, public radio will broadcast about 160,000 hours and private radio about 500,000 hours.

Czech National Television began trial broadcasting on May 1, 1953, and officially began broadcasting in 1954. In 2021, public TV stations will have 51,101 hours of broadcasting time, while private TV stations will have 1.468 million hours of broadcasting time. (Source: Czech Statistical Yearbook 2022) ^[1]

Czech cinema has been around for more than 100 years now, and there has always been no shortage of good productions. Famous works such as "The Green Tree", "Coria", "The Good Soldier Shuek" and "The Firemen's Ball" have come from Czech directors. And the animated film, which was introduced to China in the 1980s, The Mole's Tale It has become the memory of a generation of Chinese people. In the wave of socio-political and economic change in the Czech Republic, Czech cinema has also been impacted and baptized, but it still has a great influence in Central and Eastern Europe and is deeply loved by the Czech domestic audience.

Science and technology

Avast began as a product of a Czech Software company (ALWIL Software).

Physical education

Nedved

Czech athletes: Emile Gentopek, Janomir Jager, Pavel Nedved The achievements of the ice hockey team - the big winner of the 1998 Nagano Winter Olympics and numerous world championships - skiing, soccer, and shooting have made sports fans all over the world crazy. Czechs love sports and almost everyone is involved in them. For almost every team sport in the Czech Republic, there are many amateur organizations and enthusiastic organizers who organize numerous events in their spare time. At the same time, Czech sportsmen and women have also achieved remarkable achievements in their professional fields. In particular, since the beginning of the 21st century, athletes have ushered in the best time.

The history of Czech sports and Czech sports organizations From the 16th century, sledding and skating became popular sports, but skating was invented as early as the 13th century.

By the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries, indoor sports began to appear, and the indoor sports venues of that time can be found in Prague Castle today. The aristocrats played tennis and other ball games indoors, but also loved other sports such as archery. Ninepins competitions also became popular.

By the 17th century, fencing was also born.

The Sokol (Eagle) Sports Association was founded in 1862 under the leadership of Miroslav Tyrs and Jindrich Fugner, while other Sokol organizations were gradually established in various regions of the Czech Republic, unifying to form the Czech Sokol Society in 1904. It is the oldest organization of its kind in the world.

It was banned by all authoritarian regimes in Czechoslovakia's history. The first ban on Sokol occurred in 1915 during World War I; The second occurred during the Nazi occupation of Czech territory; The third was in 1948.

Sokol was resurrected in 1990. The Golden Shoe Grand Prix This games in Ostrova is classed as a super Grand Prix and is always star-studded. Prague International Marathon - The Prague International Marathon is held in the historical and cultural center of the city, and in addition to the Czech Marathon Championships in May, there are other events such as family races, half marathons, women's races, corporate races and more. The race runs through the heart of the city - known as one of the most beautiful places in the world - around both ends of the Charles Bridge, and against the backdrop of Prague Castle, thousands of marathon runners from more than 60 countries around the world begin their course. The Prague International Marathon is the most popular race in Europe and a cultural event, attracting more than 170,000 spectators in 2004 and bringing competitive runners to the event. Motorcycle racing - Czech motorcycle racing has an extensive and long history. Not only did it represent an represented country like the 欁 Skoda Motorsport factory team and Barum rally, but it also represented an exceptional geographical advantage. From Brno Massa The Nikko Circuit is nature's best racetrack, attracting 120,000 spectators to the Czech Grand Prix in 2005. The eastern Bohemian city of Pardubice also hosts the annual Golden Helmet Race due to its natural terrain. Horse racing - Bardubice is also the city of horse racing, and its course is said to be the most difficult in continental Europe.

In 2009, Alberne Became the official partner of the Czech and Slovak Olympic Teams for 3 years until 2012. 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics Last year, Alberni prepared the original Olympic series, which achieved great success not only among the athletes but also among the public. The President of the Czech Olympic Committee awarded Albany the best series to date. Alberni has developed a new Olympic collection for the Czech and Slovak Olympic teams, using special fabrics and new designs. The series is preparing to work with the 30th Olympic athletes. "The athletes involved are very important to the success of the series in their development. The characteristics of the clothing affect who will wear it." Dvorak, vice president of the Czech Olympic Committee, said.

Canoeing: The Czech river network is dense and full of water, but the process is short. Therefore, it is especially suitable for water short distance sports. In winter, the river freezes to form the most natural open-air skating rink, and in summer, it is a paradise for rowers. Czech towns are surrounded by rivers and almost every home has a rowboat.

celebrity

Literary, scientific and political circles
Julius Vocic	The great leader of the anti-fascist movement:
Wazlav Havel	First President of the Czech Republic and famous author
Oskar Schindler	A prominent humanitarian representative born and living in the Sudetenland
Hasek	" Good Soldier Captain "The Father of Czech prose"
Jaroslav Seifert	Nobel Prize in Literature Winner, Poet
Milan Kundera	Author, Works: (" The unbearable lightness of life "Immortal" "Life Is Elsewhere")
Franz Kafka	Austrian writer who lived in Prague almost all his life
Haylowski	Invention and development ' polarography 'Nobel Prize winner in chemistry
Comenius	The founder of modern pedagogy, famous educator
Famous people in music and film industry
Bedoizi Smetana	"Father of the New Czech Music", Czech folk music founder
Anton Dvorak	One of the greatest Czech composers of the 19th century
Leosh Janacek	COMPOSER
Milos Forman	Director, Works (" One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest "" Amadeus ")
Zdenek Miler	Created the cartoon "The Mole's Tale"
Sports people
Petra Nemkova	supermodel
Nedved	Acquired in 2003 Golden Ball Award (Golden Ball Award) . His playing style is hard, energetic and blond, and his fans call him Iron Man
Rosicky	Because of the gorgeous transmission and dribbling techniques, the versatility of multiple positions in the front court, and the ability to appropriately direct the team's offensive rhythm, it was dubbed "Little Mozart"
Smicer	Vladimir Smicer plays in central midfield and previously played for English Premier League giants Liverpool
Baros	At the age of 14, he joined the training camp of Banik, the first division team, and was considered the local Maradona
Fenin	Finin is in the Czech League Teplice Football Club He played for five years and made his professional debut at 16
Iracek	Peter Iracek He plays as a midfielder for Bundesliga FC Hamburg
Petra Kvitova	Since the 21st century, the world's first "post-90" women's Grand Slam champion

People's livelihood

In 2015, the average monthly wage was $1,131. In 2015, there were 101 fully automatic washing machines, 111 refrigerators, 144 color television sets, 120 personal computers, 205 mobile phones, 117 cars, 10 motorcycles, and one doctor for every 256 people. ^[1]

diplomacy

broadcast

EDITOR

Foreign policy

As a member of NATO and the European Union, the Czech Republic pursues a foreign policy of relying on the European Union for its economy and the United States for its security, actively participates in the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy and NATO operations, and focuses on "economic diplomacy" and "human rights diplomacy". Czech Republic has established diplomatic relations with 197 countries and has joined international organizations such as the United Nations, OSCE, IMF and World Bank.

External relations

Relations with China

China established diplomatic relations with the former Czechoslovakia on October 6, 1949. On January 1, 1993, the Czech Republic became an independent and sovereign state, and China recognized it and established diplomatic relations with it at ambassadorial level. The two sides agreed to continue to use October 6, 1949 as the day of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries. In October 1994, Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Dai Bingguo and Czech Vice Foreign Minister Ondra signed an exchange of letters agreement, confirming the continued validity of treaties and agreements concluded between China and the former Czechoslovak Federation. In March 2016, the two heads of state signed the Joint Statement on the Establishment of Strategic Partnership between the People's Republic of China and the Czech Republic.

In April 2004, Czech President Vaclav Klaus visited China.

In December 2005, Premier Wen Jiabao visited the Czech Republic. ^[2]

2016年，应捷克共和国总统泽曼邀请，中国国家主席习近平3月28日抵达布拉格对捷克进行国事访问。 ^[7]

The Czech Republic is China's second largest trading partner in Central and Eastern Europe. In 2020, bilateral trade reached US $18.87 billion, up 7.2% year on year, of which China's exports were US $13.74 billion, down 5.9% year on year, and imports were US $5.13 billion, up 10.9% year on year. In 2021, the bilateral trade volume between China and the Czech Republic will reach 21.16 billion US dollars, up by 12.2% year on year, of which China's exports will reach 15.11 billion US dollars, up by 12.2% year on year, and its imports will reach 6.05 billion US dollars, up by 17.9% year on year. In 2022, the bilateral trade volume between China and the Czech Republic will reach 23.65 billion US dollars, up 11.8% year on year, of which China's exports will reach 18.23 billion US dollars, up 20.7% year on year, and imports will reach 5.42 billion US dollars, down 10.5% year on year.

Relations with European countries

As a member of the European Union, the Czech Republic maintains "superstandard" relations with Slovakia, gives priority to developing relations with Eastern European and western Balkan countries, and attaches importance to good-neighborly cooperation with Germany and Austria. The rotating presidency of the European Union in the second half of 2022. Actively advocate sub-regional cooperation, strive to strengthen the role and influence of the Visegrad Group (Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia) in regional affairs, and assume the rotating presidency of the Visegrad Group from the second half of 2023 to the first half of 2024. Oppose the EU's refugee quota plan and support the EU's restoration of border controls.

Relations with Russia

After joining NATO, with traditional partner countries Russia the Political relationship Growing apart. In 2006, the Czech Republic adjusted its policy towards Russia and actively developed bilateral mutually beneficial economic and trade relations and carried out bilateral cooperation in the field of security. In September 2006, President Jie Krauss I am visiting Russia.

On September 13, 2022, the Russian Association of Travel Agents said that nine EU countries have stopped accepting documents for Russians to issue tourist visas, including Czech Republic ^[14] .

Relations with the United States

The Czech Republic regards the United States as an important ally and has close relations with the United States North Atlantic Treaty Organization Action. ^[1]

Relations with international and regional organizations

The Czech Republic actively participates in the affairs of the European Union and the activities of important international and regional organizations, and attaches importance to the role of the United Nations and its agencies.

travel

broadcast

EDITOR

Visa policy

In April 2016, the Czech Republic opened a visa center in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, which will complete the processing of individual tourist visas in about four days, making it easier for tourists in the western region to apply for visas.

China Eastern Airlines In the second half of 2016, the opening of direct flights from Shanghai to Prague, the industry is expected to visit the Czech Republic in the future, in-depth tourism tourists will have a significant increase.

Tourism is also an important source of income for the Czech economy. In 2001, the total revenue of the tourism industry reached 118.13 billion yuan Czech koruna , account for GNP 5.5% of the total. The tourism industry employs more than 110,000 people, accounting for 1% of the country's population. In 2008, the number of tourists coming to Prague decreased, possibly due to the strong Czech Koruna making the Czech Republic too expensive for tourists, relative to the level of services available. The country's taxi drivers are overcharged and overcharged pickpocket The problem has also been criticized by travel guides and tourists. In 2005, Prague's mayor, Pavel Bem, tried to improve the city's reputation by stamping out petty crime.

In 2015, the number of Chinese tourists to the Czech Republic reached 282,000, a year-on-year growth of 14%, climbing to the eighth place among all inbound tourists, the top three were Germany, Slovakia and the Czech Republic America Occupy. ^[7]

There are several tourist centers in the Czech Republic. The old city of Prague is the main tourist destination and the main entry point for visitors to the rest of the country. Many other Czech cities also attract large numbers of tourists, Karlovy Vary , Maria Hot Springs Hot spring towns, such as Franti? kovy Lazn, are particularly popular holiday destinations. Other popular tourist destinations have many castles, for example Kalshtein Castle ‎ , The Czech Krumlov And Lednice - Valtice region. Outside these towns, areas such as Bohemian Paradise, Bohemian Forest and the Krkonopole Mountains also attract tourists seeking outdoor recreation.

pilsner Originated in western Bohemian cities Billson And the southern city Budweiser Also become Budweiser Origin of the name.

Famous scenic spot

Famous scenic spot
Scenic spot	introduce
Krumlov	-
Carlo Villali	-
Prague Castle	locate The Vltava River On the hills, has more than 1,000 years of history, more than 60 years of successive presidential offices are located in the castle, so also known as the "presidential palace", the castle includes the following parts. Prague Castle Gallery The newly renovated Prague Castle Gallery (Obrazarna Prazskeho Hradu), which has to be accessed at an extra cost, houses a large collection of classical paintings, starting from the 16th century and focusing on paintings from the 16th to 18th centuries, including Italian, German, and German paintings. Netherlands There are more than 4,000 works by artists from other countries. The original site of the castle Stables was converted into a castle gallery, during which the earliest church of Prague Castle, the Saint Mary's Church, was excavated, and some remains are stored in the castle gallery.
St. Vita Cathedral (Katedrala sv.Vita)	It is the most important landmark of Prague Castle, and in addition to rich architectural features, it is also the final resting place of the royal family after the coronation and death of Prague Castle. The Basilica of St. Vita has been expanded three times, and the circular church of St. Wenceslas was built in 929 A.d. In 1060 it was enlarged into a basilica, and in 1344 it was built by order of Charles IV Gothic architecture It was not officially completed until 1929. Several highlights of the visit to St. Vita Cathedral include the 20th century Painted Windows of stained glass , St John Tomb and Chapel of St. Wenceslas. Walking into the entrance of the church, the colorful stained glass on the left is the work of the famous Prague painter Mocha; The church houses the sterling silver, ornate tomb of St. John, the anti-religious reformer of 1736. The chapel of St. Wenceslas is located behind the tomb of St. John, and the frescoes and the spire of the Sacraments are decorated with gold.
Old Royal Palace (Stary Kralovsky Palac)	It was the residence of the former Kings of Bohemia, and various parts of it were repaired by successive reigning Kings. The whole palace building is roughly divided into 3 floors, the entrance is the high Vladislav Hall, but also the center of gravity of the whole palace, to the upper floor of the new Territory Hall there are many images of early secretaries; The lower level contains the Gothic palace of Charles IV, and the hall of the imitation Romanesque Palace, most of which were destroyed in the fire of 1541 and are therefore partially the remains of later reconstruction.
St. George's Church	Located behind the Basilica of SAN Vita (Bazilika sv.Jiri), it has a red facade and two towers. St. George's Church is the best preserved replica in the Czech Republic Romanesque architecture . The cornerstone and two minarets of the church have been preserved since the 10th century.
The Convent of St. George	The first convent in Bohemia, it was demolished in the 18th century and converted into a military barracks, which is now the state Art gallery Collection of Czech art from the 14th to 17th centuries, including Gothic art, Renaissance and Baroque And other paintings of different periods.
Powder tower	Here the gunpowder tower (Prasna Vez-Mihulka) is associated with Old town Square Like the gunpowder tower, it was originally used as a fortress for guarding the city, and later was used for storing gunpowder. In the 16th century, the king let the magicians live here to study the process of lead into gold, and after the 18th century, it was converted to the storage of the sacristy in the Basilica of SAN Vita, and is now a museum of medieval art, astronomy and alchemy.
Golden Lane (Zlata Ulicka)	It's Prague. Castle One of the most famous attractions. Franz Kafka No. 22, where we once lived, is now a bookstore. Gold Lane was originally a place where servant craftsmen lived, and later got its name because of the gathering of many alchemists for the king. After the 19th century, it gradually became a slum. In the middle of the 20th century, the original building was re-planned into a shop, selling all kinds of souvenirs and handicrafts .

World heritage site

As of 2008, there are 12 in the Czech Republic World heritage site , as follows:

Cultural heritage

1.
Prague Old Town (Prague)
2.
St. Baba's Church, Basilica of the Virgin Mary (Central Bohemia)
3.
Fort Litomishir (Pardubice Region)
4.
St. John of Nepomuk Pilgrimage Church (Visokina)
5.
Trinity Pillar (Oromuk Region)
6.
Khorasovitsegu Village Reserve (Moravia-Silesia)
7.
Gardens and Castles in Kromezysz (Zrin Oblast)
8.
Villa Tugenhardt (South Moravia)
9.
Jewish Quarter, St. Proupicos Church (Visokina)
10.
Krumlov Historical Center (Southern Bohemia)
11.
Historical Center of Terci (Visokina)
12.
Cedenize-valdice Cultural and Scenic Area (Visokina)

Territorial dispute

broadcast

EDITOR

Reference news network September 10, 2022 news, Russia Today TV website on September 9 quoted Poland's "Repubblica" news that the Polish government has stepped up efforts to try to redraw the border between Poland and the Czech Republic in a way more favorable to Warsaw. According to La Repubblica, Warsaw now wants 368.44 hectares of land as compensation. ^[13]

Hit the road

Growth task Introduction to editing Editing rule Edit by oneself

I have a question.

Content questioning Online customer service Official post bar feedback

Complaint and suggestion

Report bad information The article was not appealed Complaint infringement information Blocked query and unblocked

Beijing Public network Anbei 11000002000001