Hengshan includes two concepts, narrow and broad. Hengshan in the narrow sense, that is, the so-called "northern Mountain Hengshan", also known as "Taiheng Mountain", which in ancient times was called Xuanwu Mountain, Guoshan Mountain, Guoshan Mountain, etc., which was determined as "the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties." The five Mountains "The north mountain Hengshan. Located 10 kilometers south of Hunyuan County, Shanxi Province, The main peak, Tianfengling, is 2017 meters above sea level ^{[63
]} It is known as "the North pillar of human heaven" and "the famous mountain". The broad sense of Hengshan, or Hengshan Mountain range, is Datong City, Shanxi Province Southeast, Hebei Province Zhangjiakou City The South, Sanggan , Hutuo River A series of peaks between the general term, roughly southwest - northeast extension, east-west length of nearly 300 kilometers, north-south width of about 80 kilometers, the highest peak for Shanyin county, Ying County border steamed bread mountain, 2426 meters above sea level.

Hengshan Mountain lies between the plateau in the northwest of the mountains and the plain of Central Hebei Province. Because of its steep nature and geographical location, Hengshan Mountain has become a battleground. At a valley in the mountains, Zijing Pass , Pingxingguan , Yanmen Pass Ningwu Pass tiger is the risk, is outside the plateau to Taiyuan Basin, Jizhong Plain throat. Many emperors and generals fought battles here, and many ruins of ancient battlefields such as ancient passes, castles and watchtowers have been preserved.

Since the Ming Dynasty, it was listed as the North Mountain, and in the early Qing Dynasty, the North Mountain national sacrifice gradually moved from Quyang, Hebei Province to Hunyuan Hengshan, and the Five Mountains culture was integrated into the Hengshan culture. Hengshan Taoism began in the Western Han Dynasty and flourished in the Northern Wei Dynasty, becoming the mainstream Quanzhen school Holy land.

Hengshan Mountain range is also a rich area of mineral resources in Shanxi Province, and is the main producing area of coal and iron in the northeast of Shanxi Province.

Chinese name: Hengshan Mountain
alias: Black Tortoise Mountain , Guoshan mountain, Guoshan mountain is our highest mountain
Subordinate mountain system: Branch of Taihang Mountain
Geographical position: Hunyuan County, Datong City, southeast suburb Hengshan foot
Go to: Southwest - Northeast
length: Nearly 300 kilometers

breadth: About 80 km
Initial point: Southwest from the Shuozhou Hui River east bank (Yangfangkou)
Terminal point: Northeast finally Zhuolu County, Hebei Province, Sanggan River west bank
Principal peak: Tianfengling Mountain
Sea bulldog: 2017 m ^{[63
]}
peak: Mantou Mountain 2426 meters

catalogue

Location boundary

broadcast

EDITOR

The location and composition of Hengshan Mountain

The broad Hengshan Mountain range, or Hengshan Mountain range, extends roughly southwest to northeast Datong City, Shanxi Province Southeast, south of Zhangjiakou City, Hebei province. The highest peak is Shanyin county , Ying County borderline Steamed Bun Mountain It is 2426 meters above sea level. In the narrow sense, Hengshan Mountain is located in the middle of Hengshan Mountain range, 10 kilometers south of Hunyuan County, Shanxi Province, and the main peak, Tianfengling, is in the south of Hunyuan County, with an altitude of 2017 meters ^{[63
]} (Say 2016.1 meters ^[62] Say 2016.8 meters ^[1] ).

The main vein of Hengshan Mountain is located in the south of Sanggan River, between the upper valley of Hutuo River and Lingqiu Basin, extending northeast and extending east into Hebei Province Datong basin with Xinding basin The boundary of... Southwest and Lvliang Mountain Pulse Zhi A surname It is connected to the west by the Hui River Guanqin Mountain Look at each other. Hengshan Mountain stretches for about 200 kilometers in Shanxi Province. To the north of the Hun River, another branch extends Liuleng Mountain It is the highest at 2375 meters above sea level. Liuleng Mountain extends northeast to Hebei Province, divided into two branches, the north branch Liuleng Mountain meets, between Yangyuan County and Yu County, known as Xiong 'er Mountain. South branch in the south of Yu County, called Yu County Nanshan, east of the small Wutai Mountain. Hebei Province extends nearly 100 km (map measurement). So the Hengshan Mountain range is nearly 300 kilometers long from east to west. ^[2] Some sources say 150 kilometers. ^[3-4] It is also said that Mount Hengshan is 250 kilometers long from east to west. ^[5]

In the narrow sense, Hengshan Mountain is located in Hunyuan County, Shanxi Province, and the area of Hengshan scenic area is similar, with an area of 147.51 square kilometers, and geographical coordinates between 39º23 'to 39º44' north latitude and 113º36 'to 113º57' east longitude. ^[6]

Major peak

broadcast

EDITOR

The Hengshan mountain system, according to the distribution of the peaks, can be roughly divided into three parts: main vein, north branch vein and south extended branch vein. The main vein is mainly in Shanxi Province, between the Hunhe River, Hutuo River tributaries, across the Hutuo River and Wutai Mountain system. The northern branch is located between Sanggan River and Hun River, a tributary of Sanggan River. The southern branch extends northeast from the northern part of Lingqiu County to the southern part of Yu County, Hebei Province. To the southeast of Mount Hengshan, the juxtaposed mountains are Mount Wutai There is information that is also classified as Hengshan branch (southern branch), which is also reasonable, but modern geography classifies them as mountains of the same level.

Main peak perimeter

The main peak area of Mount Hengshan, that is, the narrow sense of Mount Hengshan, that is, the so-called "northern Mountain Hengshan", is mainly composed of two opposite peaks of Tianfengling and Cuiping Mountain. Moyu Mouth on the west side of the main peak, the western cliff wall, a stream, among which Huanglong Gorge, the mountain is dangerous, ancient here is the Datong Basin through the inverted horse pass, Zijing Pass to the Hebei Plain through the place. ^[7] The main peak, Tianfengling, known as the "north pillar of the human day", "the name of the mountain", overlapping peaks, imposing, known as the Lord of the North mountains. ^[8]

Mountains in the main peak area

Main peak area Moyu mouth

Tianfengling Mountain

Tianfengling, the main peak of Hengshan Mountain, is 2017 meters above sea level and 4 kilometers south of Hunyuan County. It is one of the five famous mountains in China. On the mountainside south of the main peak, there is the North Yue Temple, a place for emperors and subjects to worship. And "root" suspension "penetration" sunset "piano, chess sets" "fruit laoling" step "cloud road" "tiger draught" "latent" longquan "fu will be immortal" "white hole" famous "heng heng 18 scene". Mountain male, beautiful scenery, wonderful landscape, make people happy, ancient and modern visitors in an endless stream.

Cuiping Mountain

Cuiping Mountain, located on the west side of the main peak of Hengshan Mountain, 4 kilometers away from Hunyuan City, an area of 2 square kilometers, 1648 meters above sea level. It Hunhe Hunhe River south, mountain grass such as Yin, mountain potential such as a knife and open the gate, show like green screen, so the name Cuiping mountain. The east wall of the mountain has the national key cultural relic protection unit "Hanging Temple", the southern foot of the mountain has the "Luohan cave" (has been flooded by the water of Hengshan Reservoir), the north of the mountain has the "Sanqing Hall", the ancient "Stone Ming Xing", according to legend, the Jin Dynasty champion Liu puppet, the right Prime Minister Su Baoheng are here to study martial arts. " Annotations of the Water Classics "Said Cuiping Mountain," there are stone inscriptions on the mountain, engraved with the four characters of the north boundary of Jizhou." ^[3]

Main vein

The main vein is located from Shuocheng District of Shuozhou City in the west, the border of Shanyin County and Dai County - Ying County, the south of Hunyuan County - Lingqiu County and Guangling County, and the east to the border of Shanxi and Hebei. The west of the county is generally called Yanmen Mountain (ancient name of the mountain), and the east of Shanyin County to the main peak area is generally called Cuiwei Mountain. In Shanxi, the mountains above 2,400 meters are mainly: Shiren Mountain (2,249 m, at the junction of Hunyuan and Lingqiu), Mima Manchu Liang (2,173 m), Longshan (2,267 m, both in Hunyuan), Wuyang Chang (2,233 m, at the junction of Hunyuan and Ying County), Happy Horse Liang (2,265 m, Ying County), Guanti Temple Liang (2,123 m), Yingjia Liang (2,155 m, In Yingxian, Fanzhi junction), Cao垜 mountain (2396 meters, Daixian territory). ^[2]

Longshan Mountain, located 15 kilometers southeast of Jingzhuang Village, is shaped like a dragon, 2226.8 meters above sea level. Also known as Fenglongshan, there was Longshan Temple in ancient times. There are Manjusri Rock on the mountain, and there are hemerocallis slopes on the top of the mountain. There are Yuquan Mountain in the northeast five miles, Huiling mountain in the northeast, beautiful scenery, also known as Xiuli Mountain. There is a black dragon pool at the foot of the mountain, the clouds are rising, and it will rain within three days. There are five peaks mountain in the east of the pond, and there are three Yang caves on the mountain, which occupy dozens of miles. The "dragon Dui" mentioned in the "Water classic Notes" refers to the dragon Mountain, there are four caves on the mountain, and the wind comes out at four times. In the early years of the Yuan Dynasty, Li Zhi, Yuan Haowan, Zhang Dehui had visited Longshan together, known as the "three old men of Longshan". In the mountain, there are poems written by famous scholars such as Liu Jingshu and Ma Bei Zhi.

Shenxi Mountain, also known as Fenghuang Mountain, in the north of Shenxi village in the lower Han village, 4 kilometers from the county seat, 1160 meters above sea level, about 1 square kilometers, Shenxi water originated from the foothills, more white soil on the mountain, as raw materials for painting houses. "Hunyuan State Records" (Qing Qianlong edition) said that the Ming Dynasty secretary Sun Cong had built "Fengshan Academy" at the foot of Fenghuang Mountain, and repaired Fengming Pavilion, Cuiwei Floor, Moon Xuan, autumn fragrant Garden, library kiln, drum and Qin cave, chess table, Hoofish rock, blue water sinus, color Yunyan, golden fish pond, Ruilian pond. It's called the most beautiful place. These precious old buildings are gone because of disrepair. At the foot of the mountain, the "Temple of Lv" still remains. The old society held the incense temple fair here on the first day of the fifth lunar month every year. Although the bad habits are banned, the people who visit are still in constant flow. ^[3]

Thousand Buddha Ridge

Qianfo Mountain, about 25 kilometers due south by west of Tianfengling, the main peak of Hengshan Mountain, is known as the "small Huangshan Mountain" outside the city. There is a natural rock on the top of the thousand Buddha Mountains, which has a small imitation wooden brick tower more than 7 meters high, engraved with the four words "thousand Buddha pagoda". There are three stone caves in the south of the rock under the tower, called "thousand Buddha Caves", hence the name. Thousand Buddha cave northwest to build Bifeng temple.

Located in Huanghuatan Township, between the three villages of Shikui, Shaliang and Baiqianggou, it is 10 miles long from north to south, 5 miles wide from east to west, and 2,173.4 meters above sea level. It is said that in ancient times there was a general village with many horses.

Silver east beam, located in Qingciyao Township west mudgou village east, 2 kilometers long from north to south, l kilometers wide from east to west, an altitude of 2050 meters, silver ore on the mountain, Yilin, the existing young forest 1000 mu.

Dajianshan, there are two, one is located in Qingciyao Township between Xiaohuapigou, Xiachaishu ditch, Xiaochuan Ridge, Xishigou village. East, west and north, each about 1.5 kilometers, the main peak in the northwest of Yin Beigou village, 2047 meters above sea level, the mountain more birch. Another mountain located in the southeast of Jingzhuang Village in Jingzhuang Township is also named Dajianshan, which is named because of the tip shape of the top of the mountain, with an elevation of 1892.8 meters.

Sun Bin Zhai, located in the south of Longsui Village, 35 kilometers away from the county seat, an area of 1000 square meters, an altitude of 1805 meters. It is said that during the Warring States period, Sun Bin once set up a camp in this mountain, so it was named Sun Bin Camp. South of the foot of the thousand Buddha cave, chiseled stone. There is Pangriuzhai in the west.

Robbing the wind ridge, located in the north of Xiangyang Village, ZhongZhuangpu Township, 25 kilometers away from the county seat, the main peak is 1653 meters above sea level, an area of 3,000 square meters, the watershed of Hunhe River and Tang River, Hun River flows northward; The Don River flows south.

Daliang Straw Hat Mountain, near Yinniugou Village, Shage Tuo Town, covers an area of 5 li, 2,167.2 meters above sea level. The top of the mountain looks like a straw hat, and there is a state-owned forest farm on the mountain.

Daliang Mountain is located at the junction of Shage Tuo Town Shage Tuo Village and Datong County. It is 201l meters above sea level. The ridge is like a roof beam and there is a state-owned forest farm on the mountain.

Huashan Mountain, 1 km northeast of Sanling Village on Hunyuan - Datong Highway, 1784.8 meters above sea level, the mountain is rich in birch trees, so the name Hua Mountain, known as Huashan.

Meulaituo, in Xihekou Township, Xiaohuuan village southeast Hunyuan, Fanzhi two counties junction, an area of 15 square kilometers, elevation 1932 meters. According to legend, when the Qin Dynasty built the Great Wall, Meng Jiangnv looked for her husband, crying all the way, crying to this mountain there were no tears, so the name of the eyes (no) tears.

Damian Mountain, 2.5 kilometers southeast of Niuxing Fort in Wenzhuang Township, elevation 2011 meters. The hill was smooth and flat like a horse's face.

Wangbageta, 7 kilometers east of Wenzhuang village, covers an area of 700 mu and is 2098 meters above sea level.

Huziling, in the soil of the township border ban Gou southeast and Ying County border, the mountain more foxes, so the name Hu (fox) Ziling.

Temple Taiwan Mountain, in Tuling Township Xiong Gou village and Ying County border, 2107 meters above sea level, there is a river below the mountain, called Temple Taiwan River.

Mu Guiying Mountain, at the junction of Mu Jiazhuang village south of Tulling Township and Fanshi County, 1983.5 meters above sea level, legend says Mu Guiying in the Song Dynasty once walled in this mountain.

The mountain beam starts from Dongwangpu of Darenzhuang Township in the west, to Goat Ditch in Guangling County in the east, and to Dahong Ditch and Toad Temple in Shage Tuo Town in the north. It is 7 kilometers long from east to west and 5 kilometers wide from north to south. It is 2,249.4 meters above sea level.

Wufeng Mountain, in the east of Jingshi village, Darenzhuang Township, elevation 19l9 meters, northwest - southeast trend, 4 kilometers long. The mountain has five peaks, sharp as a knife, with caves among them.

Hengshan Mountain, in the west of Baofeng Village, Xiliu Township, 30,000 square meters, 1783 meters above sea level. All mountains in the county are east-west trend, only this mountain is north-south trend, across the Hunhe River, so the name Hengshan. The old city site of Guoxian County is on its left. Under the mountain, there has been a temple called Baofeng Temple. A primary school of higher education was set up here during the Republic of China. Qing Shunzhi 5 years, Fang three gathered a crowd uprising, had set up camp in this mountain.

The daytime Jin Mountain, 11 kilometers west of the county, occupies 3 kilometers and is 1100 meters above sea level. Sun Gongliang, the official of the Ministry of Works in the Yuan Dynasty, lived here after retiring from his post. Old Zhi said that Sun Gongliang's ancestral grave is located here.

Yuquan Mountain, 2.5 kilometers northeast of Longshan, 1,300 meters above sea level, is part of Longshan. The spring water on the mountain comes from the stone crevices, and the old annals are called "Yuquan Cold Current", which is one of the eight sceneries in China. According to the Annals of Hunyuan Prefecture, Liu Qi's "Guiqian Hall" was built on this hill at the end of the Jin Dynasty. Yuquan Mountain is surrounded by mountains, the east has Bai Shan Temple, the west has Yuquan Temple, the west is also expected to view terrace. Lists of peaks, clouds and smoke, in fact, is another scenic Longshan. ^[9]

Sheep yard

Sheep yard Located in the southeast of Ying County and Hunyuan County junction, belongs to the Hengshan mountain system. In the north of Yaoyu village, and Hunyuan junction. From northwest to southeast, it covers an area of about 2.5 square kilometers, and its main peak is 2333.4m above sea level, making it the second highest mountain in Shuozhou. There is a hole in the mountain where shepherds take shelter from the rain, and at the foot of the mountain is also a place where sheep often lie, hence the name. Lying sheep farm mountain in Tuling Township Shagou village and Ying County Liuping village question, elevation 2333 meters, the top of the flat, open 11 wide, is a good place for sheep, is the highest mountain in the county.

Cuiwei mountain main peak steamed bun mountain

Cuiwei Mountain Located in the southeast of Shanyin County, it is the remaining branch of Hengshan Mountain, connecting Hunyuan County in the east, Yanmenguan in the west, Daixian County in the south, and Shanyin Basin in the north. The total area is 99.3 square kilometers. The main peak, Mantou Mountain, is 2426 meters above sea level and is the highest mountain in Shuozhou. The range runs from east to west and is dominated by granite gneiss. The mountain plants luxuriant, more shrubs, and north China larch and birch and so on. The beacon tower on the hillside appeared intermittently and was one of the places of heavy warfare in ancient times. Because the mountain shrubs grow lush green, so named.

Purple Mountain

Zijin Mountain, located 30 kilometers southeast of Shuocheng District, with a circumference of about 25 kilometers, the main peak is 2122 meters above sea level, and the mountain is covered with shrubs and wild animals, which is the boundary line between the southern part of Shuocheng District and Ningwu County. This mountain grows a kind of deciduous shrub called Bauhinia, which can be used in Chinese medicine, because of the vegetation named Bauhinia Mountain, and the homonym is Purple Mountain. ^[10]

Crenel Mountain

Grass 垜 mountain (2396 meters, Daixian), that is, Fo Su Mountain. Ming "Shanyin County Annals" volume 2 · Shanchuan article: "Fo Su Mountain, county south thirty-five miles. The Golden King arch tablet cloud: 'Master Manjushi staying place'. Under the mountain out of the water, the name He Jiquan, also known as the overburden mountain, the common name of the crenel mountain." In Shanyin County ancient town Gucheng village thirty five miles (ancient system). Because Master Manshu stayed there, it was called the Fudsu Mountain, which is now called the Haystack Mountain. Located in the Hengshan Mountains more than branch Cuiwei Mountain, like "haystack", hence the name. The Buddha Mountain is towering, its peaks rise to the sky, white clouds surround it, and rain falls in all directions. ^[11]

Riding beam

Riding beam It belongs to the Hengshan Mountain system and is the peak of the southern mountain area of Yingxian County, with an altitude of 2287 meters (Shanxi Provincial records: 2265 meters), with a large and flat top surface and an area of 20 square kilometers. According to legend, at the end of the Tang Dynasty, Li Cunxiao guarded the Langling Pass, stationed troops in the mountain, and once herded horses and trained soldiers here, so the name of the horse Liang. Bai Maishi Township, 30 km away from the county seat of Ying County. There are more than 30,000 acres of larix larix forest, of which more than 10,000 acres of timber forest, and the soil is deep and fertile, rich in humus content, about 300 kinds of Chinese herbs in 6 categories grow everywhere. ^[12]

Yanmen Mountain

Yanmen Mountain, Hengshan Mountain range from Dai County to the west mountain section, the ancient name Kukyusan , also known as Yanmen Mountain. Because of the mountain hook, the two peaks face off like a door, and the water potential flow named. The main peak is Machangliang, 2057 meters above sea level. Its mountains are steep Xionggu, west of Ningwu Pass, east of Yanmen Pass, is Yanbei area to the hinterland of Shanxi throat, historically was the northern minority ethnic south to the central Plains of the main channel. ^[7]

Northern branch

It is mainly in the northern part of Hunyuan County, Datong County and Yanggao County, located between the south bank of the Sanggan River and the north bank of the Hunhe River, and extends to the Jin-Hebei border to the Xiong 'er Mountain in the east.

Liuleng Mountain

Six ridges mountain main peak yellow sheep tip

Liuleng Mountain, located in Guangling County, Shanxi Province Yanggao county At the junction, the highest peak Huangyangjian, 2420 meters above sea level, is the first peak in Datong, known as the "roof of Datong". White marble forest is distributed near the main peak Huangyangjiao, and there are hundreds of acres of meadow on the top of the south main hall of the main peak. In 2012, the Shanxi provincial government identified Liuleng Mountain as a provincial scenic spot, consisting of Liuleng Mountain Scenic spot, Nanda Temple - Baofeng Temple scenic spot and Shengjuanyu Scenic spot. Liulingshan stores a large number of high-quality white marble, many places of interest white marble stone carvings from Guangling, some departments or units specify Liulingshan open-air white jade. ^[13]

Dianding Mountain

On the south side of Liuleng Mountain, 48 kilometers from Guangling County, there is an alpine meadow with a total area of 66 square kilometers. There are many kinds of plants and lush flowers. There's a strange mountain in the core called. Dianding Mountain is 2008 meters above sea level. ^[14]

Okbongsan

Yufeng Mountain, also known as Sanfeng Mountain, located in the southwest of Xishuaikutuan town, Yangyuan County, consists of three peaks on both sides of the middle high, shaped like a pen holder. It is said to be the pen holder used by Cang Jie when he made characters, and the local people call it "pen holder Mountain". Bijia Mountain is more than 2000 meters above sea level, the mountain has preserved the original vegetation, mainly the original sub-forest, bushes, a variety of herbs more than 200 kinds, there are more than 30 kinds of Chinese herbs, the vegetation coverage rate of more than 90%.

Daping Tuo Mountain

Daping Tuo Mountain, elevation 1993 meters. It is located at the junction of Yangyuan County, Hebei Province and Guangling County, Shanxi Province, and 8 miles east of Zhengjiayao Village, Yu County, Hebei Province (the firing of ceramic urns has a long history). It looks like a huge iron weight, so the local people call it Daping Tuo. The mountain is rich in coal resources, there were Shanxi Guangling County Hongqi coal mine, Yangyuan County Xiyao coal mine and elbow bone bend coal mine in this mining.

Bear Ears Mountain main peak blue sky back

Xiong 'er Mountain, located in the south of Yangyuan Basin, belongs to the north branch of Yanyu vein of Hengshandong Province. The main peak is Qingtianbei, with an elevation of 2046 meters. It is the highest peak in Yangyuan. Because the mountain is steep, the top of the gentle, like the back of the human, the summit can reach the sky and get its name. in Hebei Province Yangyuan County and Shanxi Province Guangling County junction. Tiantai Mountain, 1974 meters above sea level, is the second highest peak of Bear Ears Mountain. ^[15]

Southern branch

Hengshan south branch, west Lingqiu County central Taibai Mountain, over the Jinji border, the east finally Xiao Wutai Mountain. It is mainly the south Mountain of Yu County, and the small Wutai Mountain also belongs to this vein from the topography.

Mountains around Pingxingguan, Fanshi County (starting point of the South branch)

Mount Taibai

Taibai Mountain, located in Lingqiu County, Shanxi Province, the main peak is 2234 meters above sea level, the circumference of 65·5 kilometers, composed of Mesozoic volcanic rocks, east-west direction, as the head of the Lingqiu mountains. According to the "Datong Fu Annals" and "Lingqiu County Annals" records of mountains and rivers: "Taibai Mountain, its veins from the east of Hengshan Mountain, if broken if continued, to Lingqiu County's south twenty miles to rise again, high pole cloud table, for the crown of the mountains. [Liao history] called the Wei Bai Mountain, today's natives still called Taibai Wei." Ruiquan Temple is located in Dongtongshui Village at the foot of Taibai Mountain. It is one of the nine scenic spots of Lingqiu, "Black Donkey Tongshui Ruiquan Temple". There are more than 20 ancient silver mine caves in the southern foot of the mountain, which is a large silver mine base in northern Shanxi during the Ming and Qing dynasties. ^[16-17]

Xiao Wutai Mountain

Xiao Wutai Mountain Located in Zhuolu County and Yu County border area. Because there are five peaks with flat tops like platforms, similar to Wutai Mountain in Shanxi Province, and the elevation is lower than Wutai Mountain, so it is called "small Wutai". The east of Xiaowutai Mountain is the highest at 2,882 meters above sea level and is the highest peak in Hebei Province. It is followed by the North station at 2,838 meters, the middle station at 2,801 meters, and the South station at 2,743 meters. West Terrace 2671 meters. From the overall climb, Xiaowutai Mountain is the roof ridge of Hebei Province - the highest peak. Xiao Wutai Mountain is 45 kilometers long from north to south and more than 40 kilometers wide from east to west, with a total area of 1,800 square kilometers. It is an anticlinal structure in geological structure, with a northeast-southwest trend and a northeast-southeast trend from north to north. Its lithology is relatively complex, there are sedimentary rocks, but also large areas of magmatic rocks (such as quartz porphyry) and metamorphic rocks exposed. There is a deep and large normal fault between the north side of Xiaowutai Mountain and the Weixian basin. The north slope is a steep fault cliff, and the south slope is a mild fault block mountain that rises along the fault. The small Wutai mountain is high and the valley is deep, and there are a large area of natural secondary forest on the Yin slope and semi-yin slope. There are 674 species of seed plants in 336 genera and 84 families. The forest is home to some wild animals, including the rare brown pheasant. Xiaowutai Mountain has been designated as a national nature reserve. The protection objects are temperate forest ecosystems and rare birds brown pheasant. The protected area is 22,573 hectares. ^[18]

Nanshan, Yu County

Nanshan of Yu County is the general name of the west mountain of XiaoWutai Mountain on the south side of Yu County Basin, and it is the southern branch of Hengshan Mountain east extension. The fault block mountain with steep north slope and gentle south slope and broad summit was raised along the large fault on the north side of the mountain in the neotectonic movement. It is always inclined in geological structure, and Mesozoic volcanic rocks are exposed on its axis, and early Paleozoic limestone and sand shale are exposed on its two synclinal wings. There are 9 mountains above 2000 meters above sea level. According to their elevation, there are: Chashan Mountain, 2524 meters above sea level, which is the second highest mountain in Hebei Province. Baijiantuo, 2,307 meters above sea level, is the fifth highest peak in Hebei Province. Dongdianziliang, 2,153 meters above sea level, is the 16th highest peak in Hebei Province. Mucheya Mountain, 2,143 meters above sea level, is the 17th peak in Hebei Province. Xidianziliang, 2,121 meters above sea level, is the 20th highest peak in Hebei Province. Matian Ridge, 2,110 meters above sea level. Small beam, 2053 meters above sea level. Master Temple beam, elevation 2050 meters. Safety trench: 201 meters above sea level. ^[15]

The pass

broadcast

EDITOR

Hengshan is the north-south barrier between Datong Basin and Xinding Basin, and the east-west barrier between Xinding Basin and Hebei Plain. In the Spring and Autumn period, the kingdom depended on Hengshan and existed in the world; In the Warring States Period, Yan and Zhao established the world by Hengshan; In the Han Dynasty, the Huns used the Hengshan Mountains to fight for the world. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Murong family resided in Hengshan. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, Tuoba divided the kingdom according to the Hengshan Mountain. Song by Hengshan to defend the world; Gold rely on Hengshan and whip the world; The Yuan destroyed the world, the Qing unified the world, but also by virtue of Hengshan as the main body of the Great Wall along the natural insurance. Many emperors and generals have fought here, which is the most proud of the five mountains of Hengshan. In history, there were many beacon towers and castles built in the mountain pass gully, and their relics still exist. Pingxing Pass, Yanmen Pass, Yangfangkou, Ruyue Kou, Guangwu Kou, Baicao Kou and other important passes, the situation is dangerous, for the military important places and traffic channels in the past. The Dayun (Datong - a Yuncheng) expressway and the Beitongpu (Taiyuan - Datong) Railway pass through the mountains, and the Jingyuan (Beijing - Yuanping) railway passes along its southern foot. ^[7]

Yanmen Pass

Yanmen Pass, also known as Xixing Pass, is located in Yanmen Mountain, about 20 kilometers north of Daixian County, Xinzhou City, Shanxi Province, China. It is an important pass on the Great Wall, and Ningwu Pass and Bianguan Pass are called "Outer three Passes". In 2001, Yanmen Pass was announced by The State Council of the People's Republic of China as one of the fifth batch of national key cultural relics protection units. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, Yanmen Pass is the passage for the ancient Saibei minority to invade the mainland, since the 4th century BC to the 20th century, there were more than 140 battles here, according to incomplete statistics, especially the war story between Yang Jiajun and Liao army in the Song Dynasty is well known. ^[19]

Ningwu Pass

Ningwu Pass, that is, Ningwu County today. The north mouth of Yanmen Pass, south to Yunshan, northwest to Guanhun Mountain, northeast to Hengshan Mountain, southwest to Luya Mountain, is the fortress of the four mountains. Because of the three passes in the interior, the east can guard Yanmen, the west can aid Bianguan, and the north can respond to Shuozhou and Datong, so it is a battleground for all generations of soldiers. Jinbei ancient building vexed (ancient tribal name). During the Warring States Period, King Wuling of Zhao built a house here to keep the Xiongnu out. Ningwu, Qin and Han for the floor of the county, there is a floor of trouble pass. Tang Ningwu County, the beginning with Ningwu said, take Guangning, Shenwu two county end word. On August 18, 1986, it was listed as a provincial key cultural relic protection unit. ^[20-21]

Pingxingguan

Pingxingguan is located at the junction of Fanshi County and Lingqiu County. It was called Bottle shaped Village in ancient times and Ping-type Lingguan in Qing Dynasty, later renamed Pingxingguan. The Guan city was built in the sixth year of Zhengde in the Ming Dynasty (1511), with one gate on each side. Guancheng north with six Lang city, as the Song will Yang Yanzhao town residence. The Kanto control Taihang, west screen goose generation, for the ancient and modern military must contend. There are simple roads within the pass. The northwest leads to Hunyuan, Datong, the northeast even Lingqiu, Laiyuan, the two south can reach Fanshi County Daying town and Beijing road connected, is the foreign enemy to Shanxi hinterland attack or along the Beijing road to ask Beijing an important pass. At the beginning of the War of Resistance against Japan, shocked the world Battle of Pingxingguan It happened here. Taian Mountain, 14 kilometers west of Pingxingguan, lies between Fanzhi and Hunyuan, Yangquan and Datong Highway pass through this mountain. This pass, like Pingxing Pass, is an important pass on the east end of Hengshan Mountain to Yanbei and back to Beijing.

Changzui mouth, located in Fanshi County and Ying County border Changzui village, mouth width 15-1000 meters, 5-30 meters high, 8,000 meters long, for Ying County large stone mouth deep pass. The valley north of the pass is wide, and the view is wide; South of the gully cut short, the terrain is divided and broken. Sand River to Ying County road pass by the pass, north to Datong, south to Yangquan, east can detour Mo Yuan, Yi County, is an important pass at the east end of Hengshan. ^[21]

Magnetic kiln gate, Hunyuan County south 17 li Hengshan left side. Road to Lingqiu, Ming Hongwu four years (1371) build fort inspection division, also known as magnetic mouth. Since the Tang Dynasty, here abounds in magnetic apparatus, hence the name. Many ancient kiln sites nearby. ^[22]

Ruyue Estuary

Ruyue Pass, one of the eighteen passes of Yanmen, is one of the communication arteries that cross the north and south of Hengshan Mountain and communicate Xinzhou Basin and Datong basin. Its north is Ying County, Nantong Fanzhi. The mountain on the left side of the valley mouth is 1,436 meters high, and the mountain on the right side is 1317 meters high. The main valley from Ruyue mouth to Guoping village, about 10 kilometers long, directly to the 2111 meters above sea level Tiejialing. "County Annals" said: "At the end of the five dynasties Tang (905) to build Ru Yue Kou, open the road." From September 27 to 29, 1937, the 203rd Brigade of the 69th Division of the 34th Army of the Kuomintang (brigade commander Liang Jiantang) blocked more than 2,000 Japanese Suzuki brigade in Ruyue Kou, due to the exhausted grain bombs, the position of Ruyue Kou was broken by the Japanese army, and General Liang Jiantang led the rest of the Japanese army and died. It is an important part of the Chinese military and people's "Great Wall Resistance". Since then, Ruyue Kou has been recorded in history as the permanent memory of the Chinese nation. ^[23]

Flying Fox Mouth

The flying Fox Mountain pass is the sixth of the eight mountain passes in Taixing. Xing is located at the northeast end of Taihang Mountains, Taihang Mountains and its Yanshan branch, Hengshan Mountain junction, in Laiyuan County north, south of Yu County, Hebei Province. North to Yu County, South to the horseshoe beam, the local people call it "forty Li Valley" or "flying fox Valley". It is the main road connecting Shanxi Plateau and Hebei plain.

Geographical environment

broadcast

EDITOR

climate

Hengshan Mountain is located in the middle temperate monsoon climate - the light semi-arid region of northeast Shanxi. The average annual temperature in most areas is between 2.0-10.8 ° C except for a few high mountain areas which are below 0 ° C. The extreme maximum temperature is 35℃-40.2℃, and the extreme minimum temperature is -35℃ -18.0℃. The heat index is between 40-96 ° C, the accumulated temperature of ≥10 ° C is between 1500-3000 ° C, and the average frost-free period is between 75-170 days in most areas. The total annual solar radiation is 131-144 kcal/cm2. The average annual precipitation is 370-900 mm, and the precipitation is mainly concentrated in July and August. Main meteorological disasters: hail, frost, drought and high mountain gale days. Because of the high altitude of Hengshan Mountain, the vertical climate changes obviously. ^[24]

vegetation

The mountain area of Hengshan is picea picea, Larix picea and Quercus liaotungensis. The topography of the forest varies greatly, with the elevation ranging from 700 m in the basin to 3058 m in the mountain. The soil is mainly light brown soil. In the mountainous area, there are mountain brown soil, mountain meadow soil, and saline soil in the basin with poor drainage. The natural vegetation of picea picea, larix picea and Quercus picea are distributed widely in picea picea, Picea larix and Picea picea. The vertical distribution is obvious. Natural vegetation is general. Compared with picea picea in the same latitude, the shrub is widely distributed in Picea picea, sea buckthorn and stipa picea in Hengshan Mountains. The Chinese herbal medicine astragalus, which is abundant in the mountainous area, is famous both at home and abroad. ^[25]

The vertical distribution is: below 1300 meters, for agricultural land, in the arid hillside mainly have white leymus, yellow back grass, pole pole, and mixed with sparse sea buckthorn and other brush grassland; 1300-1800 meters, the soil is the mountain brown soil, growing pine, Liaodong oak, etc., as well as the Tuzhuang embroideria, tiger's cordyceps and other shrubs; 1800-2300 meters, the soil is mountain lustrous brown soil, mainly spruce forest and mixed forest composed of aspen, birch, etc. The shade and semi-shade slopes of 2300 to 2600 meters are mountainous brown loam, the soil is moist, and there are forests of North China larch and abies and spruce containing odor; 2600-2800 m, it is a subalpine shrub composed of Caragana arrowifolia and Salix arrowifolia. Above 2400 m it is subalpine meadow. Among them, 2400-2700 meters, mainly composed of Compositae, legumes, rose plants and mixed with some moss and other subalpine multificate meadow. ^[25]

hydrology

Hengshan Mountain is the source and watershed of many rivers in the Haihe River basin, the upper reaches of Hutuo River between the south of the main vein and Wutai Mountain, the Hun River, a tributary of Sanggan River between the main vein and the north branch, the north branch Beilu Mountain Valley into the upper reaches of Sanggan River, the southeast end of the north branch is the birthplace of Huliu River, and the Tang River originates between the south branch and the main vein and flows to Hebei Province.

Sanggan , also called Sanggan Ancient known as Luoshui, 溹 digester, upstream of the source river and Hui River two rivers. The main stream of Huihe originates from Ningwu Guanzhushan watershed village, while the source of Yuanzi River originates from Zuoyun County Jiekou Mountain. Two rivers in Shuo county Ma Yi village after the confluence called Sanggan River. Through Shuo County, Shanyin, Ying County, Huairen, Datong to Yanggao County Weijia Xiaopu village into Hebei. In Huailai County, Hebei Province Zhuguantun Huiyang River after entering Guanting reservoir . The river is 506 kilometers long, with a drainage area of 23,900 square kilometers, and the river is 252 kilometers long and a drainage area of 15,464 square kilometers. ^[26]

Yellow water River, ancient called water control, also known as wet water. Originating in Shuocheng District Wangwanzhuang, Shuocheng district, Shanyin County to Ying County, Ying County into the Sanggan River. The length of the territory is 103 kilometers, the drainage area is 3630 square kilometers, and the water flow is 0.13 cubic meters/second to 1.5 cubic meters/second. The river is as muddy as yellow soup and the river bed is uncertain, which has done great harm to farmland and villages on both sides of the river in history. In recent years, the amount of water has decreased, and it often dries up without water. ^[10]

The Hunhe River, originating in the eastern part of the county, Shage Tuo Town, Fangling Pass, flows from east to west, through Yangzhuang, CAI village, Xiahan Village, Zhangzhuang, Xiliu, Dongfang City, Pei Village, Xifang City, Humifeng and other townships across the Hunyuan Plain River, west to Xiaoxinzhuang Renying county border, into the Sanggan River. It's basically a perennial river. "Hun Yuan State Chronicle" contains: Hun River water, chaos Ling Guan water, Yuanwang Valley water, Shenxi water, Guochuan water, magnetic kiln saliva, Li Yu water, milk spring water, eight hydration and muddy flow, so the name Hun River. "Water the note" : Guo sichuan water out Guo mountain county (namely follwed period Guo Zhang County) the old south, east flows into the wet water. The late Tang and five dynasties asked, set Hunyuan County, the water from Hunyuan Guochuan River has flowed out to Hun River. ^[26]

Tangyu River, is one of the tributaries of Hunhe River, that is, the old Chi said "magnetic kiln gorge water", originated in Linchang Township, through the Qingmagnetic kiln township, big magnetic kiln town into Hengshan reservoir, from the reservoir to the north out of Tangyu mouth, through Dongfang urban and rural areas, in the lower Han village township Hua Machi village east into the Hunhe River. The river to Hengshan reservoir as the boundary, divided into two sections, the south of the mouth called Tangyu River, a total length of 25 kilometers, the average width of the river 100 meters, the basin area of 164.5 square kilometers.

Dayu River, is one of the tributaries of the Hunhe River, originated from the "West River" of Tuling Township and the "East River" of Guaner Township, from south to north, through Pei Village, near the Daguou into the Hunhe River, a total length of 27 kilometers, the average width of the river 20 meters, the basin area of 228 square kilometers. The annual average flow is 0.3 cubic meters per second, and the total normal annual flow is 19.2 million cubic meters. For the perennial flowing river, the river bed is very steep, every flood season, often flooding disaster. This water is called "Lingyun Water" in the Annals of Hunyuan Prefecture, which is one of the tributaries of Hunhe River.

Wangqianzhuangyu, is one of the tributaries of the Hunhe River, also known as the valley, ancient known as Yuanwangyu, this water originated from the village of big Renzhuang Guangmudou village, to the fork is divided into two Yu, one through Huanghuatan Township, one through Big Renzhuang Township, a total length of 50 kilometers. The river is 100 meters wide, the watershed area is 190 square kilometers, the water flow is 0.35 cubic meters/second, the normal annual runoff is 19.68 million square, for the Hun River tributary, that is, the "Yuanwangyu Water" contained in the annals of Hunyuan State. Guanziyu, also known as Loess Valley, originated from Huangtupo Village in Daren Township, to the fork into Wang Qianzhuangyu, a total length of 13 kilometers, 80 meters wide river.

Xiaonanyu, is one of the tributaries of the Hunhe River, originated from the Daxi Ditch in Jingzhuang Township, from south to north, to the three He number into the Hunhe River. The total length is 7 kilometers, the watershed area is 24.3 square kilometers, and the normal annual total runoff is 1.94 million cubic meters, that is, the Liyu water said in the Annals of Hunyuan Prefecture. ^[27]

Huliu River It originates from Shaquan, about 15 kilometers west of Guangling County, Shanxi Province, and 66 kilometers within Guangling County. Sujiatan (Suguanbao) village in the south of Nuanquan in Yu County, Hebei Province flows into the territory of Yu County, from west to east, across most of the Sichuan district of Yu County, the flow length of 73 kilometers, from the west of North Maquan Village out of the county. From the north water spring west of Yu County into Yangyuan county, at the west of Xiaodukou village into Sanggan River, Yangyuan territory 52 kilometers.

Hutuo River Also known in ancient times as 虖 pond (sound with "Hutuo") or Huto pond, the local people commonly known as the grape River, is one of the main rivers of the Hai River system. Hutuo River originated in Fanshi County, Shanxi Province, Taixi Mountain Qiaoergou village area, flowing southwest between Hengshan and Wutai Mountain, to the boundary river bend to the east flow, cut through the Zhoushan and Taihang Mountains, the east flow to Hebei Province, Xianxian Zang Bridge and Fuyang River merged into the Ziya River into the sea. It has a total length of 587 kilometers and a drainage area of 27,300 square kilometers. ^[26]

Don River In ancient times, it was called Hutuo, vomi, 滱 water, Tang water, etc. According to the Unified Annals of the Qing Dynasty, the water flow increased after flowing through Tang County, so it was named. Haihe River basin Daqing River upper source or tributary. Originated from the Cuiping Mountain in the south of Hunyuan County, Shanxi Province, the Tang River was historically called the positive source of the Daqing River. By Lingqiu County, Shanxi Province, Baoding city, Hebei Province, Laiyuan County, Tang County, Shunping County, Dingzhou city, Wangdu County, Qingyuan County, Anxin County, in Anxin into the northern inland lake Baiyang Lake After entering the Daqing River. ^[28]

The Black Ma River, originating from the Daghugou and Gantuling villages in ZhongZhuangpu Township, flows from north to south and flows into the Tang River in Longtsui Village, with a total length of 14 kilometers and a river width of 30 meters. ^[27]

Tangtou hot spring, located in Tangtou village, WangZhuangbao Town, it is called Tangtou hot spring. The spring has a long history and was discovered and used as early as the Eastern Han Dynasty. "Water Jing Notes" said: "Warm as soup, can cure all diseases, the past is called hot springs." Water flows east into the Don River. The imperial palace was built in the Northern Wei Dynasty and rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty. In 1974, a hot spring sanatorium was established, equipped with traditional Chinese and Western medicine, physiotherapy and hydrotherapy. ^[27]

landform

Hengshan main peak zone and Hunyuan basin

Hengshan is experiencing the second and successive orogeny Earth's crust A mountain of faults formed by uplifting movement, the rocks are ancient Cambrian Ordovician limestone 500 million years ago. The area of the bedrock is exposed, the weathering is seriously broken, the peaks are pointed, the gullies are cut deep, and the relative height difference is more than 1000 meters.

The arrangement and morphology of Hengshan mountains are controlled by faults. Along the fault subsidence zone, Sanggan River Valley, Hunhe Valley, Hutuo River upper valley developed, and the uplift zone between them formed the Liuleng Mountain and Hengshan Mountain. These mountains are the northern side of the upturned fault block mountain, its north slope is extremely steep, the flat land pulled up, the cliff is like cutting; The south slope is more moderate, and the watershed is on the north side. The formation of small basins in the mountains is controlled by structure, and the Guangling Basin and Lingqiu basin are fault basins, and the Guangling basin corresponds to Hunhe Valley, and the Lingqiu basin corresponds to the upper reaches of Hutuo River valley, and there seems to be structural connection.

Most of the mountain consists of pre-Cambrian metamorphic rock series, which was originally an ancient land with long-term uplift and denudation, and became peneplanized land by denudation in Beitai Age. The ancient land disintegrated due to the differential uplift of fault blocks since the Himalaya movement. Weathering and gravity caving play a significant role. ^[29]

Hengshan Mountain, in geomorphology, with fault blocks in the middle, the peak elevation of about 2000 meters, the relative height difference of 1000 meters. Its extension direction is controlled by two fault structures, northeast and northeast, and fault uplift occurs mostly along the anticlinal side. Hengshan is a inclined table-block mountain with steep north slope and gentle south slope, and there is always a planation surface of the Northern stage at the top of the mountain. Table block mountains are mostly composed of old metamorphic rocks. The single-sided fault block mountain is composed of ancient rock series only on one side and Lower Paleozoic carbonaceous rocks on the other side. Most of the gullies and fault lines are developed directly, short, deep and steep, and cliff cliffs and fault triangles often appear in front of the mountains. The piedmont is fanned out and is cut from the old fan. It can be seen that the mountain has been continuously uplifting since the Quaternary period, which is in obvious contrast with the subsidence of adjacent basins. ^[30]

Natural resources

broadcast

EDITOR

Mineral resources

Hengshan area, Hunyuan, Guangling, Lingqiu and other counties belong to the northeast Jin non-metallic mineral assemblage area, mainly non-metallic minerals, including perlite, bentonite, crystalline apatite all reserves. In addition, there are undiscovered reserves have been mined zeolite, turpentine rock, pumice, kaolinite, asbestos, marble, granite and other minerals. The perlite is rich in resources, the largest of which is the Lingqiutadi perlite mine, with proved reserves of 58.563,000 tons, accounting for 33.5% of the country. The ore body occurs in the acidic volcanic rocks of middle Jurassic and appears to be stratified. It has been exploited.

Distribution of coal producing areas in Hengshan region

Shuo County, Ningwu County, Shanyin County, Daixian area belongs to Ningwu coal, aluminum mineral combination area, mainly gas coal, fertilizer coal, the northern coal seam is thick, good open-pit mining conditions. And there are bauxite, fire clay and other minerals. Ningwu coal field is an important coking coal base, mainly coking coal. The southwest end of Hengshan Mountain lies in the core area of Ningwu coal field, one of the eight coal fields in Shanxi Province, and the middle part has two main coal producing areas of Shanxi Province: Hunyuan and Fanzhi. Hunyuan coal reserves of 1.7 billion tons, bentonite reserves of 100 million tons, is one of the country's large high-quality calcium bentonite deposits, zeolite reserves of 400 million tons, the only production area in Shanxi; Granite reserves of 193 million cubic meters, especially black granite for the world stone boutique. The proven large and medium sized bauxite deposits are mainly Xuangang-Yangfangkou mining area at the southwest end of Hengshan. It mainly occurs at the bottom of Benxi Formation of Carboniferous and belongs to shallow Marine sedimentary deposits. The beds are stable, the reserves are abundant, the ore quality is good, all are monohydrate duralumite, with high aluminum, high silicon, low iron characteristics.

Daixian and Fanzhi Mountain areas are located in the Wutai - Hengshan iron and gold mineral association area, which is mainly an old metamorphic rock exposed area. The minerals are mainly iron and gold, and there are also pyrite (rutile), barium, key, copper, pyrite, phosphate rock, silica, mica and asbestos. The proved gold deposits are mainly distributed in Fanzhi, Daixian, Lingqiu and other places at the southern foot of Hengshan Mountain, among which Fanzhi is Shanjinmai gold deposit, Lingqiu Shuyan mine is sand gold deposit, and the rest are associated gold deposits of copper, lead and zinc ore. The Yixingzhai gold deposit belongs to the primary gold deposit, which exists in the gold-bearing sulfide quartz vein in the phlogite gneiss of the Taizidi Formation of the Wutai Group, an ancient rock series. The largest vein is 1190 meters long intermittenously, 460-610 meters deep, and 1-2 meters thick. The average grade of gold ore in the whole mine area is 11.72 g/ton, the average grade of silver is 0.45%, and the reserves of gold ore are 10.6 tons, which is the largest gold deposit in the province.

Titanium ore, mainly distributed in Daixian County. The ore in the Liangzigou mine area of Daixian county exists in the biotite hornblende granite of the upper member of Liangzigou Formation of Wutai Group. It is a large single kind of rutile deposit with shallow burial and large thickness, which is easy to be mined. The Heishangou mine area in Daixian County belongs to high temperature hydrothermal vanadium-chine magnetite, the ore is vanadium-titanium-bearing magnetite, which has not been used yet.

Mica is mainly distributed in several old metamorphic rock mountains with long-term uplift, concentrated in Fanzhi, Xinzhou, Wutai, Hunyuan, Guangling, Lingqiu, Daixian and other places.

Phosphate rock, mainly distributed in Lingqiu Pingxingguan. It occurs in Precambrian rocks and is a phosphorus bearing gneiss deposit. The grade is low, and the grade of concentrate after flotation reaches 25-38%, which can produce qualified phosphate fertilizer. Pingxingguan phosphate rock, a large scale, layered most of the surface, reserves of 93.6 million tons. ^[31]

Forest resources

The ancient forestry in Hengshan region was flourishing. In the 6th century AD, the Northern Wei Li Daoyuan "Water book Notes" described the Yanbei Sanggan River area is "Lin Zhang thus risk, the road to accommodate the track." The scene of dense forests and many birds and animals surrounded by dawn birds and twilight compartments. Since the Liao Dynasty, the forest in the upper reaches of the Sanggan River began large-scale logging. The Yongding River (the upper reaches of the Sanggan River) basin was densely forested, rich in water sources and clear in the river, which was a "Yi River" conducive to navigation. According to the Notes on Water Scriptures, before the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Yongding River was called "Qingquan River". Long name "Lugou River". The construction of Dadu in Yuan Dynasty, the north of Shanxi forest suffered a greater catastrophe, a large number of trees from the Sanggan River waterway out, there is a "west mountain bald, Dadu out" record; The destruction of forests in the basin led to serious soil erosion, making the Yongding River increasingly muddy (in the early Ming Dynasty was already known as Hun River), often changing course and flooding disaster, by the end of the Ming Dynasty was renamed Wuding River. Qing Kangxi "bestowing" named "Yongding River". ^[32]

The northern parts of Hengshan, Wutai and Taihang Mountains were still densely forested until the Ming Dynasty. For example, "Song Hui Draft" describes that the northern section of Taihang Mountain is "densely wooded" and "pine forests are all over." "Annals of Qingliang Mountain" describes Wutai Mountain in the Song Dynasty as "surrounded by green mountains, gully pines sound the heart." The Ming Dynasty written "Hu, Gao two Gong forbidden logging biography" contained "from ancient times, inside and outside the five peaks, more than seven hundred miles, Maolin forest, birds do not cross, the beginning of the country (indicating the early dynasty) still ran." Ming Jiaqing twenty years (1541) before, the Great Wall of the mountain there is a wide more than a hundred miles of forest, "the big together hold dry Xiao, small dense such as comb", "tiger and leopard hiding, people fresh track, riding can not enter". The Ming Dynasty built palaces, tombs, and royal palaces in Beijing, and implemented large-scale reclamation and deforestation. The royal Palace of Beijing was mostly made of materials from Daizhou (Wutai, Daixian, Fanzhi, Yuanping area). ^[32]

Distribution diagram of wood resources in Hengshan area

Hengshan area in Shanxi, mainly distributed in Fanzhi, Ying county, Dai county border mountainous area, belongs to Shanxi Province Wutai forest area. Southwest Shanyin, Dai County, Ying County is Sanggan River forest area.

The forest area of Wutai Mountain has rich forest resources, which are distributed in Fanzhi, Wutai, Daixian and other places. The tree species are mainly larch and spruce, and there are tabula pine, birch and a few abies. There are 337,000 mu of forests, of which 63% are natural forests, 37% are planted forests, and the forest coverage rate is 8.66%, which is the lowest forest coverage rate in Shanxi, and the wood storage volume is 1,102,200 cubic meters. ^[33]

Sanggan poplar rich forest area, governing Yanbei area between the Great Wall between Yanggao, Datong, Huairen, Zuoyun, right Yu, Shanyin, Ying County, Shuo county and Datong Xinrong District, the total area is 1.257 million mu, there are 1.1841 million mu of forest, of which 1.1651 million mu of artificial forest. The main tree species are poplars, accounting for more than 85% of the forest area, followed by Pinus tabulae, pinus camphor, etc., with a total stock of 470,000 cubic meters. This area has the obvious natural characteristics of the Loess Plateau, the altitude of 900-1300 meters, the yellow sand soil is poor and lack of fertilizer, organic matter is only 0.4-0.8%, fertility 5-6i. The climate is cold, dry and windy, the temperature difference between day and night is large, and the crop growth period is about 120 days. Although the Sanggan River runs through the east and west, but the water source is insufficient, and the water for the forest is still difficult. ^[34]

Pasture resources

Hengshan area, the largest grassland has Ma Jia Liang grassland, located in Shuo County city south 30 miles, an area of 300,000 mu. 1100 meters above sea level, flat terrain, for a series of concentrated sandy soil beam, is a suitable grazing grassland. The water source is river well, spring, convenient for drinking livestock, and the forage is Dauri Hu Zhihu, yellow and white grass, cottongrass, reed grass, and pole. The Shuo County horse farm is located here. In addition, there are Hengshan grassland (Hunyuan, Yingxian area), Taibai Mountain grassland (Lingqiu County's South Mountain), and Guangling, Lingqiu between the pad (dian) Ziliang grassland. ^[35] In eastern Yangyuan County, there are 680,000 mu of natural grassland, of which the perennial grass dominated by alfalfa has exceeded 100,000 mu. ^[36]

Historic sites

broadcast

EDITOR

Main peak area

In the early Western Han Dynasty, temples were built on Hengshan Mountain. The main temple in the Flying Grottoes is an ancient building built in the Northern Wei Dynasty and rebuilt in the Tang, Jin and Yuan dynasties. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, Hengshan has been a group of temples, with a large scale, which is called "three temples, four shrines, nine pavilions, seven palaces, eight caves and twelve temples", which is known as the eighteen sights of Hengshan. Unfortunately, it was destroyed and there's not much left. After visiting Mount Hengshan, Xu Xiake, a traveler in Ming Dynasty, recorded his experiences in Mount Hengshan in his travel notes. In the 1980s, after years of construction, the main peak area was built into a national scenic spot, the landscape of the main peak area refer to: Hengshan Scenic spot . ^[4] ^[37]

Hengshan Xuankong Temple

Hengshan Xuankong Temple, located in Hunyuan County, Datong City, Shanxi Province, 62 kilometers away from Datong City, the national key cultural relics protection unit, is the only remaining Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism three unique temple. Hanging Temple on Hengshan Mountain, about 50 meters above the ground, has developed the Chinese architectural tradition and architectural style, and its architectural characteristics can be summarized as "strange, hanging, clever" three words. The temple has a total of 40 temples. When Xuankong Temple was built, it adapted to local conditions and made full use of the natural state of the cliff to arrange and build all parts of the temple. The layout and shape of the general temple plane buildings were built in a three-dimensional space, including the mountain gate, bell and drum tower, main hall and auxiliary hall. There are more than 80 Buddha statues in the temple. Legend has it that in the twenty-third year of Kaiyuan in the Tang Dynasty (735), Li Bai visited Xuankong Temple and wrote the word "spectacular" on the stone cliff. Xu Xiake, a great traveler in the Ming Dynasty, called Xuankong Temple "the world's great view".

Beiyue Temple

Hengshan Temple group, was built in the first year of Taiyan Emperor Taiwu in the northern Wei Dynasty, after the Tang, Jin, Yuan restoration, to the Ming and Qing dynasties only the main peak that there are more than 60 temples. But most of them no longer exist, only 20 places, built for the Ming and Qing dynasties. The whole building complex covers an area of 1400 meters east and west, 900 meters north and south, and the main temples are: Hengzong Hall, Sleeping Palace, Hui Xian House, Nine Heavenly Palace, Chunyang Palace, Guandi Temple, Wenchang Temple, Lingguan Temple, Dragon King Temple, Mountain Temple, sore temple, horse Temple, Ten King Hall, Deyi Temple, Yan Dao Temple, Ziwei Pavilion, Kuixing Building, Yuhua Hall, Jiaguan Hall, Longquan Temple, etc., of which the court Hall, also known as the staff Ling Palace, is the main temple of Hengshan, is the largest temple in Hengshan; The palace is the oldest building in Hengshan. Will fairy house is Hengshan's largest fairy road living place, the inner plastic eight fairy characters iron Guai Li, Zhang Guo Lao, Lv Dongbin, He Xianguu and so on. There are nearly 200 cliff inscriptions and ten ancient monuments and Tallinn. Hengshan Group of buildings has a grand scale and profound cultural heritage. It has been a sacred place of Taoism in China since ancient times and is known as the "fifth small cave sky".

other

The inner Great Wall of Yanmen Mountain

The Inner Great Wall mainly refers to the Great Wall built along the Taihang Mountain and the Luliang Mountain in the northwest of Hebei. The general direction of the long inner Great Wall of the Northern Wei and Ming Dynasties in Shanxi is: from Juyong Pass, southwest to Lingqiu, west through Pingxing Pass, Yanmen Pass and Ningwu Pass, and then northwest to Piantou Pass, to the North Jiaojiao Mountain of Pianguan Old camp to meet the Waisai, and most of its western extension is above the Hengshan Mountains. ^[38]

Shenxi National Wetland Park Located 2 kilometers northwest of Hunyuan County, the mountain springs in the park are surging, the blue waves are ripples, and the famous "Shenxi Night Moon" is one of the eight ancient sceneries of Hunyuan, and has rich cultural landscapes such as ancient opera stages and ancient dwellings. In 2009, it was listed in the first batch of provincial wetland parks in Shanxi Province, and in 2013, it was approved by the former State Forestry Administration as a national wetland park pilot unit. It officially became a national wetland Park in 2018. ^[39]

Big Cloud Temple, located in Jingzhuang Village, Jingzhuang Township, Hunyuan County, formerly known as Big Cloud Temple. It should be established in the late Northern Wei Dynasty. The original scale of the temple is large and open, and now only three columns of Daxiongbao Hall remain, which is a relic structure of the Jin Dynasty. Yuan, Ming, Qing are repaired.

Guanghuashan Guandi Temple

Guanghua Mountain Guandi Temple, Guanghua Mountain is located in the north of Hunyuan ancient city, the opera "walking snow Mountain" snow mountain refers to Guanghua Mountain. During the reign of Emperor Tianqi in the Ming Dynasty, the official Cao Shangshu was set up by the eunuch Wei Zhongxian and executed all over the house. Miss Cao and her old servant Cao Fu escaped and were exonerated. Miss Cao also fulfilled her promise and rebuilt the temple. This story is widely spread in Datong area, it can be said that everyone knows, in view of this, Guanghua Mountain is also widely known.

Tangtou hot spring, in the southeast of Hunyuan County, 100 miles Tangtou village, the ground water temperature is about 60 degrees Celsius, suitable for bathing. As early as the Northern Wei Tianci years, there are officials to bathe and cure, Xing Guang first year (454) Emperor Wencheng "lucky Lingqiu, to hot spring Palace", that is. "Water Classics Note" : 滱 water and warm spring water in the east, water out of the northwest Xuan Valley, its water temperature is hot as soup, can be more disease, the past is called hot spring how. ^[22]

Hengshan Temple in Yingxian County

Ying County Hengshan Temple It is located on Damao Mountain, southwest of Beiloukou Village, Ying County, Shanxi Province. According to Fanshi County records: North Loukou Hengshan Temple was built in the Ming Jiajing years, Wanli six years and renovated, according to today has more than 400 years of history. In the early 1960s, it was listed as a provincial cultural relic protection unit.

Ling Qiu Jue mountain Temple

Lingqiu Jue Mountain Temple, Jue Mountain Temple is located 15 kilometers southeast of Lingqiu county, Jue Mountain mountainside. Jue Mountain is also known as hanging bell Mountain and Puzhao Temple. Temple surrounded by mountains, temple Kubosensen, pleasant scenery. There are brick carving kabuki around the pagoda, which is a treasure of brick carving art in Liao Dynasty. Also known as Puzhao Temple, it is now a key cultural relic protection unit in Shanxi Province, and the Liao Dynasty dense eaves brick pagoda in the temple is a national cultural relic protection unit. ^[40]

Lingqiu County Rui Quan Temple

Lingqiu County Rui Quan Temple, located at the foot of Taibai Mountain East Tuoshui village, convenient transportation, beautiful scenery, is one of the nine views of Lingqiu "Black donkey Tuoshui Rui Quan Temple". East and west side hall "good fortune children fifty-three can be seen, Western paradise map", recently completed, the palace solemn, Buddha achievement, is scheduled to lunar April 26, hold Buddha Buddha opening ceremony, may the ten Buddha mercy plus be, with the fearless light, purdue all sentient beings. ^[17]

The small Hanging Temple

Small hanging Temple, located in the South Huashan, Guangling County, there are Dashi Nunnery and water temple (holy Spring Temple) collectively called "small hanging Temple". The temple was built on a hill. It was founded in the Northern Wei Dynasty and remains in the Ming Dynasty. Fengshui wellspring gushed out around the mountains, and the water of the Kettle River so far converged with the Fengshui, forming a giant pool of more than 100 mu. ^[41]

Guang Ling Water Shrine

Guangling Water Shrine, located in the southeast of Guangling County, connected with the county. It is composed of Huashan ancient architecture group, Huquan, the famous Chinese spring water shrine, spring lake, forest land and green space. Water Shentang Spring is from Huashan around the million dendrobium pearl group springs everywhere and gushing into the lake, the water quality is natural mineral water, the flow rate is 0.55 cubic meters per second, the local people called "god spring". Huquan has a large flow, and two natural mineral spring reservoirs are gathered in the southeast, respectively called Pillow River reservoir and Xiahewan Reservoir. ^[42]

Dianziliang sky grassland

Dianziliang aerial grassland, located in the southeast of Diaoquan Village, Liuke Township, Lingqiu County, Shanxi Province, and Hebei Laiyuan, Zhangjiakou Yu County border Dianziliang, east and west narrow, north and south broad, 2159 meters above sea level, is surrounded by steep slopes, the top is broad and flat, an area of 30,000 mu, known as the aerial grassland. ^[43]

Yang Zhongwu Temple, also known as Yang Linggong Temple, commonly known as the Yang Family Ancestral Hall, is located in Lujijian village, 20 kilometers northeast of Dai County, is the descendants of Yang Ye for the sacrifice of Yang Ye husband and wife and Yang descendants of the martyrs built ancestral hall. It is the third batch of key cultural relic protection units in Shanxi Province. It was founded in the sixteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1279 AD). Yongxi three years (986 AD) Yang Ye died in the battle of Chen Jia Yu, after the Song Dynasty posthumously donated Taiwei, and hanged "Zhongwu", Yang's descendants to this topic a total temple name. ^[44]

Social economy

broadcast

EDITOR

agriculture

Hengshan area belongs to the agricultural area of Jinbei Basin, which is an agricultural area with less people and more land and greater production potential. Most of the land is basin topography (including Datong Basin, Guangling Basin and Lingqiu basin), flat terrain, vast cultivated land. The area has a large area of salt-alkali flats and sand wasteland, is the province can be reclaimed land concentration. The terrain of this area is more than 1000 meters above sea level, the climate is warm and cool, the frost-free period is only 130 or 40 days, the potential is low, the accumulated temperature of 10℃ is more than 2700-2900℃, it is a spring wheat area in the temperate zone, and it is a maturing area in a year.

The district is rich in water resources, high degree of water utilization, per capita irrigated land reached 1.1 mu, second only to Jinzhong District, ranking second in the province. However, agriculture is mostly flood irrigation, and the waste of water is very serious. Because this area is Datong, Pingshuo coal thermal power base, industrial and mining water consumption is increasing, the contradiction between industrial and agricultural water use has become increasingly prominent.

The agriculture in this area is mainly cultivated in spring wheat, corn, millet, potato, sugar beet and flax. Taking Yangyuan County as an example, at the beginning of the 21st century, the total planting area of perennial grain crops in the county was about 540,000 mu, and the area of oil was about 60,000 mu. The planting area of large apricot flat is 300,000 mu, the fruit hanging area is 113,000 mu, the planting area of Buddha apricot is 10,000 mu, and the fruit hanging area is 5,000 mu. ^[36] The grain production in this area develops rapidly, the climate is warm and cool, the saline-alkali land is more, the land is wide, and the contradiction between grain and vegetable is easy to solve. And Datong sugar factory nearby processing, economic benefits. This area is the best place in the province to develop sugar beet production conditions. In addition, the district planted 110,000 mu of sugar beet in 1982, with a total output of 128.71 million kilograms, accounting for more than 50% of the province.

The main problems of agricultural production in this area are serious damage of wind and sand, serious desertification of land, salt and alkali damage, freezing damage and drought also pose a certain threat to agriculture. ^[45]

Animal husbandry

Dianding Mountain Ranch

There are more horses raised in Hengshan area, and some breeding farms for good horses have been established. The main state-owned horse farms are distributed in Shuo County (Yanbei Red Flag horse farm), Pingxingguan and other places, which are the supply base for Shanxi Province's rural thoroughbred horses.

Guangling in the northeast of Hengshan Mountain is Shanxi's breeding donkey base. Guangling Thrush donkey is produced in Guangling and Lingqiu, which is the original local breed. It is mainly distributed in the eastern counties of Yanbei and Xinzhou region and Laiyuan and Yu County of Hebei Province. In the 1980s, the number of painting donkeys in Guangling County alone grew to more than 3,000. Over the years, more than 1,200 units were sold to 13 provinces and municipalities and 33 counties in the province as well as the PLA troop horse farms, and more than 10 were exported.

Dairy cattle are mainly distributed in Shuozhou, Shanyin and other counties. Shanyin County is an important milk production base in Shanxi Province. ^[46]

In 1978, Shanxi Province designated Daixian, Fanzhi, Ningwu and other counties as the province's sheep improvement base counties. In 1979, Shanxi Province determined Fanzhi and other counties as the province's semi-fine wool sheep production base counties. In 1987, Shanxi Province also designated Ningwu County as the province's cashmere goat base county. ^[47]

Mining industry

Coal mining and utilization in Shuozhou at the southern end of Hengshan began from the Warring States period to the Western Han Dynasty, and began to take shape in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. During the Republic of China, it was mainly distributed in Fanzhi, Ningwu and other counties. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, mining increased, there are Yangfangkou, Dongfen, Linggou, Qiliwa and other mines in Ningwu. ^[48]

Iron ore mining, since the 1980s, Fanshi County built Dongshan iron ore, Pingxingguan iron ore, and Hengjian concentrator; Baiyu Li iron ore, Zhangxianbao iron ore. During this period, the counties and towns to run small iron ore mainly have Fanzhi rock head concentrator, Daixian new high concentrator 'and so on. ^[49]

Tourism development

Hengshan Scenic Spot, Hunyuan North Mountain, was announced by The State Council in 1982 as one of the first national key scenic spots. According to the plan in 1984, the whole scenic area is 4 levels of protected areas and 1 nature reserve. The first and second level protected areas cover an area of 62.10 square kilometers, centered on Tianfengling and Cuiping peaks, including Tianfengling Scenic spot, Cuiping Peak scenic spot, Qianfo Mountain Scenic spot, hot spring scenic spot and Hunyuan City scenic spot group; Longshan area is a nature reserve. ^[50]

Shuozhou City with Yanmen Pass, Ningwu Pass and other cultural resources, Guangling County in the small Xuankong Temple, water Shentang and other cultural relics on the basis of the development of a series of cultural scenic spots. With the help of Pingxingguan Grand Victory Memorial Hall, Lingqiu County developed and built Pingxingguan Red tourist attraction. In the Huliu River basin, Xiahewan Reservoir in Guangling County, Huliuhe Reservoir in Yuxian County of Hebei Province, Hengshan Reservoir at the source of Hunhe River, have been developed into water conservancy scenic spots such as wetland park and water tourism.

In November 2006, the People's Government of Shanxi Province approved the establishment of Mantou Mountain Forest Park, which is a provincial forest park with forest landscape resources, landform landscape resources and water landscape resources as the main body, and integrates mountain scenery, forest scenery, water scenery and cultural landscape. Feihuyu in Yu County, Taibai Mountain and Dianziliang sky grassland in Lingqiu County have good potential for natural scenery development. ^[51]

History of construction

Hengshan area, pre-Qin, the Spring and Autumn period for the nomads Lou Fei occupied. The Warring States period belongs to the state of Zhao, set up the cloud, Yanmen, county. Qin and Han dynasties, Qin unified the six countries after the Yanmen county. Pingcheng County in the Han Dynasty, under the Yanmen County. Three kingdoms two Jin Southern and northern Dynasties, three kingdoms Cao Wei under the Jizhou emerging county. The Northern Wei migrated from the cloud to the capital of Pingcheng, set the state grazing and set the Yin, and set the Hengzhou, with jurisdiction over eight counties and fourteen counties. The Northern Qi changed the northern Hengzhou into Hengan Town, which belonged to Taiping County of Hengzhou. The Northern Zhou Dynasty changed Taiping County to Yunzhong County.

Sui, Tang and five dynasties, Sui belongs to the three states of cloud, Shuo and generation. Shi Jingtang of the Five Dynasties ceded the sixteen prefectures of Yanyun to Liao.

Song Yuan, North Song Xuanhe five years preset Yunzhong Fu road, because of the confrontation between Song and Liao, Datong is occupied by Liao, so Yunzhong Fu Road is only a dummy. After it was administered by Jin, it set up Xijing Road Datong House, Xijing Road General Manager House, and left behind department. Yuan Dynasty Datong Zhongshu Province Hedong Shanxi Road, change Xijing Road for Datong Road, with jurisdiction over eight states, five counties, seven tun. Hunyuan, Ying, Shuo and Wu in the eight prefections, Shanyin, Yanmen, Mayi, Shanyang, Hongji, Jincheng and Ningwu in the Hengshan area.

The Ming Dynasty implemented the three-level system of province, prefecture and county. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Shanxi Province was set up, and soon it was changed to Shanxi Chengxuan Secretary of State, with a total of five prefectures, three Zhili prefectures and 77 counties. Datong Prefecture has jurisdiction over four prefectures, seven counties and thirteen health centers. Four states: Shuozhou, Yingzhou, Hunyuan, Weizhou; Seven counties: Datong County, Huairen County, Mayi County, Shanyin County, Guangling County, Guangchang County (Hebei Laiyuan County), Lingqiu County; Thirteen Wei is not within the range of Hengshan.

After the Qing Dynasty Ding Ding Central Plains, inherited the Ming Dynasty, Shanxi is one of the 18 provinces, a total of nine prefectures, ten Zhili, six Sanzhou, eighty-five counties, twelve Zhili hall. Datong Prefecture (governing Datong) has jurisdiction over two prefectures, seven counties and one office. Two states: Hunyuan, Yingzhou; The seven counties located in Hengshan area are: Datong County, Shanyin County, Guangling County, Lingqiu county; Shuozhou also belongs to the Shuoping Prefecture. Weizhou was incorporated into Hebei Province.

In the early years of the Republic of China, the first year of the Republic of China Datong House was abolished, and the People's Garden was placed in May of two years Yanmen Road, governing Datong, and governed Yanbei 13 counties and Xinzhou 13 counties, a total of 26 counties. At that time Yanbei 13 counties in the Hengshan area are: Datong County, Ying County, Shanyin County, Shuo County, Pinglu County, Hunyuan County, Lingqiu County, Guangling County.

During the Anti-Japanese War, on September 13, 1937, after the Japanese invaded Datong, the "Northern Shanxi Autonomous Government" was established on October 15, 1939, and the "Northern Shanxi Administrative Office" was established in April, 1939, under the "Mongolian and Xinjiang United Autonomous Government", and was changed to the "Datong Provincial Government" in 1943. The Eighth Route Army under the leadership of the Communist Party of China opened up anti-Japanese base areas in the countryside of Datong, established an anti-Japanese democratic government, and established the eastern and western Datong counties along the lines of the Beijing-Bao Railway and the Beitongpu Railway. West Datong County belongs to the Shansi-Sui border area. After the liberation of Yantong Area on May 1, 1949, Yangyuan County and Yu County in the eastern part of Hengshan area were placed under the jurisdiction of Chahar Province.

After liberation, in November 1952, after Chahar Province was abolished, Hengshan area was again under the jurisdiction of Shanxi and Hebei. During the period of several changes, to the 1970s, most of the Hengshan area to Yanbei area, Zhangjiakou area, consistent with the Anti-Japanese War setting. In 1992 and 1993, Zhangjiakou area and Yanbei area were abolished, prefectures and cities were merged, Yingxian County was put into Shuozhou City, Yanggao, Guangling, Lingqiu and Hunyuan were put into Datong City, and county administration was implemented. Yangyuan County, Yu County under Zhangjiakou City. ^[36] ^[52]

Taoist communication

Hengshan is the mainstream of Taoism in the world Quanzhen school Holy land. According to the relevant information records, as far as two thousand years ago in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, there appeared in the area of Hengshan Mountain in Yanbei to know Xianfang and refined Xiandan, that is, the fairy family. In the Western Han Dynasty, there was a scholar who claimed to be a prince of Yin Dynasty. He often traveled to Hengshan Mountain, not eating grain, but only eating vegetation such as fruit. During the reign of Emperor Jing of the Western Han Dynasty, a man named MAO Ying Zi Shushen and his two younger brothers MAO Gu and MAO Zhong practiced the magic of immortals on Mount Hengshan. The Legend of Guangliexian said that they had become immortals, also known as Sanmao Zhenjun. There is another place called Maosan Grottoes on the Hengshan Mountain.

In the early Tang Dynasty, the temple on Hengshan became a forest, and many temples were built around the country for the cultivation of Taoist monks. According to records: in the second year of Kaiyuan (7147), Xuanzong built a Zhuangquan view on Hengshan Mountain, with two springs (one sweet and one bitter), Li Longji had given a plaque and rebuilt the Hengshan Temple. One of the eight immortals Zhang Guo old lead the disciples in Hengshan cultivation and alchemy, the famous Taoist pipe grass knot Lu enlightenment. The spirit Hill creates the white sound Guan. During the reign of Emperor Guangde of the Tang Dynasty (763-647), Taoist monks Yuke and Fengmingqi established the concept of vanity in Yingxian City.

In the Five Dynasties period, the Liao army prepared to attack the Central Plains in July of the fourth year of Emperor Khitan Sejong Tianlu, and sent people to the Temple of Hengshan to perform divinatory work.

In 1262, Taoist priest Kou Shiqian built a cloud stream view in Xi 'an Valley, south of Yingxian County, covering an area of 300 mu. In the second year of Yanyou (1315), Taoist priest Liu Boguang built Xuantongguan in Wujiadian village, southwest of Yingxian City.

In the reign of Emperor Shizong of Ming Dynasty, a large temple was built in Hengshan. Ying County in the county has built three Qing view, north Xia view, in the southwest of the county Dajia Zhuang built water and land palace, in the east and south of the county building Hengshan Temple. Guangling County at this time has also built a lot of temples, such as the white sheep view of the sky, the Bao Qi view of the hundred stare, the collection of the fairy view of the south village.

After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, respecting the Buddha and suppressing the Tao, all Taoist schools were stagnant, and there were no active orders. There was close communication between Buddhism and Taoism in Qing Dynasty, which showed the tendency of the combination of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. For example, Xuankong Temple is a temple of the three religions of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism. It not only worships Sakyamuni and various Buddhas and Bodhisattvas, but also worships Lao Zi, Chunyang Lu Zu and other immortals of Taoism, but also worships Confucius, Emperor Guan and other representative figures of Confucianism.

In the Republic of China, Taoist orders that had lost their economic foundation were still powerless, and it was difficult to maintain the order system. And people still trust their gods and go to temple fairs. At this time, most of the Taoist temples in the province were complete, but the atmosphere of the past had been lost.

During the War of Resistance Against Japan and the War of Liberation, after years of war, most Taoist monks fled and scattered, leaving the temple unattended and maintained, which gradually abandoned, and most Taoist temples were destroyed in the artillery fire.

After the founding of New China, Taoists enjoyed civil rights politically, just like people from all walks of life. In 1956, Hengshan Taoist Li Yuantong was elected as a member of the Shanxi Provincial Political Consultative Conference, and also participated in the work of Hunyuan Central Hospital. In April 1957, Li Yuantong attended the conference of representatives of the Chinese Taoist Association held in Beijing and was received by Chairman Zhu De. However, many people in the society have abandoned the Taoist faith, and the number of people who ask the Taoist priest to recite incantations and remove evil spirits has decreased greatly, and the visitors are mostly to visit the cultural heritage. As a result, many Taoist temples are no longer inhabited by Taoist priests.

In the "Cultural Revolution", some palaces and temples in Hengshan were destroyed, some scriptures were burned, some temples and temples were completely demolished, and some palaces, temples, temples and temples were seized and destroyed arbitrarily by "rebels". All the buildings of the temple, such as animals, cats, and water, were destroyed and removed; all the bells, drums, furnaces, and flowers were destroyed and most of the statues of gods were destroyed and removed. Religious activities have largely ceased.

Hengshan Taoist activities

Since 1982, provincial, prefectural (city) and key county governments have successively established religious affairs agencies, which have done a series of work on the implementation of Taoist policies, the maintenance and management of Taoist temples, Taoist real estate issues, the opening of Taoist sites, as well as the normal development of Taoist believers and Taoist clerical personnel and the normal carrying out of religious activities, and have received good results. 1983-1984: Renovating Xuankong Temple in Hunyuan. In 1983, the Hengshan Temple was constructed and strengthened, and the state allocated 300,000 yuan. On July 1, 2013, the three-way palace of Hengshan Yuemen Bay was restored. These places have not only become important places for Taoist activities, but also well-known tourist attractions in China and abroad. ^[53-54]

Beiyue culture

The Prayer meeting of the Five sacred Mountains held at the Sanyuan Palace of Hengshan Mountain in Northern Yue in 2016

The sacrificial activities of Hengshan Mountain, since the seventeenth year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1660), were transferred to Hunyuan with the approval of Shunzhi Emperor. In the summer of the first year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1662), Kangxi issued a decree to restore the northern mountain Hengshan in Hunyuan sacrifice. And on the way to Mount Wutai, climb Mount Hengshan cruise, close book "Long hanging" plaque. ^[55]

The "Hengshan Road Music" and "Northern Mountain Hengshan sacrificial activities" are also protected and promoted as the intangible cultural heritage of Hunyuan County. ^[56]

Name transition

broadcast

EDITOR

The origin of the name Hengshan, in the "Customs" contained: "Heng, often also, all things lie in the north, there is often also." ^[61] In other words, because Hengshan is located in the north, and the north Yin ends in Yin beginning, its way is permanent, and it is a constant place, so it is called Hengshan. Folk saying is because Hengshan mountain trend for horizontal, "horizontal" and "Heng" harmonic, ancient called Hengshan. Wei Yuan in the Qing Dynasty said in "Shi Dao North Mountain line Yang Lieh 2" : "Hengshan is named for constant water." Yokogawa was called constant water in ancient times. ^[57]

In the Northern Wei Dynasty, Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Records contained: "To the east, Guochuan water has been noted, Guoxian County (the ancient county government in Hunyuan) Guoxian County in the south of the city, Wang Mang's Zhang also. County south Xuanyue, on the right back to the two mountains, Guoguo Mountain, so GuoZhang is called." Here Li Dao-yuan called the south mountain of the county the Xuanyue, not the North or Hengyue. Li Dao-yuan died in the third year of Xiaochang (527), and the book of Notes on Water Scriptures should be written earlier than the third year of Xiaochang, which means Hengshan Mountain in Hunyuan was not called Hengshan Mountain in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Also: "Hengshan Mountain is the North Mountain, in the middle of the northwest of Quyang County." He also said: "The ancient son of Heaven hunted, often in November to the North Mountain, Hou all have tang Muyi, to the house clean." Zhou Zhaowang south expedition is not also, tour fierce ritual waste, still from the city Guo. Qin strike field, because of the county, the city in the mountain Qu Yang, is said Quyang." ^[58]

However, according to the book of Topography, written by Wei Shou, a Northern Qi man, the area around Hengshan used to be "Hengzhou". According to research, Hengzhou jurisdiction at that time is equivalent to the scope of modern Datong City. It is possible that Hengshan at that time generally refers to the branch of Taihang Mountain in the southeast of Datong Basin (including Tianfengling area). ^[59]

However, since the Tang Dynasty, there have been two records of Hengshan (or Northern Mountain) in the historical classics, namely Tianfengling in Hunyuan, Shanxi Province and Damao Mountain in Quyang, Hebei Province (Fuping County, Hebei Province). For example, there are two records of Hengshan in the Tang Dynasty, one is called Hengshan, in Hunyuan: "Hengshan from the south of the state more than ten miles into the Cixia, and five miles to the gate of the Yue Temple, and ten miles to the top of the hill." One is called North Mountain, in Hebei: "North Mountain has five nicknames... The Shijia called Qingfeng attva, the Daoist called total Yuan cave, Tianjin City, Fudi Mountain, a big MAO Mountain, also known as Shenjian Mountain." ^[58]

There are also two records of Hengshan in the Song Dynasty's "Tongzhi", one of which is located in Hunyuan and is called Northern Mount Hengshan: "Northern Mount Hengshan, twenty miles south of the city..." One is located in Hebei Province, called Hengshan: "Hengshan in the northwest of Quyang hundred and forty miles, that is, the old Fuping Damao Mountain also, from Hunyuan state, from the flying fox Ridge to Quyang." Song Dynasty Shen Kuo "Mengxi Pen Talk" record is also two, in Hunyuan is: "Hengshan Hunyuan prefecture from Fuping County Da MAO Mountain more than three hundred miles, the peaks are connected. Cover Hengshan on Wednesday a thousand li, Hunyuan south twenty miles and Quyang northwest forty miles, real mountain also." In Quyang is: "North Mountain Changshan, today's Damao Mountain, half of the Khitan, with Damao ridge as the boundary." The Hengshan Mountain described by Shen Kuo is actually a mountain range, not a mountain. ^[58]

Ancient and modern North mountain Hengshan change diagram

"Hebei Provincial Annals · Geography" contains: "Immortal mountain: elevation 1870 meters, located in Laiyuan, Tang county and Fuping County three counties at the junction, the history of the North mountain, the original ancient temple in the mountain, one of the historical mountains of Taihang Mountain." ^[15]

Among the numerous Beiyue poems, the poets in Jin and Yuan dynasties described the position of Hengshan in the most specific way, all pointing to Damao Mountain in Hebei Province. There were many Hunyuan scholars in the Jin Dynasty, but the words Hengshan or North Yue never appeared in the poems of Hunyuan scholars, while Yuan Haowen from Xinzhou (then known as Xiurong) in the south of Hunyuan had a poem "Great MAO Wei Yue Ancient Emperor Sun" (see Annals of Hunyuan County). It shows that the North Mountain of Song and Jin dynasties is also Damao Mountain.

In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, whether it is county annals or poetry, Hunyuan has begun to officially record the information of Hengshan, but at that time, Damao Mountain in Hebei also continued to maintain the status of Hengshan, so there was a dispute over Hengshan. ^[58] The Dictionary of Religion says: "Mount Hengshan, at the northwestern and western borders of present-day Quyang County, Hebei Province... The Basanwu Mountain of Hunyuan County in Shanxi Province is Hengshan Mountain." Tomorrow Shun five years (1461) completed the book "Ming Unified Annals" : "Hunyuan prefecture... Yuan changed county said Hengyin...... ", Qianlong four years (AD 1739) completed the "Ming History of geography" contained: "Hunyuan state, south Hengshan, that is, the North Mountain, and the north straight Quyang county boundary. ... The "Qing History Draft · Geography" compiled at the beginning of the Republic of China says: "Hunyuan Prefecture... Southeast: Hengshan, North Mountain, Shunzhi seventeen years since Quyang moved to worship here. ... ". ^[59] Qing Shunzhi 17th year (1660), Shunzhi emperor approved the "transfer of the northern mountain in Hunyuan." ^[60]

Hit the road

Growth task Introduction to editing Editing rule Edit by oneself

I have a question.

Content questioning Online customer service Official post bar feedback

Complaint and suggestion

Report bad information The article was not appealed Complaint infringement information Blocked query and unblocked

Beijing Public network Anbei 11000002000001