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Italy

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The capital of the Republic of Italy (Repubblica Italiana) Roman Located in southern Europe, including The Apennine Peninsula and Sicily Sardinia and other islands. Kitayo France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia Border, east, south, west three sides respectively Mediterranean Sea belonging to The Adriatic Sea , The Ionian Sea and The Tyrrhenian Sea . The total area is 301,333 square kilometers, and the coastline is more than 7,200 kilometers. Majority region Subtropical Mediterranean climate . The country is divided into 20 administrative regions, 101 provinces, and 5 Special autonomous regions. Population: 58.85 million (as of January 2023) [28] , mainly Italian , speak Italian Most residents believe in it Catholicism . [11]
The earliest traces of human activity can be traced back to the Italian peninsula Paleolithic age Early days. In the 9th century BC, The Etruscans Once created a splendid civilization. In 754 BC, Rome was founded. Ancient Rome It has experienced three stages of kingship, republic and empire, and existed for a thousand years. From 962 to the 11th century, northern and central Italy became the "Germanic peoples. Holy Roman Empire While the south is part of Byzantium Territory. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Holy Roman Empire in Italy collapsed. In the 15th century, humanism and Renaissance The movement was born in Italy and spread throughout Europe. In the 18th century, the national spirit was awakened. The 19th century saw the rise of the national revival movement. In March 1861, the kingdom was established. In 1870, Rome was conquered and the territory was unified. It was abolished by referendum on June 2, 1946 Constitutional monarchy On July 12, the first government of the Republic was formed. [11]
Italy is a developed industrial country, the fourth largest in Europe and the eighth largest in the world economy . Machinery and equipment, automobile manufacturing, biomedicine, aerospace and other leading positions in the world, small and medium-sized enterprises developed, known as the "kingdom of small and medium-sized enterprises", rich tourism resources and historical and cultural heritage. 2022, Italy GDP That's 1.9 trillion euros. [8]
  • Regional culture
Northerners look down on southerners in this country 2021-09-17 08:53
In recent years, the ongoing unrest in the Middle East, North Africa and West Asia has produced a large number of refugees. Crossing the Mediterranean is one of the routes refugees take to reach Europe, and they have landed in southern Italy, somewhat worsening security there. Coupled with the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic, the tourism industry that South Italy relies on for its livelihood is also facing unprecedented difficulties. ... details
The content comes from
Chinese name
Italian Republic [3]
Foreign name
The Republic of Italy
Abbreviated form
Italy, Italy
continent
Europe
capital
Roman [3]
Major city
Milan , Turin , Naples , Palermo , Genoa , Florence , Venice Etc. [2]
National Day
June 2, 1946 [3]
National song
" The Song of Mameli " [2]
Country code
ITA
Official language
Italian [2]
currency
Euro [3]
Time zone
UTC+1
Political system
A parliamentary republic
National leader
Sergio Mattarella [7] (President) , Giorgia Meloni [12] (Prime Minister)
Population number
58.85 million [28] (Data as of January 2023)
Population density
195.2 persons/km2 (January 2022)
Major nationality
Italian [2]
Major religion
Catholicism [2]
Land area
301333 km²
Water area ratio
2.4%
Total GDP
1.9 trillion euros [11] (2022)
Per capita GDP
32,000 euros [11] (2022)
International telephone area code
39
International domain name abbreviation
.it
Road access
Keep to the right
Leading institution
Bocconi University , University of Bologna Etc.

catalogue

  1. 1Historical evolution
  2. 2Geographical environment
  3. ▪Regional location
  4. ▪landform
  5. ▪climate
  6. ▪Natural resources
  7. 3Administrative division
  8. ▪Zoning details
  9. ▪Major city
  10. 4National symbol
  11. ▪flag
  12. ▪National emblem
  13. ▪The national flower
  14. ▪National stone
  15. 5population
  1. 6political
  2. ▪regime
  3. ▪constitution
  4. ▪congress
  5. ▪government
  6. ▪judiciary
  7. ▪Political party
  8. ▪dignitaries
  9. 7economy
  10. ▪summarize
  11. ▪industry
  12. ▪Agriculture, forestry and fishery
  13. ▪Finance and finance
  14. ▪tourism
  15. ▪foreign trade
  16. ▪Service trade
  1. 8culture
  2. ▪Language
  3. ▪religion
  4. ▪custom
  5. ▪taboo
  6. ▪Festivals
  7. ▪celebrity
  8. ▪diet
  9. 9Military affairs
  10. 10traffic
  11. ▪highroad
  12. ▪railway
  13. ▪aviation
  14. ▪Water transport
  15. 11society
  16. ▪Science and technology
  1. ▪education
  2. ▪hygiene
  3. ▪Physical education
  4. ▪medium
  5. ▪communication
  6. ▪electricity
  7. ▪payroll
  8. ▪Labour force
  9. 12diplomacy
  10. ▪Foreign policy
  11. ▪External relations
  12. 13travel
  13. ▪Main attraction
  14. ▪World heritage site

Historical evolution

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Prehistoric period
Italy is an ancient civilization in Europe, Italian peninsula There are signs of human activity dating back to prehistoric times Paleolithic age People have been living on this land since the early days. 9th century BC The Etruscans Once created a splendid civilization.
The Roman Republic and Empire
In 510 BC, the Romans put an end to Rome Imperial period And established the republic, the country by curia , pretor And tribal Council separation of powers.
Roman Republic It extended to southern Italy in 241 BC The Second Punic War In, will Sicily Put yourself on the map. In 202 BC, passed four times Macedonian Wars and The Third Punic War Rome defeated Carthage To include Spain and Greece. Then the Romans fought in Syria and took control of parts of Western Asia.
in Julius Caesar Under the rule of the Romans conquered Gaul and Egypt . After Caesar was stabbed to death, adopted son Octavian Beat one's opponent Mark Antony And the Queen of Egypt Oh, Cleopatra It was founded in 27 BC Ancient Roman Empire And was respected as Augustus Caesar .
Preimperial classics The dynasty of Julia Claudius (27 ~68 BC), The Dynasty of Flavius (69-96), to The Dynasty of Antony (1996-192) Five Good Emperors (96-180) reached its heyday, the country was stable and the economy was prosperous, this period is known as the Pax Romana.
In 313 AD, Constantine the Great promulgate Edict of Milan Legalize Christianity.
410. Germanic Goth In the leader Alaric They led them into Italy and laid siege to Rome. With the help of the slaves in the city, they opened the gates and plundered. Hereafter in Western Roman Empire Domestic establishment The Visigothic Kingdom and The Ostrogoth Kingdom .
In 476, the Roman mercenaries led by the Germans Odovaca Depose the last emperor of the West Romulus Augustus The Western Roman Empire ended. The fall of the Western Roman Empire marked the collapse of slavery in Western Europe. [5]
Medieval period
From 962 to the 11th century, northern and central Italy became part of the "Holy Roman Empire of the Germanic Peoples", while the southern part was Byzantine territory until the 11th century Normans Invade South Italy and establish Kingdom of the Two Sicilies .
12th-13th century, in Italy Holy Roman Empire The rule disintegrated into kingdoms, principalities, autonomous cities, and small feudal fiefdoms. With the increase of economic strength, culture and art are flourishing unprecedentedly.
In the 15th century, humanism and Renaissance movement Born in Italy, it spread widely throughout Europe in the 16th century.
At the end of the 15th century, France and Spain fought The Apennine Peninsula The struggle intensified, leading to decades of violence Wars in Italy .
From the 16th century, most of the territory was occupied by France, Spain, and Austria. [11]
Modern and contemporary history
In the 18th century, the Italian national spirit awakened.
The 19th century saw the rise of the Italian National Revival. In the 1860s, at Patriot Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi With the efforts of Italian unification movement [The Italian Revival Movement] flourished.
In March 1861, Kingdom of Italy Declared established, original Kingdom of Sardinia King Vittorio Emanuele II He became King of Italy.
In 1870, Rome was conquered and Italy was unified. Since then, Italy has competed with other European powers for colonial expansion, and has occupied Eritrea , Somalia , Libya And the Aegean Islands, and acquired a commercial concession in Tianjin, China.
World War I When Italy gained the northeast Trentino , Alto Adige, Venezia Giulia and Dodecanisos.
On October 31, 1922, Mussolini Came to power in Italy for more than 20 years Fascism Rule.
From 1930 to 1936, Italy invaded Ethiopia .
In 1938, Italy was in Spanish Civil War Medium help Franco And formed a Roman-Berlin axis with Germany.
From 1939 to 1945, Italy was involved World War II And became a defeated nation.
On June 2, 1946, it was abolished by an Italian referendum Constitutional monarchy On July 12, the first government of the Republic was formed.
After World War II, participate Marshall Plan , sign" North Atlantic Treaty "And actively participate European integration Process, system European Union One of the founding countries. [11]

Geographical environment

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Regional location

Italy is located in southern Europe, including The Apennine Peninsula and Sicily Sardinia and other islands. To the north Alps For a barrier with France, Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia Border, east, south, west three sides respectively Mediterranean Sea belonging to The Adriatic Sea , The Ionian Sea and The Tyrrhenian Sea . It covers an area of 301,333 square kilometers and has a coastline of more than 7,200 kilometers. [11]
Italy

landform

Topographic map of Italy
In northern Italy Alps (Alpi) in the middle The Apennine Mountains . There is... in the north Po plain The soil is fertile and agriculture is developed.
Italian-french border Mont Blanc At 4,810 meters above sea level, it is the second highest mountain in Europe; Many volcanoes and earthquakes, the west side of the Apennine Peninsula has a famous Mount Vesuvius From Sicily Etna volcano It's the largest in Europe Active volcano .

climate

Italiana Subtropical Mediterranean climate The summer is dry and rainy, and the winter is wet and rainy. The average annual temperature ranges from 2 to 10 degrees Celsius in January and from 23 to 26 degrees Celsius in July. The average annual precipitation is 500~1000 mm. [8]

Natural resources

Poor natural resources, only water, geothermy Natural gas and other energy sources marble , clay , mercury And a small amount lead , aluminum , zinc and bauxite And other mineral resources. Domestic oil and gas production only meets 4.5% and 22% of domestic market demand, and energy and major industrial raw materials are supplied by imports. The largest river in Italy is Po It originates from the southern slope of the Alps and is rich in water. Tiber It's the main river that flows through Rome. Larger lakes are Lake Garda , Lake Trasimeno , Lake Maggiore , Lake Como Let's wait. Hydropower resources are estimated at 3.8 million kilowatts. Forest area accounts for about 20% of the country's area. [8]

Administrative division

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Zoning details

Italy is divided into 20 administrative regions, 101 provinces and 8,001 municipalities. The 20 administrative regions include 15 general autonomous Regions: Piedmont , Lombardy , Veneto , Liguria , Emilia Romagna , Tuscany , Umbria , Lazio , Marche , Abruzzo , Molise , Campania , Puglia , Basilicata , Calabria As well as five Special autonomous regions: Valle d 'Aosta, Trentino-Alto Adige, Friuli - Venezia Giulia, Sicily and Sardinia . [11]
Subdivisions of Italy

Major city

Rome (Roma)
Sights of Rome
Rome Is the capital of Italy, Italy's political, economic, cultural and transportation center, located in Italian peninsula The Middle, Tiber Across the city. It has an area of 1287 square kilometers. It has a population of 4,216,000. The hottest month is July, the general temperature is 20 ~ 32℃; The coldest month is January, the general temperature is 1-10℃. [22] The service industry is the pillar industry of Rome, among which tourism and finance are the most important. Industries are mainly concentrated in the fields of communications, medicine and food processing. In addition, Rome is known as a fashion and design capital, and is an important base for the film and television industry due to its favorable climate and well-preserved historic buildings. There are in the city University of Rome And many other universities and art colleges. Rome had a certain influence on international politics and culture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations , International Fund for Agricultural Development , World Food Programme They are all based in Rome.
Rome is a world famous historical and cultural city, Ancient Roman Empire The birthplace, known as the world's largest "open-air history museum", many places of interest, such as Colosseum , Pantheon Ruins of ancient Roman market, etc. The Romans are Catholicism Center, Holy See Location, former Roman Empire The capital of the Roman Empire, China was under the Eastern Han Dynasty, while The Eastern Han Dynasty (206 B.C.) Ban Chao It extends to Europe Silk Road It connected China and Rome for the first time. Rome came to China for the first time in the Eastern Han Dynasty and followed the Silk Road to the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which was also the starting point of the Silk Road Luoyang So there has always been a saying that the east Luoyang West Rome. [14]
Florence (Firenze)
Views of Florence
It's a city in central Italy, The Tuscany region And the capital of the province of Florence. It is located in... The Apennine Mountains In the mid-western basin, Arno Across the city, the two sides are connected by seven Bridges. With an area of 102 square kilometers and a population of nearly 400,000, it is the largest and most populous city in the capital of Tuscany, as well as the main historical, cultural and commercial center. The Florence-Prato Pistoia metropolitan area, which extends from the city, has more than 1.5 million inhabitants. Florence has been translated as "Florentine" according to its Italian pronunciation, which means flower city in Italian. Therefore, the symbol of the city is a flower lily .
Florence is Europe Renaissance movement The birthplace of the city, literature, painting, science, craft, architecture, economy and other fields of talent, business, finance, science and art have reached a high level. Here is the famous poet Dante The birthplace of the city has left many cultural relics to commemorate the poet, such as Dante's monument, Dante's portrait and so on. The great scientist of the Renaissance Galileo , master of art Michelangelo and Da Vinci Political theorist Machiavelli Have worked and lived here. The whole city retains its Renaissance style and is a treasure house of tradition and art. The city has more than 40 museums, art galleries, more than 60 palaces and many large and small churches, squares, collection of a large number of exquisite precious works of art and cultural relics. Famous buildings include the Church of Our Lady of Flowers, the Baptistery, and the Uffici Palace.
Florence is a world-famous cultural tourist destination, and the city's valuable architectural, painting, sculpture, historical and scientific heritage attracts visitors from all over the world. The historic District of Florence, built in B.C. is a masterpiece of urban planning and architecture, both Middle Ages Witness to the history of a prosperous commercial town during the Renaissance, and a world-famous scenic spot full of eternal beauty. It was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1982.
Florence is located in the transportation center of Italy. The city has roads 2, 65, 66 and so on to the major cities of the country, in addition to two highways: A1 motorway (Sun motorway) and A11 motorway, the former is the north-south traffic through Italy; The latter connects the Tuscan coast. [16]
Venezia
Venice scenery
Venice It is a famous tourist and industrial city in northeastern Italy, also Veneto The regional capital. The city of Venice covers the northeastern part of Italy The Adriatic Sea littoral Venice lagoon There are 118 islands and an adjacent peninsula. This saltwater lagoon is located in Po with The Piave River Between the coastlines.
Milan (Milan/Milano)
Views of Milan
Milan A modern cosmopolitan city in northern Italy Lombardy Regional capital, Province of Milan Provincial capital, former Western Roman Empire The capital, Po plain The North Shore, with a population of 1.83 million and a metropolitan area population of 7.55 million, covers 9 provinces and 272 municipalities, making it the largest metropolis in Italy and one of the largest metropolitan areas in Europe and the world. It's the economic engine of Italy, the economic capital.
As an international metropolis, Milan is the economic center of Europe along with Paris, London and Berlin. In Central and Southern Europe, Milan ranks first in terms of industrial activity. Milan is the financial center of Italy, where 90% of the country's financial transactions are concentrated. The industrial zone is mostly concentrated in the suburbs, the heavy industrial zone extends north along the highway, and the chemical industrial zone extends south. At present, the city of Milan continues to expand in two directions, northeast and southeast. Milan is also Italy's trade center and the largest wholesale market, the most important export commodities are man-made fibers, wool goods, clothing, leather products, household appliances, chemicals, machinery products and petrochemical products. [15]
Turin/Torino
Views of Turin
Turin It is the third largest city in Italy, one of the major industrial centers, Piedmont District capital. locate Po The upper valley, 243 m above sea level. It has a population of about 1,035 million. It is warm in winter and hot in summer, with annual precipitation of about 1000 mm, more precipitation in winter and spring, and more valley wind. Turin in World War II Post-industrial development is rapid, especially known for the automobile manufacturing industry. It is now one of the largest industrial centers in Italy, with many large modern enterprises. One of Europe's power steelmaking and electronic processing centers. in Alps On the basis of cheap hydropower, focus on development Technology-intensive industry There are engines, machine tools, electronics, electrical appliances, chemicals, bearings, aircraft, precision instruments, instruments and arms industry. [13]

National symbol

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EDITOR

flag

Flag of Italy Rectangular in shape, the ratio of length to width is 3:2. The flag surface is composed of three parallel and equal vertical rectangles, green, white and red from left to right. The original Italian flag was the same color as the French flag, which was changed from blue to green in 1796.
According to records, 1796 Napoleon The Italian Army used the green, white and red tricolor flag designed by Napoleon himself. In 1946, the Italian Republic was established, and the green, white and red tricolor flag was officially designated as the national flag of the Republic.

National emblem

Emblem of Italy
Emblem of Italy It's round. The central motif is one with a red border Five-pointed star The symbol of the Italian Republic; Behind the five-pointed star is a big gear, a symbol Worker ; The gear is surrounded by olives and oak leaves, symbolizing peace and prosperity. The red ribbon at the bottom reads "RepubblicaItaliana" (Italian Republic).

The national flower

magritte (margherita); It's also a reason cheese , Tomato sauce and ocimum made-up pizza The name of...

National stone

Coral (corallo)

population

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The population of Italy is 58.85 million (July 2022 data). [20] Roman It is the largest city with a population of about 3 million. Milan , Naples , Florence , Turin The population distribution in other cities is more concentrated. There are 318,000 permanent Chinese residents in Italy, mainly concentrated in Prato , Milan, Rome and Florence. [8]
94% of the Italian population Italian Minorities have French , Latin , The Friuli , The Germans and Slavs Let's wait. [8]

political

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EDITOR

regime

Italy is based on the 1948 Constitution Parliamentary republic The state is divided between the executive, legislative and judicial powers, with the President as the head of state and the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the President and responsible to the Parliament, exercising the duties of managing the state. [9]

constitution

In force Constitution of Italy It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on December 22, 1947 and enacted on January 1, 1948. On 7 October 2001, the revised Constitution was approved by referendum. [1]

congress

Parliament of Italy Is the highest legislative and supervisory body, implemented bicameralism , due to senate and House of Representatives Make up. The main functions of the Parliament are: to enact and amend the Constitution and laws, elect the president, examine and pass a vote of confidence or no-confidence in the government, supervise the work of the government, discuss and approve the state budget and final accounts, impeach the President, Prime Minister and ministers, decide on the state of war and grant the government the necessary political decision-making powers. The two houses have equal powers, can pass resolutions and are related to each other, which is considered to be the structural reason for the frequent change of government and the low efficiency of parliament for a long time. In September 2020, Italy passed a constitutional referendum with 69.64% of the vote in favor of reducing the number of lawmakers, and the two houses of Parliament formally amended the relevant provisions of the Constitution, reducing the number of seats in the Senate from 315 to 200, the number of seats in the Chamber of deputies from 630 to 400, and the number of senators appointed by the president for life can not exceed 5 under any circumstances. The 19th Parliament will be elected on 25 September 2022, Fraternal party , Unionist party , Forza Italia A centre-right coalition won the election, with the Brothers the single largest vote getter, Democratic Party of the United States The leading centre-left coalition saw its share of the vote plummet. On October 13-14, the House and Senate elected their respective speakers. Senator La Russa of the Fraternal Party was elected President of the Senate, and Representative Fontana of the Coalition Party was elected President of the Chamber of Deputies. [1] [20]

government

The Italian government is the highest executive organ of the state, of which cabinet It is the core of the state power, composed of the prime Minister and ministers in the Cabinet, generally by the ruling political party or party coalition members of parliament. After the new government is established with the approval of the President, it shall report its policy program to the Parliament within 10 days and gain the confidence of the Parliament. The Parliament may at any time introduce a motion of no confidence in the Government, and the Government may at any time request a vote of confidence in the Parliament.
The Prime Minister is the head of government, presides over Cabinet meetings, directs the entire government work, and is responsible for the general policies of the government. [11] [17]
The current government was sworn in on 22 October 2022. Prime Minister: Giorgia Meloni, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation: Antonio Tajani, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Infrastructure and Sustainable Transport: Matteo Salvini, Interior Minister Matteo Piantedosi, Justice Minister Carlo Nordio, Defense Minister Guido Crosetto, Giancarlo Giorgetti, Minister of Economy and Finance; Adolfo Urso, Minister of Enterprise and "Made in Italy"; Francesco Lollobrigida, Minister of Agriculture, Food Sovereignty and forestry; Gilberto Pichetto Fratin, Minister of Environment and Energy Security; Marina Calderone, Minister of Labor and Social Policy; Giuseppe Valditara, Minister of Education; Anna Maria Bernini, Minister of Universities and Research; Gennaro Sangiuliano, Minister of Culture; Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health; Tourism Minister Daniela Santanche, Parliamentary Relations Minister Luca Ciriani, Public Administration Minister Paolo Zangrillo, Roberto Calderoli, Minister of Regional and Autonomous Affairs; Nello Musumeci, Minister of Civil Protection and Maritime Policy; Raffaele Fitto, Minister of European Affairs, Policy Coordination and Economic Recovery Plan; Andrea Abodi, Minister of Sport and Youth; Eugenia Roccella, Minister of Family, Fertility and Equal Opportunities; Elisabetta Casellati, Minister of Institutional Reform and Regulatory simplification; Alessandra Locatelli, Minister of Disability Affairs, and Alfredo Mantovano, Secretary of State at the Chancellery. [28]
The current Italian government consists of 23 ministries, which are as follows: the Ministry of the Interior; Ministry of Economy and Finance; Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation; Ministry of Economic Development; Ministry of National Defense; Ministry of Justice; Ministry of Education; Department of Universities and Research; Ministry of Southern and Territorial Solidarity; Department of Youth Policy; Ministry of Culture; Department of Technology Innovation and Digital Transformation; Department of Environment and Ecological Transformation; Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Relations with Parliament; Department of Public Administration; Ministry of Agricultural Policy; Ministry of Equal Opportunities and Families; Ministry of Regional Affairs and Autonomy; Department of Disability Policy; Ministry of Labour and Social Policy; The Ministry of Tourism. [8]

judiciary

The Supreme Judicial Council is the highest judicial authority, with an independent judicial system and the power to appoint, assign, dispatch and promote judges. It is composed of 33 people, with the President as chairman, the President of the Supreme Court and the Attorney General as ex officio members. The other members are made up of 10 commissioners (lawyers and judicial professors) elected by Parliament and 20 judges elected by all judges for a four-year term, non-renewable and part-time. The Constitutional Court handles the constitutionality review of laws and regulations, coordinates and resolves disputes over the division of powers between the various branches of the central government, between the central and local authorities, and between the regional authorities, and handles charges against the President and cabinet ministers in accordance with the Constitution. It is composed of 15 judges, who serve nine-year terms, are not allowed to work part-time and enjoy immunity. Silvana Sciarra, president of the Constitutional Court; Margherita Cassano, president of the Supreme Court; and Luigi Salvato, Attorney General. In addition, there are local conciliation judges, courts of first instance, courts of appeal, and courts of Auditors (in charge of public accounts and pensions). 18 [19]
The Constitutional Court deals with the constitutionality of laws and regulations, resolves disputes over the division of powers between the branches of the central government, between the central and local governments, and between local governments, and handles charges against the President and ministers in accordance with the Constitution. It is composed of 15 judges, who serve nine-year terms, are not allowed to work part-time and enjoy immunity. [8]

Political party

A multi-party system is implemented, with the main political parties as follows:
Political party
nature
introduce
(1) Brotherhood of Italy (Fratelli d'Italia)
Far-right ruling party
After the dissolution of the PDL in 2013, the far-right, represented by Giorgia Meloni, Ignazio La Russa and Guido Croseto, formed the Brotherhood Party, with Giorgia Meloni as its president.
(2) Democratic Party of the United States (Partito Democratico)
The largest party of the centre-left
It was founded in October 2007 by a coalition of left-wing parties such as the Left Democratic Party and the Daisy Party. The current National Secretary is Elly Schlein.
(3) Five Star Movement (Movimento 5 Stelle)
A non-traditional party of the centre-left with populist overtones
Founded in October 2009, the founder of the famous comedian Grillo, is good at media operation and advocates Internet democracy. In mid-2021, the Five Star Movement underwent internal reforms, with Grillo as the party's guarantor, former Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte as its leader, and a new party constitution.
(4) Unionist party (Lega)
The former Northern League party, the ruling centre-right party
It was founded in December 1989 as the Union of six autonomous Movements in Northern Italy, founded and first secretary by Umberto Bossi. The current General secretary is Matteo Salvini.
(5) Forza Italia (Forza Italia)
Center-right ruling party
In 2013, the Popolo della Liberta (People of Freedom), a coalition of Forza Italia and the National League, split, and former Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi and his supporters announced the dissolution of the People of Freedom and the restoration of Forza Italia, with Berlusconi as the party's president. After Bey's death, the party's national coordinator, Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Antonio Tajani, took over as interim national secretary. [9-10] [17] [19] [21]

dignitaries

Current President: Sergio Mattarella
Sergio Mattarella Sergio Mattarella, the president. He was born in Italy on July 23, 1941 Sicily Palermo City, University of Rome Graduated in law, and then University of Palermo Teach. Ma was first elected to the House of Representatives in 1983 as a candidate of the Democratic Party and was re-elected in 1987. He was Minister for Relations with Parliament from 1987 to 1989. He was Minister of Public Education from 1989 to 1990. He served as Deputy Prime Minister from 1998 to 1999. He served as Minister of Defense from 1999 to 2001. In 2006, Ma participated in the formation Democratic Party of the United States . He was elected to the Constitutional Court by Parliament in 2011. He was elected president of Italy in 2015 and re-elected in 2022.
Giorgia Meloni Giorgia Meloni, prime minister. Born in Italy in 1977 Roman Graduated from Rome Vocational High school, Fraternal party One of the founders. He served as Deputy Speaker of the House from 2006 to 2008. Appointed in 2008 Berlusconi The Minister of Youth and Sports is the youngest female minister in Italian history. In 2012, he founded the Italian Brothers Party, a far-right political party, and has been its leader since 2014. On 22 October 2022, May was sworn in as Prime Minister of Italy's 68th post-war government.
Ignazio La Russa, President of the Senate. Born in 1947 in Sicily. He served in the House of Representatives for 26 consecutive years from 1992. Social movements in Italy Reorganized as the "National Union". In 2008, he merged the "National League" with Berlusconi's Forza Italia party into the "People of Freedom" and served as defense minister in Berlusconi's government. In 2012, he left the party and formed the "Italian Brothers Party" together with former Youth Minister Meloni. He was elected President of the Senate in October 2022.
Lorenzo Fontana Lorenzo Fontana, Speaker of the House of Representatives. Born in Italy in 1980 Verona , hold University of Padua Political science, European University of Rome Bachelor's degree in history and philosophy from the Pontifical University of St. Thomas. He was elected to the European Parliament in 2009 and 2014. He became deputy secretary of the Coalition Party in 2016. After the 2018 General election, he served as Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives, Minister for the Family and Minister for European Affairs. He was elected Speaker of the House in October 2022. [17] [21]

economy

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EDITOR

summarize

Italy is a developed industrial country, the third largest economy in the European Union and the eighth largest economy in the world. Small and medium-sized enterprises are developed, known as the "kingdom of small and medium-sized enterprises", and the number of small and medium-sized enterprises accounts for more than 98% of the total number of enterprises. Regional economic development is unbalanced, with industrial and commercial development in the north and agriculture in the south, the economy is relatively backward. In 2020, the Italian economy was severely affected by the COVID-19 epidemic, and it received 209 billion euros in support from the EU recovery fund, accounting for 28% of the total fund. The European Commission adopted the Italian Recovery Plan in June 2021, and disbursed 24.9 billion euros, 21 billion euros, 18.5 billion euros and 16.5 billion euros of recovery funds to Italy in April 2022, July 2022, October 2023 and November 2023, respectively. [28] Italy's main economic indicators for 2022 are as follows:
Gross Domestic product (GDP)
1.9 trillion euros
Gross domestic product per capita
€32,000
GDP growth rate
+ 3.7%
Total exports increased year-on-year
+ 21.4%
Total imports increased year on year
+ 35.9%
Fiscal deficit ratio
8%
Unemployment rate
8%
(Source: INSEE) [11] [19] [21]
As of April 30, 2021, the international rating agency Standard & Poor's has rated Italy's sovereign credit rating BBB with a stable outlook. Moody Italy's sovereign credit rating is Baa3 with a stable outlook. International rating agency Fitch Ratings Italy's sovereign credit rating is BBB- with a stable outlook. [8]
Large deficits and public debt have been two of Italy's biggest economic problems. Since 1992, the intention has been right National labor bank , Credit Italian Bank and Banco commerciale italiana And the privatization of large state-owned enterprises such as Yili, Eni, the National insurance Company, the national electricity company, and the highway company. In 2011, affected by the international financial crisis and Greece Sovereign debt Affected by the crisis, Italy's sovereign debt situation was once very severe, and the economy continued to weaken. Italy experienced three recessions in 2008, 2012-2014 and 2019-2020. The fiscal deficit in 2022 will be 8%, and the total public debt will be around 2.77 trillion euros, or 144.7% of GDP. [11] [19]

industry

Italy's real economy is developed, and it is the second largest manufacturing power in the European Union after Germany. All kinds of medium-technology consumer goods and investment products occupy a considerable share in the world market, but high-tech products are relatively few. The main industries are: petrochemical industry, automobile manufacturing, household appliances, electronic instruments, metallurgy, machinery, equipment, textile, clothing, leather, furniture, food, beverage, tobacco, paper making, publishing, printing, construction, etc. With a high degree of specialization and strong adaptability, smes have traditionally been export-oriented and have strong international competitiveness in the fields of leather, shoe, clothing, textiles, furniture, kitchen and bath, ceramic tiles, silk, jewelry, wine, machinery, marble mining and machinery industry. [11]
aerospace
Italy has its own unique technologies and products in the field of aviation, such as helicopter transmission systems and rotor devices, ATR Regional jet and so on. LEONARDO is a key player in the Italian aerospace, defence, energy, transport and automation sectors. Its Marine rescue, offshore oil platform operation and military and police helicopters occupy a large market share in the international market.
High-speed rail, urban rail transit
Italy is an international leader in high-speed rail and urban transit design, construction, integration of key technologies for rail safety and vehicle manufacturing. MERMEC Machinery is an international leader in the manufacture of railway locomotives, railway safety control systems and robotic camera systems for the international Space Station.
Special machinery, machine tools and robots
Italy's machinery and equipment industry ranks fourth in the world (second in Europe), with an output value of 49 billion euros in 2019, a year-on-year increase of 1.1%, exports of 28.7 billion euros, Germany, China and the United States are important customers of Italian products. The robot industry is the essence of the Italian machinery manufacturing industry, in which robot systems for vehicle manufacturing, such as welding robots, vehicle assembly robots, and body painting process robots are at the leading level in the world. There are 50 robot manufacturers in Italy. In Italy, large enterprises accounted for 3.2%, medium-sized enterprises accounted for 22.3%, small enterprises accounted for 44.3%, and micro-enterprises accounted for 27.2%.
Biotechnology and Medicine
There are about 200 biotechnology companies in Italy, of which more than 160 are small enterprises. Italy has unique technologies, products and a large research and development system in the pharmaceutical sector. In particular, the manufacturing technology and products of anti-tumor and antipsychotic drugs are in a leading position in the world. TELESPAZIO, a subsidiary of the Italian Fenica Group, has developed and produced advanced telemedicine systems and exported them to many countries. [8]
Automotive manufacturing, design and spare parts
The automotive industry is an important part of the Italian manufacturing industry, represented by Fiat Group, in the vehicle design, manufacturing and engine design and manufacturing has its own unique, Multijet diesel engine (Multijet) is the world's most advanced diesel engine products. Italy has a long history of auto parts production, especially the production of tires and precision machinery, equipment machinery, gears, connectors and molds, which are among the best in the world.
Textile and garment
Textile clothing is an important part of the Italian manufacturing industry, high-end fabrics, clothing and high-end fashion in the world's leading position. In recent years, Italy has focused on the development of apparel and other end products, especially high-end luxury goods that emphasize quality and creativity, and its basic fabric imports have increased significantly. The Federation of Italian Fashion Industrialists has a total of 66,000 member companies, covering almost all textile, clothing and accessories companies in Italy, with more than 580,000 employees and a turnover of about 95.5 billion euros, of which 66.3% comes from exports. Italian textile and garment exports account for about 12% of total exports. According to a research report by Mediobanca, the new coronavirus has hit the Italian fashion industry, with revenue falling by 23% in 2020, and it is expected to recover to pre-crisis levels in 2023.
Food industry
The food industry plays an important role in Italian manufacturing. Wine exports account for about 20% of the Italian food industry's exports. Other specialty foods include: pasta , Olive oil Dairy products such as cheese, sweet pastries and meat products (especially pork products). [8]

Agriculture, forestry and fishery

Agriculture, forestry and fisheries accounted for 2.4% of GDP. 56% of the land in the territory belongs to agricultural land, about 1.6 million agricultural enterprises, is the world's traditional agricultural country and agricultural power, olive oil, wine, tomato sauce and other agricultural products quality reputation in the world. Italy is the country with the highest number of "protection of origin", "protection of geographical indications" and "protection of traditional products" certifications in the European Union. [11] [21]

Finance and finance

Large deficits and public debt have been two of Italy's biggest economic problems. Since 1992, Italy has privatized the National Labor Bank, the Credit Bank of Italy and the Commercial Bank of Italy, as well as the Ili, Eni, the National insurance company, the National electricity company, the highway company and other large state-owned enterprises. In 2011, affected by the international financial crisis and the Greek sovereign debt crisis, Italy's sovereign debt situation was once very severe and its economy continued to weaken. Italy experienced three recessions in 2008, 2012-2014 and 2019-2020. The fiscal deficit in 2022 will be 8%, and the total public debt will be around 2.77 trillion euros, or 144.7% of GDP. [18] [20]
Major Italian financial institutions are: Intesa Sanpaolo, Unicredit Bank (Gruppo Unicredit, Capitalia, Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena, Gruppo Generali, etc.) [20]
currency
The Italian currency is Euro , yes Freely convertible currency .
Foreign exchange control
Italy allows free movement of capital internationally, not domestically Exchange control , implement Capital account Open. Corporate profits are paying 24 percent Income tax After that, it can be freely remitted. Foreigners may not bring more than 10,000 euros in cash into or out of the country. When a foreign enterprise opens an account in an Italian bank, the directors of the company must attend the bank in person and bring all the documents for opening the account.
Banking institution
The Bank of Italy is Bank of Italy Banca d'Italia (Banca d'Italia), which issues money and regulates and supervises the financial system.
The main Italian commercial banks are: Intesa Sanpaolo, Gruppo Unicredit, Capitalia, Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena, etc.
Insurance company
The main insurance companies in Italy are: Generali Group, Unipol-Fondiaria Sai Insurance Group, Mediolanum Insurance Group, Cattolica Insurance Group, etc., which are comprehensive insurance companies.
Chinese bank
Bank of China , Industrial and Commercial Bank of China , China Construction Bank, Bank of Communications Both have branches in Italy. [8]
Credit card use
Credit cards are widely used in Italy, Visa and Mastercard Cards can be used locally.
In a bid to crack down on tax evasion, the Italian government capped cash transactions at €1,000 each at the end of 2011. The cap has been adjusted several times since then, with the latest adjustment, starting July 1, 2020, cash transactions will be capped at €2,000. China UnionPay cards can be used at authorized merchants in major Italian cities.
Securities market
The Italian securities market is one of the main securities markets in Europe, which is relatively mature and standardized. Italian stock exchange BorsaItaliana S.P.A. (BorsaItaliana S.P.A.) is based in Milan and has a total of 375 listed companies. [8]

tourism

Italy has developed tourism, is the world's second largest tourist country, humid climate, beautiful scenery, numerous cultural relics and monuments. A total of 55 historical, cultural and natural sites in Italy were included UNESCO " World Heritage List It is one of the countries with the richest historical and cultural heritage in the world. Most of the hotels in Italy are small and medium-sized, including hotels, campgrounds, tourist villages and agri-tourist accommodation, there are 115,000 in the country. The main tourist cities include Rome, Venice, Florence, etc. About 320,000 people are employed in tourism. [28]

foreign trade

Foreign trade is the main pillar of the Italian economy. Foreign trade output accounts for more than 40% of GDP. Personal consumer goods, machinery and equipment and services occupy a very important position in the international market. In 2022, Italian exports totaled 709.2 billion euros, an increase of 21.4%, and imports totaled 738.7 billion euros, an increase of 35.9%. Italian products have strong competitiveness in the world, and the types of export commodities are very complete. Mainly in mechanical instruments, automobiles, agricultural products processing, steel, chemical, pharmaceutical, household appliances, clothing, shoes, precious metals and other industrial manufactured products. Italy's foreign markets are mainly EU countries, accounting for more than 50% of total exports. In recent years, Italy's export share to other regions of the world has gradually increased, and Russia, Japan, China, Brazil, the United States, Vietnam, North Africa, the Middle East, South Africa and other countries and regions are Italy's important trading partners in non-EU countries. [17] [19]
Italy's top five goods trading partners are Germany, France, the United States, China and Spain, which together account for 41.6% of Italy's total foreign trade. The top five export markets are Germany, France, the United States, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, which together account for 43.9% of Italy's total exports. The top five sources of imports are Germany, China, France, the Netherlands and Spain, which together account for 44.7% of Italy's total imports.
Italy's main export commodities are electronic and electrical equipment, automobiles and parts, medical products, machinery and equipment, steel, clothing, plastics and products, precious metals and jewelry, furniture, optical instruments and medical equipment, etc. The main imported commodities are electronic and electrical equipment, automobiles and parts, machinery and equipment, fossil fuels, medical products, steel, plastics and products, precious metals and jewelry, organic chemicals, optical instruments and medical equipment. [8]
Sino-italian trade
Italy is China's fourth largest trading partner in the EU, and China is Italy's largest trading partner in Asia. In 2023, bilateral trade stood at $71.758 billion, down 7.2 percent year on year. China's export to Italy was US $44.523 billion, down 11.8% year on year, and its import was US $27.234 billion, up 1.4% year on year. China's main export commodities to Italy are: clothing and clothing accessories, textile yarns, fabrics and products, footwear, tourist goods and bags, cashmere, toys, automatic data processing equipment and its components, plastic products, pharmaceuticals, etc. China's main imports from Italy are: textile machinery, animal leather, television picture tubes, metal processing machine tools, rubber or plastic processing machinery, medical drugs, tobacco processing machinery, mold and metal casting mold boxes, TV, radio and radio communication equipment accessories, measurement, analysis and automatic control instruments and appliances.
Major Chinese investment projects in Italy include: Shandong Heavy Industry (Weichai Group) acquired a 75% stake in Ferretti Yacht company for 374 million euros (2012), and State Grid acquired CDP, a wholly-owned energy network subsidiary of Deposit and Loan Bank of Italy, for 2.101 billion euros In 2014, China National Chemical Corporation acquired 26.2% of Italian Pirelli for 7.1 billion euros (2015). [29]

Service trade

On the basis of World Trade Organization In 2019, Italy's total trade in services amounted to US $244.11 billion, of which US $121.42 billion was exported and US $122.68 billion was imported. Among the export services, tourism services accounted for 41.1%, transportation services accounted for 12.3%, goods related services accounted for 5.5%, and other business services accounted for 41.1%. Among the imported services, tourism services accounted for 24.9%, transportation services accounted for 21.5%, goods related services accounted for 4.1%, and other business services accounted for 49.5%. The main export places of Italy's service trade are the EU, the United States, Switzerland, Canada and China, and the main import places are the EU, the United States, Switzerland, China and Russia. [8]

culture

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EDITOR

Language

The official language is Italian, while the minority regions of Valley-D 'Aosta in the northwest, Trentino-Alto Adige in the northeast and Friuli-Venetia-Giulia speak French, German and German, respectively Slovenian . [8]

religion

More than 70% of Italians are religious Catholicism . [8] Catholicism has a long history, great influence and influence in Italy, and the relationship with Italians is extremely close. The country has more than 200 dioceses, a large number of monks, churches, monasteries throughout the country's cities and towns. The church runs many hospitals and schools, and has a great influence on Italian politics and culture. Within the city of Rome Vatican is Holy See It is the center of the Catholic world.
The Italian Constitution provides that all religions are fully equal before the law and have the right to establish their organizations and carry out their activities in accordance with their own Canon, provided that they do not violate the law. Catholicism is Italy's largest religion, but the government does not officially recognize it as the state religion. Italians believe in Catholicism, the rest of the faith Protestantism , Orthodox Church , Judaism , Islam and Buddhism . There are more than 2,000 religious organizations. [13]

custom

Italians are hospitable, polite to people, dress well on formal occasions, and pursue ladies first. Greeting is a handshake or a wave; Kiss between close friends. For the elderly, those with status and those who are not familiar with him or her, address him or her by his or her family name, plus "Mr.", "Mrs." or "lawyer".
When friends get together, they usually eat in restaurants Dutch treatment Unless the other party says it's a treat. If an Italian invites a guest to dinner at home, it indicates that the guest is regarded as a guest, and the guest can bring wine (usually wine), dessert or flowers. Italians are used to opening gifts on the spot and eating the food, wine and dessert brought by the guests to show their respect for the guests. [8]

taboo

Italians taboo cross handshake, taboo number "13", taboo to send chrysanthemum; Picking your nose and ears with your fingers in front of people is a European social taboo; Don't talk loudly in public. [8]

Festivals

Italian legal holidays are: January 1, New Year's Day; On January 6th, Epiphany ; The first Sunday after the equinox full moon, Easter; April 25, Liberation Day; May 1, Labor Day; June 2, National Day; On August 15th, The Feast of the Assumption ; November 1st, Halloween; December 8, the Feast of the Virgin Mary's conception; December 25th, Christmas Day. In addition, Italians have a 2-3 week holiday in August every year. Italy has a five-day work week, with Saturday and Sunday being public holidays. [8]
Italian festivals are closely related to religion, so they can be divided into religious festivals and non-religious festivals. In addition to public festivals, there are many local festivals.
(1) Religious festivals
On January 6, the Feast of the Epiphany, also known as the Feast of the Epiphany, originally commemorated" Magi Come to worship the Baby Jesus ", today it has become the Children's Day in Italy.
Easter, a festival celebrating the resurrection of Jesus three days after his death, takes place on the first Sunday after the full moon of the vernal equinox, usually between March and April. This is another important holiday after Christmas, usually a week off, people used to use this holiday to travel.
August 15, the Feast of August, is a festival inherited from ancient Roman times to celebrate the assumption of the Virgin Mary. Now the state civil servants and the staff of all units have to take a vacation in August, generally divided into two batches, the first batch from the end of July to August 15, and the second batch from August 15 to the end of August. Offices are closed, schools are closed and shops are closed. People generally want to go to other places for vacation, some to the seaside, some to the mountains, and some to foreign countries.
November 1st, Halloween.
On November 2, the Day of the Dead, to pay respects to the dead, the tomb, equivalent to the Chinese Qingming Festival, generally to offer some yellow or white chrysanthemum. Therefore, chrysanthemum is considered a funeral flower and cannot be given to living people.
On December 8, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception commemorates the Virgin's pure conception. There is a story about Jesus' birth. Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit and born of the virgin Mary.
December 25th, Christmas, is the most important festival in Italy. The general holiday until the New Year's Day, or to the Epiphany, a total of one to two weeks of holiday.
December 26, Saint Stefano's Day. [13]
(2) Non-religious festivals
January 1st New Year's Day, also known as the New Year, the first year of the year. The way of celebration is similar to that in China, on New Year's Eve, people will stay awake, and after the New Year's bell rings, they will open champagne to celebrate the New Year, and some people will set off firecrackers.
February 14th, Valentine's Day, folk customs festival.
March 8, Women's Day, March 8, 1903, United States Chicago In order to fight against bourgeois oppression, exploitation and discrimination, and strive for freedom and equality, women workers in the city held a general strike and demonstration.
April 25th, Italian Liberation Day.
May 1st, Labor Day.
Mother's Day (the second Sunday in May). On this day, mothers will receive beautiful cards from their children, and some families will hold celebrations.
June 2, National Day. On June 2, 1946, Italy held a referendum to decide the state system, and the result was a majority in favor of abolishing the monarchy and establishing a republic, so this day is the National Day of the Italian Republic. [13]

celebrity

diet

Italy is a traditional agricultural country, famous for its food, rich in olive oil, wine, cheese. The Italian government is very strict in the supervision of food production, with a complete food hygiene and safety traceability system and a good food safety credit system. Italian tap water can be drunk directly, but the water quality is hard, recommend drinking mineral water. Some Italian city streets have drinking water facilities that can quench pedestrians' thirst if they are not instructed not to drink.
Italy pays attention to color and flavor when making dishes, and its flavor dishes are comparable to French dishes. Italian food is very rich with wine, from the aperitif before the meal, the table wine to the meal after the digestive wine, etc., in the formal banquet, there is a different wine for each course. Italians are crazy about wine, White wine Generally with seafood fish and shrimp meals, Red wine With poultry and livestock and other meat meals. Italians treat friends and family to dinner, usually in a restaurant, but sometimes at home. [13]
pasta spaghetti: It is the most acceptable variety of western food for Chinese people. As a legal ingredient in pasta, Duran wheat It is the hardest wheat variety, with high density, high protein, high gluten and other characteristics, the pasta made of it is yellow, easy to cook, good taste. Its shape is also different, in addition to the ordinary straight powder there are screw type, bent pipe type, butterfly type, shell type Lin Lin altogether hundreds of kinds. Therefore, authentic raw materials are an important condition for pasta to have a good taste. In addition, the pasta sauce is also more important. In general, pasta Sauce is divided into Tomato Sauce, Pesto Sauce, Kleam Sauce and Squid-Ink sauce.
Dessert (dolce) : The most famous dessert in Italy is ice cream. gelato ), which includes cream ice cream and whiskey Ice cream is the most popular flavor. What makes gelato different from other ice creams is its taste and texture. Not only is the milk choice lower in fat, but it also has a smoother, thicker taste because it requires less air to stir than regular ice cream. Other than that, when the genus Tiramisu (Tiramisu).
caffe: Italian foam coffee Cappuccino (cappuccino) vs espresso espresso is a specialty drink served on a table in Italy. In addition, thin coffee, milk coffee and lemon or fennel Brewed coffee and iced coffee, which add flavor, are also favorite coffees in Italy.
Wine: Italy has the longest history of sparkling wine production in the world, dating back to the Roman Empire. Italy Sparkling wine According to the size of the bubbly can be divided into: sparkling wine and low sparkling wine. According to the different brewing methods, it can also be divided into chemical and classical. The former is fermented in a large steel tank, and the bubbles are generated by adding additives that comply with the law. The latter ferments in the bottle and is produced by inadequate fermentation Carbon dioxide . Sparkling wine can be made from a single variety of grapes, or can be made from a combination of grapes, the general choice of grapes is Chardonnay , Pinot noir And occasionally Pinot gris And grape varieties such as Verdicchio.

Military affairs

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EDITOR
The President is the supreme commander of the armed forces, and the Prime Minister is responsible for national defense policy and the construction of the armed forces. The Ministry of Defence is the highest military administrative organ, responsible for the construction and management of the armed forces, under a dual-track system headed by the Minister of Defence (civilian), the Chief of the Defence Staff and the Secretary General of Defence respectively in charge of military and logistics management. The Defense Staff is the highest military command, comprising the Army, Navy, Air Force staff and gendarmerie headquarters. The Chief of Staff Council is the highest advisory body of the Ministry of Defence and consists of the Chief of Defence Staff, the Chief of the Armed Forces, the Secretary of Defence and the Commander of the Gendarmerie Headquarters. The Chief of the Defence Staff is the highest military chief, who exercises administrative control over the three services through the Defence Staff, the Office of the Secretary of Defence and the Service Staff, and directs the operations and exercises of the forces through the Combat Command, Fleet Command and Air Force Combat Command. According to a decree issued in 2004, Italy began to implement the professionalization of the army in 2005, and the current military service system is a combination of volunteers and professional soldiers, and volunteers can become professional soldiers through different levels of examination. Italy has been gradually disarming since 1997 and has a defence budget of 25.96 billion euros in 2022. It means a member of NATO, and the NATO Southern Europe Allied Command is based in Naples. The United States has dozens of military bases in Italy Gaeta There are naval bases in Naples, and an air force base in Aviano Vicenza , livorno It has an army base. Italian troops have participated in several UN, North Atlantic Treaty Organization International peacekeeping missions involving multiple countries under the framework of the European Union. [11] [19]

traffic

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EDITOR

highroad

Italy's national road network has a total length of 310,000 km, of which 6,668 km are motorways, accounting for 10% of the total mileage of the European Union. The highway network in Italy is relatively developed in the north and slow in the south. More highways were built in the 1980s, with high maintenance costs and relatively high highway tolls. [8]

railway

The total length of the Italian railway network is 19,394 km [23] Electrified lines account for about 70%, higher than the European average, carrying 855 million passengers and nearly 100 million tons of cargo annually. High-speed rail links have been established between major cities. Italy has direct rail links with France, Switzerland and Austria. [8]

aviation

There are 96 airports in Italy, the main airports are Rome's Fiumicino, Milan's Linate, Malpenza, Turin's Caselle, etc., of which 35 major airports have an annual passenger throughput of 150 million passengers and an annual cargo throughput of 952,000 tons.
There are 10 direct flights between Italy and China, operated by five Chinese airlines, Air China It operates Rome-Beijing, Rome-Hangzhou, Milan-Beijing, Milan-Shanghai routes; China Eastern Airlines Operates the Rome - Shanghai route; China Southern Airlines Operating Rome - Wuhan - Guangzhou route; Hainan Airlines It operates Roman-Chongqing - Haikou, Roman-Xi 'an, Roman-Shenzhen routes; Sichuan Airlines It operates the Rome - Chengdu route. [8]

Water transport

Location of Italy The Apennine Peninsula Surrounded by the sea on three sides and connected to the European continent, the geographical position is superior, the maritime industry is relatively developed, and the annual maritime freight volume is about 500 million tons.
There are 352 ports in Italy, the largest of which are The Port of Genoa , Port of Naples The ports of La Spezia, Gioia Tauro, Venice, Trieste, Taranto and Ravenna. [8]
In December 2023, Italy was elected International Maritime Organization Category A member. [26]

society

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EDITOR

Science and technology

Italy's scientific and technological level is relatively developed, and it ranks among the world's advanced levels in machinery manufacturing, industrial design, aerospace, textile and clothing, food processing and other fields. Research institutions in Italy are divided into public research institutions, higher education institutions and enterprise research and development centers. Italian companies have strong research and development forces, and close cooperation with public scientific research institutions and university research institutions, such as the Italian International Institute of Advanced Studies (SISSA), the International Center for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), the International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), the Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), and so on.

education

Italy has a high level of education, especially focusing on teaching and research. The state's annual funding and subsidies for education rank among the top in Europe.
The Italian education system is divided into three stages, namely 5 years of primary education (primary school), 8 years of secondary education (3 years of junior middle school, 5 years of senior high school), universities, colleges and other higher education, under the age of 16 can enjoy compulsory education.
Italian public schools account for about 90% of the total, while private schools account for about 10%. Famous universities University of Rome , Milan Bocconi University , Politecnico di Milan , Politecnico di Turin , University of Padua , University of Pisa Let's wait. Italian university education is compulsory and free for foreign students, but since 2000, due to the influx of foreign students, the Italian Ministry of Education, Universities and Research began to impose a nominal fee on public institutions, the specific fee level varies according to the annual income of the student's family. [11]
Italy's education in art, design and fashion is a world leader. There are many higher education institutions, including public universities and private universities. Famous universities are:
collegiate
Establishment time
introduce
University of Bologna (UniversitadegliStudidiBologna)
The year 1088
It is the first university in the world and has the reputation of "mother of universities".
Politecnico di Milan (PolitecnicodiMilano)
The year 1863
World-renowned polytechnic University, with 18 departments and more than 40,000 students, has 5 campuses, the main campus is located in Milan, Italy.
Politecnico di Turin (PolitecnicodiTorino)
The year 1800
Is a research university, the school's advantages are architectural design, automotive design, ecological design and so on.
University of Genoa (Universitadej Studidigenova)
The year 1471
An established comprehensive public university in Italy, the University of Genoa is the only university in Italy to include naval architecture and ship interior design in its degree programs.
University of Cavuscari, Venice (UniversitaCa 'FoscariVenezia)
1868
"University of Venice" for short, the University of Venice has a long tradition of business and economics.
Bocconi University (UniversitaCommercialeLuigiBocconi)
1902
It is the most prestigious business university in Italy, and former Prime Minister of Italy Mario Monti He is a graduate of the University and has served as President of Bocconi University.

hygiene

Italy has developed medical level and superior medical conditions. Italy has a universal health insurance system, and the state bears the relevant medical expenses. Foreigners are generally allowed to visit the emergency department free of charge. The average life expectancy in Italy in 2020 is 82.3 years. [8]

Physical education

Italy is a sports power, sports carried out more extensive, is a romantic country of sports. In addition, the Tour d 'Italia is held here every year, attracting many top riders from all over the world. Among the many sports in the Olympic Games, track and field, football, cycling, fencing, men's basketball, women's volleyball, boxing, gymnastics, Synchronized swimming Italy is strong in such projects. The history of Italy has produced a large number of Olympic champions, such as: Mangiarrotti, Nenardi, Gaudini, Defino, Ahati, Medici, Pavisi, Vlieglio, Dibiasi Menicelli, Byanketo and so on. Sports new generation fencer Vezali Athletes such as triple jumper Martinez are active in the international arena.
Olympic Games
Italy was one of the first countries to participate in the International Olympic Movement. International Olympic Committee Two of its founding members are Italian. Italian sports promotion enjoys a high reputation in Europe. Roma Sports Post, Torino sport "," Gazzetta dello Sport The popularity of the three media is very high, and they have become powerful assistants of the local Olympic Committee. With the exception of a drop in results in the 1970s, Italian teams have almost always finished in the top 10 at the Olympics. By the end of the 2000 Sydney Olympics, Italy had won a total of 172 gold, 137 silver and 153 bronze MEDALS in the Summer Olympics.
As of 2012, Italy has hosted a total of three Olympic Games, one of which was Summer Olympic Games The 1960 Olympic Games in Rome, twice Winter Olympic Games The 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d 'Ampezzo and the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin.
Football kingdom
Italy is known as "one of the world's football kingdoms". Italy has won four World Cup champion . The traditional uniform of the national team is blue shirt, white pants and blue socks. Its nickname is Azzurri (blue, Italian), and its Chinese nickname is "Blue Jackets". Italy's shirt sponsor is Puma.
Italy men's national football team He won the World Cup in 1934 and successfully defended it in 1938. To date, only Italy and Brazil have defended their World Cup titles. In 1968, Italy won the European Cup. It was Italy's first continental title since World War II. 1982 World Cup in Spain Italy with excellent performance, once again on the title, the hero is the Golden boy Paolo Rossi He scored six goals. 2006, in the head coach Marcello Lippi Led to the top of the world again. In 2012, Italy reached the final of the European Championship, but lost by four goals to Spain.
Italian football league It is one of the top football leagues in Europe and has the title of "Small World Cup".

medium

Italian press and publication industry is relatively developed, the country has a variety of newspapers and magazines more than 50 kinds. The main newspapers are: "Corriere Della Sera", "La Repubblica", "24 Hours Sun", "News", "Sports", "Courier", "Sports Post" and "Daily", etc.
The main comprehensive periodicals in Italy are: "Panorama" weekly, "Express" weekly, women's weekly "Modern Women" and religious periodical "Christian Family".
Ansa news agency : Founded in 1945, Italy's largest news agency.
Radio and Television Italy : Founded in 1954, it is state-owned. There are three main channels broadcasting comprehensive radio and television programs. Italy has developed its radio and television industry, with more than 500 private radio and television stations nationwide. [11]

communication

telephone
Italy is the fourth largest telecommunications market in Western Europe and the third largest mobile market, with mobile phone usage among the highest in the world. Italy has 48 million users, more than 30 million smartphones, 8 million tablets and more than 94 million mobile cards.
Internet
Italy's fixed broadband market started late, and its popularity and development status lagged behind Germany, France and other countries. In recent years, the Italian government has been committed to supporting the development of fixed broadband services and encouraging the increase Optical fiber In August 2015, the €12 billion "ultra-broadband" plan was adopted, and the number of fixed broadband subscribers has been able to increase year by year. In 2018, 73.7% of Italian households had access to a broadband network, and 94.2% of businesses with more than 10 employees had access to fixed or mobile broadband. The Italian mobile broadband market is growing rapidly, with more than 97% of the population having access UMTS / HSDPA and WiMAX The network uses mobile 3G networks and has more than 30 million actual users. In 2018, Italy completed an auction of 5G spectrum, which fetched a total of 6.5 billion euros. In 2019, Italy amended relevant laws and introduced a cybersecurity law including the "Golden Power" content, including the 5G field into the scope of application of the "Golden power" bill, and gave the Italian government the power to review the contracts and agreements signed by Italian companies and institutions with non-EU member entities. In April 2021, when Prime Minister Draghi introduced the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR), he said that 6.31 billion euros would be allocated for ultra-fast networks, broadband and 5G projects to achieve full coverage of ultra-broadband networks in all regions by 2026.
Postal service
Poste Italia has a well-developed network with 14,000 post offices, 60,000 mailboxes, 40,000 special postal vehicles, 4,500 postal ATMs, 200 parcel and mail sorting centers, and 140 branches throughout Italy. [8]

electricity

Italy is not self-sufficient in electricity and is the largest importer of electricity among European countries. According to the data of the Italian power grid Company (Terna), the total demand for electricity consumption in Italy in 2020 will be 302.751 billion KWH, of which the domestic power generation will be 273.308 billion KWH, accounting for 90.2% of the total demand, and the net import will be 39.787 billion KWH, accounting for 13.1% of the total demand. Renewable energy accounts for 38% of total power generation, with hydro, solar and wind power being the main renewable energy sources. [8]

payroll

According to the Italian Social Security Agency (INPS), about 22 per cent of workers earn less than €9 an hour, 9 per cent less than €8 an hour and 40 per cent less than €10 an hour, making overall hourly wages below the eurozone average of about 82 per cent in France and 90 per cent in Germany.
The average salary in Italy is 20,869 euros/year, and the highest paid profession is judge, with an average annual salary of about 100,000 euros; This is followed by journalists, who earn about 45,000 euros per year. Credit and insurance workers are in third place, with an average annual salary of about 36,000 euros. The average worker earns about 20,000 euros a year; The average salary for civilian staff is about 25,000 euros a year. [8]

Labour force

The overall quality of the Italian labor force is high, the education level is better, and the professional and technical level is strong. More than 20 Italian universities are ranked among the top 500 universities in the world, producing around 310,000 graduates each year.
Italy's aging population is becoming increasingly serious, in order to ease the pressure on pensions and ensure enough labor, the Italian government has repeatedly raised the retirement age. According to the pension reform policy of the previous government, since January 2018, the statutory retirement age of Italian men and women is 66 years and 7 months, and private employees need to increase by one year, which makes Italy the highest retirement age in the EU member states. The mandatory retirement age in Italy is 67 years and requires 20 years of work. [8]

diplomacy

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EDITOR

Foreign policy

The basic point of Italy's foreign policy is to be based on Europe and actively participate in it European Union Construction and promotion European integration Process; Rely on North Atlantic Treaty Organization Attach importance to the development of trans-Atlantic alliance; proposition United Nations Security Council Reform, but adamantly opposed to increase Permanent member They stressed the leading role of the United Nations in establishing a new international order and resolving regional conflicts, and actively participated in the UN framework peacekeeping with Humanitarian assistance Action to urge the EU and its member states to take more responsibility for refugees; in anti-terrorism On the issue, we call for strengthening international cooperation and addressing both symptoms and root causes. proposition World multipolarization And strengthen regional cooperation; We believe that it is necessary to reform the existing international financial system, strengthen global economic governance, and enhance cooperation with China and other emerging countries in international financial institutions Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank Founding member. [11] [20]

External relations

Relations with China
On November 30, 1964, China and Italy signed an agreement in Rome on the establishment of non-governmental commercial representative offices in each other's countries, and the two sides sent commercial representatives to each other in early 1965. The two countries formally established diplomatic relations on November 6, 1970. In June 1985, the two countries were separated Milan , Shanghai Establish consulates general in each other's countries. In June 1998, China was in Florence In November, Italy opened a consulate general in Guangzhou. In 2014, Italy established a consulate general in Chongqing.
Since the establishment of diplomatic ties, the friendly cooperative relations between the two countries in various fields have been developing smoothly. In 2004, the two countries established a comprehensive strategic partnership. In recent years, China and Italy have maintained close high-level exchanges. [11] [27]
In 1978, the two countries signed the Sino-Italian intergovernmental Agreement on Science and Technology Cooperation and established the China-Italy Mixed Committee on Science and Technology Cooperation. In November 2010, the first China-Italy Innovation Cooperation Forum was held in Rome, which was later renamed as China-Italy Innovation Cooperation Week. So far, 11 sessions have been held annually in rotation between the two countries. In February 2017, the two sides signed the China-Italy Strategic Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation Cooperation towards 2020. In March 2019, the science and technology authorities of the two countries signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Strengthening Cooperation in Science and Technology Innovation.
China and Italy have maintained close exchanges and cooperation in culture, education and other fields. In June 2014, the two ministries of Culture signed the Memorandum of Understanding on the Establishment of a Cultural cooperation mechanism, and held the first plenary meeting of the China-Italy cultural cooperation mechanism in February 2017. From April to June 2019, "Return - Italy Returns to China's Lost Cultural Relics Exhibition" was held at the National Museum of China. In 2022, the China-Italy Year of Culture and Tourism will resume. The two sides have agreed to jointly establish 12 Confucius Institutes and 39 Confucius classrooms. Up to now, China and Italy have established 85 pairs of friendship relations between provinces and regions.
The two sides enjoy sound cooperation in law enforcement and security. The China-Italy Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters and the China-Italy Extradition Treaty entered into force in August and December 2015, respectively, laying a legal foundation for China-Italy cooperation in judicial law enforcement and anti-corruption, fugitive and asset recovery. In 2015, Italy agreed to extradite economic crime suspects to China, becoming the first European country to do so. The competent authorities of the two countries also signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Joint Police patrols between China and Italy, and officially launched joint police patrols in Italy in May 2016. So far, four rounds of joint police patrols have been held in Italy and three rounds in China. [29]
During the period from December 1, 2023 to November 30, 2024, Italian ordinary passport holders can enter China without a visa for business, tourism, visiting friends and relatives and transit for no more than 15 days. [24]
Relations with the European Union
As one of the founding members of the European Union, Italy's successive governments have attached great importance to and actively promoted it European integration Build. He believes that the construction of EU integration is an effective means to cope with the challenges of globalization, and only a strong and united EU can maximize the protection of Italian security and interests. We support the reform of EU institutions and actively participate in the preparation and operation of the EU External Action Service. Europe Sovereign debt crisis After the outbreak, it proposed the establishment of a unified fund within the EU to deal with the crisis, and supported the three major economic governance measures of the EU, namely, unified debt issuance by Europe, greater powers for the European Central Bank, and greater coordination of institutional reforms. The year 2020 COVID-19 After the outbreak of the epidemic in Europe, Italy repeatedly called on the EU to unite in the fight against the epidemic, actively promoted the EU member states to reach an agreement on the recovery plan, and received 209 billion euros in the total fund of 750 billion euros, becoming the largest share of the country. [11]
Relations with the United States
Italy is a traditional ally of the United States and has maintained close political, economic and military ties with the United States since the war. We attach importance to developing trans-Atlantic partnership and advocate developing special partnership with the United States. In October 2019 and September 2020, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo visited Italy twice. In June 2021, US Secretary of State Blinken visited Italy and attended the G20 Foreign Ministers' Meeting. October 2021, President of the United States Biden He attended the G20 Summit in Rome and agreed to hold a bilateral meeting with Prime Minister Mario Draghi. In May 2022, Italian Prime Minister Mario Draghi visited the United States. In November 2022, Italian Prime Minister Meloni held a bilateral meeting with US President Joe Biden on the sidelines of the G20 Bali Summit. In July 2023, Italian Prime Minister Meloni visited the United States. [11] [18] [25]
Relations with NATO
Italy thinks North Atlantic Treaty Organization It remains the main defence force in Europe and plays a central role in ensuring the security of Europe and its member states. Advocates close cooperation between NATO and the EU in crisis management and peacekeeping operations. We support the establishment of NATO's fast counter-force, and advocate that NATO and the EU's fast counter-force complement each other to jointly safeguard the trans-Atlantic alliance. support NATO eastward expansion He called for a new partnership between NATO and Russia. We call for NATO to adhere to a defensive security policy and play an important role in resolving regional conflicts, counter-terrorism and non-proliferation. [11]
Relations with Russia
It regards Russia as a major political, military and energy power in the world, attaches importance to Russia's political and security cooperation in Europe, and has close energy, economic and trade cooperation with Russia, and has taken the lead in proposing that Russia and Europe share common cultural and religious origins, and Russia should become a member of the future greater Europe. In October 2018, Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte visited Russia. February 2022 Ukraine crisis After the outbreak, Italy strongly condemned Russia's military action, believing that Russia seriously violated Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity. Italy has supported and participated extensively in a number of sanctions measures adopted by the EU, provided humanitarian aid such as funds and medical supplies to Ukraine, received Ukrainian migrants, sent military equipment to Ukraine, and carried out military movements to Eastern Europe together with NATO. At the same time, it believes that maintaining unimpeded dialogue is of Paramount importance and advocates a peaceful settlement of the crisis through negotiations. [11]
Relations with the Balkan countries
Italy actively promotes cooperation in the region, seeking particularly in Central and Southern Europe Balkan region Play a bigger role. He was in charge of the United Nations Embassy Albania The command work of the multinational peacekeeping force has played an important role in stabilizing the situation in Afghanistan. The amount invested in the reconstruction of the Balkans is the second highest in the European Union, after Germany. It is an important trading partner of Central and Eastern European countries. [11]
Relations with the Mediterranean countries
I think of myself as European and Mediterranean Successive governments have always regarded the region as a geostrategic priority. As a proponent of the Charter for Peace and Stability in the Mediterranean and a member of the EU-Mediterranean Partnership, it intends to actively promote dialogue and cooperation between the EU and Mediterranean countries, implement the EU-Mediterranean strategy and support the Barcelona Process. He stressed the importance of NATO's southern flank and called on the EU to pay attention to the situation in the Mediterranean region. We will promote the establishment of a "permanent Mediterranean Fleet" by NATO and the establishment of a "Mediterranean Rapid Reaction Force" with France and Spain. Since December 2015, Italy has held the "Mediterranean Dialogue Forum" in Rome every year. International conferences on Libya have been held in recent years. [11] [18] [20]
Relations with Asian, African and Latin American countries
Italy values the same Asia-pacific region To strengthen economic cooperation with Southeast Asian countries. Advocate and actively promote reconciliation between India and Pakistan Korean peninsula Peace process to promote democracy in Indonesia. It intends to take an active part in the post-war reconstruction of Afghanistan. In its relations with Asian countries, Italy focuses on the development of relations with China , Japan , Iran And bilateral relations with Central Asian countries. The first is the same North Korea Western countries that have established diplomatic relations are concerned Korean peninsula The situation. consider Korean nuclear issue It involves international security and calls for peaceful settlement through consultation and dialogue. With deep historical roots in North African countries, China has actively expanded relations with African countries in recent years, constantly deepened economic, trade, cultural and other cooperation, and expanded the scale of development assistance. [11]
Relations with Ukraine
On February 24, 2024, Ukraine and Italy signed an agreement on security guarantees. [30]

travel

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EDITOR

Main attraction

Arena (PiazzadelColosseo)
The Colosseum
amphitheater (also translated) The Colosseum It is one of the greatest buildings of the Roman era and one of the best preserved amphitheatres. Located in the city of Rome Piazza Venezia To the southeast of Aurelian Inside the city walls. The ancient city structure is well preserved and is a model for the world. The Colosseum is one of the eight most famous places in the world and a symbol of the Roman Empire. The Colosseum looks like a huge bunker, covering an area of 20,000 square meters, with a perimeter of 527 meters, a diameter of 188 meters, and a wall height of 57 meters, equivalent to the height of a 19-story modern building, and can accommodate 107,000 spectators.
Angel church of Santa maria (BasilicadiSantaMariadegliAngeli)
Milan Cathedral
The Church of Santa Maria of the Angels was in 1563 Michelangelo It was rebuilt from the ruins of the tepid hall of the Diocraciano Baths, and in the 18th century it was changed to its present form by LuigiVanvitelli between 1863 and 1867. Entry copy Pantheon The height of the patio was 91 meters, which was the limit of construction at that time.
Milan Cathedral (DuomodelMilano)
Located in the center of Milan, Italy Milan Cathedral Also known as the Church of the Virgin Nativity, Domo Church, construction began in 1386, the vault was completed in 1500, and the central tower was gilded in 1774 Virgin Mary The statue (the hand is said to have been stolen) is in place. It was completed in 1897 and lasted five centuries. Napoleon was crowned in Milan's Cathedral in 1805.
Venezia
Venice Founded in the 5th century AD, the world famous city is located in northeastern Italy, about 4 km from the mainland, on about 118 islands, large and small, in the Venetian Lake. More than 150 canals and 400 Bridges crisscross the city, linking the 118 islands. To be the most attractive in the world Tourist city .
SAN Marco Square (PiazzadelSan Marco)
Piazza SAN Marco Known as the most romantic square, Pigeon Is the biggest feature here;
Bridge of Sighs The two buildings connected by the Bridge of Sighs are the courthouse and the prison; Generally speaking, the people who enter the prison will not get out alive, and the Bridge of Sighs becomes the last place where they can see the sun. Therefore, when the prisoners pass here, they can not help but give a sigh, and as time goes by, these sighs become the "bridge of sighs"...
The doge's Palace, the highest in the Venetian Republic Organ of power ; The exterior walls of pink marble, continuous pointed arches and four round Windows are typical Gothic style .
St. Mark's Basilica In a strong Byzantine style, legend has it that it was used to worship Gospel writers SAN Marco The church; Saint Mark is the patron saint of Venice, and the symbol is the lion, so the lion is also the symbol of Venice.
The old and new executive residences on both sides of St. Mark's Basilica, with the first floor mostly used as a cafe; The most famous is Cafe Florian, it is said Hemingway , Byron Hang around here often; Of course, the coffee here is also the most expensive in Italy.
Gondola According to legend, the former boatman is a young and handsome young man, singing love songs while rowing; In addition, the gondola is the most expensive form of transport in Venice.
Turin (Torino)
Turin
Ancient city of culture and art. The city has many squares, many Renaissance period Of art collections and architectural monuments. There are the church of SAN Giovanni Battista, the Church of Waldensian and other luxurious palaces. Many parks along the left bank of the Po River. There are museums of history and art. And the one founded in 1405 University of Turin A number of science and engineering colleges and universities and the National Joseph Fodi Conservatory of Music, as well as the modern science and technology research and experiment center.
Turin is also home to ancient churches and palaces rich in art treasures, the Guarini Chapel in Turin Cathedral, where the bags are kept Jesus The sheet of the corpse (famous The Shroud of Turin ).
Florence (Firenze)
Florence Meaning "City of flowers" in Italian, it is located on a flat piece of land in the Arno Valley surrounded by hills. The concept of the Renaissance was born in Florence. Act as European Renaissance The cultural center of the period, Florence has left countless historical buildings and historical treasures for modern people. Piazza Michelangelo The Ponte Vecchio and the nearby Leaning Tower of Pisa are among the most important attractions to visit.
Pisa (Pisa)
In memory of Pisa Patron saint of the city Virgin Mary In 1063, the Pisans began to build in the so-called Lomanesque-PisaStyle style on the square in the northeast corner of the city Pisa Cathedral (Duomo-theKaccedral). By sculptor Buschetto Pisano It was designed by BonannoPisano, and there is also a circular baptistry and a clock tower, forming a group of buildings, which is also typical of Italian imitation Roman architecture.
Sicilia (Sicilia)
Sicily It is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and the largest province in Italy. The natural landscape and the cultural landscape are integrated here.

World heritage site

As of 2019, there are 55 in Italy World heritage site , as follows:
  1. 1.
    Camonica Valley rock paintings
  2. 2.
    depict Da Vinci " The Last Supper mural Church of the Thanksgiving of Santa Maria And the Dominican Convent
  3. 3.
    Historic Center of Rome Enjoy extraterritoriality over the buildings of the Roman Curia and outside the walls of St. Paul's Church
  4. 4.
    Historic Centre of Florence
  5. 5.
    Pisa Cathedral Square
  6. 6.
    Venice and the lagoon
  7. 7.
    Historic Center of SAN Gimignano
  8. 8.
    Matera's grotto houses and stone church gardens
  9. 9.
    Villa Palladio in Vicenza and Veneto
  10. 10.
    Crespi of Ada
  11. 11.
    Renaissance city of Ferrara and Po River Delta
  12. 12.
    Historic center of Napoli
  13. 13.
    Historic Center of Siena
  14. 14.
    Castel de Monte
  15. 15.
    Early Christian remains in Ravenna
  16. 16.
    The historic center of Pienza
  17. 17.
    Alberobello's domed stone house
  18. 18.
    Caserta's 18th century palace and gardens, the Vanvitelli Aqueduct and the SAN Leuccio complex
  19. 19.
    Archaeological district of Agrigento
  20. 20.
    Archaeological areas of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Torreannunziata
  21. 21.
    The Botanical Gardens of Padua
  22. 22.
    Modena's Cathedral, Civic Tower and Grand Square
  23. 23.
    The Amalfi Coast
  24. 24.
    Port Venere, Five Villages and Islands
  25. 25.
    The Palace of Savoy
  26. 26.
    Barumini's fortifications
  27. 27.
    Casale's Roman villa
  28. 28.
    Archaeological quarter and cathedral of Aquileia
  29. 29.
    Cilento and Diano Valley National Park
  30. 30.
    The historic centre of Urbino
  31. 31.
    Villa Hadrian in Tivoli
  32. 32.
    The Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi and other Franciscan ruins
  33. 33.
    Ciudad Verona
  34. 34.
    Aeolian Islands (Lipari Islands)
  35. 35.
    Villa Este in Tivoli
  36. 36.
    Late Baroque town of Val-Dinoto (southeast Sicily)
  37. 37.
    The holy mountains of Piedmont and Lombardy
  38. 38.
    St George's Hill
  39. 39.
    Etruscan cemeteries in Cervitelli and Tarquinia
  40. 40.
    The Orchia Valley
  41. 41.
    The tombs of Syracuse and Pantalic
  42. 42.
    The New Street of Genoa and the Raleigh Palace complex
  43. 43.
    Ancient and pristine beech forests of the Carpathian Mountains and other parts of Europe
  44. 44.
    Mantova and Sabionetta
  45. 45.
    Albla-bernina section of the Retica Railway
  46. 46.
    The Dolomites
  47. 47.
    Lombard Sites in Italy - Places of Power (568-774)
  48. 48.
    Prehistoric lakeshore wooden buildings in the Alps
  49. 49.
    Medici Villa and Garden in Tuscany
  50. 50.
    Etna volcano
  51. 51.
    Piedmont Vineyard landscape: Langay-Roero and Monferrato
  52. 52.
    Cathedrals of Palermo and Cefalu and Monreale in the Arab-Norman period
  53. 53.
    Fortifications in Venice in the 16th and 17th centuries: Stato Grande Tera - Weststato Grande Mare
  54. 54.
    The 20th century industrial city of Ivrea [6]
  55. 55.
    The provenance of Prosecco sparkling wine in Conegliano and Valdobiadny [4]
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