Fridtjof Nansen

Nansen was born in Norway on October 10, 1861 Oslo From a wealthy family in nearby Frohn (formerly known as Christiania), the father was a famous lawyer. At the age of 15, he moved to Oslo with his parents. In 1880 Nansen entered the University of Christiania (now University of Oslo ) study zoology . He arrived by boat in 1882 Greenland Waters to do research. The sea survey stimulated his research The Arctic Ocean A strong interest. After returning to Norway, he became Bergen A curator in charge of zoological collection at a museum. In 1888 he received his doctorate from the University of Christiania.

In 1887, Nansen proposed a sleigh crossing Greenland ice sheet The inspection plan. But the Norwegian government refused to fund it. Then he received financial support from a Dane and began to carry out his plan. In May 1888, Nansen left Norway with five companions. The team had considerable difficulty retreating after landing because of the ice condition. On 16 August they began their arduous march from east to west. In early October, Nansen arrived on the west coast of Greenland Gottthaub . But they had to spend the winter there because the last ship had set sail. And that winter was given to Nathan to study The Eskimos An opportunity. He eventually wrote a book called Eskimo Life, which was published in 1891.

The success of the Greenland expedition greatly reduced Nansen's difficulties in raising funds for his next expedition, to float across the Arctic Ocean using pack ice. Nansen built a ship with funds that were largely private donations. He named the ship Fram, It means "forward" ^[3] ). The ship's most distinctive feature is the circular shape of its shell. This makes it easy for the boat to squeeze into the ice mass and arch over it. On June 24, 1893, Nansen and 12 companions set sail from Oslo for the Arctic Ocean. On 22 September, Frem arrived Chelyuskin Horn Ice area 78°50 'N, 133°31' E to the northeast. While floating, Nansen calculated that the path would not allow the ship to cross the North Pole. So in the spring of 1895 Nansen and a companion left the ship and rode a sleigh to the North Pole. The ice conditions made the journey insurmountable. So they returned on April 8, 1126.5 kilometers from there The Franz Josef Land Islands . They have been recorded as far north as 86°14 '. He returned in May 1896, ^[3] He returned to Norway on 13 August, completing an Arctic expedition that lasted more than three years. Eight days after Nansen returned to Norway, Frem returned to Norway. Nansen collected a wealth of valuable information on the currents, ice floes, hydrology, temperature, and sea life of the Arctic Ocean, and published a book called Crossing the Arctic Ocean in 1897.

After returning to Norway, Nansen became a professor of zoology at the University of Christiania. But his interest turned Physical oceanography . Later, in 1908, he became professor of oceanography. From 1896 to 1917, Nansen devoted himself to scientific research. He is involved in International Council for the Exploration of the Sea The creation of the work and participated in the "Michael Sass" to Norwegian sea The survey (1900) was passed by the Friedchoff North Atlantic The survey of the Midlands (1910), the survey of the "Wislemoy" to the Spitsbergen Sea area (1912) and the "Almaur Hansen" to the sea area The Azores B. Survey of the District of Holland and Hansen (1914). Nathan has even passed The Barents Sea and Kara Sea reach The Yenisei River Later classics Siberia Back. The results of these investigations and studies were eventually published in many literatures. Many of these publications included illustrations by Nansen himself. In addition, Nansen has contributed to the design of oceanographic instruments, the interpretation of wind-driven ocean currents, and the way water layers form in northern waters.

Nansen's political activities began in 1905, when he supported Norway's independence Norwegian-swedish Union Middle independence. In 1906 he was appointed Norway's first Minister to the United Kingdom, a post he held until 1908. He was resident from 1917 to 1918 Washington The head of the Norwegian delegation held relevant consultations, advocating an easing of the wartime blockade in order to allow food shipments. Nathan was actively involved League of nations He served as Norway's representative to the League of Nations from 1920. ^[3]

In 1920 Nansen was appointed as a senior commissioner Soviet Russia Negotiate the repatriation of prisoners of war. Since 1921, he has served as the High Commissioner for Refugees of the League of Nations, dealing with refugee issues everywhere, and launched a campaign for stateless refugees. Nansen passport ". During his tenure, Nansen was involved in the relief of famine victims in Soviet Russia Greco-turkish War post-coordination Greece with Türkiye Between population exchange, as well as aid Armenia Refugees rebuild their homes. ^[3]

Nansen was a pioneer in international refugee affairs and was praised for his contributions to solving the problem of refugee resettlement or rescuing refugees, for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1922.

Frijof Nansen died of a heart attack in Oslo on May 13, 1930, at the age of 68. ^[1-2]

In addition to Crossing the Arctic Ocean, Nansen's major books include: Oceanography of the Arctic Sea, Characteristics of sea depth Measurements in the Arctic Ocean, In the Mists of the North, A Journey to Spitsbergen, and a Journey Through the Future Lands of Siberia.