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Kingdom of Norway
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Kingdom of Norway ( Norwegian language Kongeriket Norge or Kongeriket Noreg, short for Norway, the capital city of Oslo, is located in northern Europe Scandinavia The west, the east Sweden , northeast and Finland and Russia Border, south Tong Denmark Across the sea, facing the west Norwegian sea . The total area is 385,000 square kilometers (inclusive Svalbard The coastline is 28,953 km (including fjords). [6] . Most of the region has a temperate maritime climate, rich in oil, gas, water, forest and fishery resources. The country is divided into 1 city and 10 counties . As of September 2023, Norway has a total population of 5.534 million , The official languages are Norwegian and Sami. Most people are Lutheran Christians.
In the 9th century, Norway became a United Kingdom. Between the 9th and 11th centuries, the Kingdom of Norway entered its heyday. In the mid-14th century, it began to decline, and in 1397, it was formed with Denmark and Sweden Kalmar Union , by the Queen of Denmark Margaret I Rule. In 1814, it was ceded by Denmark to Sweden. On 7 June 1905, he gained independence from the Swedish Union and elected the Prince of Denmark as King Haakon VII . World War I The period is neutral. World War II China was occupied by Germany. In May 1945, the German occupation forces surrendered and Norway was restored.
Norway is a highly developed modern industrial country and one of the richest and most livable countries in the world. Since the discovery of large quantities of offshore oil and gas in the 1970s, the oil and gas industry has dominated the Norwegian economy, with world-class technology and equipment for offshore oil and gas exploration and extraction. Norway's shipbuilding and shipping industry has a long history, is the world's shipping power, and has the world's leading technology in Marine engineering, special ships and their equipment manufacturing. Norway also has unique advantages in environmental protection, information and communication, chemical industry, metallurgy, medicine and other fields, and unique features in finance, tourism, environmental protection, information and other services. [6] 2022, Norway Gross domestic product It is 5,570.7 billion NOK.
Chinese name
Kingdom of Norway [1]
Foreign name
The Kingdom of Norway [1]
Abbreviated form
Norse
continent
Europe
capital
Oslo [1]
Major city
Bergen , Trondheim , Stavanger , Kristiansand Etc. [1]
National Day
May 17, 1814
National song
Yes, We Love this Land [1]
Country code
NOR
Official language
Norwegian language [1]
currency
Norwegian krone [1]
Time zone
UTC+1
Political system
A parliamentary constitutional monarchy
National leader
Harald the Fifth (King) , Jonas Gard Steller (Prime Minister)
Population number
5.534 million (August 2023)
Population density
14.1 persons/km2 (as of October 2022)
Major nationality
Norse Sami [1]
Major religion
Lutheranism [1]
Land area
385000 km² [1] (including Svalbard, Jan Mayen and other dependencies)
Water area ratio
7%
Total GDP
About $481.9 billion [1] (Year 2021)
Per capita GDP
About $88,000 [1] (Year 2021)
International telephone area code
47
International domain name abbreviation
.no
Road access
Keep to the right
The national flower
heath
National bird
River bird
reputation
The land of ten thousand Islands
Largest city
Oslo
Leading institution
University of Oslo , Norwegian University of Science and Technology

catalogue

  1. 1Historical evolution
  2. 2Geographical environment
  3. ▪Regional location
  4. ▪landform
  5. ▪climate
  6. ▪Natural resources
  7. 3Administrative division
  8. ▪Zoning details
  9. ▪Major city
  10. 4National symbol
  11. ▪Country name
  12. ▪flag
  13. ▪National emblem
  14. 5population
  15. 6political
  16. ▪regime
  17. ▪constitution
  1. ▪congress
  2. ▪government
  3. ▪judiciary
  4. ▪Political party
  5. ▪dignitaries
  6. 7economy
  7. ▪summarize
  8. ▪industry
  9. ▪agriculture
  10. ▪Fishery industry
  11. ▪finance
  12. ▪currency
  13. ▪Service industry
  14. ▪foreign trade
  15. ▪Foreign investment
  16. ▪Outward investment
  17. ▪Foreign aid
  18. 8culture
  1. ▪Language
  2. ▪religion
  3. ▪custom
  4. ▪diet
  5. ▪Festivals
  6. ▪movie
  7. ▪celebrity
  8. 9Military affairs
  9. 10traffic
  10. ▪highroad
  11. ▪railway
  12. ▪Air freight
  13. ▪Water transport
  14. 11society
  15. ▪Science and technology
  16. ▪education
  17. ▪hygiene
  18. ▪medium
  1. ▪communication
  2. ▪Physical education
  3. ▪Public security
  4. ▪electricity
  5. ▪payroll
  6. ▪Labour force
  7. 12diplomacy
  8. ▪Foreign policy
  9. ▪Relations with China
  10. ▪With the United States and NATO
  11. ▪Relations with Russia
  12. ▪Relations with the European Union
  13. ▪Relations with Asia and developing countries
  14. 13travel

Historical evolution

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EDITOR
The written history of Norway begins in the 8th century. Norge means "the way to the north", the language used in Norway Germanic languages The Nordic branch of the Middle.
From the 8th century to the 11th century, it was the heyday of Norwegian maritime history, known as the "Viking period" (Viking), because of the rampant pirates in this period, also known as the "pirate period".
At the end of the 9th century AD, there was a "long hair beautiful man" said Golden King Harald began the unification of Norway and became the first king to do so.
In the 14th century, the Black Death and other infectious diseases caused the population of Norway to decline and the economy to decline, and Norway was unable to compete with the feudal lords of Denmark and Sweden. In the mid-14th century, Norway began to decline. In 1397, Norway formed the Kalmar Union with Denmark and Sweden, under the command of the Danish Queen Margaret I Rule.
In the early 19th century, Denmark allied with France and went to war against Britain, which also involved Norway as a Danish dependent state. The British blockade of the Norwegian coast, the main food and raw materials can not be shipped in, only 1807 to 1809 three years, more than 70,000 Norwegians starved to death.
Sweden had joined the Coalition against France, invaded Denmark after Napoleon's defeat, and forced Denmark to cede Norway to Sweden in 1814. On May 17 of the same year, Governor General Christian Frederik held a constitutional convention in Edsford, a small town 70 km north of Oslo, to prevent a Swedish takeover, and adopted the Norwegian Constitution, and since then May 17 has become Norway's National Day. After the Swedish military intervention, in November of the same year, the Norwegian parliament approved the Swedish king as King of Norway, and the Union was formed.
On 7 June 1905, Norway held a referendum to dissolve the union with Sweden and invited Prince Carl Datsky of Denmark to become King of Norway, renamed King Haakon VII.
During World War I, Norway remained neutral; During World War II, Norway again demanded neutrality, but German forces captured Norway on April 9, 1940, and occupied it until May 8, 1945.
In May 1945, the German occupation forces surrendered and Norway was restored. In June 1945, King Haakon returned to Norway from exile in Britain.
In 1947, Norway accepted" Marshall Plan The national economy gradually recovered.
Norway joined in 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization .
King Haakon died on 21 September 1957 and was succeeded by Olaf V.
Norway joined in 1959 European Free Trade Association .
On January 17, 1991, Olaf V died, the current king Harald the Fifth To this day.
In 1972 and 1994, Norway voted against joining the European Community and the European Union respectively.
Norway joined in 1999 Schengen Agreement . [6]

Geographical environment

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EDITOR

Regional location

Norway is located in the northwest corner of the European continent, in the west of Scandinavia, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the west and north, Russia, Finland and Sweden on the east, and Denmark on the south. It covers an area of 385,000 square kilometers, of which 324,000 square kilometers are mainland, 61,000 square kilometers are Svalbard Islands, and 377 square kilometers are Jan Mayen Island. Norway is the sixth largest country in Europe (after Russia, Ukraine, France, Spain and Sweden) with a coastline of 28,953 km (including fjords). [6]
Norse

landform

Topographic map of Norway
Norway is located in Scandinavia Above, on the peninsula Mountains of Scandinavia It runs through the whole of Norway, so in terms of terrain, Norway is mainly plateau and mountain, and the area accounts for more than two-thirds of the entire land. The Scandinavian Mountains are one of the few large mountain ranges in Europe Garge At 2468 meters above sea level, due to the high latitude and the influence of warm current rainfall, the formation of snow mountain glaciers covered with ridges.
Norwegian fjord view
Cut and eroded by ancient glaciers, the west coast of Norway forms one of the most spectacular and unique fjord landscapes in the world. [6]

climate

Norway is influenced by the warm Atlantic current from the Gulf of Mexico, which is much warmer than other regions at the same latitude, and most ports are ice-free in winter. Norway has a lot of rain, with an average annual rainfall of about 1000 mm. The average annual temperature in Oslo is about 5.7 degrees Celsius, -5 to 5 degrees Celsius in winter and 15 to 25 degrees Celsius in summer. The western part of Norway has a maritime climate with cool, humid summers and mild, snowy winters. The eastern part of the country has an inland climate as it is protected by the central mountains. Norway is located at a high latitude and the duration of light varies greatly with the seasons, with long days and short nights in summer and vice versa in winter. North of the Arctic Circle, there is no night in midsummer and no sun all day long in winter. [6]

Natural resources

Oil and gas
Norway is rich in oil and gas resources. According to the Norwegian Petroleum Administration, by the end of 2021, the estimated total reserves of crude oil and natural gas are 15.9 billion cubic meters (oil equivalent), and 50% have been extracted. Norway is the world's 12th largest oil producer and third largest exporter of natural gas. In 2020, a total of 227 million standard cubic meters of marketable oil equivalent will be produced and 112.3 billion standard cubic meters of natural gas will be sold. [6]
Fishery resources
Norway has a coastline of 28,953 km (including fjords and bays) and an island coastline of 71,963 km. Norway has more than 6,000 fishing boats, the main fishing species are cod, herring, mackerel, salmon and so on; There are thousands of aquaculture farms, 99% of the farmed products are salmon, trout, and the annual output is about 1.3 million tons. Aquaculture has replaced fishing as the backbone of Norwegian seafood exports. In 2019, the Norwegian fishing industry caught 2.47 million tons, a decrease of 7%, and the total output value of 21.2 billion kroner, an increase of 1.5%. Aquaculture totaled 1.45 million tons, up 7.2%, with a total value of 71.7 billion kroner, up 5.9%. Among them, the total amount of salmon farming was 1.36 million tons, an increase of 6.4%, and the total value was 68 billion kroner, an increase of 5.4%. [6]
Forestry resources
Norway's forest cover is 33.2%. By the end of 2019, the total forest stock was 978 million cubic meters, of which spruce accounted for 44%, pine accounted for 31%, and broad-leaved forest accounted for 25%. Commercial felling in 2020 amounted to 1.24 million cubic meters, with an output value of about 3.86 billion kroner. [6]
Hydropower resources
Norway is rich in hydropower resources, there are about 4,000 river systems in Norway, and the hydropower resources that can be developed every year are about 214 billion degrees, and 62% have been developed. About 50.7 billion KWH of hydropower resources are prohibited from development due to nature conservation and other reasons. In 2019, Norway generated 134.9 billion KWH of electricity, down 8.3% year-on-year, of which 126 billion KWH was generated by hydropower, down 9.8% year-on-year, and hydropower accounted for 93.4% of the total power generation. In 2019, Norway exported 12.3 billion KWH of electricity, down 33.4% from the previous year. [6]

Administrative division

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EDITOR

Zoning details

Subdivisions of Norway
In January 2020, Norway reorganized the country into one municipality and ten counties. They are the capital city of Oslo and the counties of Agder, Innlandet, More og Romsdal, Nordland, Rogaland, Westfold and Westfold and Telemark), Troms and Finnmark, Trondelag, Westlandet, and Viken. [6]

Major city

Oslo (Oslo)
Views of Oslo
The capital of Norway Oslo Norway's largest city, located in the southeast of Norway's Oslo Bay, an area of 454 square kilometers, Population about 716,000 (September 2023) It is the seat of the Norwegian government and the royal family, as well as the national political, economic, commercial, financial, industrial, transportation and scientific and cultural center. Oslo is the shipping and industrial center of Norway, with car ferries to Germany and Denmark, and regular passenger ferries to the United Kingdom and the United States. There are two railway hubs in the east and west of Oslo, and electric trains connect the eastern, northern and western suburbs. Oslo Airport is one of the most important international airports in the country, with flights to major cities in Europe and the world.
Bergen (Bergen)
Views of Bergen
Bergen is the second largest city in Norway and is located on the southwest coast of Norway on the Atlantic Ocean. Located between high mountains and fjords, Bergen is surrounded by seven high mountains, so it is known as the "city of seven mountains". It has an area of 445 square kilometers and a population of 284,000. The port of Bergen is Norway's largest port and one of the largest in Europe. The Marine Research Institute in Bergen is the second largest in Europe and a world leader in Marine aquaculture and maritime research. There are round stone paved alleys, medieval ancient buildings, open-air fish markets, etc., full of charming and simple charm. Bergen people are warm and friendly. In 2000, Bergen was named the European Capital of Culture by the United Nations.
Trondheim
The Cathedral of Nidros
Tronheim is Norway's third largest city, located in central Norway, with an area of 322 square kilometers and a population of 205,000, and is Norway's famous center for education, technology and medical research. The Norwegian University of Technology and the Norwegian Institute of Science and Industry are both based in the city. Tronheim is an important seaport and railway hub in central Norway as well as a trade, industrial and shipping center. Tronheim is the most magnificent church in Scandinavia The Cathedral of Nidros Where the Kings of Norway were crowned.
Stavanger
Stavanger scenery
Stavanger is Norway's fourth largest city, located in the southwest of Norway, with an area of 68 square kilometers and a population of 134,000, is Norway's famous oil city. Statoil is headquartered in the city. In the 19th century Stavanger was the largest sardine canning plant in Europe. After the 1970s, due to the development of the North Sea oil field, Stavanger became a maintenance and logistics support base for oil and gas field facilities and ships, and has now become the famous "North Sea oil capital" in Norway. In addition, the city's cultural relics are well preserved, and it has the most wooden buildings in Europe. Stavanger's unique Norwegian Petroleum Museum and Canned Fish Museum are also interesting. [6]

National symbol

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EDITOR

Country name

Kingdom of Norway, Norway for short. The word Norway, which appears around the 9th century, is derived from Nolreweg, meaning "road to the North" or "Northern Sea Route". Travelling to and from Scandinavia peninsula There are three main waterways: the East Road Baltic Sea The West Road Beihai The North Road runs along the north shore of the peninsula. At that time, the coastal area of the first line of the North Road was called the "Nolreweg area" after the name of the route Germanic A combination of Nolre (north) and Weg (road). In English, replace the second half of the "Weg" (road) with the English "Way" (road), pronounced "Norway" (Nolway). However, in Norway itself, people still use the ancient name Norge as the official name of the country.

flag

Flag of Norway
Flag of Norway Rectangular in shape, the ratio of length to width is 11:8. Red flag with blue and white cross painted to the left. Norway was once ruled by Denmark, the origin of the flag cross and Flag of Denmark The origin of the cross is the same. Blue, white and red symbolize freedom and independence. There are two kinds of national flags, the dovetail flag for government agencies, and the horizontal rectangular flag for other occasions.
The flag of Norway consists of an indigo cross with a white border and red surrounding it. Since Norway was once ruled by Denmark, the cross on the flag is derived from the cross of the Danish flag. Denmark was the earliest to adopt Christianity cross Countries with national flags, and the Nordic countries also use the cross flag. Norway based its design on the Danish flag, combining the American Stars and Stripes and the French flag tricolour By adding a blue cross to a white cross, the three colors of the national flag were born. Red, white and blue symbolize freedom and independence.

National emblem

Coat of arms of Norway
Norway's simple coat of arms is in the shape of a red shield with a gold star on top Lion He wears a crown and carries a silver axe with a gold handle. The golden lion was a symbol of strength, and the silver axe was the weapon of Saint Olaf, the protector of Norwegian freedom. The coat of arms is topped by a golden crown with a ball and a cross. It first appeared in the 13th century on the flag and crest of King Svalai, Haakon's ancestor. The image of a lion clutching a tomahawk in his arms has been the personal symbol of the holy king since the 8th century. The crown on the head of the golden lion is simple in shape, reflecting the unique style of Scandinavian metal making. Coat of arms The crown at the top symbolizes the majesty and supreme power of the royal family.

population

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EDITOR
5.534 million (September 2023). The number of overseas Chinese in Norway is about 10,000, more than half of which are concentrated in Oslo and surrounding areas. There are about 2,000 Chinese students studying in Norway. As of March 2021, the most populous cities in Norway are Bergen (284,000), Tronheim (205,000) and Stavanger (134,000). [6] Oslo has a population of 704,000 (as of June 2022).

political

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EDITOR

regime

Practice in Norway Constitutional monarchy . Since his accession to the throne on 21 January 1991, King Harald V has largely symbolic powers and is the head of state.

constitution

Norse The current constitution was adopted on 17 May 1814 and has since been amended several times. The Constitution provides for a constitutional monarchy. The King is the head of state and commander of the armed forces.

congress

The highest legislature of the state has legislative, financial and administrative supervision powers. It has a unicameral system, consisting of 169 members. General elections are held every four years by direct proportional representation. The parliament will be elected in September 2021 with 48 seats for the Labour Party, 36 seats for the Conservatives, 28 seats for the Centre Party, 21 seats for the Progress Party, 13 seats for the Socialist Left Party, 8 seats for the Red Party, 8 seats for the Liberal Party, 3 seats for the Green Environment Party, 3 seats for the Christian Democrats, and 1 seat for the Patients Concerned Party. Speaker Masud Gharahkhani (Labour Party).
In addition, Norway has the Sami Parliament, an independent elected body of the minority Sami people that governs all matters relating to the Sami people and acts as an advisory body to the government, but has no legislative power. Established in 1989, the body has 39 deputies who serve four-year terms and are elected at the same time as the national parliament. [6]

government

The current government was formed on 14 October 2021 and reorganized in October 2023. There are currently 20 members of the Cabinet, including 12 from the Labour Party and 8 from the Centre Party. The main members of the Cabinet include: Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Støre (Labour Party), Finance Minister Trygve Slagsvold Vedum (Centre Party), and Foreign Minister Espen Barth Eide (Labour Party).
The main government departments in Norway are the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Labour, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs, the Ministry of Government Reform and Religious Affairs, the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Health and Care, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development, the Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of Education and Research, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food, the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Industry and Trade, the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, the Ministry of Transport and Communications, the Ministry of Agriculture and Regional Development, and the Ministry of Agriculture and Regional Development. Ministry of Children, Equality and Social Inclusion, etc. [7]

judiciary

The courts function independently and are divided into three levels: the Supreme Court, six high courts, and 64 district and municipal courts of first instance. In addition, there are labor dispute courts, social security courts, and land certification courts. The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice (President) and 19 justices, including Chief Justice (President) Toril Marie Øie (female, since 2016). The prosecutorial system functions independently and is divided into three levels: the Office of the Prosecutor General, the local prosecutorial services (including 10 regional prosecutors' offices, the National Bureau for Investigation and Prosecution of Economic and Environmental Crimes, the National Office for the Prosecution of Organized and Serious Crimes), and the police Prosecutorial services (located in 12 police districts, the National Crime Investigation Bureau, and the Police Security Service). The Prosecutor-General Jørn Sigurd Maurud (since 2019) is the head of the prosecutorial system, and the administration of the office is handled by the Ministry of Justice.

Political party

There are more than 20 registered political parties in the country, mainly:
Political party
introduce
LabourParty
Ruling party, founded in 1887. The largest party in parliament. Advocates the implementation of a welfare society, to achieve full employment, sustainable development, fair distribution and strengthen social welfare. Its party membership is about 49,000. Chairman Jonas Gahr Stohler.
Center Party (CentreParty)
Ruling party, founded in 1920. Represents farmers and family farmers against EU membership. The party has about 20,000 members. Chairman Trugever Slogsvall Waddum.
ConservativeParty (ConservativeParty)
The largest opposition party, founded in 1884. Represents the interests of large monopoly capital in finance, shipping and industry, emphasizes free market competition, and supports accession to the European Union. The party has about 30,000 members. Chairperson Erna Solberg (female).
Progressive Party (ProgressParty)
Opposition party, founded in 1973. It advocates tax cuts, optimized elderly care services, strict immigration policies and enhanced social integration, and opposes joining the European Union. The party has about 16,000 members. President Sylvi Listhaug (female).
SocialistLeftParty
Opposition party, founded in 1975. He is a social democrat and opposed to EU membership. Advocate social equity, poverty reduction and green transformation. The party has about 16,000 members. President Kirsti Bergstø (female).
RedParty
Opposition party, founded in 2007. The Communist Party was formed by the merger of the Red Electoral League and the Workers' Communist Party. With the ultimate goal of creating a classless society, it advocates a welfare society and increasing taxes on the rich to address social inequality, and opposes joining the European Union. The party has about 14,000 members. The Chairperson, Marie Sneve Martinussen (female).
LiberalParty (LiberalParty)
Opposition party, founded in 1884. Represents the interests of the middle and small bourgeoisie, advocates social justice, tax reduction, job creation, attaches importance to education and environmental issues, and supports joining the European Union. The party has about 7,200 members. Chairperson Guri Melby (female).
TheGreen Environmental Party
Opposition party, founded in 1988. Advocates green environmental protection and social equity. Support EU membership. The party has about 12,000 members. Chairman Arild Hermstad.
ChristianDemocraticParty
Opposition party, founded in 1933. He advocates maintaining traditional Christian moral values, supports providing aid to developing countries, and opposes joining the European Union. The party has about 16,000 members. Chairperson Olaug VervikBollestad (female).
PatientFocus
Opposition party, established in 2021. Advocate for the expansion of the Troms and Finnmark Alta City Hospital. Chairperson: Irene Ojala (female).
Other political parties: the NorwegianCommunistParty, etc.

dignitaries

The current Prime Minister, Jonas Garr Stotler
The current King: Harald the Fifth , Born in 1937. After the German invasion of Norway in April 1940, he moved with his mother and two sisters to the United States, returning home after the war. He entered the Norwegian Military Academy in 1955. He studied at the University of Oxford from 1960 to 1962 and received an honorary doctorate from the University of York in 1984. He was appointed General of the Army, Navy and Air Force in 1977. He was appointed Crown Prince in September 1957 and ascended the throne on January 21, 1991. In April 1985, he visited China as Crown Prince. In October 1997, Queen Sonja paid a state visit to China. In August 2008, Queen Sonja attended and watched the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympic Games in China. In October 2018, Queen Kara Sonja paid a state visit to China.
Current Prime Minister: Jonas Gard Steller He was born in 1960. Graduated from Sciences Po in history and social economics. Since 1989, he has served as Special Adviser to the Prime Minister's Office, Director-General of the International Department of the Prime Minister's Office, representative of the Norwegian Delegation to Geneva, Director of the Office of the Director-General of the World Health Organization, Secretary of State and Director of the Office of the Prime Minister's Office. He served as Foreign Secretary from 2005 to 2012. He served as Minister of Health and Care from 2012 to 2013. He has been chairman of the Labour Party since 2014. He became Prime Minister on 14 October 2021.

economy

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EDITOR

summarize

Norway is a highly developed modern industrial country and one of the richest countries in the world. The Norwegian continental shelf is rich in oil and gas resources, and the oil and gas industry dominates the economy, in addition, Norway is also rich in fisheries, forests, and water resources. Norway's shipbuilding and shipping industry has a long history, is the world's shipping power, and has the world's leading technology in Marine engineering, ships and their equipment manufacturing. Norway also has unique advantages in environmental protection, information and communication, chemical industry, metallurgy and medicine.
Norway is a developed country with modern industry. The economy grew rapidly in the 1970s, had ups and downs in the 1980s, and surged in revenue in the early 1990s due to the removal of oil production quotas. The Oil Fund was established in 1990 and renamed "Government Pension Fund - Global" (i.e. sovereign wealth fund) in 2006. The economy has performed well in recent years, with unemployment and inflation remaining low, supported by huge revenues from oil and gas exports. The 2008 financial crisis and the 2014 oil price crisis briefly impacted the Norwegian economy, but both recovered stability and returned to continuous growth in a relatively short period of time. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the situation in Norway has been generally under control, social fundamentals are stable, and the economy has recovered fairly quickly. Key economic indicators for 2023 are as follows:
Gross Domestic Product: NOK 5,570.7 billion
GDP per capita: NOK 1,045 million
GDP growth rate: 32.2%; The mainland economy (excluding offshore industries such as oil and gas) grew 3.3 per cent
Unemployment rate: 3.7% (November 2023)
Sovereign Wealth Fund Market capitalization: NOK 15.93 trillion (January 2024)
According to the World Economic Forum's 2019 Global Competitiveness Report, Norway ranks 16th out of 141 most competitive countries and territories in the world. According to the World Bank's Doing Business 2020 report, Norway ranks 9th out of 190 countries and territories. Since 2001, Norway has been ranked among the best countries in the World to live in by the United Nations Development Programme. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the situation has been under control, social fundamentals are stable, and the economy has recovered fairly quickly.
Norway's market economy is relatively developed, the macroeconomic environment is long-term stable and good, and the people are wealthy. As a member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), Norway has free access to the EU market for all goods except agricultural products in accordance with the European Economic Area (EEA) agreement between EFTA and the EU. The Norwegian government is relatively clean and there is less corruption. Starting a company in Norway is easier and registration costs are lower.
In 2021, Norway has a GDP of about $481.9 billion and a GDP per capita of about $88,000, with a GDP growth rate of 3.9% and an unemployment rate of 4.3%. As of April 30, 2021, the international rating agency Standard & Poor's has rated Norway "AAA/A-1+" with A stable outlook. [6]

industry

Offshore oil and gas, chemical industry, shipping, hydropower, metallurgy and so on are particularly developed. Europe is an important producer and exporter of aluminum and magnesium, and most of the ferrosilicon alloy products are exported. The world's third largest exporter of natural gas, eighth largest exporter of crude oil, and ninth largest shipping country. Total oil and gas production in 2022 is about 232 million cubic meters, with an export value of about NOK 2 trillion, accounting for 74% of the total value of national exports of goods. [1]
Maritime affairs
Norway is a maritime power with a history of more than 150 years as a ship producer, particularly in the production of specialty ships (such as transporting oil, gas, chemicals, automobiles, ro-ro ships) and deep-sea vessels. According to Invest Norway, more than 100,000 people are directly employed in the maritime sector in Norway, and industrial value added accounts for about 12% of GDP. In addition, Norway has an important position in the field of offshore special Marine equipment and fishing boat production, with more than 300 Marine equipment producers, producing equipment that accounts for 9% of the world market share, 60% of which is exported. Products include advanced ship propeller, ship power main engine, electronic cargo handling equipment, Marine electronic navigation instruments, electronic maps and advanced ship stability system. According to the statistics of relevant professional organizations, the ships owned by Norwegian shippers are ranked seventh in the world by tonnage. In the field of Marine engineering, the fleet of Norwegian shipowners ranks first in the world. In terms of ship value, Norwegian shipowners own the sixth largest fleet in the world. [6]
Chemical engineering
The development of Norway's chemical industry mainly relies on rich hydropower, oil and gas resources and market demand, mainly to produce chemical raw materials, production scale, strong profitability. [6]
metallurgy
There are more than 140 metallurgical companies in Norway. Relying on abundant hydropower, Norway has vigorously developed the production of power-hungry aluminum and silicon. Norway is the world's second largest exporter of aluminium and aluminium products (after China), exporting 80-90% of its aluminium production. NASA's space shuttles and the European Space Agency's launch vehicles all rely on Norwegian metal and metallurgical technology. Norway is also one of the world's largest producers of ferrosilicon and silicon metal, supplying more than half of the world's silicon metal used in personal computers and electronic components. [6]

agriculture

Agricultural area of 985,000 hectares, accounting for 3.5% of the country (excluding Svalbard islands, Yan Mayen Island and other dependent territories), meat, eggs and dairy products self-sufficiency rate of more than 96%, grains, fruits and vegetables self-sufficiency rate is relatively low. In 2021, there will be 38,000 people working in agriculture, with a per capita annual income of NOK 236,000. The production forest area is about 86,000 square kilometers, and the timber production in 2022 will be 11.63 million cubic meters.

Fishery industry

Fishing is an important traditional Norwegian economic sector. Norwegian fisheries are divided into two categories: farming and harvesting. Aquaculture is mainly salmon and trout; About 200 species of fish, shellfish and Marine animals and plants are caught, mainly: Atlantic cod, haddock, green cod, herring, mackerel, capelin, flounder, Arctic shrimp, lobster, king crab and so on.
Norway's largest aquaculture company is Marine Harvest AG, the world's largest salmon breeder. The second is Cermaq AG, which is mainly engaged in fish feed production and salmon farming business; The third largest salmon producer is Salmar Group. In addition, there is the Leroy Seafood Group Company, which is engaged in the production and sale of seafood. Norway's largest offshore fishing company is Austevoll Seafood AG, which, in addition to global offshore fishing, also engages in fishmeal, fish oil, fish canning, salmon farming and processing. It is followed by Aker Seafood AG. [6]

finance

bank
The Central Bank of Norway is responsible for implementing a rational monetary policy aimed at controlling inflation, promoting balanced economic development, helping to build stable and efficient financial markets and payment systems, issuing banknotes and coins, and ensuring the effective management of the country's financial assets, including Norway's foreign and domestic pension funds and foreign exchange reserves.
There are 18 commercial banks registered in Norway, the main commercial banks are: Norway's largest financial services Group Norwegian Bank (DNB), Nordea Bank (Nordic Bank), DanskeBank Group and so on.
There are 121 savings banks registered throughout Norway.
There are 47 foreign banks registered in Norway, with the vast majority of their branches located in Oslo and nearby Akershus County. Among them, the largest number of Swedish banks, up to 30, followed by the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Germany, France, Ireland and other countries.
There are no Chinese banks in Norway. To open an account in a local bank in Norway, a foreign enterprise must first register with the Norwegian Enterprise Registration Office, such as a branch company or a newly established limited liability company, with the registration number assigned by the Enterprise Registration Office, and then apply to the local bank to open an account. When opening an account, the bank will require the foreign shareholders in the company to submit a bank credit certificate, and for limited liability companies, a minimum deposit of 30,000 KRoner is required to open an account. [6]
Foreign exchange control
The Norwegian Central Bank issued the current foreign exchange regulations in 1990. The central bank does not have much control over the national currency and foreign exchange, but requires honest reporting. Except for the Central Bank and the foreign exchange Bank, no one may engage in commercial foreign exchange trading in Norway.
Residents or non-residents carrying NOK or foreign currency notes and coins with a value of more than 25,000 kroner each way must fill out a declaration form with the immigration customs administration. When the value of NOK or foreign currency notes and coins sent or received by post, Courier or other means exceeds NOK 25,000, residents or non-residents must submit a written report to the Central Bank.
Dividends and profits from business activities in Norway, interest on loans and mortgages, and invested capital can be remitted in full and freely, but must be reported to the Central Bank. The import of commodities, remittance of dividends and profits of subsidiaries, royalty and payment of overseas service fees are not subject to foreign exchange control, but the trading party or the domestic foreign exchange bank shall truthfully report to the Central Bank.
When a foreign company opens an account in a local Norwegian bank, it can apply for a foreign exchange account at the same time. [6]
Securities market
Oslo Stock Exchange Oslo Bors is Norway's only stock exchange, founded in 1819, with a history of 200 years. The exchange's annual trading volume is about $600 billion, of which international investors own 65% of the shares and 41% of the total trading volume. Most of Norway's best-known companies are already listed on the exchange, with strong sectors such as energy, shipping and fishing accounting for a large proportion of trading volume. The exchange brings together professional investment banks, lawyers and investment institutions, who understand Norwegian business laws and market conditions and can provide professional services. Norway's legal system is relatively perfect, the policy is open and transparent, the information disclosure of listed companies is relatively standardized, and the market is relatively prosperous.
The Oslo Stock market is part of Norex, the Nordic stock exchange network, and shares listed in the four Nordic countries can be traded freely on the same platform as the stock exchanges in Sweden, Denmark and Iceland, making it easy for international investors to access the securities markets of other Nordic countries by entering one market. [6]
Credit card use
Norway has a high use of transactions such as credit cards and online payments. Most customers pay by card in stores. Both VISA and Master cards issued in China can be used locally, while UnionPay, Alipay and wechat Pay are available for a small number of merchants.
Major local correspondent banks that cooperate with Chinese banks are: Norwegian Bank (DNB) and Nordea Bank (Nordea Bank). [6]

currency

Norwegian legal tender is Norwegian krone . One krona is equal to 100 cents, but Krona cash has a minimum value of 1 krona, and if the purchase is settled in cash, the price will be calculated using the rounding method. The Norwegian krone is a freely convertible currency. The Norwegian krone can be exchanged at any time with the US dollar, the euro and other freely convertible currencies at any financial institution or exchange point in Norway. RMB and Norwegian krone can be settled directly. [6]

Service industry

The service sector is an important pillar of the Norwegian economy. Trade in services plays an important role in Norway's foreign trade. Transport (mainly maritime) is the leading export sector, followed by oil and gas services, maritime services, finance, legal, audit, marketing, public relations and management consulting. Norway is a world leader in offshore oil development services and environmental services. [6]

foreign trade

Advocate free trade. Foreign trade plays an important role in the economy. It mainly exports crude oil, natural gas, coke and refined petroleum products, metals, all kinds of machinery and fishery products. Mainly imported machinery, motor vehicles, electronic and optical products, metals, chemical raw materials and products, food. The main import source countries include Sweden, Germany, China and so on. The main export destinations are Britain, Germany, the Netherlands and so on. The total import and export trade in 2022 amounted to NOK 3,692.96 billion, an increase of 61.8% year-on-year. Among them, the export of 2,662.37 billion NOK, an increase of 87.2%; Imports were NOK 1,030.6 billion, up 20.5% year on year.

Foreign investment

According to the World Investment Report 2021 released by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Norway's foreign investment flows in 2020 will be -2.394 billion US dollars; By the end of 2020, Norway's foreign investment stock stood at $147.764 billion and its foreign investment stock stood at $197,867 billion.
The main multinational companies investing in Norway are: The world's top 500 companies such as British BP, Dutch Shell, American Mobil and other oil companies (mainly engaged in Norwegian offshore oil and gas development), the United States GE company (has acquired Norway Akkovana company), South Korea STX company (bought 39.2% of Norway Acre shipyard and became its largest shareholder), the United States Microsoft company (6.5 billion kroner to buy Norway's well-known search company FA ST), the United States Yahoo, Google and other well-known search engine companies (set up offices in Norway), the Netherlands Fugro Group (geotechnical engineering, offshore oil and gas, geological exploration, fishery technology and other high-tech services company).
In recent years, Chinese companies have begun to pay attention to the Norwegian market, such as COSL's $2.5 billion acquisition of Norway's famous offshore oil and gas service provider AWILCO in 2008, and China Bluestar's $2 billion acquisition of Norway's Elkem in 2010. In 2015, Bluestar Elkem spent $620 million to acquire the Norwegian Solar panel manufacturer REC Solar Holdings AS factory to integrate the industrial chain. In 2016, Kunlun Technology Co., Ltd. acquired Norwegian browser Opera for $575 million. In 2018, Zhimei Chuangshe Home Furnaces (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. acquired 100% equity of Ekornes ASA Company with an investment amount of 630.46 million US dollars. Everbright Group acquires 100% of the shares of Boreal Holding AS, with an investment amount of 200 million US dollars. [6]

Outward investment

Norway's direct investment in China began in 1983, and the investment projects are mainly concentrated in petrochemical, metallurgy, medicine, shipbuilding equipment, paper, power generation equipment, fishery and other advantageous industries, which are basically consistent with China's industrial policy and the fields in which foreign investment is encouraged. Direct investment in China is mainly distributed in the east coast of China and economically developed provinces and cities, such as Jiangsu, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Shandong, Liaoning, Beijing and Tianjin. The inland provinces of Hubei, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia also have investments from Norwegian companies. Statoil, DNV, Hydro, Jotun, Skaugen Group, Elkem, Kongsberg, Norwegian Forest Paper and other well-known companies have set up factories or offices in China. [6]

Foreign aid

We attach importance to foreign aid and insist on spending about 1% of our gross national income (GNI) on foreign aid. Foreign aid in 2022 amounted to about NOK 49.6 billion, or about 0.86% of gross national income (GNI). The main recipient countries are Syria, Afghanistan, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Palestine, Somalia, Indonesia, Lebanon and so on. Foreign aid in 2021 amounts to about NOK 40.1 billion, or about 0.93% of gross national income (GNI).
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Norway has sent medical workers to Italy, donated 50 million kronor to the World Health Organization, and pledged 13 billion kronor to the global development of vaccines against pandemics. The Norwegian government plans to provide an additional 5 million doses of vaccines to developing countries between autumn 2021 and spring 2022, as well as 12 billion crowns in economic development aid to poor countries. [6]

culture

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EDITOR

Language

The official language of Norway is Norwegian language It belongs to the North Germanic language family closely related to Danish and Swedish. For the most part, speakers of Norwegian, Danish and Swedish can communicate with each other. There are two official written forms of the Norwegian language, Bokmal (Written Norwegian) and Nynorsk (New Norwegian). "Written Norwegian" is based on the Danish-Norwegian language, based on the Danish written script with the pronunciation of the eastern Norwegian dialect. New Norwegian was compiled in the 1850s by the linguist Ivar Osen from various dialects of western Norway. "Written Norwegian" is more widely spoken in Oslo and the big cities, where it is spoken by more than 80% of the population, while "New Norwegian" is spoken by about 10% to 15% of the population, mainly on the western coast. In addition, the population of Norway whose mother tongue is Sami is about 20,000.
English is the most important foreign language in Norway, followed by German. [6]

religion

Most people in Norway are religious. Lutheran Christianity is the largest denomination in Norway, with 68% of the population being Christians. In recent years, with the increase in the number of refugees and immigrants, Norway has become more and more diversified in religious beliefs, and the number of people who believe in Islam is rising rapidly. Foreign immigrants have brought Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism to Norway. [6]

custom

Norwegians are law-abiding, honest and punctual, respect the wife and love the child, implicit humility, health and environmental awareness is very strong.
Gifts should be given lightly, and expensive gifts should be avoided to avoid being seen as bribes; The diet is simple and light, and likes sweets after meals. Norwegian law prohibits indoor smoking, hotels, restaurants, shopping malls, theaters and other places are not allowed to smoke, hotel rooms and some public places with smoke alarms. Pay attention to public morality and politeness in public places, queue in turn, do not shout loudly. Restaurants and bars are not allowed to bring their own alcohol. The store is open Monday through Saturday and closed on Sundays and holidays.
Norwegians have the concept of equality, the hierarchical system within the company is relatively loose, there should be no discrimination between men and women, and people prefer to use each other's first name (without a surname), the dress is more casual at work, and the party is more formal. Norwegians do not strike up conversations with strangers.
In Norway, it is generally considered that about 1.2 meters is the best distance between the two sides of the conversation, more or less than this distance is considered impolite behavior, will dilute the atmosphere of the conversation or appear unpleasant formality.
Norwegians have a strong sense of time, if you can not perform the contract, you should call to cancel or change the date.
Norse Do not want others to ask about their work, salary, social status and other situations, think that these things are personal matters, do not need others to ask and intervene. Good topics are hobbies, politics, sports and travel.
Norse "13" and "Friday" are taboo, considering these to be "bad luck" and "disaster" numbers and dates.
Norwegians do not want to cross handshakes or cross conversations with each other. Think that cross handshakes or cross conversations are bad manners.
The sun in Norway is very short every year, and July and August are the golden season for Norwegians to enjoy the sun, and most Norwegians choose to take a holiday during this period. In addition, the two weeks before Christmas and the three weeks after Christmas, and the week before Easter are also the time when Norwegians take vacation and travel. Therefore, in general, you should try to avoid doing business and talking business during these hours.
The river bird is Norway's national bird and is strictly forbidden to be caught by the Norwegian government. [6]

diet

As a result of the vast territory of 1/3 located Arctic Circle The Norwegian diet is therefore dependent on fish and aquatic products. Top of the list are smoked salmon, fresh cod, herring and shrimp. Meats include lamb, veal, beef, and moose and reindeer meat. At home in Oslo, there are meatballs and mutton stew in autumn and snow partridge in winter. Cheese is also good to eat, especially slices of bread or honeycomb with sweet feta cheese. There are many restaurants in Oslo, with diverse flavors and high quality, but unfortunately the prices are more expensive, regardless of grade. In the vicinity of Carl John Street, there should be a variety of restaurants. The area around Acre Pier Mall is very busy in the summer, and many small and mini open-air cafes are full. Norwegians love beer, wine and whiskey But the price is high.

Festivals

time
Festivals
January 1st
New Year's Day
January 21st
Birthday of Princess Ingrid Alessandra
February 21st
King Harald V's birthday
February 6th
Sami Day
The first of May
International Labor Day (Public Holiday)
On May 8th
Liberation Day (Liberation from Nazi occupation in 1945)
On May 17th
Constitution (Adopted in 1814)
June 7th
Dissolution of Union (1905)
The Fourth of July
Queen Sonja's birthday
July 20th
Birthday of Crown Prince Haakon Magnus
July 29th
Saint Olaf's Day (1030 Death of King Saint Olaf, patron saint of Norway)
The 19th of August
Birthday of Crown Princess Mette Marit
December 25th
Christmas

movie

Norway every January in the northern port city Tromsø (Tromso) held Tromso International Film Festival (TIFF). Founded in 1991 as a meeting point for the Norwegian and international film industry, the festival aims to showcase outstanding films for audiences in the polar regions, throughout Norway and around the world, with features such as an outdoor cinema. The festival venue includes the Verdensteatret Cinema, KulturHuset and Halogaland theatre concert halls, and the top Prize is The Aurora Prize. [2]

celebrity

Amundsen (1872-1928) was the first human to reach the South Pole and the first to sail through the Northwest Passage north of Canada.
Fred holds Geoff Nansen (1861-1930), scientist and polar scholar, as well as artist and politician, used to ski across Greenland He sailed the sailing ship "Fram" across the Arctic Ocean, awarded in 1922 Nobel Peace Prize ;
Thule Hejedal (1914 -), Adventurer He piloted the raft "Kon-Tiki" from South America to the Polynesian Islands, testifying to the early days Indian It is possible to cross the Pacific Ocean in the same way, and to prove that man may have already crossed the Atlantic Ocean with the Pull-weed ship.
Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906), playwright, Pack of demons "And" Dollhouse But in New York, London, Paris or Berlin There are probably as many opportunities to see Ibsen's plays. Ibsen added to European drama Shakespeare The psychological depth and social effects that have been lacking since then.
Bianstierna Bionsen (1832-1910) was awarded in 1903 Nobel Prize in Literature . He wrote folklore, novels, poetry and plays and created Norway National anthem And the lyrics.
Knut Hamsun (1859-1952) won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1920 for his book The Growth of the Land, including Hunger, Pan and Victoria.
Sigrid Undset (1882-1949) won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1928. Her most famous book is a trilogy about Christine Lafronstadt, which has been translated into many languages.
Author Edvard Munch (1863-1944), painter Munch It's modern painting. expressionism The founder, composer Edward Grieg .
Sonia Heini (1912-1969) was a ten-time world champion and three-time Olympic champion in figure skating.
Gretel Waits (1953 -) is the Norwegian woman most familiar with the tarmac of New York City, winner of the New York and London marathons, and multiple world champions in marathon and field running. Gretel Waits has gone down in history as a pioneer of women's long-distance running.

Military affairs

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EDITOR
The King of Norway is the nominal supreme commander. The cabinet controls the army through the Secretary of Defence. The highest operational command is the Supreme Defense Command, headed by Gen. Eric Kristoffersen (since August 2020). Norway is a founding member of NATO and hosts the NATO Joint Operations Center. Compulsory military service for 12 months. The total number of active military and civilian personnel is about 16,000. Since 1947, it has participated in nearly 100 international operations, with about 100,000 participants.

traffic

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EDITOR

highroad

Norway's total road mileage is about 94,000 kilometers, and the road network is relatively dense, including 10,600 kilometers of national roads, 44,400 kilometers of county roads, and 39,000 kilometers of municipal roads. Norway's road system is relatively complete, with tunnels as the biggest feature. There are as many as 915 road tunnels, ranking first in the world, with a total mileage of more than 800 kilometers, and the bus system extends in all directions, and the long-distance buses are very comfortable. The European Highway 6, Highway 39, and Highway 134 run through the entire territory, connecting with neighboring countries such as Sweden and Finland. Due to its mountainous and hilly nature, most sections of the highway are two-lane in both directions, with strict speed limits. [6]

railway

The Norwegian railway network has a total length of 4,157 km, of which 2,552 km are electrified. In 2020, 42.6 million passengers and 33.89 million tons of cargo will be transported. The railway line runs through the country, with 775 tunnels and over 3,000 railway Bridges. Several routes pass through the varied countryside, offering panoramic views of the suburbs, mountains, lakes and fjords. The most famous is the railway connecting Oslo and Bergen. By rail you can reach the domestic cities such as Bergen and Tronheim, and you can also reach the European countries such as Sweden, Denmark and Germany. The Norwegian and Finnish governments plan to build an Arctic railway between the northern port city of Kirkenes and Rovaniemi, Finland, which is still in the pipeline. Norway has yet to build high-speed rail. [6]

Air freight

Norway's terrain is long and mountainous, and air is an important means of transportation. Norway has 55 civil airports throughout the country, the main airports in Oslo, Bergen, Tronheim and Stavanger, which handle nearly 30 million passengers a year. According to statistics, three of the 10 busiest routes in Europe are in Norway: Oslo-Bergen, Oslo-Tronheim, Oslo-Stavanger. Oslo is home to Gardenmoen International Airport and SANDEFJORD airport, with connections to major European cities. There are two main airlines operating within Norway: SAS, which is jointly owned by the Danish, Norwegian and Swedish governments; The second is Norwegian, a private company listed on the Oslo stock exchange.
Norwegian Air carried 2.74 million passengers in the first quarter of 2021, a 73.5% decrease from the same period in 2020. Cargo volume was 54,916 tons, of which 43,976 tons was handled at Oslo Gallermoon International Airport. [6]

Water transport

Norway has a well-developed maritime industry, with Oslo, Bergen, Tronheim and other ports. Bergen is the main cargo handling port in Norway. In 2019, Norwegian ports handled 211 million tonnes. In the fourth quarter of 2020, Norwegian ports handled 47.65 million tons, of which the port of Bergen handled 15.73 million tons. Between the coastal areas, there are passenger ships responsible for transporting passengers, and bear more than half of the cargo transport. Small fjord ferries are busy with local transport at speeds of 30 to 40 knots, and a considerable number of car ferries ply the fjord and the fjord. Thanks to the Gulf Stream, ships are free all year round.
At the end of 2020, the Norwegian merchant fleet totaled 1,571 vessels of all types, an increase of 3.8% year-on-year, with a gross tonnage of 19.26 million tons. [6]
In December 2023, Norway was elected A Category A member of the International Maritime Organization. [9]

society

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EDITOR

Science and technology

The Research Council of Norway is the official body that provides strategic decision-making and financial support for scientific research activities in Norway. It provides advice and advice to the Norwegian government, the central government administration and the research community in formulating research policies. It has six departments responsible for research in industry and energy, biological production and improvement, environment and development, culture and society, and natural sciences and technology. The Norwegian Institute of Science, Technology and Industry (SINTEF), the largest independent research institute in Scandinavia, the University of Oslo, which ranks among the top 100 in the world, and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, which ranks second in Norway, all have strong scientific research capabilities. There are also 12 specialized science parks in Norway. [6]

education

Since 1998, ten-year compulsory education has been free. Most schools are public, with central responsibility for higher education and local responsibility for secondary and primary education. There are 44 colleges and universities with about 310,000 students. Major universities include University of Oslo, University of Bergen, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, University of Tromsø, Norwegian University of Life, Norwegian Business School, etc. [6]

hygiene

Health in Norway is good and outbreaks of communicable diseases are rare. Medical facilities and medical insurance system is perfect, social security coverage is wide, covering minors, students, people receiving unemployment benefits, etc., as long as the local work permit is included in the local welfare system, enjoy free medical care. Otherwise, medical fees and service fees are expensive.
In 2020, the total national health expenditure of Norway is 386.69 billion kroner, accounting for 11.3% of GDP, and the per capita health expenditure is 71,883 kroner. In 2018, life expectancy in Norway was 81.0 years for men and 84.49 years for women. [6]

medium

With the popularization of the Internet, Norwegians are using the Internet more and more to browse information.
Norwegian news agency (NTB) was founded in 1867 as an unofficial organization. The Norwegian National Broadcasting Corporation (NRK), founded in 1933, is Norway's largest media group, divided into radio and television parts, under the Ministry of Culture. All the world's major news agencies have offices in Norway. In December 2009, the Oslo branch of Xinhua News Agency was established.
Norway publishes more than 220 newspapers with an average daily circulation of about 2 million. The major newspapers with a wide range of circulation and influence are: Aftenposten, Verdens Gang, Dagbladet, Dagens Næringsliv, Bergen Times, etc.
The Norwegian television sector is generally composed of the following systems, namely the analog television system (NRK1, NRK2, etc.), the digital television system, the fiber optic and satellite television system, and the national community television channel system. Larger television stations include Norwegian National Television. [6]

communication

Norway is one of the countries with the most developed communication and the highest Internet penetration in the world, with 91% of the population owning a mobile phone, the highest proportion of mobile phones per capita among the Nordic countries. More than 95 per cent of households have a computer, 90 per cent have access to the Internet, and about half of Norway's population has broadband subscribers. Corporate Internet penetration in Norway is more than 95%, with fixed broadband usage at 89%, the highest in the Nordic countries. The rate of enterprise website construction reached 78%, of which 66% of enterprises carried out e-commerce.
Norway attaches great importance to the development of the digital society, and Kongsberg Digital is a world-renowned digital service provider. Stavanger, Norway's fourth largest city, hosts the annual Smart Cities Conference, showcasing the latest ideas and products from around the world. Norway has popularized 4G networks and signed commercial contracts with Huawei and Ericsson for 5G networks.
The Norwegian information technology industry is relatively developed, with strong competitiveness in satellite communications, global positioning, mobile phones, transmission, video conferencing, multimedia facilities, credit card terminals and other fields.
Telenor is the largest mobile operator in Norway and the 22nd largest in the world. With a turnover of 122.8 billion kroner in 2020, the number of users has exceeded 180 million, with operations in 9 countries and 18,000 employees. The main business scope is mobile phone operation, fixed line, broadcasting service. Opera Software makes a mobile browser that is user-friendly, takes up little memory and is easy to use. [6]

Physical education

Norwegians love outdoor sports, such as hiking, cycling, running, climbing, rowing, and especially skiing. The word "Ski" comes from Norwegian. In international sports, Norwegians lead the world in ice and snow sports. [6]

Public security

Norway's social welfare system is perfect, people generally abide by the law and discipline, and the public security situation is generally good, but robbery, murder and other vicious cases also occur occasionally. A total of 301,000 cases were reported to the Norwegian police in 2020, or 56 per 1,000 people. Crime rates in the Oslo area are much higher than in other cities. In recent years, with the increase in the number of migrants and refugees, the social security situation has deteriorated, and the theft of property by foreign tourists has occurred, especially during the summer tourist season from June to September. In addition, the reporting rate of drug-related crimes and the reporting rate of juveniles are on the rise.
Local residents in Norway can legally own guns if they have a permit. [6]

electricity

Norway is rich in hydropower resources, many mountains and valleys, and abundant rainfall, and the hydropower industry established on this basis is very developed. Norway's annual electricity generation in 2019 was 134,800 GWH, down 8.3% from the previous year. Among them, wind power accounted for 4.1% of the total power generation, an increase of 42.5%, oil, gas and coal energy generation accounted for 2.5%, and hydropower generation accounted for 93.4%. Norway's power generation can not only meet the needs of domestic industrial and agricultural production and civilian use, but also export to Sweden, the Netherlands and Germany. Abundant and cheap hydropower has helped Norway develop a highly developed non-ferrous metal smelting industry.
The power grid in the Nordic region is very developed, except for Iceland, the other four countries have achieved grid interconnection, and the Nordic power grid often refers to Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Finland.
The four countries have the advantages and needs of complementary resources, and the electricity composition of the countries has great complementarity. Hydropower in the four Nordic countries is mainly concentrated in the northern part of their geographical territory, where the population is smaller and the load is lower. Thermal power is mainly concentrated in the southern region, these areas are relatively densely populated, the load is large. In the wet season, a large number of rich hydropower with low cost in the northern region of northern Europe flows into the southern region by virtue of price advantages, and the real-time electricity price in the market is low. In the dry season, on the contrary, the southern thermal power flows into the northern region, and the market real-time price is higher. In addition to internal resource optimization, the four Nordic countries also have power transactions with Russia, Germany and Poland, and international power transactions are very frequent, and the Nordic region needs to import electricity from neighboring Russia, Germany and Poland during the peak period of electricity consumption, and the international liaison line provides a guarantee for such power transactions. [6]

payroll

Wages in Norway are among the highest in the world, with manufacturing workers earning 50% more than the EU average. The average monthly salary for full-time employees in Norway in 2020 will be 48,750 kroner, an increase of 2.2%. Norway has a high tax policy, with individual income tax ranging from 22% to 38.5% depending on the level of salary. In recent years, wages as a whole have been rising at an annual rate of about 3%. [6]

Labour force

The overall quality of Norwegian citizens is high, and the quality of labor is excellent. In the first quarter of 2021, the Norwegian labor force numbered about 2.84 million people. Among them, 2.699 million were employed and 141,000 were registered as unemployed. There were 72,300 vacant jobs in the first quarter of 2021, an increase of 6,900 jobs or 2.5% from the previous quarter.
The labor force in Norway mainly includes: professionals with a doctor's degree or above, IT talents, skilled technicians, construction workers, seasonal workers, drivers, fishing workers, nannies and so on. In the fourth quarter of 2020, there were about 436,000 employed immigrants in Norway, a decrease of 1.9%. Foreign workers mainly come from Eastern European and Asian countries. [6]

diplomacy

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EDITOR

Foreign policy

Norse China attaches importance to the role of the United Nations and actively participates in the mediation of UN peacekeeping operations and international and regional hotspot issues. Lay, a Norwegian, served as the first Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1946 to 1953. It is a member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and the Schengen Area. It is the first Arctic country to issue a strategy and policy document on the Arctic. It attaches great importance to oceans, climate change and emission reduction issues, and is one of the first developed countries to ratify the Paris Agreement. It has diplomatic relations with more than 140 countries.

Relations with China

Norway recognized New China on January 7, 1950, and established diplomatic relations with China on October 5, 1954. In 1955, the two countries exchanged ambassadors. In 1958, Fen Mu, Chairman of the Foreign Affairs and Constitution Committee of the Norwegian Parliament, visited China at the invitation of the Institute of Foreign Affairs, which was the first Norwegian delegation to visit China. Since the 1970s, mutual visits between the two countries have increased. In 1979, Vice Premier Geng Biao visited Norway, the first such visit by a Chinese leader. In the 1980s, the heads of government of the two countries exchanged visits for the first time. [10]
In 1980, China and Norway signed an agreement on economic, industrial and technical cooperation and established the China-Norway Joint Economic and Trade Committee mechanism. In 2007, the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding on Norway's recognition of China's full market economy status.
China is Norway's largest trading partner in Asia. From January to November 2023, bilateral trade was 7.1 billion US dollars, down 40.83% year-on-year; Among them, China's exports were 4.3 billion US dollars, down 10.42% year-on-year; The value of imports was 3.9 billion US dollars, down 45.83% year-on-year.
Norway has consulates General in Shanghai and Guangzhou.
In 1963, China and Norway signed an agreement on cultural cooperation. In 2009, the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding on cultural cooperation. In 2007, Beijing Foreign Studies University opened a Norwegian major. The two countries signed memorandums of understanding on sports cooperation in 2003 and 2017.
In 2008, China and Norway signed an intergovernmental agreement on science and technology cooperation, and held the first China-Norway Joint Committee on Science and Technology cooperation in 2010. Niels Christian Stanses, former president of the Norwegian Academy of Sciences, won the 2019 China International Science and Technology Cooperation Award. In 2004, China's first Arctic scientific research station "Yellow River Station" was completed in Spitsbergen (also known as "Svalbard Islands"), Norway.
The environmental protection departments of China and Norway have a long history of friendly cooperation and signed memorandums of understanding on environmental cooperation in 1995, 2008 and 2022 respectively. The Norwegian government is a long-term partner of the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development. In 2007, the National Development and Reform Commission of China, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Norway and the United Nations Development Programme jointly signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Climate Change Cooperation. In 2008, the two countries signed the Framework Agreement on Cooperation and Dialogue on Climate Change. [10]

With the United States and NATO

Northrop America and North Atlantic Treaty Organization Close cooperation is a cornerstone of Norway's foreign and security policy. Regards the United States as the most important ally. He stressed the leading role of NATO in European security policy, advocated strengthening transatlantic ties, and supported actions against NATO outside the defense zone.

Relations with Russia

Norway follows the political and economic trend of Russia and considers Russia as the most important neighbor and hopes that Russia will maintain stability in the country. We are willing to comprehensively strengthen relations with Russia and resolve the issue of delimitation of the Barents Sea as soon as possible. He called for dialogue to resolve resource disputes with Russia in the northern region. In 2007, China and Russia first reached an agreement on the demarcation of about 70 square miles of the southern Barents Sea.
On April 8, 2022, the Government of Belarus finalized a list of unfriendly countries, including Norway. [4]
On August 26, 2022, the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that the package of sanctions against Russia adopted by the European Union on July 21 had been incorporated into Norwegian law and entered into force on the same day. The sanctions include a ban on gold imports and sanctions against dozens of individuals and entities. [5]
On August 3, 2023 local time, Russian media reported that the Russian government included Norway in the list of countries that "take unfriendly actions against Russian diplomatic institutions." Embassies and consulates of such countries in Russia will be subject to restrictions on hiring staff. [8]

Relations with the European Union

Norway advocates the expansion of pan-European cooperation and the establishment of a new European security mechanism with NATO as the core, assisted by EU countries and the participation of Russia, so as to avoid the emergence of new dividing lines in Europe. Support the OSCE and support the European Economic Area (EEA) in reducing social and economic differences among its member states. Although two referendums rejected joining the EU, as a member of the Schengen area, it supports EU integration and advocates actively strengthening cooperation with EU countries in various fields. The proportion of implementation of European Commission directives is 99.3%. Since 2005, 150 troops have joined forces with Sweden, Finland and other countries to form a 1,500 combat force, which has been carrying out the EU military mission since January 1, 2008.

Relations with Asia and developing countries

Norway believes that the rise of emerging countries represented by China and India has further enhanced the international influence of Asia, and the development of Asia will create new opportunities for Norway, but it is concerned about the potential ethnic and religious crises in Asia. In 1999, he put forward a new strategy for relations with China, and in 2005, he issued the Action Plan for India. President of Indonesia, 2006 Susilo Visit Norway. In 2007, Norway normalized relations with the Palestinian unity government. In the same year, the New Strategic Document on China was issued.
On November 14, 2017, in Paris headquarters UNESCO Elected member of the World Heritage Committee at the Conference of the Parties to the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. [3]

travel

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The beautiful fjords and beautiful scenery attract many foreign tourists to visit Norway every year. Tourism in Norway accounts for about 5.0% of GDP, employs 7.1% of oil and gas employment in Norway, and receives an average of 7.5 million visitors per year. [6]
The Lofoten Islands
Main attractions in Norway
Oslo (Oslo)
Bergen (Bergen)
Vigeland Sculpture Park (Vigeland skulpturpark)
Brugen (Bruggen)
Polar museum
North Cape (North Point)
Akras Viewing Platform
Seven Sisters Falls (Sju søsteren)
Aurora Tour
Norwegian Aviation Museum (Det nasjonale flymuseum)
Oslo Royal Palace (Oslo palace)
Heimsedar Ski Resort
The Lofoten Islands (Lovetown Islands)
Trondheim (Trondheim)
Halsit (Hersit)
Bodo (Boduo)
Geirangell Fjord (Galongell Fjord)
Sonn Fjord (Songen Fjord)
Hardangell Fjord (Hardanger Fjord)
The Lysefjord (Luser Fjord)
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