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Federal Republic of Germany

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The Federal Republic of Germany, referred to as "Germany", is located Central Europe Federation of Parliamentary republic The world's most innovative economy. ^[36] It borders Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and France to the west, and Denmark to the north, bordering the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. The land border is 3,876 kilometers long, the coastline is 2,389 kilometers long, and the land area is 358,000 square kilometers. Germany is divided into 16 states and 13,175 municipalities, with Berlin as its capital. Germany has an estimated population of 84,432,700.

Founded in 962 AD German nation Holy Roman Empire. It was established in 1871 German Empire . He started the First World War in 1914. Established in 1919 Weimar Republic . World War II was launched in 1939 and the economy was devastated. ^[31] After the war, it was occupied by the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union. German To rebuild from the ashes and propel Germany quickly into the world of technology power Among them. ^{[33] 32 -} The Federal Republic of Germany was established in May 1949 in the west and in October 1949 in the east German Democratic Republic . On October 3, 1990, Germany was reunited. ^[1]

Germany is a highly developed country Capitalist country The world famous high-end manufacturing power ^[28] It is the largest economy in Europe and known as the "locomotive of the European economy". ^[29] Its economic aggregate ranks first in Europe. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Germany's nominal GDP will be about $4.43 trillion in 2023, overtaking Japan to become the world's third largest economy. ^[41] Germany Social security system Perfect, the people have a very high standard of living. Represented by automobiles and precision machine tools High-end manufacturing It is an important symbol of Germany ^[28] . The German rational pragmatic, scientific rigorous and the pursuit of excellence of the national spirit has also achieved a worldwide reputation Made in Germany . ^{30 - [31]} In 2018, Germany became the world's most innovative economy. ^[19] Germany took office on 1 January 2022 Group of seven (G7) presidency.

Latest news

France and Germany sign agreement to develop 'future tank' 2024-04-27 06:13

On April 26, the French Ministry of National Defense said that French Defense Minister Le Corny and visiting German Defense Minister Pistorius signed an agreement in Paris on the same day, and the two countries will jointly develop a "ground main battle system" with high-tech artificial intelligence and other technologies, that is, "future tank." ... details

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Chinese name: Federal Republic of Germany
Foreign name: Bundesrepublik Deutschland (German)
Federal Republic of Germany (English)
Abbreviated form: Germany
continent: Europe
capital: Berlin
Major city: Hamburg , Munich , Cologne , Frankfurt , Stuttgart , Bremen , Dresden Etc.
National Day: October 3, 1990
National song: " Deutschland Song "
Country code: DEU
Official language: German
currency: Euro
Time zone: UTC+1
Political system: Parliamentary republic
National leader: Frank-walter Steinmeier (President) , Olaf Scholz ^[1] (Prime Minister)
Population number: About 84,432,700
Population density: 240.4 persons/km2 (2020)
Major nationality: German , Danes , Sorbish ^[1]
Major religion: Protestantism ^[1] , Catholicism
Land area: 358000 km² ^[1]

Water area ratio: 2.416%
Total GDP: 3.86 trillion euros ^[1] (2022)
Per capita GDP: 45,800 euros ^[1] (2022)
International telephone area code: 49
International domain name abbreviation: .de
Road access: Drive on the right
State structure: Composite system
Administrative division: 16 states
Largest city: Berlin
Largest district: The Free state of Bavaria (also known as Bayern)
Geographical highest point: Alps Zug Peak
Central bank: Deutsche Bundesbank
Human development index: 0.931 (6th in the world, extremely high, 2014)
Automobile brand: Porsche , gallop , BMW , Audi , public
Famous track: Nurburgring said
Famous motor races: German Touring Car Masters (DTM)
Major institutions of higher learning: Humboldt University of Berlin , University of Bonn , University of Gottingen , Braunschweig Technical University
National bird: White stork
Famous enterprise: DaimlerChrysler , Siemens AG Etc.
National symbol: The Brandenburg Gate , Rhine , Neuschswan Castle
The national flower: cornflower

catalogue

▪Foreign policy
▪Relations with China
▪Relations with France
▪Relations with Britain
▪Relations with the United States
▪Relations with Russia
▪Relations with Asian countries
▪Relations with African and Latin American countries
▪Relations with Morocco
▪Relations with Nicaragua
14travel
▪summarize
▪Famous scenic spot
15Social event
16Apologetic Germany
▪Brandt 'falls to his knees'
▪Recognize the genocide of the Herero and Nama peoples

Historical evolution

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Early history

Map of Prussia after the unification of Germany

Germanic The word comes from Latin Germania , Julius Caesar The tribes on the right bank of the Rhine are called Germania, which is described in the 100 AD "Germania". The Germanic Annals ". while German language Hit the mark Deutschland (Deutschland, German land, originally diutisciu land) from deutsch, by Old High German The word "diutisc" (popular, meaning belonging to the diot or diota" people ") was originally used to distinguish between the words derived from Latin and Romance group The local language. The word diutisc comes from Proto-Germanic þiudiskaz (common), þiudiskaz came from þeud, and þeud was succeeded Proto-Indo-European The tewteh (people).

Long ago Deutschland Live on The Germans In the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, tribes gradually formed. It was overthrown in 476 AD Roman Empire ( Western Rome ).

Holy Roman Empire

843 years Germany from Frankish Empire It split off to form the Holy Roman Empire in 962. Through a long period of foreign conquest, Holy Roman Empire occupied Czech Republic , Italy North Hoa Poland West, and expedition Russia , Hungary . In the mid-13th century, it became feudal.

In 1157, the empire was given the title "Holy Empire". In 1254, the Empire first began to use the title "Holy Roman Empire", and after the Imperial Council of Cologne in 1512 issued a royal decree to use "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation", which remained the official name until 1806.

On 12 July 1806, through the signing of the Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine (German: Rheinbundakte), 16 were established France Under protection, including Liechtenstein , Bavaria, Wurttemberg and Baden inward Rhine The states of southern and Central and western Germany, on both sides, broke away from the Holy Roman Empire and formed a new political union." The Confederation of the Rhine ". The Confederacy Frankfurt A bicameral parliament shall be established and elected Napoleon For protectors, and Napoleon controlled the diplomatic and military affairs of the Confederacy. August 6, has claimed Austria cesarean Franz the First (i.e., of the Holy Roman Empire Franz the Second Was forced to give up Holy Roman Emperor The title of, Holy Roman Empire Perish. The House of Habsburg Can only rule Austrian Empire (Renamed in 1867 Austro-hungarian Empire ).

Over the next few years, 23 more states joined The Confederation of the Rhine ; In Germany only Austria, Prussia , controlled by Denmark Holstein And Swedish Pomerania Area not joined The Confederation of the Rhine And not counting the annexation to France Rhine West coast and Elfort .

German Empire

By the beginning of the 18th century, Prussia was already on the rise, competing with Austria for supremacy Germany . By the 19th century, with the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, a unified modern era was established nation-state All the more urgent. ^[3] According to 1815 Congress of Vienna , German Confederation Established. After revolutions broke out across Germany in 1848, Prussia increasingly became the dominant force in German unification, ^[4] Especially the Prussian Prime Minister. Bismarck He led arduous domestic, military, and diplomatic struggles.

In 1864, Prussia allied with Austria defeated Denmark and took back the lands occupied by Denmark in the north. The year 1866 Seven Weeks' War Prussia defeated Austria and was founded the following year The North German Confederation ; Launched in 1870 Franco-prussian War The secession of several southern German states from France was completed in 1871 German unification And established German Empire .

Two world wars

The German Empire started it in 1914 World War I It collapsed in 1918 after defeat, Kaiser Wilhelm II Abdicate. Germany was established in February 1919 Weimar Republic .

The year 1933 Hitler Came to power and established a dictatorship Nazi Germany . Germany launched it in 1939 World War II . in Allied countries Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945.

The German invasion of Poland began on 1 September 1939 and was later coordinated Soviet army Poland was quickly conquered, and Britain and France declared war on Germany, beginning World War II. As the war progressed, Germany and its Allies quickly gained control of continental Europe and North Africa, but attempts to force Britain to surrender or an armistice failed. In 1939-1940, he quickly occupied Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France through the Blitzkrieg, and launched air raids against Britain.

On 22 June 1941, the Germans violated The Molotov-Ribbentrop pact And invade the Soviet Union. The German war of June 28, 1942 - February 19, 1943 Operation Blue Having suffered defeat and retreated from the Eastern Front, he was trapped again The Battle of Stalingrad . Germany's ally, Italy, surrendered in September 1943, forcing Germany to defend the Italian front. Battle of Normandy With the addition of the Western Front, Allied forces moved further into German territory.

April 25, 1945 Battle of Berlin Chinese and Soviet forces entered the city of Berlin, and on April 30 Soviet forces fully occupied the city of Berlin by the afternoon of the same day Hitler Suicide. The Berlin District commander's intention to make a conditional surrender to the Soviet commander was met The Soviet Union On 2 May, after many unsuccessful negotiations, the Berlin Guard surrendered, and on 8 May, Germany officially announced its unconditional surrender.

East and West Germany

Berlin Wall graffiti

World War II After, according to The Yalta Agreement and The Potsdam Agreement In August 1945, Germany was divided and occupied by the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union, and the four countries formed the Allied Control Committee to take over the supreme power of Germany. The city of Berlin is also divided into four zones of occupation.

In June 1948, the German-occupied territories of the United States, Britain, and France were merged.

On May 23, 1949, the merged Western German Occupation Zone was created Federal Republic of Germany (abbreviated as: Federal Germany or West Germany). On October 7 of the same year, the Soviet zone in eastern Germany was established German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany). Germany was officially divided into two sovereign states.

In 1961, the GDR was built Berlin Wall Stopping the flow of East Germans westward.

In 1989, the situation in the GDR changed dramatically. Since May of the same year, a large number of citizens have left the Federal Republic of Germany. In early October of the same year, demonstrations of varying sizes broke out in many cities, demanding the relaxation of restrictions on foreign travel and the news media. On October 18, President of the GDR Honecker Announced his resignation. On November 9, the Berlin Wall was opened. On 28 November, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany Kohl Presented a ten-point plan for the reunification of the two Germanys.

Reunification of Germany and Germany

The year 1989 Upheaval in Eastern Europe Socialist regimes collapsed in various countries, including East Germany;

In 1990, with the agreement of the United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union, East and West Germany finally reached a reunification treaty.

On February 13-14, 1990, the German Chancellor Modrow visited the Federal Republic of Germany for the first time. On 18 March, free elections were held for the People's Assembly of the Democratic Republic of Germany, and de Maiziere became Prime Minister.

On May 18, 1990, Federal Republic of Germany And the GDR in Bonn Signing of national treaties on the establishment of monetary, economic and social union.

On 31 August 1990, the Federal Republic of Germany and the Democratic Republic of Germany (GDR) signed a treaty of reunification in Berlin.

September 24, 1990, GDR National People's Army Formal withdrawal The Warsaw Treaty Organization Organization.

On 3 October 1990, the GDR officially joined Federal Republic of Germany . The Constitution, the People's Chamber, and the government of the GDR were automatically abolished, and the original 14 districts were changed into five states in order to adapt to the establishment of the Federal Germany, which was merged into the Federal Germany, and the two Germanies that had been divided for more than 40 years were reunited.

On 28 October 2015, the Federal Republic of Germany was elected to its 70th term United Nations Human Rights Council Member, serving from 2016 to 2018. ^[5]

On 8 June 2018, the United Nations General Assembly elected Germany for the years 2019 and 2020 The Security Council Non-permanent members. ^[6]

On October 11, 2022, he was elected United Nations Human Rights Council New member, assumed office (reappointment) on January 1, 2023. ^[26]

On the evening of April 15, 2023, Germany's last three nuclear power plants stopped operating Germany's nuclear power production officially ended ^[35] .

On December 1, 2023 local time, citing the official website of the German agency in Russia, it was reported that the German Consulate General in Novosibirsk, Russia, has ceased operations. ^[39]

Geographical environment

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Regional location

Map of Germany

The Federal Republic of Germany is located in central Europe, bordering on the east Poland , Czech Republic , South to Austria , Switzerland , to the West Netherlands , Belgium , Luxembourg , France , North connection Denmark Be on the verge of Beihai and Baltic Sea , yes Europe The country with the most neighbors, covering an area of 358,000 square kilometers. ^[1]

landform

Subdivisions of Germany

Germany's terrain is varied, with rolling mountains, plateau terraces, hills, beautiful lakes, and vast plains. The terrain of the whole of Germany can be divided into five regions with different characteristics: the Northern German lowlands, the middle mountain uplift, the middle Mountain trapezoid in the southwest, the southern Alpine front, and the Bavarian Alps.

Landforms of Germany

The lowlands of northern Germany are characterized by a network of lakes between hilly, arid and clay terraces along the coast and yellow lands stretching southward in front of grasslands, bogs, and mid-range mountain ridges. The middle mountain uplift divides Germany into north and south. The mid-range trapezoid in the southwest includes the Upper Rhine Lowlands and their marginal mountains. south Alps The frontier includes Schwaben The Bavarian Plateau As well as the hills and lakes in the south, the rubble plains, the lower Bavarian hill areas and the Donau Depression. The Bavarian Alps include the Alps of Argaui, Bavaria The Alps and Berchtesgaden Of the Alps, these mountains are scattered with picturesque lakes. There are six mountain ranges in Germany.

Germany is low in the north and high in the south and can be divided into four topographic regions: North German plain The average altitude is less than 100 meters; The Sino-German mountains are composed of high blocks running east-west; The southwest Rhine Faulted Valley area is flanked by mountains with steep valley walls; In the south of the Bavarian plateau and the Alps, the main peak of the Bayne Alps, Zug, is 2963 meters above sea level, the highest peak in the country.

The main rivers of Germany are Rhine (flows through 865 km), Elbe , Weser , Oder , Danube . The larger lakes have Bodensee , Chiemsee Lake Amor, Lake Ritz.

Climatic characteristics

Germany is on the eastern side of the Atlantic Ocean Continental climate Between the cool westerlies, temperature swings are rare. Rainfall is distributed throughout the year. In summer, the average temperature in the northern lowlands is about 18℃, and in the southern mountains is about 20℃. In winter, the average temperature in the northern lowlands is about 1.5 ° C, while in the southern mountains it is about -6 ° C. The exceptions are the mild climate of the Upper Rhine Valley, as well as Upper Bavaria, where hot southerly winds from the Alps are often felt, and the Harz Mountains, where the bitter mountain winds, cool summers and snowy winters make up their own unique climatic zone. Due to different geographical conditions in various regions, the highest temperature in Germany is between 20 and 30 degrees Celsius, and the lowest temperature is between 1.5 and 10 degrees Celsius.

The north of Germany is Marine climate It is warmer than the south. The Marine climate is more obvious in the northwest, and the continental climate is gradually transitioning to the east and south. The average temperature is 14 ~ 19℃ in July and 5 ~ 1℃ in January. Annual precipitation is 500 to 1000 mm, and more in the mountains.

Natural resources

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Germany is a country with relatively poor natural resources, except Hard coal , lignite In addition to its abundant salt reserves, it is largely dependent on imports in terms of raw material supply and energy, and about two-thirds of its primary energy needs are imported. Natural gas The reserves are about 382 billion cubic meters, which can meet about 1/4 of the domestic demand. The proved reserves of hard coal are about 230 billion tons and lignite about 80 billion tons. Proven reserves of other deposits are: sylvite About 13 billion tons, Iron ore 1.6 billion tons, petroleum 50 million tons. A small amount in the southeast Uranium ore . Forests cover 10.766 million hectares, accounting for about 30% of the country's total area. Water area of 860,000 hectares, accounting for 2.4% of the country's area. ^[1]

In 2012, Germany ranked fifth in the world in energy consumption, of which 60% of the main energy depends on imports, and the government policy is to promote energy conservation and renewable energy.

Energy sources of Germany (2010)	petroleum	Coal and lignite	Natural gas	Nuclear energy	Hydraulic power and Wind energy	other Renewable energy
Energy ratio	33.7%	22.9%	21.8%	10.8%	2.9%	7.9%

German performance Kyoto Protocol And other treaties to promote biodiversity, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, recycle resources, use renewable energy, and support global sustainable development.

Administrative division

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Views of Berlin, Germany

German administrative regions are divided into federal, state and municipal levels, with a total of 16 states and 13,175 municipalities. The names of the states are: Baden-Wurttemberg , The state of Bavaria , City of Berlin , Brandenburg , The city of Bremen , Hamburg , Hesse , Mecklenburg-former Pommery Oblast , Lower Saxony , North Rhine-Westphalia , Rhineland-Palatinate , Saarland , Saxony , Saxony-Anhalt , Schleswig-Holstein and Thuringia . Among them Berlin, Bremen And Hamburg is the city state. ^[1]

state	The capital	Area (sq. km)	population
Lower Saxony	Hanover	47618	7918293
Not coming to Meizhou	Bremen	404	660999
Brandenburg	Potsdam	29477	2503273
North Rhine-Westphalia	Dusseldorf	34043	17845154
Thuringia	Erfurt	16172	2235025
The state of Bavaria	Munich	70549	12538696
Baden-Wurttemberg	Stuttgart	35752	10753880
Berlin	Berlin	892	3460725
Mecklenburg-former Pomerania	Schwerin	23174	1642327
Hamburg	Hamburg	755	1786448
Schleswig-Holstein	Kiel	15763	2834259
Rhineland-Palatinate	Mainz	19847	4003745
The Free State of Saxony	Dresden	18416	4149477
Saxony-Anhalt	Magdeburg	20445	2335006
Saarland	Saarbrucken	2569	1017567
Hesse	Wiesbaden	21115	6067021

National symbol

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flag

Flag of Germany Rectangular in shape, the ratio of length to width is 5:3. From top to bottom, it is connected by three parallel and equal horizontal rectangles of black, red and gold. The origin of the tricolor flag is varied, as far back as the first century AD Ancient Roman Empire Later in the 16th century German peasant War And 17th century Germany The bourgeois democratic revolution In Germany, the tricolor flag representing the republic also flies over the land. After the fall of the German Empire in 1918, the Weimar Republic adopted black, red, and gold as its national flag. The Federal Republic of Germany was established in September 1949, still using the Weimar Republic tricolour flag; It was also adopted by the German Democratic Republic in October of the same year tricolour Only in the flag is added including hammer, gauge, wheat and other national emblem patterns to show the difference. On 3 October 1990, the flag of the Federal Republic of Germany was still used in the reunified Germany. The tricolor flag can be flown at airports, hotels, banquets and other occasions. Federal government agencies and foreign embassies fly the flag with the Black Eagle.

The national color of Germany, the color of the emblem, is the same as that of the Holy Roman Empire: the main shield is gold, the eagle is black, and the beak and claws are red. During the German War of National Liberation (1813-1815), when the tide of German unification was rising, they appeared on the uniforms of the Free Army of Luzzo (black coat with red trim and gold buttons at the bottom). In 1848, the black-red-gold horizontal flag became the flag of the German Confederation, and in 1867 it was replaced by the black-white-red flag, which remained until 1919. It was used again from 1933 to 1935.

Flag of Germany

From top to bottom, the flag is composed of three parallel and equal stripes, black, red and gold. The shield of the Federation is located in the center. The black eagle symbolizes strength and courage. Black represents diligence and strength, red symbolizes the enthusiasm of the people, and gold represents the importance of honor.

National emblem

Emblem of Germany

Emblem of Germany On the background of the golden shield is a black eagle with a red beak and two claws. According to research, the origin of this eagle pattern can be traced back to the 12th century once ruled Prussia, and later became the German royal family The Hohenzollern family . Since ancient times, the German people's reverence for the eagle is pious and deep. As early as Ancient Rome In times, the eagle was regarded as supreme God The symbol of God, which protects the children and believers of God from harm. God compares himself to an eagle, who believes in it, who can soar like an eagle, and constantly gain new life vitality. At the same time, it is a bird of the sun, and its sharp eyes can withstand the sun God's irradiation. In the feudal dynasty, the eagle was a symbol of imperial power, and the emperors hoped to make the throne permanent. The eagle has appeared as early as the ninth century. It is said that the design was made by the Frankish king Charles I The army was brought to Germany from the Roman Empire.

National anthem

National anthem of Germany It's a... Deutschland Song The lyrics were written in 1841 by August Heinlich and Hoffmann von Falesleben (1798-1874) to the tune of "The Father of the Symphony". Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) to the melody of the song "God Bless Emperor Franz". 1922 On the occasion of the third anniversary of the founding of the Weimar Republic, the first president of the Republic Friedrich Ebert Elevating the "German Song" to the national anthem. In 1952, the Federal President Howis and the Federal Chancellor Adenauer In an exchange of letters, the song was re-recognized as the national anthem. Federal president Weizsacker And federal chancellor Kohl In correspondence of August 1991, the traditional meaning of the "German Song" for the unified Germany was confirmed.

National stone

amber

amber The English name Amber comes from the Latin Ambrum, meaning "essence". It is also said to come from the Arabic word Anbar, meaning "glue", because the Spanish called the buried gum and amber amber. In ancient China, amber was considered "tiger spirit".

The national flower

cornflower

cornflower Also known as blue hibiscus, litchi chrysanthemum, turquoise blue, belongs to the Compositae family. After years of cultivation by the Germans, this "small flower on the field" has been light blue, blue purple, dark blue, deep purple, snow blue, light red, rose red, white and other colors. The flower head grows at the top of the slender stalk, like a beautiful girl, praying for happiness and joy toward the "light of life" - the sun. The cornflower is a famous flower in Germany, and the Germans use her to symbolize the characteristics of patriotism, optimism, tenacity and frugality of the Germanic nation, and that she has auspicious signs, so it is known as the "national flower". ^[7]

National bird

White stork (Scientific name: Ciconia ciconia) is ciliidae Large wading bird of the genus Stork. In Europe, since ancient times, the stork has been considered to be a "bird that brings happiness", a symbol of good luck, an "angel" sent by God, who is specially to visit those who have good luck. After the stork was selected as the national bird, many German families specially built platforms on the chimney for them to build nests.

population

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As of 2016, Germany has a total population of 82.67 million, making it the most populous country in the European Union, with a population density of 226 people per square kilometer, making it one of the most densely populated countries in Europe. The main nationality is German There are a few Danes and Sorbish . Be common German . There are also 7.214 million foreigners, accounting for 8.9% of the total population, of which the largest number are Turks, 1.61 million (end-2011 data, Federal Statistical Office website). Of the population, 29.2% (23.896 million) are Protestant, and 30.2% (24.6551 million) are Roman Catholic (end of 2012).

As of June 2022, Germany has a population of 83.22 million. Mainly Germans. ^[1]

On May 11, 2022 local time, the German Federal Institute of Population Research released a report that the number of newborns in Germany in 2021 was 228,000 fewer than those who died, the highest number in the past years after World War II. According to the report, there will be about 796,000 births in Germany in 2021, and 1,024,000 deaths. ^[24]

On January 19, 2023 local time, data released by the German Federal Statistics Office showed that according to preliminary statistics, the total population of Germany at the end of 2022 reached at least a record 84.3 million, which is an increase of 1.1 million from the end of 2021. ^[27]

On July 21, 2023, data released by the German Federal Statistics Office showed that Germany's total fertility rate (the average number of children born per woman) fell to 1.46 in 2022, the lowest level since 2013. The number of births in Germany in 2022 is about 739,000, about 57,000 less than in 2021. Germany's total fertility rate in 2021 is 1.58. ^[37]

political

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constitution

Reichstag

" Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany It came into force on 23 May 1949. The Basic Law defines five basic institutions in Germany: republicanism , democracy , federalism The legal state and the social welfare system. Major revisions were made in 1956 and 1968. In August 1990, the "Treaty of Unification" of the two Germany made further adaptations to certain provisions of the Basic Law, which were applied to all of Germany from October 3.

According to the Basic Law, Germany is a federal state, and foreign affairs, defense, currency, customs, aviation, posts and telecommunications are under the federal jurisdiction. nation regime for Parliamentary republic . The Federal President is the head of state. The parliament consists of the Bundestag and the Bundesrat. The Bundestag exercises legislative power, supervises the implementation of laws, elects the Federal Chancellor, participates in the election of the Federal President and supervises the work of the federal government. Bundestag elections are usually held every four years, and the winning party or coalition of parties has the right to form a cabinet. Germany has a two-vote electoral system. Germany's Basic Law is the cornerstone of the law and politics of the Federal Republic of Germany.

On May 12, 2005, the German Bundestag voted to adopt the law Eu constitutional treaty ". In 2006, Germany passed the Federalism reform Act, adopting the "power for power" approach, readjustering and clarifying the jurisdiction of the federation and the federal states, delegating part of the legislative power to the federal states, while reducing the legislative participation and approval power of the Bundesrat, which mainly represents the interests of the states, thus improving the government's decision-making ability and legislative efficiency.

According to the German Electoral Law, all citizens with German nationality who are at least 18 years old have the right to vote, and each voter has two votes. The first vote is used to elect the candidate for parliament in the voter's constituency, and according to the principle of a simple majority, the person who receives the most votes is elected. A voter's second vote is used to elect a political party. The number of second votes each party receives will determine its share of seats in the Bundestag, which is crucial to whether the party can come to power.

congress

Bicameral, consisting of the Bundestag and the Bundesrat. The Bundestag exercises legislative power, supervises the implementation of laws, elects the Federal Chancellor, participates in the election of the Federal President and supervises the work of the federal government. Each term is 4 years. On 26 September 2021, Germany will hold elections for the 20th Bundestag. On October 26, the first plenary session of the 20th German Bundestag was held, and Barbel Bas, a member of the Social Democratic Party, was elected President of the new Bundestag. There are 736 seats in the new Bundestag, divided into 206 for the Social Democrats, 197 for the Union Party (CDU/CSU), 118 for the Union 90/ Green Party, 92 for the FDP, 78 for the Alternative Party, 39 for the Left Party, and 6 for independents.

The Bundesrat participates in federal legislation and influences the administration of the Federation in the interests of the cantons. A total of 69 seats are composed of 3-6 members appointed by the state government in proportion to the population of each state. The President of the Senate is appointed by the state governors in turn for a term of one year, and the President is unable to exercise his office for some reason. 1 November 2023, Mecklenburg - Manuela Schwesig (SPD), former Governor of Pommery, has been appointed President of the Senate until 31 October 2024.

judiciary

The Federal Constitutional Court is one of the constitutional bodies in Germany, responsible for interpreting the Basic Law, supervising its implementation, and deciding whether it is unconstitutional. There are 16 judges, eight elected by the Bundestag and eight by the Bundesrat, appointed by the President for a term of 12 years. The President and Vice President are elected alternately by the Bundestag and the Bundesrat. The current dean, StephanHarbarth, took office in June 2020.

There are also Federal Courts (for civil and criminal cases), Federal Administrative Courts, Federal Financial Courts, Federal Labour Courts, Federal Social Courts, etc.

The federal and state courts have corresponding procuratorates, but they are not subject to the jurisdiction of the courts and do not interfere with the judicial work of the courts, whose task is mainly to investigate and prosecute criminal cases. The Public Prosecutor's Office is under the authority of the federal or state Department of Justice and is relatively independent in the exercise of its functions. The Federal Prosecutor's Office consists of the Federal Prosecutor General and several federal prosecutors, with the Federal Prosecutor General PeterFrank taking office in October 2015.

government

The federal government will be formed on 8 December 2021 by the Social Democrats, the Greens and the FDP. Olaf Scholz (Social Democratic Party) is Chancellor. Other key members of the Government are: Deputy Chancellor and Minister of Economy and Climate Protection Robert Habeck (Green), Finance Minister Christian Lindner (FDP), Interior and Land Minister Nancy Faeser (SPD), Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock (Green Party), Justice Minister Marco Buschmann (FDP), Labor and Social Security Minister Hubertus Heil (SPD), Defence Minister Boris Pistorius (Social Democratic Party), Food and Agriculture Minister Cem Ozdemir (Green Party), Family, Ageing, Women and Youth Minister Lisa Paus (Green Party), Health Minister Karl Lauterbach (SPD), Digitalisation and Transport Minister Volker Wissing (FDP), Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear safety and Consumer Protection Minister Steffi Lemke (Greens), Education and Research Minister Bettina Stark-Watzinger (FDP), Economic Cooperation and Development Minister Svenja Schulze (SPD), and Housing, Urban Development and Construction Minister Klara Geywitz (SPD). SPD), Chancellery Minister Wolfgang Schmidt (SPD).

Political party

Germany has a multi-party system, with the following parties:

(1) Christian Democratic Union of Germany (Christlich - DemokratischeUnionDeutschlands), hereinafter referred to as "the cdu. Founded in 1945. Party chairman FriedrichMerz.

(2) Christian Social Union (Christlich-SozialeUnioninBayerne). V.) : The Christian Social Union for short. Founded in 1945. According to the agreement with the CDU, the party only develops and operates in Bavaria, forming a Coalition parliamentary group with the CDU in the Bundestag. Party chairman MarkusSoder.

(3) German Social Democratic Party (SozialdemokratischeParteiDeutschlands), hereinafter referred to as "party". Founded in 1863, it was one of the oldest workers' parties in the world. It was outlawed by Bismarck's government in 1878 and regained legal status in 1890. In 1933, the Social Democratic Party was banned by the Nazi regime and rebuilt after the war. In September 1990, the East and West German Social Democrats merged. Party presidents SaskiaEsken and LarsKlingbeil.

(4) Union 90 / Green Party (Bundnis90 / DieGrunen) : The Green Party. The Green Party in western Germany was founded in January 1980. In May 1993 it merged with the Eastern Alliance 90 / Green Party. Party presidents OmidNouripour and Ricardal Lang.

(5) Liberal Democratic Party (FreieDemokratischePartei) : "Liberal Democratic Party" for short. Founded in 1948. Party chairman ChristianLindner.

(6) Alternative for Germany (AlternativefurDeutschland) : The Alternative Party. Established in 2013. Party presidents Tino Krupalla and AliceWeidel.

(7) Left party (DieLinke) : in 2007 by the left party - book (DemokratischeLinke - PDS) party and the labor and social fair elections choices (WahlalternativeArbeitundSozialeGerechtigkeit) merger. Party chairpersons JanineWissler and MartinSchirdewan.

(8) Communist Party of Germany (DeutscheKommunistischePartei) : founded in 1968, formerly known as German communist party banned in 1956. Party chairman Patrick Koppole.

dignitaries

Pres. Frank-walter Steinmeier Born on 5 January 1956 in Daymold, North Rhine-Westphalia, he is a prominent figure in the German Social Democratic Party (SPD) and a former German Foreign minister. Elected on 12 February 2017 President of Germany , ^[8] He was officially sworn in on 22 March 2017. ^[9]

Local time on October 26, 2021, the President of Germany Steinmeier in Merkel At the government resignation ceremony, the notice of the end of the term was submitted to Merkel, and Merkel officially stepped down as chancellor. ^[20]

Bundestag president Norbert Lammert Norbert Lammert was elected on 18 October 2005 and re-elected on 27 October 2009.

Current Chancellor of Germany:

Local time on the morning of December 8, 2021, the German Social Democratic Party (SPD) chancellor candidate Olaf Scholz Officially elected Chancellor of Germany. ^[21]

economy

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EDITOR

Germany is a highly developed industrial country and the third largest exporter in the world. It is the largest economy in Europe and the fourth largest in the world. Germany's GDP in 2022 is 3.86 trillion euros, an increase of 1.9% over 2021, with a per capita GDP of 45,800 euros. The International Monetary Fund predicts that due to the European Central Bank's sharp interest rate hike, weakening international market demand, high energy prices, currency inflation and other factors, Germany's GDP will decline by 0.5% in 2023. The German Central bank's December 2023 report expects Germany's GDP to decline by 0.1% in 2023, grow by 0.4% in 2024 and 1.2% in 2025.

Germany is a major trading country in the world, maintaining trade relations with more than 230 countries and regions in the world, and nearly one third of the country's employment is engaged in export-related work. It was the world's largest exporter from 1986 to 1990 and from 2003 to 2008. In 2021, Germany's total foreign trade amounted to 2.58 trillion euros, of which exports amounted to 1.38 trillion euros and imports amounted to 1.2 trillion euros, with a surplus of 172.5 billion euros. The main export products are automobiles, machinery products, chemical products, communication technology, power supply and distribution equipment and medical and chemical equipment. The main imports are chemicals, automobiles, oil and gas, machinery, communications technology and steel products. The main trade objects are Western industrial countries, of which more than half of imports and exports come from or are sold to EU countries. ^[1]

Farming and animal husbandry

Agriculture is developed and highly mechanized. The output value of agriculture, forestry and fisheries in 2021 is 68 billion euros, accounting for about 1% of the total output value of the national economy. The employed population is about 940,000. There are about 262,000 agricultural enterprises, mainly small and medium-sized enterprises and family enterprises. ^[1]

industry

Industrial structure and characteristics: (1) Focus on heavy industry. The automotive and machinery manufacturing, chemical, electrical and other sectors are pillar industries, and other manufacturing industries such as food, textiles and clothing, iron and steel processing, mining, precision instruments, optics, and aerospace are also developed. (2) High extroversion. More than half of the production of the main industrial sectors is sold abroad. (3) Small and medium-sized enterprises are the mainstay. About two-thirds of industrial companies employ fewer than 100 people. Many small and medium-sized enterprises have strong specialization, high technical level and strong flexibility. (4) High degree of monopoly. Large enterprises with more than 1,000 employees, which account for 2.5% of the total number of industrial enterprises, account for 40% of industrial employment and more than half of the turnover. ^[1]

Germany Ruhr It is a traditional coal and steel industrial zone in Germany. Munich ( BMW Headquarters), Hamburg ( Airbus One of the three passenger aircraft assembly centers), Stuttgart ( gallop and Porsche Headquarters location), Wolfsburg ( Volkswagen Headquarters), Berlin, Leipzig , Dresden It's an industrial powerhouse in eastern Germany. New industries are concentrated around Munich.

In 2018, the total output value of industrial enterprises (excluding construction) was 874.2 billion euros, accounting for 25.8% of GDP. In 2018, the number of industrial employment (excluding construction) was 8.335 million, accounting for 18% of the total number of domestic employment (46.2 million). ^[1]

Germany is one of the eight leading industrial countries in the world. Germany's main industrial sectors are electronics, aerospace, automotive, precision machinery, equipment manufacturing, military and so on. German products are known for their excellent quality, advanced technology and exquisite workmanship, but the cost is higher. Germany's industrial products enjoy a good reputation in the world, and Germany is also the largest producer of automobiles in Western Europe.

Service industry

Germany's service industry includes business, transportation, telecommunications, banking, insurance, housing rental, tourism, education, culture, health care and other sectors. In 2021, 33.66 million people will be employed in the service sector, accounting for 74.9% of the total employed population. ^[1]

tourism

Tourism is well developed, famous attractions include Cologne Cathedral, Berlin Reichstag building, Bonn Museum of Culture and Art, Rothenburg, Munich Deutsches Museum, Heidelberg Castle, Neuschwanstein Stone Palace and Dresden Gallery. In 2021, the number of overnight tourist arrivals will be 310 million, an increase of 2.7%. Among them, domestic tourists made 280 million overnight visits, up 3.3 percent year on year; Overnight visits by foreign tourists were 31 million, down 3.1 percent year on year.

Investment introduction

Germany attaches great importance to foreign investment and investment, and also attaches great importance to cooperation with other countries. The UK is the second largest exporter of German wine after the US. Since 2010, Germany has surpassed France to rank second in Europe in terms of attracting foreign investment, while the United Kingdom ranks first. ^[10]

foreign trade

Germany is a major trading country in the world, maintaining trade relations with more than 230 countries and regions in the world, and nearly one third of the country's employment is engaged in export-related work. It was the world's largest exporter from 1986 to 1990 and from 2003 to 2008. In 2022, Germany's total foreign trade amounted to 3.07 trillion euros, of which exports were 1.58 trillion euros and imports were 1.49 trillion euros, with a surplus of 82.32 million euros. The main export products are automobiles, machinery products, chemical products, communication technology, power supply and distribution equipment and medical and chemical equipment. The main imported products are chemicals, automobiles, oil and gas, machinery, communication technology and steel products. The top five foreign trade partners of Germany in 2022 are China, the United States, the Netherlands, France and Poland, of which more than half of imports and exports come from or are sold to EU countries. ^[11]

finance

Major bank

(1) Deutsche Bundesbank The central bank of Germany, founded in 1948, determines the country's monetary policy, is responsible for currency issuance and manages foreign exchange gold reserves.

(2) Deutsche Bank The largest commercial bank in Germany, founded in 1870. In November 1998, the bank acquired Bankers Trust, the eighth largest bank in the United States by assets, with total assets of $820 billion.

(3) Dresdner Bank : Founded in 1872. In July 2001, the German insurance group Allianz increased its stake to 96%. Total assets at the end of 2007 were 50.2 billion euros.

(4) Bavarian Union Bank (also known as German Yubao Union Bank) : In July 1997, Bavarian Union Bank and Bavarian Mortgage and Exchange Bank announced the merger, with total assets of 743 billion marks. In 2005, the bank was acquired by unicredit and had total assets of €422.1 billion at the end of 2007. On September 1, 2008, Commerzbank announced its acquisition of the bank.

(5) Commerzbank Founded in 1870, total assets at the end of 2007 were approximately 616.5 billion euros. ^[2] ^[7]

Financial budget

Germany's net new borrowing should fall to 6.2 billion euros ($8 billion) in 2014, the lowest in 40 years, and the federal government may even run a small budget surplus in 2015.

The federal budget will have a surplus of €200m in 2015, which should rise to almost €10bn by 2017, allowing Germany to start paying down its debt. The German government said in May that it was possible to stop new debt from 2015. Germany will raise borrowing by 8 billion euros in 2013 to finance a fund to help repair damage caused by its worst floods in a decade. Germany had previously set a target of 17.1 billion euros in new debt.

Germany's gross domestic product grew by 0.6% in 2019. It was the 10th consecutive year of growth, but at the slowest pace since 2013.

The German economy will grow by 1.1 per cent in 2020. Germany's unemployment rate will remain at 5.0%, unchanged from 2019; Employment will rise by 190,000 to a record 45.4 million; Exports and imports will increase by 2.0% and 3.2%, respectively. ^[12]

In 2022, Germany's total public finance revenue is 1.75 trillion euros, total expenditure is 1.88 trillion euros, and the total national budget deficit is 127.3 billion euros. In the first half of 2023, the total revenue of German public finance increased by 6% year-on-year to 889.7 billion euros, the expenditure increased by 11% year-on-year to 965.8 billion euros, and the total deficit of the national fiscal budget was 76.1 billion euros. As of December 2023, the German Federal Bank's gold reserves are about 3,362 tons, worth about 221.2 billion euros, ranking second in the world; In 2022, Germany's foreign exchange reserves are about 34.7 billion euros and its share in the International Monetary Fund's Special Drawing Rights is 8.35 billion euros. ^[1]

On December 13, 2023, Germany's ruling coalition concluded weeks of negotiations to agree on the 2024 federal budget. According to the announcement issued by the federal government, Germany will resume in 2024 the implementation of the "debt brake" suspended for several years due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the energy crisis, while cutting spending on climate transformation projects to deal with the budget gap. ^[40]

culture

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EDITOR

literature

Goethe

Germany has historically been known as the "country of poets and thinkers" (Das Land der Dichter und Denker).

sort	character
Nobel Prize winners in Literature	Sedor Monson, Okun, Heiser , Hoptman, Thomas Mann , Hesse , Boerin, Gunter Glass , Herta Muller
Nobel Peace Prize winners	Streisman , Ossietsky, Brandt

The history of German literature goes back Middle Ages , by Italy Renaissance The influence of 18th century German literature reached its peak. Goethe , Heine , Schiller , Lessing and Brothers Grimm All outstanding representatives.

ART

The works of many German painters enjoy a high degree of international fame, and the forms of creation are quite diverse. Caroline and Otto architecture from the German region promoted the development of Romanesque architecture, followed by Gothic architecture Renaissance architecture and Baroque architecture.

German writers	German painter and architect
Walter von der Vogelweide, Wolfram von Eschenbach, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Friedrich Schiller , Gotthold Efraim Lessing , Theodore Fontana, Brothers Grimm , Heinrich Heine , Thomas Mann , Hermann Hesse , Heinrich Bohr , Gerhard Hoptman , Gunter Glass , Bertolt Brecht	Important Renaissance artists: Hans Holbein Jr , Matthias Grunewald , Albrecht Durer Romantic painter: Casper Friedrich Surrealist painters: Max Ernst The development of Modernist architecture: Walter Gropes (Founding Bauhaus School of Architecture), Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (20th century famous architect, proposed all glass curtain skyscraper)

MUSICIANS

Music is an integral part of German life. Germany has produced great musicians of all ages, Berlin Philharmonic The Dresden State Orchestra is world-renowned. Germany is the largest music market in Europe and the third-largest in the world.

philosophy

German philosophy can be said to have laid the cornerstone of Western philosophy. In the 21st century, Germany, together with France, Austria, Switzerland and Scandinavia, continued to develop contemporary analyticism.

other

Concerts, art exhibitions, theatre performances, major international sports competitions, street celebrations and Christmas markets also attract millions of visitors. There are many festivals in Germany, such as Oktoberfest in Munich "Christopher Street Day" (Pride parade) in Cologne, Berlin Cultural Carnival (Karneval der Kulturen), Mainz Carnival, Cologne Carnival They are all folk festivals with a long history and international reputation.

Germany has 37 UNESCO World Heritage sites.

German society attaches great importance to gender equality and disabled rights, social and legislative tolerance for homosexuals, homosexuals can adopt the biological children of their partners, and since 2001, civil unions have been recognized. Attitudes towards immigration have also changed in Germany, where the government and a majority of the public have welcomed vetted immigrants since the mid-1990s. A global poll conducted by the BBC in 2011 ranked Germany as the most positive country.

taboo

The taboo number 13. Friday the 13th is considered ominous. Don't like red, red and black and brown, especially dark green. Prohibited by law Nazi Or the symbols of its legions, hating chrysanthemums, roses (only for mourning) and bats. Walnuts are taboo.

When sending flowers, it is forbidden to send chrysanthemums, roses, roses, only the number and the number of flowers can not be 13 or even numbers, flowers do not paper bandage. Don't give anything too personal. Gift wrapping paper do not use black, white and brown, and can not be wrapped with ribbons.

Festivals

Every Saturday and Sunday are public holidays in Germany. ^[25]

date	Chinese name	German name	Instructions
January 1st	New Year's Day	Neujahr
-	Good Friday	Karfreitag	The Friday before the first week after the first full moon after the vernal equinox, the exact date is not fixed
-	Easter	Ostermontag	Monday. The exact date is not fixed. Easter is the first Sunday after the full moon of the spring equinox, if the full moon happens to be on a Sunday, then it is postponed for a week
The first of May	May Day	Tag der Arbeit
-	Ascension Day	Christi Himmelfahrt	40 days after Easter, the exact date is not fixed
-	Pentecost	Pfingstmontag	10 days after Ascension, 50 days after Easter, the exact date is not fixed
October 3rd	German Unification Day	Tag der Deutschen Einheit	The day East and West Germany were united after the fall of the Berlin Wall
December 25/26	Christmas	Weihnachten	Important festival

Military affairs

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EDITOR

policy

German servicemen

The highest objective of the defence policy is to ensure the peace, freedom and independence of Germany, and to provide that the Bundeswehr is a purely defensive army, carrying out the necessary security precautions and not possessing or pursuing weapons of mass destruction.

The focus of the establishment of the army is to organize a rapid reaction force, formulate a new armament plan, reduce the size of the army, and reduce weapons and equipment.

The main content of German national defense policy is to change the military strategy from local defense to crisis management and prevention. Promote the creation of an autonomous European defence force, with the EU and NATO as equal partners in crisis management; Expand the military capacity of the German army, actively participate in combat operations outside the defensive area and ensure that the German army quickly rebuilds its domestic defense capability when needed.

In May 2003, Germany issued a new National Defense Policy guideline, which clearly defined that the main task of the German army was no longer homeland defense, but to "prevent and deal with crises" on a global scale, including combating international terrorism, and assisting the police in domestic counter-terrorism tasks when necessary.

In January 2004, Germany announced a plan to reform its armed forces: lay off staff and cut costs.

In October 2006, the German government published the White Paper on German Security Policy and the Future Development of the Bundeswehr, which defined the security strategic idea of "pre-prevention", accelerated the process of military transformation, and increased the intensity of participation in overseas military operations. ^[1]

National defense force

The Bundeswehr was founded in November 1955. The army is headed by the Minister of Defence in peacetime and by the Federal Chancellor in time of war. The Inspector-General of the Bundeswehr is the highest commander of the armed forces, the current Inspector-General CarstenBreuer.

Following the escalation of the crisis in Ukraine, Germany announced a significant increase in defense spending, including the creation of a special defense fund of 100 billion euros to accelerate the military modernization process. In 2022, the German defense budget is 50.3 billion euros, an increase of 7.3%. As of August 2023, the total strength of the German defense forces is about 181,000 people, of which the army is about 62,000 people, the navy is about 16,000 people, the air force is about 27,000 people, the rest is the central health service, joint support and network and information space forces and other functional forces.

When the German Bundeswehr became a member of NATO, it took responsibility for the defense of Central Europe. Article 87A of the German Basic Law states that the activities of the Bundeswehr are limited to defense and rescue operations.

After 1990, the international political situation changed greatly, and the Bundeswehr changed the scope of its operations accordingly. In 1994, the Federal Constitutional Court held that the "defense" defined in the Basic Law was not only the defense of German borders, but also the prevention of international conflicts and crises. As a result, the Bundestag approved the Bundeswehr's participation in NATO's foreign activities, and the Bundeswehr became active in some international affairs, such as between 1996 and 1999 Kosovo War , also involved in Cambodia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Afghanistan , Ethiopia , Eritrea , Somalia , Sudan and Democratic Republic of the Congo Military activities and peacekeeping missions.

On June 25, 2018, the defense ministers of France, Germany and other EU9 countries signed the agreement in Luxembourg. European intervention initiative A letter of intent promising to form a joint European military intervention force. ^[13]

System of military service

Compulsory military service in Germany has lasted on and off for nearly 200 years, and was last reintroduced in 1957.

Since July 1, 2010, the length of military service in Germany has been reduced from nine months to six months. According to the Law on Compulsory Military Service until 2014, all men aged 18 and above must serve in the Bundeswehr for six months, while those who do not want to serve must join the civil service in social institutions such as nursing homes and orphanages.

In December 2010, the German Federal government approved a proposal to abolish compulsory military service from July 1, 2011. The Bundeswehr will be composed of full-time soldiers, part-time soldiers and voluntary military service.

On the evening of February 26, 2022 local time, according to German media reports, the German government changed its previous position of not providing weapons to the conflict zone on the same day, and decided to provide Ukraine with 1,000 anti-tank weapons and 500 Stinger surface-to-air missiles. The German government also announced on the same day that it agreed to exclude Russian banks that had been previously sanctioned from the Society for Worldwide Banking Financial Telecommunication system (SWIFT) ). ^[23]

traffic

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EDITOR

highroad

Road traffic in Germany is well developed. In 2020, the total length of roads in Germany is about 830,000 km, of which the intercity highway network is 230,000 km. There are more than 13,000 kilometers of federal highways, accounting for 2% of the total road mileage. More than 3.2 billion tons of road freight were transported in 2019. ^[25]

railway

The German railway network is one of the core roads in Europe, with a length of 38,600 km, the largest in the European Union, connecting all major cities and almost all small cities. In 2020, railway passengers will make 1.78 billion trips and freight will reach 320 million tons. There are currently 330 Intercity express trains (ICE) in Germany, carrying 55 million passengers in 2020. ^[25]

Air freight

Munich Airport

Germany's civil aviation transport industry is developed, Frankfurt airport is one of the world's major airports. According to the German Federal Statistical Office, in 2020, the German air cargo (including air mail) throughput totaled 4.5 million tons, down 4.1% from the previous year; It carried 57.8 million passengers in the year, down 74.5% year-on-year. ^[25]

Water transport

The German Federal waterway network includes 7,300 km of inland rivers and 23,000 square km of sea. 35% of the basin is free to pass, 41% has locks, and 24% has artificial canals. The total length of the main waterway network is about 4,800 km, covering rivers (waterway class 4 and above) such as the Rhine (including tributaries such as the Neckar, Main, Moselle and Saar), the Danube, Weser, Elbe and the connecting canal system to the Oder and Danube. In addition, there are more than 100 modern public seaports and river ports in Germany, and 56 of the 74 large cities and their affiliated areas are connected by water.

In 2020, Germany's inland shipping cargo throughput will be 188 million tons, a decrease of 8.3%. Port throughput was 276 million tons, down 6.4% year on year. The Port of Hamburg is the largest port in Germany with 109 million tons of cargo in 2020, followed by Bremerhaven with 46.6 million tons, Wilhelmshaven with 22.8 million tons and Rostock with 20.1 million tons.

China is the largest trade destination for the Port of Hamburg. In 2020, the total volume of maritime and rail container exchanges between the Port of Hamburg and China was about 2.4 million TEUs, far more than any other European destination. ^[25]

society

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EDITOR

People's livelihood

Germany's gross national income in 2022 is 2.84 trillion euros, the average monthly income of households in 2021 is 4,979 euros, and the average monthly income of full-time employees is 3,136 euros.

education

German education, culture and art are mainly responsible for the state, the federal government is mainly responsible for education planning and vocational education, and through the joint conference of state ministers of culture and education to coordinate the national education work. In primary and secondary education, higher education, and adult education and further education, the main legislative and executive authority belongs to the states. National cultural and artistic activities are subsidized by the federal government. Foreign cultural exchanges are coordinated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

University, secondary, primary and vocational education developed. 12 years of compulsory education, public school tuition is free, textbooks and other school supplies are partially waived. The primary school education lasts for 4-6 years and the secondary school education lasts for 5-9 years. Institutions of higher learning enjoy a certain degree of autonomy. In principle, high school graduates are admitted freely, and quotas for some subjects are set. Vocational education implements a dual system combining theoretical study in vocational schools and practice in enterprises. Adult education and amateur education are very popular. Teachers are lifelong civil servants and must have received higher education. By 2022, there will be 42,600 primary and secondary schools and 423 universities in Germany. There are 11.1 million primary and secondary school students and 2.92 million college students. ^[1]

In 2012, CHE, the German National Center for Higher Education, selected 11 universities	In 2006, nine of Germany's most famous technical universities formed the Union of Technical Universities TU9
Technical University of Munich , TU Dresden , RWTH Aachen University ; Heidelberg University , Free University of Berlin , Humboldt University of Berlin , University of Munich , University of Tubingen , University of Constance , University of Cologne , University of Bremen	Technical University of Munich , TU Dresden , RWTH Aachen University , Technical University of Berlin , Technical University of Darmstadt , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , University of Stuttgart , University of Hannover , Braunschweig Technical University

Science and technology

Germany's scientific achievements are quite significant, and investment in research and development is part of the overall economy. 103 Germans were awarded Nobel Prize In the 20th century, Germany has won more Nobel Prizes than any other country, especially in scientific fields such as physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine.

Albert Einstein and Max Planck One of the most important founders of modern physics, Werner Heisenberg and Max Born. Important physicists before that included Hermann von Helmholtz Joseph Fraunhofer and Gabriel Wallenheit. Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays and won the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. Otto Hahn was a pioneer in the field of radiation and radiochemistry, and discovered nuclear fission. Ferdinand Cohen and Robert Koch established microbiology. German mathematicians include Karl Friedrich Gauss , David Hilbert , Bernhard Riemann , Gottfried Leibniz , Karl Weierstrass Hermann Weyl, Felix Klein and others. German research institutes include Max Planck Society , the Helmholtz Federation, the Fraunhofer Association. The Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize, awarded annually to 10 scientists or academic researchers, carries a maximum prize of 2.5 million euros, one of the highest research grants in the world.

Germany also has many famous inventors and engineers, such as Hans Geiger invented the Geiger counter; Conrad Zuse built the first fully automatic digital computer. Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Otto Liliental, Gottlieb Daimler, Rudolf Diesel, Hugo Junkers and Carl Benz, among others, shaped modern automobile and air transport technology. Aerospace engineer Wernher von Braun developed the first space rocket, and later NASA developed the Saturn V launch vehicle that made the Apollo program possible. Heinrich Hertz proved that electromagnetic waves exist and are important for the development of modern telecommunications.

Germany is more mature in the development and application of environmental technology, and enterprises have invested more than 200 billion euros in the field of environmental technology. Germany's environmental technology focuses on power generation, sustainable energy vehicles, raw material efficiency, energy efficiency, waste management, resource recovery and sustainability Water management .

Medical treatment

Germany has the world's oldest universal health insurance system, dating from Bismarck's Social Security Act of 1883. By law, the German government offers a wide range of health insurance plans, and certain people such as permanent employees, self-employed workers, and high-income employees can opt out of the plan and take out private insurance, whereas before 2009, such certain people had to opt out of any insurance.

According to the data of the World Health Organization, in 2005, 77% of the expenditure of the German medical and health system was borne by the government and 23% by individuals, accounting for about 11% of the gross national product. The life expectancy of men and women in Germany is 77 years and 82 years respectively, ranking 20th in the world. Germany has a low infant mortality rate of about 4 per 1,000. In 2010, the main cause of death was cardiovascular disease (41%), followed by malignant neoplasms (26%). In 2008, about 82,000 people were infected with AIDS, and 26,000 people have died of AIDS since 1982.

Physical education

Contest holding experience

1936 Berlin Olympics

1972 Munich Olympics

1974 World Cup in Germany

1988 West Germany European Championship

2006 World Cup in Germany

2009 Athletics World Championships

Germany is one of the world's leading motorsport countries, and Germany is rich F1 Driver, one of the most successful drivers in F1 history, 7 times world champion, car king Michael Schumacher Hailing from Germany, he has set and held numerous F1 records and is one of the highest paid athletes in the world, his brother Ralf Schumacher Originally an F1 driver, now a DTM driver, and then again after Schumacher Sebastian Vettel 4 consecutive Formula One World championships, active drivers have Nico Rosberg , Nick Highfield , Tim Glock , Sutil Let's wait. BMW and Mercedes Among motorsport's leading manufacturers, plus, Porsche The team has won 16 times The 24 Hours of Le Mans The champion of... Audi The team has won nine championships, and the German DTM Touring Car Masters is one of the most famous touring car races in the world today.

Track and field, swimming, rowing , football, equestrianism , Hockey ball , handball The traditional strengths of the German team. Winter sports, too. German Strengths, in bobsleigh , luge , biathlon , cross-country skiing and Speed skating In such events, he often won MEDALS in European and international competitions, and famous sports stars have famous tennis stars Boris Becker Tennis queen Steffi Graf , cycling star Jan Ulrich The Emperor of nine balls Ralph Suquet , gymnastics veteran Oksana Chusovitina , table tennis star Tim Ball Let's wait.

The first foreign MVP in NBA history, The Dallas Mavericks The star of Dirk Nowitzki From Germany Wurzburg .

German football has always been among the best in the world, the Bundesliga, Five major leagues in European football The Bundesliga has the second highest average attendance of any professional sports league in the world, with about 27 million people joining sports clubs in Germany and a total of 91,000 sports clubs in the country. Football is the most popular sport in Germany. In the 2010-2011 season, the Bundesliga set a new national television record of 197. The German national football team is one of the best teams in the history of the World Cup, the first place in the overall field, the second in the total points, the second in the number of championships, 18 times, 13 times in the final four, won four championships, four times runner-up, four times third and one time fourth. Germany women's national football team Having also won the World Cup twice, Germany is the only country in the world to have won both the men's and women's World Cups. In the 2006 World Cup in Germany, Germany won the third place, in the 2010 World Cup in South Africa, Germany won the third place again, becoming the first team in history to win the third place Thomas Muller He won the Golden Shoe Award and the Best New Artist Award. In 2014 Brazil World Cup, Germany won the championship, Thomas Muller won the Silver Ball + Silver Boot award, Neuer won the Gold Glove award. Germany participated 11 times European Football Championship Sanya won the triple Crown and was the team with the best record.

Germany ranks third in the all-time Olympic medal tally (including the former East and West Germany), with a total of 163 gold, 163 silver and 203 bronze MEDALS at the Summer Games, totaling 529 MEDALS. The Winter Olympics won a total of 70 gold, 72 silver, 48 bronze MEDALS, a total of 190. Germany has participated in five Olympic Games since reunification, winning 67 gold, 56 silver and 81 bronze MEDALS.

Germany's results at previous Summer Olympics:

A given year	Gold medal	Silver medal	Bronze medal	rank
1992	33	21	28	3
1996	20	18	27	3
2000	14	17	26	5
2004	14	16	18	6
2008	16	10	15	5

It was held in February 2006 2006 Turin Winter Olympics Germany won a total of 11 gold, 12 silver and 6 bronze MEDALS, placing first in the medal table.

It was held in February 2010 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics Germany won a total of 10 gold, 13 silver and 7 bronze MEDALS, finishing second in the medal table.

media

The press and publishing industry is very developed, and there are many kinds of newspapers and periodicals. The total number of daily newspapers in Germany in 2022 is about 14.6 million, of which the largest daily newspaper is Bild, with about 1.21 million. Other major national newspapers have circulation as follows: Suddeutsche Zeitung, 320,000; Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 200,000 copies; Business Daily, 134,000; Le Monde, 70,800 copies. There are nearly 10,000 magazines of all kinds, and the most important current affairs and politics weekly "Der Spiegel" has a circulation of about 723,000 in 2022.

News Agency: Deutsche Presse-Agentur, founded in 1949, is a private limited liability company and one of the largest news agencies in the world. With its headquarters in Hamburg and its editorial headquarters in Frankfurt, Photo News has 57 newsrooms in the country, correspondents or contributors in 87 countries and regions, and is the main source of information for the German mass media. Its customers include more than 500 domestic and 750 foreign news organizations and a large number of non-news organizations. Dpa publishes articles in German, English, French, Spanish, Arabic and other languages, covering domestic and foreign politics, economy, science and technology, culture and other fields, and the adoption rate of German daily newspapers is 100%.

Main radio station: Deutschland Radio, founded in 1994, broadcasts from Berlin and Cologne, funded by the federal government and the state radio station, mainly responsible for domestic broadcasting. Deutsche Welle, founded in 1960 with headquarters in Cologne and funded by the federal government, broadcasts to the world in 31 languages, including Chinese, and broadcasts TV news programs in German, Chinese, English and other languages.

Main television station: ARD, founded in 1950, is jointly operated by the Association of German Broadcasters of the cantonal stations, Deutschland Radio and Deutsche Welle. Deutschland Television 2 (ZDF) is the largest television station in Germany, founded in 1961 by the states and headquartered in Mainz. Other satellite TV programs and private TV stations such as SAT1, RTL and PRO7 also have large audiences.

(Source: Website of the German Federal Statistical Office, website of the German Federal Ministry for Economic and Climate Protection, website Statista, etc.)

diet

Because Germany is located in the center of the European continent, the food culture is closely related to the distribution of products in the hinterland. On the whole, Germany is more interested in meat and beer (generally speaking, German beer can be divided into white beer, light beer, dark beer, Kosh beer, export beer, non-alcoholic beer and other six categories). among German Especially love to eat pork, most of the famous German dishes are pork products, such as sausage. Compared with the refined diet of central and southern Europe, the traditional diet of Germany is generally more rough, but still has its own characteristics; Traditional dishes such as roast pork knuckle and roast pork knee are often served Mashed potatoes Sweet and sour cabbage.

meat	fish	vegetable	Bread	beer
Germans generally advocate "big meat, big drink", especially pork food. Germany consumes 65 kg of pork per person per year, the highest in the world. Germany is best known for its sausages, of which there are at least 1,500 varieties, all made from pork.	Fish dishes are mainly concentrated in northern Germany. This is because Germany has a coastline only in the north. The northern coast is the Baltic Sea, rich Herring . Germans usually use herring to roll up vegetables to make fish rolls. Inland areas are full of fish Freshwater fish From rivers such as the Rhine.	Germans eat more common vegetables, including carrots, potatoes, Onion , lettuce, cabbage , Green bean And so on, it's usually stewed or used in soups.	German bread has a history of more than 800 years, and there are many kinds of bread, it is said that more than 400 kinds. Almost every town in the territory has its own bakery. The brezel and the farmer's bun are one of the most representative examples of German bread. The former is baked with kosher salt and flour; The latter is used rye Made with wheat.	Germany is the world's second largest beer producer, with 1,300 breweries producing more than 5,000 varieties of beer. According to official statistics, the average German consumes 138 liters of beer a year.

diplomacy

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EDITOR

Foreign policy

Germany, a member of the European Union and NATO, has traditionally made the EU and its transatlantic relationship with the United States a central pillar of its foreign policy. The new government emphasizes upholding multilateralism and the rules-based international order. We advocate EU unity and coordination between Germany and France, support European integration, and promote the EU as a whole to meet global challenges. The United States and Canada, Germany's closest Allies outside Europe, should closely coordinate their defense and economic policies, and strengthen cooperation on climate change and global governance. Stressing the importance of NATO to Germany's security, we are committed to fulfilling the mission North Atlantic Treaty Organization A commitment to increase defence spending; It has traditionally attached importance to relations with Russia, Ukraine crisis After the outbreak, Russia strongly condemned the violation International law Participated in multiple rounds of sanctions against Russia; Attaching importance to the development of Asia, Africa, Latin America and other regions; Continue to seek a permanent seat on the UN Security Council; Seeking to play an important role in combating climate change, Afghanistan The Iranian nuclear issue and other international affairs. Germany assumed the presidency of the Group of Seven (G7) on January 1, 2022. ^[1]

Relations with China

习近平（左）与默克尔（右）

On October 11, 1972, the Federal Republic of Germany established diplomatic relations with China (the GDR established diplomatic relations with China on October 27, 1949). Germany, like its other EU partners, is committed to the One-China policy. China is Germany's most important economic partner in Asia, and Germany is China's most important trading partner in Europe. Both economically and politically, China regards Germany as the "gateway to Europe." Active trade and investment flows, deep cooperation in environmental, cultural and scientific policies, and frequent high-level visits are notable features of bilateral relations. The first academic organization with Sinology as its main research object Jingxing Society It was born in Germany. ^[42-43]

^[14]

For many years, Germany has been China's largest trading partner in the EU. According to a report released by the German Federal Agency for Foreign Trade and Investment, China will remain Germany's largest global trading partner for seven consecutive years in 2022. In 2002, China surpassed Japan to become Germany's largest trading partner in Asia. In 2022, bilateral trade reached 227.63 billion U.S. dollars, down 3.1 percent year on year, of which China's export reached 116.23 billion U.S. dollars, up 1 percent year on year. Imports were 111.4 billion U.S. dollars, down 7.1 percent year-on-year. From January to November 2023, the bilateral trade volume was 189.55 billion US dollars, down 9.2% year on year, of which China's exports were 91.96 billion US dollars, down 13.9% year on year; Imports were US $97.59 billion, down 4.1% year-on-year. Germany is Europe's largest direct investor in China. By November 2023, China had approved a total of 12,634 investment projects by German companies in China, with an actual use value of $42.4 billion. The main areas of German investment in China are automobiles, chemicals, power generation equipment, transportation, steel and communications.

So far, the two countries have established 104 pairs of friendship relations between provinces, states and cities.

The main areas of German investment in China are automobiles, chemicals, power generation equipment, transportation, steel, communications, etc. Most of them are production projects with high technology content and timely funding. ^[34]

In July 2002, China and Germany signed the Memorandum of Understanding on the Implementation of Chinese Tourist Groups to Germany, and in February 2003, the first group of Chinese tourists to Germany was set up. In 2019, Chinese mainland residents made 1,533,300 outbound visits to Germany, down 2.4 percent year on year, and German citizens made 622,000 visits to China, down 3.4 percent year on year. From 2021 to 2022, the Berlin International Travel Fair will be held online, and Beijing, Shanghai, Shaanxi, Shandong and other places will participate in the online travel exhibition. According to the data of the German National Tourism Board, from January to April 2023, the number of nights spent by Chinese tourists in Germany increased by 291.8% compared with 2022 (including entering third countries or entering with business visas). From August 10, 2023, Chinese travel agencies and online travel companies will resume group Tours for Chinese citizens to Germany. Starting from December 1, 2023, China will implement a 15-day visa-free unilateral entry policy for German passport holders for business, tourism, visiting relatives and friends and transit in China, with a trial period of one year. From January to September 2023, 231,600 people from the Chinese mainland visited Germany for the first time, and 150,600 people from Germany visited China. ^[38]

Relations with France

The special relationship between Germany and France is at the heart of Germany's EU policy. After World War II, Germany made peace with France. The leaders of Germany and France now have a mechanism of meeting once every six to eight weeks and holding joint cabinet meetings twice a year to play the role of the engine of European integration and jointly plan the future development of the EU. European debt crisis After the outbreak, Germany led the EU's response to the crisis, and its influence increased. The axis of Germany and France faces a new adjustment. However, the leaders of the two countries attach great importance to their relations, and both chose each other as their first countries to visit after being elected. Macron After the election, German leaders all welcomed the election, saying that Germany will strengthen German-French cooperation and inject positive energy and new momentum into the EU. In March 2017, the Foreign Ministers of Germany and France issued a joint statement on the White Paper on the Future of Europe issued by the European Commission, calling on EU member states to maintain unity and jointly safeguard the achievements of integration. Since 2018, Merkel and Macron have exchanged visits and communicated and coordinated on EU reform plans. On June 19, Germany and France held a joint meeting of ministers to reach a compromise plan on EU reform, but differences remain on the substance of the issue. Since 2018, Germany and France have maintained close communication and coordination on the EU reform plan. In January 2019, Merkel and Macron signed the new Aachen Treaty on Cooperation and Integration between Germany and France in Aachen, Germany, sending a signal to strengthen cooperation between Germany and France and promote European integration. In April, French Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian and German Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Maas jointly proposed the establishment of a "coalition of multilateralism" during the UN Security Council meeting in New York, the United States. ^[1]

On April 26, 2024, French Defense Minister Le Corny and visiting German Defense Minister Pistorius signed an agreement in Paris on the same day, and the two countries will jointly develop a "ground main battle system" with high-tech artificial intelligence and other technologies, that is, "future tank". ^[45]

Relations with Britain

Germany values the strength and influence of the UK inside and outside the EU and regards the UK as an important partner. There are frequent high-level visits between the two countries, and Chancellor Merkel chose the UK for her first overseas visit in 2015. consider Brexit This is a major blow to the European integration process. In the face of the formal start of the UK's Brexit process, it is stressed that the Brexit negotiations should first discuss how to disassociate the UK from the EU, and then discuss the future relationship between the two sides; Germany is ready for Brexit, will minimize the negative impact on EU citizens in the UK, and hopes to continue to maintain a close partnership with post-Brexit Britain in areas such as dealing with international issues and regional conflicts. The UK cannot "pick and choose" when it comes to negotiations, removing obligations while retaining privileges. But at the same time, Germany also said it would still welcome Britain's continued membership in the EU. In January 2019, after the British House of Commons voted down the Brexit deal pushed by Prime Minister Theresa May, Merkel said it was necessary to ensure an orderly exit from the EU, while preparing for a "no deal" Brexit. In April, May held talks with Merkel in Berlin about Britain's delay in leaving the European Union. After the talks, Chancellor Merkel said the Brexit deadline could be extended until the end of 2019 or the beginning of 2020. In August, Britain's new prime minister Johnson During the first visit to Germany, both sides intend to send a signal of continued dialogue and support an orderly Brexit, but differences still exist. ^[1]

Relations with the United States

The United States is one of Germany's most important Allies, and the relationship with the United States is one of the two pillars of Germany's foreign relations. Germany believes that Europe and the United States share common values and many common interests, and are the most interconnected and dependent economic partners in the world. We stand for strengthening mutual trust and political coordination between Germany and the United States. The German-US wiretapping scandal revealed in 2013 had a negative impact on the political mutual trust between the two countries. Since Trump took office, differences between the two sides on trade, currency, European policy, climate change and global governance have widened, but Germany has responded cautiously to US criticism, stressing that the transatlantic partnership remains the cornerstone of German foreign policy and is willing to work closely with the United States on the basis of respect for shared values such as democracy, freedom and human rights. After the formation of the new German government in 2018, it actively sought to consolidate the trans-Atlantic partnership. ^[1]

Relations with Russia

It regards Russia as a major political and military power, values Russia's role in resolving global and regional conflicts, combating international terrorism, and European political and security affairs, and believes that German-Russian and EU-Russian relations are of strategic significance from the perspective of geopolitics. Since taking office, the Merkel government has adhered to various cooperation mechanisms such as governmental consultation and people-to-people dialogue, committed itself to continuing to develop and deepen the strategic partnership with Russia, and promoted bilateral cooperation in the fields of economy, trade and energy. At the same time, the Merkel government has highlighted its concern about democracy and human rights in Russia. In 2008, there were frequent high-level visits between the two sides. In August, Chancellor Merkel met with the Russian President in Sochi, focusing on the crisis in the South Caucasus. In October, the German Chancellor went to St. Petersburg, Russia, to participate in the annual German-Russian St. Petersburg Dialogue.

Relations with Asian countries

Germany believes that Asia, with its rapid rise on the world political and economic stage and rising global influence, is a core region for the future of Germany and Europe, and actively seeks to strengthen relations with Asian countries through bilateral and multilateral channels to seek economic benefits. Believing that the rise of China and India will not only have an important impact on the region, but also on the future pattern of the world, the government has established a consultation mechanism with China and India. He stressed the importance of relations with Japan, believing that Japan is a reliable and important partner of Germany in Asia. It values the role of China, India and Japan in resolving regional conflicts, supports regional cooperation in Asia, and is committed to cooperation with China Asean (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) To cooperate with and promote the ASEM process. The "New Asia Policy" was proposed, and the Asia-Pacific department was set up in the German Foreign Ministry, with a separate China department. Merkel has visited China 12 times since becoming chancellor, including six visits to Japan and three visits to India. ^[1]

Relations with African and Latin American countries

Germany attaches great importance to developing relations with Africa and has increased input and development assistance to Africa. Germany regards Latin America as a partner in global governance and believes that the Dera Partnership for the 21st century should be comprehensively upgraded. In May 2008, Chancellor Merkel attended the Euler Summit in Peru and visited Brazil, Peru, Colombia and Mexico for the first time.

Relations with Morocco

In May 2021, Morocco recalled its ambassador to Germany after accusing Germany of a series of hostile actions against Morocco that had strained relations between the two countries. ^[22]

On February 16, 2022, Moroccan Foreign Minister Burida and German Foreign Minister Berberk issued a joint communique, deciding to inject "new breath" into bilateral relations. The two sides held a video conference on the same day and agreed to restart bilateral relations in all areas with a strategy of "amity, mutual respect and efficiency." It was also announced that Morocco's ambassador to Germany would return to Berlin. ^[22]

Relations with Nicaragua

According to CCTV news, on April 10, 2024, local time, Nicaragua closed its embassy in Berlin, the German capital, and consular business in Germany will be managed by the Nicaraguan Embassy in Austria. ^[44]

travel

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EDITOR

summarize

Germanism (11 photos)

Germany has a well-developed tourism industry. A large number of domestic and foreign tourists visit Germany every year. Germany has 38 world cultural and natural heritage sites, after Italy, China and Spain, and tied with France for fourth place in the world, of which 36 are cultural heritage sites and only 2 are natural heritage sites. Famous attractions are Cologne Cathedral , Berlin Reichstag , Rothenburg, Deutsches Museum Munich, Heidelberg Old Town, Neuschwanstein Castle, Black Forest, King's Lake, The Dresden Gallery Let's wait.

According to the Deutsche Zentrale fur Tourismus (DZT), the number of foreign visitors to Germany has exceeded 46 million for the first time since 2012 and continues to grow, with the majority of visitors coming from other European countries, the United States and Asia. Germany travel, not limited to the city tour, the town has a different view.

Berlin, Munich, Frankfurt, Cologne Dresden, Stuttgart, Hamburg, Dusseldorf and Nuremberg are the ten most popular German cities for foreign visitors, while the most popular federal states are Bavaria, North Rhine-Westphalia and Baden-Wurttemberg.

Famous scenic spot

Scenic spot
Scenic spot	introduce	picture
The Brandenburg Gate	The Brandenburg Gate is located in the center of Berlin, on the east side Parisian Place (German: Pariser Platz) and Unter Linden Street At the end (German: Unter den Linden), to the west is the square of March 18 (German: Platz des 18.marz) and June 17th Street The starting point of Straße des 17.Juni (German: Straße des 17.juni) is the symbol of Berlin and the national symbol of Germany, which has witnessed many important historical events in Berlin, Germany, Europe and the world. In 1788, King Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia unified the German Empire. At that time, the famous German architect Karl Godehal Hans was commissioned to undertake the design and construction work. He designed the triumphal-arch gate based on the colonnaded gate of Athens, and completed it in 1791. It was named the "Gate of Peace" and the goddess on the tank was called the "Goddess of Peace".	The Brandenburg Gate
Sans souci	The capital of Brandenburg in the eastern part of the Federal Republic of Germany Potsdam The northern suburbs of the city. The name comes from the French meaning of "no worries" (or "no worries"). The Palace of Sanssouci and its surrounding gardens belonged to the King of Prussia Frederick II (1745-1757) period. The whole garden covers an area of 290 hectares and is located on a sand dune, so it is called "the palace on the sand dune".
Cologne Cathedral	It is the world's Gothic church, located on the banks of the Rhine River in the center of Cologne, Germany. The hall is 42 meters high, the top column is 109 meters high, and the center is two twin minarets connected with the door wall, the two 157.38 meters of minarets are like two sharp swords, straight into the sky.
Berlin Wall site	The Berlin Wall is 3.5 meters high and consists of concrete slabs with concrete pipes. It was erected in 1961 as a testimony to the division of the German nation and the Cold War, and was demolished in 1989 as a symbol of friendship when the nation was about to be reunited, promoting the reunification of East and West Germany.
Neuschwanstein Castle	The full name of the Neuschwanstein Stone Castle, is a white-walled blue-roofed mythical castle, located in the small town of Fussen, Texas, in the Alps, is one of the palaces of King Ludwig II of Bavaria, and is also the most photographed building in Germany. It is also one of the most popular tourist attractions.

Social event

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EDITOR

On October 7, 2019, the German Federal Agency for Consumer Protection and Food Safety announced a recall of more than 1,000 meat products. The reason is that it may be contaminated with listeria bacteria. ^[15]

October 28, 2020, Chancellor of Germany Merkel Following a meeting with state governors, it was announced that a number of measures, including the closure of most public facilities, restaurants and entertainment venues and restrictions on individual travel, will be implemented throughout Germany from November 2 to the end of November 2020. While primary and secondary schools and kindergartens will remain open, the rest of the measures are as strong as those imposed during the first wave of COVID-19 at the beginning of the year, which German media described as a "de facto lockdown." ^[16]

Apologetic Germany

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EDITOR

Brandt 'falls to his knees'

On December 7, 1970, when Federal Republic of Germany premier Brandt Lay a wreath at the memorial to the Jewish victims in Warsaw. The moment he dropped to his knees after finishing the wreath shocked the world. This kneeling is considered to be a representative gesture of Germany's thorough reflection on the guilt of the war, and promoted the post-war reconciliation between Germany and Poland and other countries. ^[17]

Recognize the genocide of the Herero and Nama peoples

On May 28, 2021, the German government officially acknowledged that its colonial forces fought against Germany in the early 20th century Namibia the The Herero people and Nama committed genocide The crime of... Germany will set up a total of 1.1 billion Euro Funds for local use Social welfare Projects to improve the livelihood of indigenous communities in affected areas. German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas will travel in early June Namibia Sign the statement. President of Germany Steinmeier Going to be Namibia congress An official apology for Germany's crimes. ^[18]

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