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The Bouyei nationality, living in Yunnan Province
One of the larger in southwest China
Minority nationality
The national language is Buyi language, Zhuang Dong language branch of Sino-Tibetan Zhuang Dai language family, and Zhuang language has a close kinship, common Chinese.
Buyi people evolved from ancient officials, mainly agriculture, Buyi ancestors began to plant rice very early, enjoy the "rice nation".
The Buyi people are mainly distributed in Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan and other provinces, among which Guizhou province has the largest population, accounting for 97% of the country's Buyi population. It is mainly concentrated in the two Bouyei and Miao autonomous prefectures of Qiannan and Qianxi, as well as Anshun City, Guiyang City and Liupanshui City, and the rest of the cities, prefectures and localities are scattered, and a small part of them live in Vietnam.
According to the
China Statistical Yearbook -2021
The population of Buyei in China is 3,576,752 people.
[1-3]
[6]
- Chinese name
- The Bouyei nationality, living in Yunnan Province
- alias
- A united nation, a thrifty nation
- Population number
- 3,576,700 [6] (Year 2021)
- Population distribution
- Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, Shandong, etc
- species
- Bouyei language
- Wenzi
- Old Buyi, Latin new Buyi
- Have faith in
- Motorcycle religion , Catholicism Worship of many gods
- Famous song
- "Good Bonus", "osmanthus blossom happiness"
- Famous scenic spot
- Huangguoshu waterfall , Libo World Natural Heritage Site
- National cuisine
- Five-color sticky rice, pouch pouch crispy rice, zongzi
- Patriarch of humanity
- Buyi Bauslegdoz
- Historical event
- Buyi "Nanlong Uprising" in Jiaqing Dynasty
- Quyi, a national treasure
- Eight tone sitting singing, Buyi play, Buyi plate song
catalogue
Bui altar
The Buyi people call themselves "Puyue" or "Puyi", and use Chinese characters to write "Buyi", "Buyi", "Buyue Yi", "Bujiang" and so on. In the Bui language, "bu" means "clan" or "people."
In the old local Chronicles, the Buyi people are remembered as "Yi nationality", "Yi family" and "Yi people". In addition to self-proclaimed, Buyei people in different regions also call each other "Burong", "Buna", "Butu", "Budu", "Buyang", "Burongha" and so on.
In 1953, according to the will of the nation and approved by The State Council, it was uniformly named "Buyi".
[3]
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Some scholars believe that the "Yelang" country in the Western Han Dynasty has a certain origin relationship with the Buyi people. The evidence is as follows: Although Yelang has a wide jurisdiction, its central area should be in the present Guiyang City, Anshun City, southwest Guizhou or Qiannan Autonomous Prefecture where the Buyi people live. Secondly, "night" and "Yue", "Lang" and "Luo" sound close, and "Lang night" (that is, "Yelang") and "Luo Yue" are also the same meaning, meaning "the Yue people country with Lang family as the leader". "Lang" and "Luo" are the transliteration of the ancient Yue people to the king, official, leader or head of the "Lang" clan. It was first seen in "Huayang Guozhi · South Zhongzhi" and "Later Han Dynasty · Southwest Yi Biography", according to legend, "Yelang" comes from "bamboo" (that is, bamboo shoots), and grew up in Southwest Yi, is King Yelang. The descendants of the clan, with "Lang" as the leader or official. Today, Buyi and Zhuang languages still call bamboo shoots "ranz", which is translated into Chinese characters as "Lang". Ming and Qing Dynasty called "land official" as "Lang", "Han official" called "Hanlang", and insult called into "Wolf". Later, the Han nationality was gradually used to refer to its nationality or its place.
From the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, the Buyi and Zhuang were called "lithic Liao", "savage liao" or "Yi Liao". After five generations, the Buyi people were called "Zhongjia", and the Zhuang people were called "Zhuang" in the Song Dynasty. "Zhong" and "zhuang" are homonyms. Later, due to the long-term separation, they gradually formed the Buyi and Zhuang two ethnic groups.
Archaeologists unearthed dozens of Neolithic grinding stone tools in Anshun, Guiyang and Qiannan, Guizhou Province. Some of the stone tools, such as shoulder adzes and shoulder axes, are similar in shape to similar objects in the southeast coast and South China. It is possible that these are the culture left over by the ancient Yue people and closely related to the ancestors of the Buyi people.
In the Buyi area of Qin and Han dynasties, there had been hereditary Kings or hou. The place where the princes lived had formed a "town gathering" and had a strong armed force. This shows that the productive forces of society had developed considerably at that time. According to archaeological evidence, the Han Dynasty cultural relics unearthed in the Buyi area are mainly bronze and iron artifacts. For example, Han Dynasty bronze plows, hoes, axes, and forks were found in Qianxinan Prefecture, Han Dynasty bronze swords and forks were unearthed in Qingzhen Tomb No. 18, and Han Dynasty iron hoes, forks, and shovels were unearthed in other areas, indicating that the agricultural production in the Buyi region was quite developed at that time, but it was still in the stage of copper and iron use compared with the Central Plains. This situation is the same as "Huayang Guozhi" said, "She mountains are fields, there is no sericulture, and quite still learn books... They have few livestock, and though they have servants, the counties are poor."
Dwring the Western Han Dynasty, Yelang was originally the area under the jurisdiction of Zang牁. Since then, the contact between the Buyi area and the Central Plains has gradually increased. In the Tang Dynasty, the Central Plains Dynasty set up a number of Jimi counties in the Buyi area, taking the local minority leaders as their rulers and inheriting their lands. In the Five Dynasties, the "Eight Fan" toast was added. The Song Dynasty continued to implement the "control policy", awarding the local chiefs the titles of Shi Shi, Si Jie, Si Ge, general, etc., which were assigned to Sichuan Road, Hunan Road and Guangnan West Road respectively. In the Yuan Dynasty, Luodian Comfort Department (Anshun City), Shunyuan Road Military and civilian Comfort Department (Guiyang area), Duyun military and civilian Office (part of Qiannan County), Yuyanbu Wan Household (Qianxinan County and Liupanshui City Pan County) and Sacheng Prefecture military and civilian Office (part of Qiannan County). The system of chieftain in Ming Dynasty became more and more complete, and it was not until the large-scale implementation of "return to the land" in the Yongzheng period of Qing Dynasty that the jimi system and chieftain system, which ruled the Buyi area for more than one thousand years, came to an end gradually.
At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, the social production in Buyi area developed further. During this period, the weight and length of hoes in farm implements were generally increased, and the hoes were improved from pasting steel to clamping steel; Rice threshing has changed from the former use of sticks to the use of tart buckets, and labor efficiency has been greatly improved. Water rollers were also used in Luodian, Anlong and Pingtang. Due to the improvement of production tools and production technology, the level of productivity continues to increase, and the "grain farm people" and "private farm people" gradually polarize, some of them become increasingly poor and become tenant farmers, while the other part become increasingly rich and form rich farmers and landlords. The "return to the land" movement of the Qing Dynasty provided strong policy support for the economic development of the Buyei area, objectively accelerated the economic development of the Buyei area and the collapse of the Lord economy and the chieftain system. However, with the development of the landlord economy and the high concentration of land, the landlord class's exploitation of peasants has become more and more serious, and the class contradictions have become increasingly acute, which has aroused countless resistance struggles of the Buyi people. Among them, the largest uprising occurred in the second year of Qing Jiaqing, led by Buyi farmers Wei Chaoyuan (number seven Tuizhu), Wang Achong (number Wang Angxian) and Han Sang Hongsheng. Wang Achong was an outstanding peasant woman leader of Buyi nationality in the middle of Qing Dynasty. She was born in a poor peasant family in Dongshuzhai, Anlong County, Guizhou Province. In the first year of Jiaqing Dynasty (1796), she was not yet twenty years old when she led the "Nanlong" peasant uprising with Wei Chaoyuan. In the third year of Jiaqing (1798), in September, Wang Achong and other uprising leaders were unfortunately captured and heroically killed in Beijing. After that, the local people put the statues of Wang Achong and Wei Chaoyuan in Anlong County and Dangzhang Village, and their heroic deeds are still celebrated by the Buyi people.
Inspired and influenced by the peasant revolution of Taiping Tianguo, from the 1850s, the peasant uprising of all ethnic groups in Guizhou broke out in the Buyei area, which lasted for 18 years. In 1854, Buyi peasant leader Yang Yuanbao led the peasant uprising in Dushan Prefecture. 1855 Anshun Lang Dai Ma A Shuang uprising; In 1861, the naturalized farmers responded to the peasant uprising of the Taiping Army's Zeng Guangyi Department. These peasant uprisings dealt a severe blow to and weakened the reactionary ruling forces that were in collusion with the imperialist and Qing rulers at that time. In the uprising, the Buyi people and the local Miao, Han and other brotherly ethnic people united and fought, and formed a profound class friendship.
In the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1905), Buyi farmers Luo Faxian and Luo Guangyuan swore an oath, put forward the slogan of "overhauling and destroying the ocean", and led the local farmers to hold an armed uprising. In the 32nd year of Guangxu (1906), the people of all ethnic groups in Duyun set off a struggle against the cultural aggression of French imperialism. People of all ethnic groups in Guiding, Dushan, Libo and other places responded one after another, and as many as 20,000 people participated in the struggle. They destroyed churches and punished the bureaucrats and landlords who betrayed the country and defected to the enemy, fully demonstrating their lofty patriotism and strong and unyielding revolutionary will.
In 1932, Wang Haiping (Buyi nationality of Wangmo County), commander of the West Road column of the National Revolutionary Army, agreed to the request of the Guizhou and Guangxi Border Committee of the Communist Party of China and received a Red Army company to be stationed in Faka (now Wangmo County), creating conditions for the Border Committee to carry out work in the southwest of Guizhou. In 1935, the Chinese Workers' and peasants' Red Army marched north to resist Japanese aggression and passed through Qiannan. Along the way, they were warmly welcomed by the people of Buyei and brotherly ethnic groups, and many Buyei people led the way for the Red Army, delivered food and information. When the Red Army came to Dandan Mountain in Zhenning County, the Red Army propagated the Party's national united front policy to the local Buyei people, and many Buyei young people fought to join the Red Army and accompanied the army to the north to resist Japan. In 1936, the first column of the Red Eighth Army cooperated with Wang Haiping to eliminate the invading Guangxi Inspector Army in Banchen, Wangmo County, and later confiscated the guns of the remnants of Guizhou warlord Yang Yuliang. In 1937, the CPC Guizi Party Organization organized the "anti-Japanese Salvation Association" in Qiannan, so as to unite all anti-Japanese forces and crack down on lawless magnates and bullies.
In 1943, thousands of Buyi, Miao and other people in Zhenfeng County launched an uprising against the harsh regime, and the uprising crowd put forward slogans such as "the government forces the people to rebel, and they have to rebel", "fight the rich and help the poor", and "kill Yang Dog (Yang Baiju, the puppet county governor)". They captured Zhenfeng County, killed the bullies, drove out the fake county magistrate, and released the jailed people. The people of all ethnic groups in Anlong, Xingren, Zhenning and other places responded one after another, causing the reactionaries to panic. In 1944, when the Japanese imperialist aggressors invaded Qiannan, the heroic Buyei people organized themselves and launched a fierce resistance struggle in Dushan, Libo, Sandu and other places, giving the aggressors a heavy blow.
In 1945, Buyei youth Lu Renjun led the Anshun Buyei and Miao people to launch the "anti-three levications" (conscription, grain collection, taxation) uprising, and suppressed the puppet township and Baochang of the great anger of the people. In 1948, under the leadership of the Party, the Buyei youth in Anlong County organized an armed force of more than 700 people to widely carry out the "anti-three wars" struggle. In the same year, the PLA Yunnan, Guangxi and Guizhou Border Area column was established, and the Compass guerrilla area was established in Qiannan, and the Guanling guerrilla group led by Wang Youzhi, a young Buyi, was reorganized into the seventh guerrilla group of Panbei of the Yunnan, Guizhou and Guizhou Border Area Column. In June 1949, Wang Bingjun, a young man of the Buyi nationality, was appointed by the Party organization of the Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi border areas to lead the Buyi people to launch the Longguang uprising, which severely attacked the local armed forces of the Kuomintang, and cooperated with the Chinese People's Liberation Army to liberate Guizhou province
[3]
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The central court of Tang Dynasty was set up in the Buyi area
Jimo
County, with the local minority leader as the ruler, hereditary succession. In the fifth generation,"
Eight phantoms
"Toast. The Song Dynasty continued to promote"
Control policy
", Yuan Dynasty
Department of Propaganda
,
Pacification department
Military and civilian government, etc.
In the period of Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasty, the social form of Buyi area basically stayed in the feudal Lord economic stage. The chieftains and magistrates owned all the land in their territories and exploited the natives (peasants and serfs) brutally, but they did not own the natives completely and could not kill them at will. The Lord divided the natives and territory into sentry, Jia, pavilion, and tun, and handed them over to sentry, Jia, pavilion, and Jia Head respectively for hereditary inheritance, and then assigned each native to a piece of land, which was cultivated and fed by themselves, and could not be sold, so that the natives were tightly bound to this territory, making them dependent on the Lord and obeying the land officials for generations.
There are two kinds of direct and indirect rule of the land and the people. The territories and indigenous people (including domestic slaves) under direct rule included: (1) Infields and indigenous people who cultivated Infields. Yintian is also called Feng Lutian, that is, the chieftain distributes the best paddy fields in his territory to nearby farmers for cultivation, farmers bring their own livestock and tools, free land for the chieftain to cultivate, and all the income from the chieftain belongs to the chieftain. (2) servitude fields and the natives who work the servitude fields. In order to meet the needs of his family life, he allocated a part of the land to farmers to cultivate and feed themselves, and the farmers had to do free labor for the toast. These fields were called the cook field, the water field, the needle field, the horse material field, the firewood field, and the small vegetable field. The farmer does the same kind of labor as he plants the same kind of field. (3) Field of service, field of service, field of soldiers, and field of service, field of service, and soldiers. This is a kind of land with the nature of emoluments, which the chieftain assigns to his assistant, the chieftain, and so on. Since the chieftain cultivates himself and feeds himself, there is no land for the chieftain. The ownership of this kind of land still belongs to the chieftain, and once the chieftain is gone, the chieftain will recover the land. (4) Domestic slaves, mostly women, are slaves of the chieftaincy family and have no personal freedom. Most of them are bought or married by the chiefcy.
Indirectly ruled territories and indigenous peoples included: (1) "grain farm" (also called grain fields, public fields) and "grain farm people". "Grain field" refers to the fields under the jurisdiction of the chieftain, which are cultivated by farmers "dividing the land and renting it to the Lord (chieftain)". After the return, the land rights belonged to the dynasty, and the grain was changed to the court, which was called "grain field" or "public field". The people who cultivate the "grain field" are called "grain village people" or "grain village" for short, and in addition to paying rent, they also bear the unpaid labor of the Indian field. (2) "private village" and "private village people". The so-called "private village" refers to the fields formed by farmers who come from other places to take refuge in a certain chieftain in the areas designated by the chieftain. The farmers who cultivate this land are called "private farmers". They do not pay taxes, but on New Year's festivals or when they meet the land officials have red and white wedding events, they should "give gifts" to the land officials, and pay a certain amount of "fireworks money" to the land officials every year. The slave fields of the chieftain are also cultivated by "private farmers". "Grain farm people" and "private farm people" are the higher status of the local people, and they have formed free farmers over the years.
In the Buyei area, some rich land officials, a few subordinate people who owned more land, as well as Han landlords and usury formed a new landlord class, and physical land rent gradually replaced labor land rent. In the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), the Qing Dynasty adopted a large-scale policy of "return to the land", objectively established and developed the feudal landlord economy in the Buyi area, accelerated the collapse of the Lord economy, and the chieftain system also disappeared.
In 1950, the Chinese People's Liberation Army sent a work team to the Buyi area to visit the poor and suffering. In 1951, the peasant Association was established, with the posts of chairman, vice chairman and committee member, exercising the duties of the grass-roots political power. In 1952, the land reform was completed. New people's governments at the county, district, township and village levels have been established in Buyi areas. On August 8, 1956, Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture was established, marking the realization of the Buyei people's right to national autonomy. Later, seven more Bui autonomous counties were established: Zhenning Bouyei and Miao Autonomous County was established on September 11, 1963; Wangmo Bouyei and Miao Autonomous County, Shiheng Bouyei Autonomous County, Zhenfeng Bouyei and Miao Autonomous County, Anlong Bouyei and Ziyun Miao Autonomous County were established in February 1966; and Guanling Bouyei and Miao Autonomous County was established in December 1981. In May 1982, Xingyi Prefecture and its four subordinate autonomous counties of Wangmo, Shiheng, Anlong and Zhenfeng were abolished, and Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture was established.
[4]
Buyi traditional social organization, there are "clan system", "discussion and penang system", "village old system" and so on. They originated from the ancient clan management system, are the inheritance and development of ancient democracy, and also have the characteristics of class society.
The clan system of Buyi nationality is composed of one or several villages of the same clan, everywhere. Their blood organizations are closely linked, and intermarriage is forbidden. Every clan has a chief. The patriarch is naturally produced in the adults of the clan, and is generally held by those with high seniority and prestige. Or although the seniority is not high, but belong to the economic family, have the ability and prestige in the society can also serve. The duty of the patriarch is to declare the family rules and conduct moral character education for the clandpeople, including acting fairly, respecting the old and caring for the young, helping each other, self-reliance, being kind to others, convincing people with reason, zealousness for public welfare, loving the village and family, etc. For those who violate the rules of the clan, the patriarch may criticize, educate and even punish them. Externally, the patriarch represents the interests of the clan, maintains the dignity of the clan, and embodies the style of the clan.
The forms of clan deliberation are embodied in the "plenary meeting of family heads", "representative meeting of family heads", "special meeting of parties and critics", "consultation meeting of relevant parties" and so on. Democratic consultation, after the resolution of the patriarch implementation.
The ancestral hall is a place for clan worship and gathering, usually there is a special guard, and the chief regularly presides over the sacrifice in the temple, announces the rules of the clan, and the family gathers for a feast. Expenses from the family "sacrifice field" income.
Clan gathering has "Spring Festival to send bronze drum meeting" and "Qingming Festival to sweep the ancestral grave gathering". Each Buyi clan has one or more bronze drums, which are the ancestral treasures of the clan. Drumming for the Spring Festival, and sacrificial bronze drums; On the evening of the 15th day of the first month, the drums were collected and another sacrifice was made. Then, the collective sent the bronze drum to the patriarch's home for preservation, and the whole family set up a wine banquet to show the unity and will of the clan. "Tomb-sweeping ancestral graves gathering", presided over by the patriarch held a meeting of parents to determine the scale of the sweeping, the division of labor and the amount of expenses. Each family pays a number of, then gather in front of the ancestral grave, kill pigs and prepare wine to worship ancestors, and hold a family banquet. This move has the function of remembering ancestral thinking today and uniting upward.
Discussion of nut system, in Pingtang, Huishui county and other Buyi language called "discussion of nut"; "Ang" originated from the blood organization of the early Buyi society, and was also the appellation of the clan to the tribal chief. "Yi" means "concentration" and "gathering". With the development of society, "Yi Lang" has gradually become a rural commune organization based on geographical relations.
"Discussion of the penang system" organizations, small including one or several adjacent villages; The larger ones include dozens of villages. It's open to all, regardless of last name or clan. There were hammers, shamans, and chiefs in charge of the military and presiding over the judiciary. The most powerful organ of the organization is the Uipenang Congress. Mainly discuss the major issues in penang; Formulating rules and regulations; Election of various deacon chiefs. The main contents of the statute are: to protect private property from infringement; To maintain the order of production and life; Safeguarding public morality, discipline and ethics; Decide on concrete measures to safeguard collective security and resist foreign aggression, etc. Rules and regulations reflect the will and aspirations of the masses in the organization, and have strong binding force, everyone must abide by, and violators will be prosecuted. In the period of social unrest, regulations and conventions often play a greater role.
Every village in the Buyi area has a village elder association, which is called "Buban" in Buyi language. The natural leader of a village is elected by the masses. The number of village elders ranges from two or three to five or six, depending on the size of the village and the number of candidates. The prestige and power of the village elders are naturally formed. They are the people who have the ability to deal with affairs in the village, and they are always willing to consult them and listen to their opinions when there is anything in the village. When important events require concerted action, people are willing to follow their command and recognize their position. Village elders do not need to be formally elected, and there is no hereditary problem. He does not have any privileges and interests, and his duties are to resolve all kinds of conflicts and disputes inside and outside the village, negotiate with the villagers to formulate "village rules and people's covenants" to protect the mountains and forests and crops, make decisions to stop or carry out armed fights, and preside over the red and white wedding events in the village, ceremonies to worship the village god and various gatherings. This original form of social organization still existed in some Buyi villages until the 1980s.
Holding a ritual temple meeting is also one of the functions of the village elders. During the period of the Republic of China, Buyi people all over the popular custom of offering sacrifices to the village god. Generally, the village God is worshipped several times a year, the time is the third day of the first month, the third day of March, the sixth day of June, and the fifteenth day of July. Each time cows, pigs, roosters and other sacrifices were sacrificed, the village elder presided over the ceremony, and the priest chanted sutras to pray for a good harvest. People in the village dine together, which has a great effect on strengthening the stockade rules and enhancing cohesion. After 1950, the village temple will gradually disappear, but the village old system still remains
[3]
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In the Qin and Han dynasties, the agricultural production in Buyi District had developed, but lagged behind that in the Central Plains. With the expansion of the feudal forces in Qin and Han Dynasties, the development of the social productive forces of Buyi was promoted objectively, and the feudal relations of production were gradually established. Around the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the social productivity of the Buyi people had a new development, the weight and length of the hoe in the farm tools were generally increased, and the hoe edge was also improved from the pasted steel to the clip steel.
With the improvement of production tools and production techniques, the further development of production led to the emergence of landlord economy. After the Opium War in 1840, imperialist forces began to invade Qiannan, which contributed to the gradual disintegration of the feudal natural economy in the Buyi area, and gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
People's Republic of China
After its founding, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the people's Government, the Buyi people carried out a series of social reforms, eradicating feudal land ownership and abolishing the root causes of national oppression and feudal exploitation.
The Party and the government have made great efforts to help the Buyei people develop medical and health services in terms of human, material and financial resources, and have initially formed a medical and health care network in the Buyei areas, effectively protecting the people's health
[4]
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China
Distribution map of Buyi nationality
China's Bouyei people are mainly distributed in Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan and other places, among which Guizhou is the largest, and most of them live in concentrated communities
The south of Guizhou Province
,
The southwest of Guizhou
Two Buyi and Miao autonomous prefectures
Anshun City
And Guiyang City, in
Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture
,
Tongren area
,
Zunyi City
,
Bijie area
,
Liupanshui City
And Luoping in Yunnan, Sichuan
Ningnan County
,
Huidong, Puge
Other places are also distributed.
[4]
Vietnam
A small minority of the Buyei live in Vietnam, having emigrated from China more than 200 years ago.
The Buyi people believe in their ancestors and various deities. Mountains, water, Wells, caves and ancient trees with strange growth are all considered to be the incarnation of gods. Each village has a land temple. There are certain religious rituals to worship the god bamboo. Buyi people also worship thor, door god, kitchen God, dragon King and so on. These reflect the original religious belief of the Buyi people as a farming people.
"Mo religion" is a relatively mature form of Buyi religious belief, which is in the transition type from primitive religion to artificial religion. Its religious professionals are divided into "Bhuma" and "Moya". Booma is made through study, a process of learning a series of scriptures and rituals under the guidance of the master, and can inherit the mantle of the master and make his debut. Bumo respected "newspaper Lutuo" as the founder of the mountain. In the holding of various ancestor worship activities, the first ceremony is to invite "Bao Lu Tuo" to come to show the authority of the whole sacrificial activities.
Bui god drum
In addition to performing certain religious rituals, the sacrificial activities should be supplemented by the recitation of the classics. The numerous Mosutra of classics can be roughly divided into the multi-volume "Funeral Sutra" and "Guxie Sutra" used in the activities of funeral and burial, and there are also various miscellaneous sutra used for the purposes of praying for good fortune, exorcizing evil spirits, and offering disasters. Mojing includes the national political, economic and cultural life of the ancient Buyi society, as well as people's social communication and moral etiquette. Moya is formed on certain occasions through the possession of ghosts and then through the enlightenment of Bhuma (an altar), and the witchcraft activity of Moya is called "hitting mina".
After the Ming and Qing dynasties, Buddhism, Taoism and Catholicism were introduced into the Buyi area one after another, and there were a small number of believers among the people. From the content of Mosutra and the props used by Bumo in various ceremonies, we can see the infiltration of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism into Buyi culture. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Catholic Church preached in the Buyei area, with a bishop's office and a consultation meeting, under which there were a general priest and a church. However, because of the misdeeds of missionaries and the different beliefs of Catholicism and Buyei people, Catholicism was opposed by the Buyei people
[3]
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Buyi folk houses have buildings, half buildings and bungalows.
Buyi stone Village
In the room layout, the back wall of the hall is set up a shrine to worship ancestors, and the left and right sides are separated into the kitchen, dormitory and guest room. There is a fire hall in the room for heating the family.
In central Guizhou, due to the real estate stone, from the foundation to the wall are built with stone, the roof is also covered with SLATE, called SLATE house; Together with the stone walled wall and the stone castle on the top of the hill, the formation of a typical stone building group. For example, there are more than 230 households in the stone village of Dandan Mountain, all the houses are arranged along the contour line and are built of stone.
The layout of the village is set off by the field dam in front of the village, the small river, and the SLATE flat bridge and stone arch bridge leading to every place
[3]
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Buyi people take rice as the staple food, and eat corn, wheat, red barley, buckwheat and so on.
Buyi nationality characteristic diet
Non-staple foods include a variety of vegetables, beans and meat. Vegetable processing products are famous "Dushan hydrochloric acid", "sour pepper" and so on. Meat processing includes cured meat and sausages; Like to eat dog meat, different processing methods, unique flavor, the more famous are "Huajiang dog meat", "Duyun braised dog meat", "Shiheng dog meat dinner" and so on. Bean products mainly include tempeh, tofu, blood tofu and so on.
Chili, sauerkraut and sour soup are indispensable in daily life.
All Buyi families can make glutinous rice wine and rice and corn soju. Some places also make glutinous rice cellar wine, tobacco kernel rice wine, sucrose wine, etc., quite distinctive. Some rice wine with wild quinoa mixed with brewing, rich in nutrition, to entertain guests. The brewing technology of quinoa wine has a history of hundreds of years
[3]
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Buyi clothing is mostly blue, blue, white and other colors.
Before the 1970s, men wore a turban, a full-length jacket or a full-length gown and trousers. The old man has many long shirts.
After the 1970s, men's clothing was no different from Han clothing. There are many styles of women's clothing, Zhenning, Guanling, Puding, Liupanshui area still preserve the older Bouyei clothing: the front skirt, neckline, shoulder, sleeve and foot edge, are all made of brocade and batik colored geometric patterns; She wears a pleated long dress, sewn with blue batik cloth on a white background, and wears various silver jewelry. In Qianxinan Prefecture and Luodian county of Qiannan Prefecture, the women's clothing of the Buyi nationality is generally a large opening dress with long trousers; The shoulders, cuffs and apertures of the clothes are inlaid with LAN gan; Pant legs with large ruffles, or blue pant legs with blue cloth and langan. The length of the clothes and the size of the bottoms vary from region to region. Homemade brocade and batik are the main features of Buyi clothing.
Buyi women pay attention to headwear, before marriage, the head of braids, wearing embroidered headscarves; After marriage, it is necessary to change to bamboo shell as a "skeleton" special decoration, called "more exam", meaning into the family. In Zhenning and Guanling areas, girls like to close high buns, shaped like arch Bridges, with about a foot long silver hairpin in their hair, with short dresses and embroidered cloth shoes, walking elegant. In other areas, short jackets and trousers are often worn, or batik or embroidered lace is placed on the front, neckline and bottom of the trousers. Qiansouthwest Anlong, Xingren area of women like to use white cloth as a headscarf, wearing colorful embroidered waist, simple, elegant and generous. Silver, jade bracelets, hairpins, rings, collars and other ornaments are loved by Bui women, and their styles are unique
[3]
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Buyi families practice patrilineal patriarchy. Parents have the power to control the family economy and direct members. Male elders are respected, and honest people have more prestige. Disputes in the family, their own mediation, without the need to appeal to the government. Women had a lower status than men, and widows could inherit property, but not if they remarried. Some places have the marriage system of "brother dying brother and brother" (commonly known as "filling house").
The family structure is generally small, but there are also three or four generations of extended family. In general, families with larger populations live apart when their sons grow up and get married. In some areas, when the family is divided, the property of the family must first stay the "old field" of the parents and the "girl field" of the unmarried girl, and the rest of the fields and real estate are divided equally according to the son. In the case of a deceased family, the property is inherited by their relatives. After the separation of the family, the parents mostly live with the full son (the younger son). Some areas do not leave "old Tian", several sons take turns to support their parents, and share the responsibility of burial
[3]
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Myths, stories, fairy tales, fables, proverbs, poems and other oral literature widely spread among the people tell the ancient history of the nation, praise the diligence and bravery of the people, expose the darkness and brutality of the old society, and look forward to the happiness and brightness of the new society. Its theme is wide, artistic conception is beautiful, content is healthy, language is vivid, rich in imagination. Myths and legends such as "Flood Tide Day", "Twelve SUNS", "Saihu Ximei Making People", "Buding Shooting the Sun", "Manye Searching for Millet", "Legend of HuangGuoshu Waterfall" and so on are all popular works.
Buyi folk songs are rich in national characteristics, including narrative songs, ancient songs, production labor songs, custom songs, love songs, bitter songs, crying songs, children's songs, new folk songs and so on. They are sung either in Boui or in Chinese, with different sentence patterns and structures. There are three sentence patterns of five words, seven words and miscellaneous words, and three chapters of single paragraph, double paragraph and long paragraph. A single song is also known as "scattered flower tune", that is, a single paragraph into its own; Double song is also called "double tone", that is, one is divided into two paragraphs; A long song is composed of several paragraphs, or a long, undivided song. There are "major" and "minor" tunes. "Major" is used for weddings and funerals and other grand occasions, the tone is high and generous, attractive; "Minor" is sung on moonlight nights or when "Langshao Langmao" is in love, the tone is soft, graceful and lively. Singing methods include solo singing, duet singing, chorus singing and so on. In case of building houses, welcoming married women, the death of the elderly, ushering in and sending other occasions, we should sing songs of the corresponding content. Sometimes they sang for days around the clock, often in the nature of competing against each other. Can sing around the flowers, birds, etc., can stimulate their creative inspiration, make up and sing beautiful implicit lyrics.
After 1950, the people's government trained its own team of writers for the Buyei people, and these writers created a lot of Buyei written literature. Such as novels "Dawn of the Great Ancient Mountain", "The Mystery of the General Stabbed", etc., short stories "Mountain Eagle flying over the valley", "Children's things", "Dream", "Flowers on the Cliff", etc., essay collection "Green Dream", "Waterfall Village Customs Record", "Sun Girl", etc., poetry collection "Panjiang Singing", "Leaf Photo Album", "Mountains and Rivers Love", "Far Mountain", "Ancient Well", etc. Scripts "Luo Xixing", "Jin Zhu Qing", "Black Mountain Man", etc., TV series "six Ma Brother and sister", "Buyi female" and so on. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, three books of Buyi Literature were officially published
[3]
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Bouyei language
It belongs to the Chinese-Tibetan language family
Zhuang Dong language group
, and
Zhuang language
Have close family ties.
The northern dialect of Zhuang language is basically the same as the Buyi language of Wangmo, Shiheng, Dushan, Pingtang, Anlong, Xingyi and other cities and counties in Guizhou. Because of the long-term cultural contact and communication between the Buyi people and the Han people, there are many Chinese loanwords in the Buyi vocabulary system.
Buyi Yueqin
Buyi people did not have their own characters in the past, and generally used Chinese. In Buyi Mo Sutra, Chinese characters were used to record the sound or use side radicals to create some new characters according to the Chinese character "Liushu". In 1956, the Central People's Government organized experts to create a Buyi phonetic script based on the Latin alphabet. The programme has been revised twice and is now focused on the Buyei region
[3]
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Buyi girl blowing wood leaves
Before 1950, almost every village had a bronze drum, which must be struck for fun during grand festivals. When funerals and sacrifices were held, only Mo Gong could strike the bronze drum according to the ritual procedure
[3]
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The dances of the Buyi nationality are mainly "Weaving dance", "Chabao Dance", "Lion Dance", "Dragon Dance", "Transition dance", "Cymbal dance", "Flower skirt dance", "Copper Drum Dance", and "Copper drum brush dance", etc. The dance movements are beautiful and moving. They integrate the production, life and customs of the Bui people, and express them vividly in the form of art
[3]
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Buyi opera is popular in Guiyang, Changshun and Ceheng County in southwest Guizhou, and most performances are organized during the Spring Festival. There is a special troupe, actor masks for The Three Kingdoms characters and Buyi Mo division. In Dushan, Pingtang, Sandu and other counties, there is a popular lantern opera based on the development of the color art of Guangxi.
Buyi drama began around the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty. The convenor, playmaker and actor of each troupe were all farmers. Its repertoire, the form of singing, have a strong local flavor. Most of the plays are based on the national stories and legends, such as "June 6", "Wang Sanda Bird", "Four Contacts", "Golden Cat Bao Bao", "Ma Bian Moon" and so on. There are also Han dramas, such as Jade Tang Spring, Willow Yin Ji, Bao Gong Case and so on. The music of Buyi opera is derived from the folk songs and folk songs. The language is full of meaning, good at using "comparison" and "xing" techniques, which appear witty, vivid and vivid; Martial arts in the play, directly influenced by martial arts and puppetry, simple and flexible, unique; Actors' makeup, which used to be based on the exaggerated expression of the face shell, has attracted the attention of the theater circle.
In 1956, Buyi's drama "Four Contact Relatives" and "Jade Tang Spring" participated in the first industrial and agricultural amateur Art exhibition in Guizhou Province and won praise; In 1984, Buyi's "Luo Xixing" and "Jin Zhuqing" participated in the Minority opera research report performance in Guizhou Province, and "Luo Xixing" was also selected to participate in the national minority opera outstanding drama video performance and won the "Peacock Award".
[3]
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Buyi arts and crafts mainly include batik, embroidery, tapestry, bamboo weaving, weaving and ceramics and carving.
Batik is a treasure in the treasure house of Chinese culture and art. There are four traditional processes of indigo dyeing, batik dyeing, maple dyeing and tie-dyeing, among which batik is the most famous. Production method: First, use copper wax knife to dip wax liquid on the white cloth to draw vortexes, wavy patterns, diamond shapes, symmetrical geometric patterns, etc., and then use indigo solution with herbal printing and dyeing, after wax removal. The natural ice crack of the finished product has various forms and is beautiful. Before 1980, there were many printing and dyeing workshops in the Buyi area. In 1953, in order to carry forward the fine craftsmanship tradition of the ethnic minorities, the local government established a batik factory in Anshun City. On the basis of traditional patterns, waxing and cleaning, many innovations were made to further develop the traditional batik process and become one of the precious crafts that sell well at home and abroad.
Brocade, also known as "Na Jin", Boui language called "reading GUI". There are "lamb brocade", "fish brocade", "people brocade", "butterfly brocade" and other patterns, the pattern is diamond, square, triangle or back shape words interspersed combination, all kinds of silk lines set off, the pattern is exquisite and compact, magnificent and beautiful. Brocade is similar to silk embroidery, but it is woven on an ancient cloth machine, and the brocade flower back to the weaver, weaving if you want to check the color, you need to use a mirror from below. In this way, the women skillfully operated from memory, inheriting the technical skills of their ancestors. In 1984, Bouyei brocade was rated as an excellent product in the national Tourism product evaluation; In 1985, in the fifth National Arts and Crafts Exhibition, he won the "excellent creation first prize" and won the "Hope Cup".
Known as "tufeh", Buyi native flower cloth, excellent quality, variety, can be made into clothing, bed sheets, quilt, tablecloth and other supplies. Today, the countryside still maintains the tradition of self-spinning and self-weaving. In 1985, Chongqing Museum in a village in Liuma District, Zhenning County, collected 35 kinds of colorful soil flower cloth. Libo County to the local flower cloth as a development project, the annual production of more than 200 varieties, the output value of more than 2.5 million yuan, more than 200,000 US dollars in foreign exchange.
In addition, Libo's cold mat, Dushan's bamboo hat, Pingtang tooth boat pottery and so on are very famous. Women's embroidery, paper-cutting techniques, silver and copper jewelry processing and Huishui maple printing and dyeing wax paintings are also very delicate. In particular, Pingtang Yazhou pottery is exquisite and has a long history. The ceramics designed and produced by the artists of this ethnic group have also been presented to foreign dignitaries such as the Prime Minister of New Zealand as gifts from the Guizhou Provincial government
[3]
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Buyi people have many traditional festivals, in addition to the Lunar New Year, the Dragon Boat Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival and other similar to the Han, "March 3", "April 8", "June 6" and other festivals have the inherent characteristics of the nation.
Five-colored sticky rice
The second day of the lunar month
It is mainly to worship the "land God", bless the peace of the whole village, kill chickens and worship ancestors, and eat two colors (white and black) sticky rice. The Buyi people in Yunnan Province, this festival will last three days, and the sacrificial activities centered on the "old people's room". On March 3, it is mainly to worship mountain gods or sweep the village to drive out ghosts and wish a good harvest. In villages near Guiyang, "March three pairs of songs" is held, also known as "Fairy Song Festival" or "Earth Silkworm meeting" (according to legend, this day pests will not dare to harm crops after hearing the song). April 8, is to commemorate the festival of farming cattle. Buyi people all over the festival called "cow King's Day" or "shepherd's Day", "opening rice festival" and so on. On this day, every family eats "cow king rice" and glutinous rice, and feeds the cows, lets the cows rest for a day, and baths the cows with water soaked in maple leaves. This day is also a day for young men and women of Buyi nationality in Huishui area to gather on the slope to eat glutinous rice, sing songs and have fun.
Buyi traditional festival
Eat new food
, also known as the New Taste Festival. Because the rice ripens in different places, the dates of the festival are not the same. Generally, when the rice will be ripe, the man in the family will pick a small amount of grain in the field and put it in the retort with the glutinous rice and steam it after respecting the ancestors. Wangmo, Shiheng and other places, take the new glutinous rice, first boiled and dried, ramming to remove the husk, and then steamed with open water into glutinous rice, Buyi language called "root jin hao mo".
After the Han festival spread to the Buyi area, some changes occurred. Such as Qingming Festival, Buyi people in addition to the new old graves, but also for all deceased ancestors hanging paper (commonly known as hanging green). But Wangmo County Sanglang area, Qingming does not sweep the tomb, March 3 to the grave. Hongshui River area QingMing eat three color glutinous rice. The Duanwu Festival is divided into the big Duanwu Festival (the fifth day of the fifth lunar month) and the small Duanwu Festival (the fifth lunar month). On this day, in addition to eating zongzi, Buyi also eat five-color glutinous rice. In July and half, the Buyi people will kill chickens, pigs or cows to sacrifice to their ancestors, burn paper money or gold and silver ingots for the dead, and send daily necessities such as cold clothes. It takes three days along the Red River. Fourteen days to do "joint rice" for ancestors. On the night of the 15th day, put the boat on the river and let it drift with the water. The 15th and 16th young people and children gathered under the big banyan tree, or to swing, or to play top, or to go swimming. Huishui Duan Shan area, focus on the ancient bridge fort duet, dance with a bar and copper drum, while suona competition. The Mid-Autumn Festival, Buyi some places have children "steal melons" custom. The children wrapped the "stolen" old melons in red cloth and set off firecrackers all the way to the home of the childless young couple, who cooked the pumpkin and glutinous rice. The owner of the "stolen" pumpkin cannot beat and scold the "thief." People believe that if you cook glutinous rice with "stolen" melons, you can have children.
[3]
Historically, the marriage customs of the Buyi people vary from place to place. There are arranged marriages and there are fully autonomous marriages. According to historical records, Buyi nationality's marriage was independent before the Ming Dynasty. After the Ming Dynasty, due to the frequent exchanges and cultural exchanges of various ethnic groups, especially the influence of Han culture represented by Confucian culture, the marriage customs of Buyi people gradually changed, and the marriage contract changed from independent choice to absolute arrangement by parents. Arranged marriages have led to early marriages (commonly known as "carrying-in"), in which the parties are contracted by their parents at an early age and then married in their teens. After the wedding, he returned to live in his mother's home, that is, "not falling home". Others practice "cousinmarriage," in which the son of an uncle marries the daughter of an aunt, or vice versa.
The conclusion of marriage is divided into three stages: "open kiss", "betrothal" and "marriage". First, the man's family invited the matchmaker to visit the woman's home several times. When the matchmaker comes to the woman's home for the first time, do not mention the matter of asking for relatives, just put the gift on the woman's home shrine, indicating that the gift is sent by a family, chat for a while. If the woman does not return the gift after a few days, the matchmaker can visit the house for a second time. After obtaining approval, the man will prepare some gifts and invite the old, young and relatives in the family to go to the woman's house with the matchmaker to eat the wedding wine. The second time, the man's family brought wine, rooster, pork and betrothal gifts to the woman's home. This ritual is called "Gengke (eating sheep)" or "elder Ni (eating small wine)", "Geng Gan (gan is the meaning of affirmation)" and so on. Although the name is different, its content is "receive eight characters" and negotiate the betrothal gift. Thereafter, the man's family can determine the date of marriage and ask the matchmaker to inform the woman's family so that the dowry can be prepared. During the wedding, the bride and groom are not allowed to stay together for three days, and on the second day of the wedding, the bride has to pay a visit to her aunt and her husband's relatives. On the morning of the third day of the wedding, the bride carries water or goes to the kitchen to have a look, which is similar to the meaning of "cooking" of the Han nationality. After this ceremony, the bride set out to return to her mother's home, called the "return door". Buyi village wedding, young people from near and far can come to listen to songs and songs, some places sing seven or eight days and nights.
While arranged marriages are practiced, young Bui men and women interact more freely with each other. Young men and women can take advantage of festivals, visiting relatives and friends or driving to gather together "Langshao Langmao" (" Langshao "refers to the girlfriend," Langmao "refers to the boyfriend). If the man is in a girl, ask the sister or sister in the family to act as a "silver sparrow", pass on the information, if the woman is willing, he will throw his carefully embroidered hydrangea in advance to the other side, both men and women out of the crowd, not far away from the song. After many meetings, the relationship is established, and you can vow for life.
This social activity is not limited to unmarried men and women, and married people can also participate. But for unmarried people, it's love; For those who are married, it may be to show off their singing talent, or to rebel against their parents' arranged marriage. In addition to singing love songs, "Lang Shao Lang MAO" also sings bitter songs, complaint songs and escape marriage tunes. In the past, young people often could not find a partner because they could not sing. Now, "Langsaolangmao" is no longer the only way for young Bouyei men and women to communicate
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Before the Qing Dynasty, the Buyi people were cremated and did not build tombs.
After the middle of the Qing Dynasty, tombs and steles were gradually built. When the old man died, the bereaved family to uncle family and relatives and friends, and asked the "Bumo" (priest) of the nation to choose an auspicious day to hold a funeral.
The complexity of the funeral ceremony depends on the financial situation of the family. Rich families, to hold the "ancient night king" ceremony, cut cattle to do fasting, banquet, mourning period even as long as seven days, nine days. During the casket, all bereaved families are vegetarian. There are earth pit tomb, sarcophagus tomb, stone chamber tomb, cave burial, stop coffin to be buried (second burial), urn burial and so on
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On the first day of the New Year, do not open the box, do not sweep the floor, do not comb the hair, do not dry the clothes. The first to the third day do not move the ground, the fifteenth day of the first month do not move the knife, the dish can only be broken by hand. It is forbidden to bury graves in front of and behind villages. When sweeping the village, outsiders are forbidden to enter the village, and when exorcizing ghosts, outsiders are forbidden to enter the house. A married girl is forbidden to give birth in her mother's house. When a woman is giving birth, she hangs a red cloth and a cap at the door to refuse entry to the house, and no man is allowed to enter the house where the woman is giving birth. Whistling and singing love songs are forbidden in the house.
To the Buyi family guest, not touched
shrine
And the altar,
hearth
limbic
tripod
Treading is taboo. Buyi people are used to wine guests, guests more or less should drink a little. The mountain god tree and the large arhat tree in the Buyi village are forbidden to be touched or cut down by anyone. Boui people must give even gifts.
The child is weak and ill, the parents will give him to find a protector father, mother. There are two ways to find a godfather or godmother:
One is to wait at home, the first person to come to the door within 3 days, that is, the child's protector;
The second is to choose an auspicious day by the parents to lead the child, waiting for the first passing pedestrian on the road, that is, the protector.
Some of the Buyi branch people do not eat dog meat, one explanation is that dogs once saved their ancestors, another explanation is that humans did not have rice before, it is the dog from the God of the wheat field to bring rice back to the Buyi people, making the Buyi people become the first human to grow rice.
Rice nationality
". Some Bouyei branch people do not eat fish, because according to legend, the earliest mother of the Bouyei is the daughter of the dragon King - a divine fish
[5]
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King's sac fairy
The heroic daughter of the Buyi people - King Sac Fairy
The rebels successively captured Puping,
Zhenphong
,
Hung Nhan
Xingyi, straight attack
Purple cloud
, long and smooth,
Zhijin County
Etc. Buyi, Miao, Yi people all over the country
Rise up
, pointing to the provincial capital Guiyang.
Qing Court
Send a large army to suppress, so that the Buyi army gradually trapped, gradually retreat; Capture the base area of the Buyi Army and capture Wang Angxian alive; Wang Angxian was sent to Beijing in a prison wagon and executed on the seventh day of the 11th lunar month (December 24, 1797) at the age of 20.
Jiaqing period of Qing Dynasty
Namlong
Buyi uprising
It is one of the major historical events in the Jiaqing period, so the Buyi people left a strong mark in the history of the Qing Dynasty.
The Qing rulers in Guizhou promoted"
Return to the land
After the policy, it intensified
Rank
Exploitation and national oppression; Qing Dynasty officials, landlords,
Loan Shark
People have entered the Buyei living areas, and the local rural areas
Soil category
The chieftains who have occupied a large amount of land, not only forced farmers to plant by "infield", but also forced farmers to serve various kinds of labor for their weddings and funerals, banquets, housing, travel and all eating, drinking and playing. Feudal landlords, officials, and even soldiers used every opportunity to blackmail the people, and even wearing national clothing was accused of "violating the system" and punished.
Under the cruel exploitation, in the second year of Jiaqing of Qing Dynasty (1797), an anti-Qing uprising broke out with the Buyi as the main body, and the Miao and Han ethnic groups participated in the Nanlong Buyi uprising. The uprising lasted for eight months and shocked the Qing court. It was a peasant revolutionary struggle in Guizhou during the Qing Dynasty with a big shock and far-reaching influence, and it was also the largest and most far-reaching uprising in the history of Buyi.
Wei Chaoyuan
Wei Chaoyuan
(1768-1797) Nanlong of Guizhou in Qing Dynasty
Anron
Man, also known as Deming, number seven dreadlocks of beard. The Buyi people. A good fist can heal. Because of dissatisfaction with the soil officials, officials, landlords, usurers of the cruel oppression of the Buyi people, in
Qianjia Miao uprising
Under the influence, on
Jiaqing
In February of the second year (1797), he united with Wang Nangxian and other organizations of the national people to jointly launch an anti-Qing uprising. At the height of their power, the rebels occupied Northwest China to this day
Weining City
West of Guizhou, west of Yunnan border, half of Guizhou and Guangxi, Yunnan parts.
Wang Nai
Wang Nai
Yuan Dynasty Luodbian County (Luodian County, Guizhou) people. Bouyei peasant rebel army leader, bold character, dedicated to the poor fight for injustice.
Wang Haiping
Wang Haiping -- 1941) Guizhou Province
Wangmo county
The man. The powerful figures in southwest Guizhou during the Republic of China. Under the active efforts of the Communist Party of China, it once actively moved closer to the Party organization and made contributions to the construction of the revolutionary team under the extremely difficult conditions of the revolutionary situation. Wang Haiping, as a powerful Buyi local figure, actively pursues progress and yearns for brightness, which is worthy of praise and remembrance.
Mok Youzhi
Mok Youzhi
(1811-1871) the character of the school, alias purple spring, 郘 ting, later also known as 眲 old. Jiaqing 16 years was born in the Buyi history of the famous Dushan Mo family. Mo Youzhi has made high achievements in poetry, catalogue collation and exegesis of rhymes, and has deep attains in calligraphy
Xianfeng
He was a famous calligrapher and book collector.
Lu Ruiguang
Lu Ruiguang
Buyi, nicknamed "Lu Ma 'er", was born in Zhenning County, Guizhou Province in 1901. In the early 1920s, he began to organize peasant armed forces and became a peasant leader who robbed the rich and the poor and defended his hometown.
Cheng Lianzhen
Cheng Lianzhen (1921 ~ 1998), also known as Aunt Chen, baby name Cheng Yimei, Buyi nationality, Guizhou province
Changshun county
Guang Xiang shun dynasty place village people. When she was a girl, she was called a great beauty by the local people because she was tall and slender, with delicate white skin and beautiful face. In the winter of 1957, Cheng Lianzhen arranged to join the county as a worker. On July 4, 1960, he became a member of the county Political Consultative Conference. On October 21, 1998, Cheng Lianzhen died.
Cheng Lianzhen, is known as the "Yilin mountain country's first beauty" Buyi female bandit leader, when a handsome, galloping horse in Guizhou
High mountains
Among them, her double gun God shot, daring, scheming, after the new and old society of the human wind and rain... In the early days of liberation, in the Liberation Army's more than three years of bandit suppression struggle, the "female bandit leader" repeatedly escaped the net, and caused casualties of PLA soldiers, and a commander of a department to write down his resignation. Cheng Lianzhen was released, and later she actively cooperated with the People's Liberation Army in the fight against bandits, and repeatedly made war achievements, known as "female.
Meng Huo
".
In 2003, Wang Tingzhen published a novel "The Legendary Experience of a female bandit Leader" based on the story of "Female Meng Huo". The two books were written by Wang Siming, a witness who personally dealt with Cheng Lianzhen's problems at that time and former vice-chairman of the Guizhou Provincial People's Political Consultative Conference, and became the only two documentary novels that truly reflected Cheng Lianzhen's legendary experience.
Cheng Lianzhen is a legendary character, based on her legendary story into a 10-episode TV series"
gangsteress
It was first shown on television in 2008. The year 2009
Zhejiang Great Wall Film and Television Co., LTD
Adapted and filmed the 40-episode series Supreme Amnesty (aka
The Great Southwest Suppression of bandits
). by
Masu
Play a female gangster.
