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Sichuan Opera, commonly known as Sichuan Opera, is mainly popular in China
Southwest China
Sichuan, Chongqing, Yungui four provinces and cities
The Han nationality
The region is the convergence
A kind of traditional Chinese opera
,
Kunqu opera
,
Huqin
(i.e.
Yellowish yellow
), play (i.e
clapper
) and Sichuan folk
Lantern show
A tradition of five vocal arts
Genre of drama
.
[1]
Sichuan Opera is one of the Han Chinese operas, popular in
Sichuan
East-central,
Chongqing
and
Guizhou (Province)
And parts of Yunnan Province
[2]
.
The facial makeup of Sichuan opera is an important part of the performing art of Sichuan opera. It is an artistic treasure created and inherited by the artists of Sichuan Opera.
Sichuan opera Yu
Opera in Kunshan Province
, Gaoqiang,
Huqin
It consists of five kinds of sound, play and light tune.
[3]
Sichuan opera is divided into five trades, namely, Xiao Sheng, Xu Sheng, Dan, Hua face and clown, each of which has its own system of performance procedures, especially the "three small", that is, clown, Xiao Sheng and Xiao Dan's performance is the most distinctive, and there are many outstanding creations in dramatic expression techniques and performance techniques, which can fully reflect the aesthetic characteristics of Chinese opera.
[3]
On May 20, 2006, Sichuan Opera was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list approved by The State Council.
On June 29, 2022, the fifth Sichuan Opera Festival opened
[25]
.
- Chinese name
- Sichuan opera
- alias
- Sichuan opera
- Geographical indication
- Sichuan Province
- Approval time
- The year 2006
- Intangible cultural heritage level
- Intangible cultural heritage
- Estate category
- Traditional drama
- Heritage number
- Ⅳ - 12
- Reporting area
- Sichuan Province
- Endemic area
- Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou and Guizhou
- museum
- Wei Minglun Theatre [32] 31 -
The name of Sichuan opera began to appear in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China, when it was called Sichuan Opera, and later collectively referred to as Sichuan Opera. Although this is only more than 80 years, as early as the Ming Dynasty, there are opera troupe in the province. Historians and artists of Sichuan opera talk about the origin and evolution of Sichuan opera, and can trace back to the "Zaju opera" in the late Tang Dynasty, the "Sichuan Zaju Opera" in the Southern Song Dynasty, and even have different opinions that the Sichuan opera's Gaoqiang is earlier than the "Yiyang Opera" in Jiangxi, and the Qin opera sung by Wei Changsheng, the titling of Shu in the Qing Dynasty, is the "Qin Opera" in Sichuan. It is clear that the history of Sichuan Opera is still an academic issue that has not been completely concluded and needs to be further studied and discussed.
[4]
Origin of Tang Dynasty
In Sichuan Opera
The tang dynasty
It was once called "Sichuan Opera", and some data show that
Xianzong of Tang Dynasty
In the year of Yuan and First Year (806 AD), a political event took place in Sichuan.
At that time, Liu PI, who was the governor of Zhongfang Town in Shu, was a corrupt official. He collected exonerous taxes and miscellaneous taxes without any fear in Shu, making the people miserable. Therefore, the local elite (opera actors) put Liu's work into a drama, namely the historical famous Sichuan opera Liu Bijimai, and prepared to speak out for the people through this. However, although this opera has been skillfully rehearsed, it has not been able to get the opportunity to be staged.
It was not until Liu Yi rebelled against the Tang Dynasty that they thought the time had come and began to perform in public. Who knew that the court was stupid, and thought that the play involved attacking the court, not only sent troops to smash the theater, but also caught the actors and whipped them to fill the army.
The grievances of these actors made people angry and laid a deep foreshadowed for the subsequent anti-Tang uprising.
This incident also reflects the important influence of Sichuan Opera from the side. History also records that the influence of Sichuan opera in the Tang Dynasty was very large in China, and the country even appeared the situation of "Shu opera crown the world".
At that time, Sichuan also appeared the famous opera troupe composed of Qian Manchuan, Bai Jia, Ye Si, Zhang Mei and Zhang Ao, which was also the earliest opera troupe in the history of Chinese opera. The famous Sichuan opera repertoire such as Liu Bijimai, Mai Xiuliangqi and Guankou Shen began to be popular throughout the country at this time.
In the Five Dynasties period, there appeared in Chinese history a man who pushed Sichuan opera to the peak, and he was also an emperor who made people laugh and laugh -- later Tang Zhuang Emperor Li Cun 勗(xu).
Li Cun 勗 unified the north in 923 AD and established the later Tang regime, known as the Later Tang Zhuang Emperor. He loves Sichuan opera, and his acting skills are good, and there are a lot of improvements to Sichuan opera skills, becoming one of the two "grandfather" of Sichuan opera - the old Sichuan opera class has been the habit of worship "grandfather", actors before playing, must be hung in the backstage entrance of the "grandfather" portrait of worship, in order to pray for success. The "ancestral master" who is worshipped has two: one painting white face black three locks must wear a dragon robe; Another white painting does not need to wear a dragon robe - the former is the famous Tang Emperor Li Longji who is known as the "head of the pear garden"; The latter was Li Cunxu, the later emperor of Tang Zhuang.
Li Cun 勗's life was colorful because of drama, but his ending was regrettable. Not long after he became emperor 勗, Li Cun immersed himself in various operas such as Sichuan Opera. He even took the stage name Li Tianxia and often appeared alongside other actors.
It is also because of this relationship that the status of the actors in the later Tang Dynasty was unprecedentedly improved, and they could not only enter the court at any time, but finally intervened in the government, so that the whole Later Tang Dynasty became the stage for the actors, and the ministers became the audience - such consequences are self-evident: In March 926, the general Li Siyuan of the Later Tang Dynasty launched a rebellion. Li Cun勗 led a group of actors to resist with all their might. In the confusion, he was shot by an arrow at the door of his face.
Li Cun, who has no medical knowledge 勗, drank a bowl of human milk at this time - when people are exposed to milk after excessive blood loss, it will promote blood circulation and accelerate death. In the end, Li Cun 勗 died, leaving only a tragic story of "the subjugation of the country due to the drama" to spread to the world.
Development of Ming and Qing dynasties
Sichuan Opera is popular in Sichuan province and some areas of Yunnan and Guizhou. Originally from other provinces
Opera in Kunshan Province
,
A kind of traditional Chinese opera
,
Huqin opera
(
Yellowish yellow
), playing opera and Sichuan folk lantern opera five kinds of voice art, are performed in Sichuan, Qing Qianlong period (AD 1736 - AD 1795), because these five kinds of voice art often performed on the same stage, gradually formed a common style, the end of the Qing Dynasty collectively called "Sichuan opera", later renamed "Sichuan opera".
[6]
When Sichuan Opera originated, the language is unclear, there are many differences,
But there is a consensus formed in the Qing Dynasty
[5]
. Chongqing Sichuan Opera has been cultivated by the wide temperament of Chongqing, and has cast an inclusive mind.
At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, due to the immigrants from all over Sichuan and the establishment of guild halls in various places, a variety of North and South dialect operas have been spread throughout Sichuan successively, and in the long-term development and evolution of Sichuan dialect
Local dialect
, folk customs,
Folk music
, dance,
rap
Quyi, folk songs
minor
The integration gradually formed with Sichuan characteristics
Vocal art
Thus promoted the development of Sichuan Opera, a kind of local opera in Sichuan Province.
During the Yongzheng and Qianlong years of the Qing Dynasty, with the flourishing of the "Flower Department", the Gaoqiang, Kunqu, Huqin and Clapper singing classes, which came from outside the province and were popular in all parts of Sichuan, gradually took on the local characteristics of Sichuan in art in order to adapt to the appreciation habits of the masses, combined with Sichuan pronunciation and customs. At the beginning of this century, due to the development of industry and commerce, the popular opera troupe from all over Sichuan continued to pour into the city, in order to expand its influence, strengthen the cast, and win more audiences, and gradually moved to the business mode of performing on the same stage with various voices.
In this process, in order to improve the performance art and strengthen the competitive ability, the performers absorb and learn from each other in art. The talented artists pay more attention to the high Kunkun and Hu opera, and can sing and do both, which provides conditions for the formation of the artistic style of Sichuan opera. The first to use the name Sichuan Opera (Sichuan Opera) was the famous class club "Sanqing Club" formed by Kang Zhilin and others under the influence of the Revolution of 1911.
[4]
Sichuan Opera is loved by the world and spread across the oceans all over the world.
The Tale of the White Serpent
.
Jinshan Temple
"Is widely spread at home and abroad.
[7]
Modern development
On November 28, 2018, Chongqing University and
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
The Sichuan Opera project was selected into the list of the first batch of outstanding traditional Chinese culture inheritance bases in national colleges and universities
[8]
.
Sichuan Opera participated in the 2019 Chinese Opera Culture Week on Oct 2, 2019
[9]
.
On June 29, 2022, the opening performance of the fifth Sichuan Opera Festival, the Sichuan Opera Music concert, was brilliantly staged in Chongqing Sichuan Theatre
[25]
.
On March 26, 2023, the opening ceremony of the art talent training project funded by the National Art Fund "Sichuan Opera Talent Training" was held in Chengdu University of Technology, which is a rare concentration in the Sichuan opera industry in decades to train Sichuan opera talent.
[29]
Sichuan opera performance
Sichuan Opera is composed of Kunqu opera, Gaoqiang opera, Huqin opera, playing opera and Dengdiao opera. Among them, except for the modulation system originated from the local, the rest are imported from other places. These five kinds of sound and the five kinds of sound accompaniment of gongs and drums, suona qui, qin, flute music and other musical forms. Sichuan Opera music, eclectic, she includes the absorption of the national opera of the major voice system of nutrition, and Sichuan
Local language
,
Initial consonance
The integration of music has evolved into a place with diverse forms, rich musical styles, rigorous structure and different styles
Opera music
.
Sichuan Opera, in the Tang Dynasty, there is a saying that "Shu opera crown the world". Qing Dynasty
Qianlong
On the basis of the local car lantern opera, it absorbed and integrated the dialects of Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Anhui, Hubei, Shaanxi and Gansu, and formed five kinds of dialects including Gaoqiang, Huqin, Kunqiang, Dengxi and Pingxi
Sichuanese
Singing the Sichuan Opera. Among them, Sichuan Opera is the main singing form of Sichuan opera, which is rich in Gaoqiang and beautiful in singing. Sichuan Opera is composed of leading cavity, combining cavity, chorus, accompaniment and chorus, which is meaningful and fascinating. The language of Sichuan Opera is lively, humorous and full of bright
Local color
Strong life atmosphere and broad mass base. There are hundreds of plays commonly seen on the stage, singing, doing, reading, playing complete, humorous humor, instrumental music,"
Suddenly turn hostile
", "fire breathing","
A surname
Unique, coupled with freehand stylized actions implied endless wonderful taste.
[10]
Gao, Kun, Hu, tan and Deng have their own conditions in the process of integrating into a unified Sichuan opera. Kunqu Opera, originated from Jiangsu, flowed into Sichuan and evolved into the "Sichuan Kun" with local characteristics. Gaoqiang plays an important role in Sichuan Opera. Originating in Jiangxi
Yiyang opera
The late Ming and early Qing dynasties have flowed into Sichuan, Chu,
shu
Between called "Qing opera". On the basis of maintaining the tradition of "singing with one person and the crowd, there are also tight plates and adagio", a large number of people from Sichuan
Yangko (a popular folk dance)
It has enriched and developed the characteristics of the close combination of "help, play and sing" and formed the Sichuan Gaoqiang with local characteristics.
Huqin, also known as"
Silk string
Originated from Hui and Han, but also absorbed the Shaanxi "Hanzhong Erhuang" components, has been through the "singing Huqin" and stage performance and
Sichuan dialect
Combined with the gongs and drums of Sichuan Opera, there have been many changes in tone and music, forming the Huqin tune with Sichuan flavor.
Pinball opera
, that is
A kind of musical instrument used in ancient China
Also known as"
Cover board
","
Sichuan clapper Opera
Because of the use of cover Huqin as the main instrument and to the Clapper festival named, its source from Shaanxi
Traditional Chinese opera in the Qin dynasty
The same state Clapper Opera
. After the Qin opera flowed into Sichuan, with
Kawakita
The lantern opera and Gaoqiang have been co-existing for a long time, integrating with each other, and adopting Sichuan dialect, they gradually formed a unique style of Sichuan Clapper Opera - playing opera.
[6]
In the process of becoming popular in Sichuan, the above five kinds of foreign voice art were combined with Sichuan dialect and the appreciation habits of the masses, and gradually evolved into the five kinds of Kun, Gao, Hu, tan and Deng of Sichuan Opera. What makes Sichuan opera different from other operas is its high accent.
A kind of traditional Chinese opera
The sinian Angle of Sichuan Opera
Sichuan Opera has a high accent
Qupai style
Music, Sichuan opera Gaoqiang Qupai numerous, the form is complex. Its structure can basically be summarized as: starting cavity, column, singing cavity, sweep. There are many Gaoqiang plays, wide subject matter, adapted to a variety of text and word formats. The most important characteristic of Gaoqiang is the dry singing without musical instrument accompaniment, which is called "one singing and all singing". The drums and gongs are composed in this way. Some Qupai have more lyrics than singing, some are basically all lyrics, and some Qupai only have lyrics in the first and last sentences, and the specific form is determined by the play.
Sichuan Opera has retained the excellent tradition of southern and Northern operas, it has both high and stirring and gentle lyric singing
melody
.
Opera in Kunshan Province
Opera in Kunshan Province
Many literati works, the words are white and elegant, the metrical rules are strict, and the singing pays special attention to the pronunciation of the words, coupled with the twists and turns of the Qupai, the rhythm is slow, and now it has gradually declined. Sichuan-kun originated from Sukun, Sichuan-opera artists took advantage of the characteristics of Kunqu, which is good at singing and dancing, and often only selected some songs or phrases in Kunqu, and then inserted them into other voices to sing, forming a unique artistic style of Sichuan-Kun.
The qupai structure of Sichuan Opera Kunqu Opera is basically the same as that of its parent "Sukun". There are two forms of application: "single branch" and "Cheng Tang". At present, there are not many plays performed in the form of a single Kun opera, and more are dissolved in the Gaoqiang, Huqin, and tan-opera tones, or are harmonized with other tones.
The main instrument of Kunqu opera is
Flute
. The accompaniment of gongs and drums is the same as that of other Gao, Hu, tan and Deng. The "Su flavor" of gongs and drums is distinguished from the accompaniment of gongs and drums in other tones by the special monochrome of big gong and Su cymbal.
Huqin
Hu Qin is two yellow and
A surname
A general term for cavities. Because its main accompaniment instrument is "small huqin", it is collectively called Huqin. "
Yanlan small spectrum
Volume 5 recorded: "Shu Ling's new harp... Its instrument does not use the sheng flute, mainly Huqin, Yueqin should be, Gongchi Yiyi like words ", can be said to be the footnote of Sichuan Huqin cavity.
The Huqin tune had been formed during the Qianlong period. Erhuang includes positive tone (Erhuang) and Yin tone (Erhuang).
antierhuang
Three basic types of tunes. Positive tone is good at expressing deep, serious, euphemistic and light emotions; Anti-erhuang should show desolation, bitterness, grief and anger; The old tunes are mostly used for high, passionate emotions. Contrary to the music character of Erhuang, Xipi Opera has the character of clear, handsome, exciting, concise and smooth. Xipi and Erhuang are mostly used alone, but there are also many plays that include both kinds of voice.
Pinball opera
Sichuan Opera plays with a cover plate
Huqin
A kind of opera voice sung for the main accompaniment instrument. It is derived from the Shaanxi Qinqiang Opera, belongs to the Clapper system, so it is also called "Sichuan Clapper". Although Danxi originated from the Qin Opera, it is combined with the local language of Sichuan and influenced by the gongs and drums of Sichuan and folk music. After a long period of evolution, it is different from the Qin opera in terms of melody, singing method and singing structure, forming its own unique artistic style with a strong Sichuan local color. Although the relationship between the two is not quite close, the origin between them can be found from the analysis of melody structure, mode characteristics, and the charm of the whole singing.
Playing opera includes two types of tunes with completely different emotions: one is called "sweet ping" (also known as "sweet", "sweet PI", "sweet space"), and the other is called "bitter ping" (also known as "bitter food", "bitter PI"), which is good at expressing sad feelings. They have relative independence, but their mode, plate, structure are the same, even in the same plate other singing, the skeleton of the tune are the same.
modulation
Sichuan Opera Gold
The characteristics of the voice of Dengxi Opera are: the music is short, the rhythm is bright, and the music is relaxed and lively.
melody
Bright, with a strong Sichuan local flavor.
The lamp-tuned voice is mainly composed of "fat drum", hair interval ditty and "God song". The "Fat drum" accompanied by the lantern opera is a kind of comparison
Erhu
A piano with a thick stem and a large barrel with a slight "hum" sound.
Sichuan opera is divided into small children,
Female character
, horn, flower face,
buffoon
Each of the five trades has its own system of exercise procedures, especially the performance of Xiaosheng, clowns, and Sanyi is the most distinctive, and there are many outstanding creations in dramatic expression techniques and performance techniques, which can fully reflect the aesthetic characteristics of Chinese opera.
[1]
Xiao Sheng Xing generally refers to the handsome young male in the drama, the performance is not hanging "beard"; Sinian corner line is no longer referred to as Xiao Dan, and the vast majority of female actors should work; Flower face practice points big flower face, two flower face, no longer called big face, two face or net, net; Xusheng refers to middle-aged and elderly men in addition to young students, colorful faces, and clowns, no longer including young students and referred to as "living horns" (in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China, the difference between young students and old people has become obvious), the so-called "end" refers to the supporting roles or secondary roles of lower-level characters in the drama, and the performance must be hung "beard"; Clowns are no longer called three faces, three faces or little faces.
[11]
There are many kinds of costumes in Sichuan opera, such as python robes, relying on children, official clothes, folds, etc., which should be relatively fixed roles, what roles to wear what clothes, there are strict concerns. The troupe has always had a strict and detailed classification of costumes, and there are so-called "overcoat" cabinets and "two clothes" cabinets. Overcoat is the clothes worn by emperors, concubines, cabinet ministers, etc. in the drama, including python robes, official clothes, blue shirts, etc.; The second clothing is the clothing worn by the field marshal and soldiers in the play, including armor, dependents, robes, etc. As soon as an actor appears on the stage, his costume first reveals the identity, personality, mood and so on.
The style of clothing is particular, and the choice of color of Sichuan opera clothing also has unwritten rules: yellow is mostly used for Emperor, green is mostly used for Hong, white is mostly used for Wusheng, blue is mostly used for Zhengsheng, black is mostly used for net, and red is often used for ugly. Understand the Sichuan opera dressing tips, and then watch the play, the character comes out, his identity you can almost guess.
[12]
Before the performance, Sichuan opera actors have to draw various patterns on their faces with different colors to show the identity, appearance and personality characteristics of the characters. Historically, Sichuan opera did not have a full-time facial makeup artist, and actors painted their own facial makeup. Under the premise of maintaining the basic characteristics of the characters in the play, the actors can creatively draw the facial makeup according to their own characteristics to achieve the effect of attracting the audience's attention. Therefore, the personalized and diversified features of Sichuan opera facial makeup are rare in various local operas.
[13]
Sichuan opera facial makeup is not a dead spectrum, but a living spectrum." The so-called "and one body" is often used in the "poem spectrum", "word spectrum", "song spectrum" and so on, which also means the change of "spectrum", indicating that there is flexibility. The same is true of Sichuan opera's facial makeup. The use of facial makeup should be appropriate to the specific person to add or subtract or change. Such as Guan Saint and Zhao Kuangyin, although both are open red face, but Zhao Kuangyin's eyelids more than a white line to show the difference: Guan Yu is loyal, very faithful, Zhao Kuangyin play power, kill the hero. The former is a saint, the latter a crooked man. More typically, Sun Wukong's facial makeup is monkey, Pig's facial makeup is pig, and Ox Demon King's facial makeup is cow. Such facial makeup is simply a sign of the characters on the stage of Sichuan opera.
hue
Gong Siquan - Sichuan Opera facial makeup
For example, in the facial makeup of Sichuan Opera, red is used to represent the characters loyal to the liver, righteous and courageous, such as Guan Yu and Jiang Wei; Black is often used to express upright and unselfish characters, such as Bao Gong. White is often used to express callous and devious characters, such as Cao Cao. Green and blue are often used to show the hero of the grass, the hero of the green forest or the fierce and murderous character, such as Shan Xiongxin. While gold, silver and gray have the feeling of illusory mystery, and are mostly used to show the roles of Buddha, god, fairy, demon, ghost and so on.
Symbolic design
Under the premise of color setting, the symbolic and implied patterns are drawn on the faces of the characters to show the character characteristics of the characters in the play. People praise or praise the characters in the play, or expose satire, or criticize and lash them, and their criticism and praise can be reflected from the pattern.
For example, Bao Zheng's black face is painted with patterns such as mountain pen holder, Zhu pen, longevity character, crescent moon, sun, etc., symbolizing his high official rank, high law enforcement, and incorruption-free life. Guan Yu's red face is painted with silkworm eyebrows, three pillars of incense, and pinzi patterns, showing that he is loyal and will keep his faith. Zhao Kuangyin is also a red face, the dragon pattern double eyebrows indicate that he is a generation of emperors, the seal or the white brush drawn on the eyelids, it shows his characteristics of suspicion and insidious. Xiang Yu's black and white face is painted with seven-star Beidou, long-shaped dragon pattern, sword, tiger and leopard eyes and other patterns, which shows that he had drawn a sword for a generation of strong bullies and the defeat of Wujiang.
Animal pattern
It is a major feature of Sichuan opera facial makeup to express characters with animal patterns. For example, the Jianghu hero Ma Jun, known as "jade butterfly", so he painted a colorful butterfly on Ma Jun's face; The green duck is depicted on the face of the man with wings; The snake spirit's face is sketched with a long, twisting blue-green snake and so on.
In particular, the drawing of these animal patterns needs to fully match the distribution of the facial muscles of the actors. For example, the head and mouth of the snake are painted on the actor's mouth, the body of the snake is folded on the cheeks, and the tail of the snake extends to the eyebrow muscle. In this way, the opening and closing of the actor's mouth just reflects the opening and closing of the snake's mouth, and the movement of the entire facial muscles just drives the snake's crawling. Another example is the crab will in "Water Manshan Mountain", a large crab claw is outlined in the actor's mouth, and the mouth muscle movement is just the tensioning movement of the crab claw.
The design and sketch of facial makeup with animal patterns is by no means the animal graphics on the face, but the need to undergo deformation, exaggeration, clever arrangement of art processing, whether it is the whole appearance of the animal or a part of it, it needs to be required by the role, performance, and characterization of character characteristics as the premise. The drawing of animal facial makeup should strive to be bright in color and have decorative beauty, but also fully consider the norms of the various professions of the characters in the play, which is to say, the delineation of animal pattern facial makeup should also have the difference between big face, two face, small face and tyrant face.
Bully's face
Ba 'er face, also known as Ba 'er face, is the shape of the teenagers in the play, reflecting the characteristics of the characters, young and vigorous. Baer face continues the characteristics of the old face in the role, without mouth, generally with the nose as the boundary, only sketching the upper part of the face. Baer face also has the function of implying the appearance characteristics of the descendants of characters.
For example: the red-faced Guan Yu is a young man in "Foot Moon Killing Bear", and his facial makeup is a red bully face with half a red head. Blackface Bao Gong in the "double nail" for the first time as an official, or a impatient young man, he gave him a black bully face. Shi Yinglong, the young hero in "Balo Flower", opens the face of Yuanyang bully. Zhang Fei's son Zhang Bao Kai black Ba son face, Niu Gao's son Niu Tong open white Ba son face, they are adhering to the father hao, and young.
Text mask
The facial makeup of Sichuan opera also uses characters as a form to express the characteristics of characters. Calligraphic characters are drawn in prominent positions on the characters' faces, along with other decorative patterns. Text faces appeared on the stage before the 1950s. The characters in this book are based on the oral sketches repeatedly drawn by senior Sichuan opera artists, which can be roughly divided into two kinds of simple characters and abstract characters, and there are seal, Li, Kai, line, grass and other calligraphic forms.
For example, on the forehead of Niu Gao is written the character "ox" in official script; Li Kui wrote the character "Li" in official script on his forehead; Yan wrote regular script "Yan" on his forehead; Giant star on the forehead to write regular script "dou" word; It is said that Yang Qilang came down to earth for the black tiger star, and his black bully had a cursive word "tiger" on his face. People often say that "the face is the sign", and the text Facebook plays a signboard role in introducing the characters in the play.
Sichuan Opera gongs and drums are an important part of Sichuan opera music. It uses a total of more than 20 Musical Instruments, commonly used can be simply small drum, tang drum, big gong, big cymbals, small gong (with a joint), collectively known as the "five squares", plus strings, suona for the six squares, by the small drum command. This is a light band that plays in the countryside. There are about three hundred pieces of gongs and drums. "Pretend to be a dragon like a dragon, pretend to be a tiger like a tiger", this phrase to describe and require Sichuan opera performance, has been passed down from generation to generation among Sichuan opera actors. Sichuan Opera performance has a deep realistic tradition, but also uses a lot of artistic exaggeration, the performance is real, delicate, beautiful.
[7]
Sichuan Opera Gaoqiang is Qupai style music. There are many Gaoqiang Qupai in Sichuan opera and the form is complicated. Its structure can basically be summarized as: starting cavity, column, singing cavity, sweep. There are many Gaoqiang plays, wide subject matter, adapted to a variety of text and word formats. The most important characteristic of Gaoqiang is the dry singing without musical instrument accompaniment, which is called "one singing and all singing". The drums and gongs are composed in this way. Some Qupai have more lyrics than singing, some are basically all lyrics, and some Qupai only have lyrics in the first and last sentences, and the specific form is determined by the play.
In Sichuan opera performance, with the twist of the plot, the inner world of the characters changes, and the facial makeup needs to change accordingly. How to make the facial makeup change in a play, Sichuan opera artists invented the special effects of changing the face, pulling the face and wiping the eyes. These stunts are performed on the stage, without being noticed by the audience, to achieve a strong performance effect of instant changes in the facial makeup of the characters.
The most common way to change the face is to blow powder. The face pulling is the painting of facial makeup on thin silk, which is quickly and skillfully removed layer by layer during the performance. Eyebrushing is a method to change parts of the facial makeup. In a performance, actors apply black pine smoke on their fingers to quickly darken the area around their eyes.
For example, Le Yangzi in "Governing Zhongshan", when he learned that the meat soup in front of him was his own son, the actor used the method of mouth blowing gold powder to make Le Yangzi foundation
Natural quality
His face suddenly turned golden, and his mouth changed from black to white. This change of face depicts the strong stimulation of Le Yangzi's mind, and the "face is the heart change" has been the most incisive expression. "
Bridge cutoff
The youth in revenge for the uncaring and unintentional
Xu Xian
; "Flying Cloud Sword"
chencang
Demons to chase food scholar Ning CAI Chen, performance, their faces are a change again and again, strongly show the magic of the Qinger and the fierce cruelty of the Chencang female demons, rendering the performance atmosphere. It's from "The Flood of Gold Mountain"
Zijin
Rao bowl to drop the demon to receive white snake, the two sides fighting can be described as thrilling.
When the plot reaches its climax, the actor uses the technique of "pulling the face" to make the face of ZijinRao Po appear red (happy), blue (angry), white (sad), green (happy) and other colors in an instant, depicting the power and magic of ZijinRao Po that can change rapidly, vividly showing his complex personality. "
Intelligence detective
The new division champion
A surname
On their wedding night
Jiao Guiying
The ghost came to call for life, at this time the actor used the technique of "wiping eyes" to show the ugly state of Wang Kui's soul. "
Sit on the floor and kill
In, for performance
Song Jiang
The idea of killing suddenly arose, and the actor also used the technique of "wiping eyes".
[1]
The most famous technique in Sichuan opera is
Suddenly turn hostile
It has several methods of wiping, rubbing, wiping, blowing, painting, wearing, holding and pulling. Known in Sichuan
Sichuan opera changes face
The king's is
Wang Daozheng
Sir.
[1]
What a change of face
Sichuan opera changes face
Evolution of facial makeup
The original facial mask was a paper mask, but later it was improved and developed into a papyrus mask, which was covered by fireworks or folding fans to peel off the mask. After the founding of New China, with the rapid development of face-changing stunts, the material for making facial masks also developed into the silk fabric used today, which greatly facilitated the performance of actors.
Facial makeup
The makeover will use some unknown names
personage
Including warriors, ghosts and the like, and people are familiar with facial makeup, such as Guan Gong, Cao Cao, Bao Gong and other figures of facial makeup is generally not used for face change. To draw the changing face, the pen should be sharp, rough, and the color contrast should be strong, so as to form a dazzling
auditorium
The effect, in the design of color meaning, should be based on the moral quality and role types of the characters in the play, or praise, or expose satire, or criticize, or criticize or praise, all can be reflected in the color of the face.
trick
Sichuan opera famous Jiang Shangfeng plays the role of Kuang Zhong Zhu Xuanxian
Face:
Apply makeup oil to a specific part of the face, and when performing, use your hand to rub it on the face, it can become another color. If you need to change the whole face, apply the oil color to the forehead or eyebrows, if only the lower part of the face, apply the oil color to the face or nose. "
The Tale of the White Serpent
Xu Xian in the use of "wipe the face".
Face Blow:
With powdered cosmetics, such as gold powder, silver powder, toner, etc., put into a specific container, when performing, the actor only needs to blow the face close to the container, the powder will be on the face, and the eyes, mouth, and air must be closed when blowing. In "Live Capture Son", the makeup powder is placed in the glass, and more often, a small box has been placed on the stage floor with the powder, and the actor only needs to do a voldemort
Dance movement
I can put my face close to the box.
Face Pull:
"
Pull the face
"Is a more complex method of changing faces. It is to draw the face on a piece of silk in advance, cut it, tie a silk thread on each face, and then one
Spread out
Stick it on your face. The silk thread is tied to a convenient and unobtrusive part of the garment (such as the belt). As the play progresses, it is pulled off one by one under the cover of dance moves. Such as "The Legend of the White Snake" in the pot boy (purple gold pot), can change green, red, white, black and other seven or eight different faces. Again, such as the thief in "Old Zhenglou" and Nie Long in "Wangniangtan" also use face pulling. "Pulling the face" has a certain difficulty. First, the adhesive of the mask should not be too much, so as not to pull it off, or pull all the masks off at once. The second is to do it cleanly,
fake move
Be subtle. Be able to hide people's eyes.
Luck:
As the name suggests, use Qigong to change your face. Legend of the late Sichuan opera famous actor
Peng Sihong
In the role of "The Empty City"
A person of great wisdom and wisdom
When the piano boy reports
Sima Yi
After the soldier retreated, he was able to use Qigong to turn his face from red to white and then from white to blue, which was intended to show Zhuge Liang's fear after his relief.
[1]
Sichuan opera face change
The actor who has been loved by the masses for nearly half a century has a small son
Yuan Yukun
,
Zeng Ronghua
,
Kang Shangfeng
Xie Wenxin; Qianjiao Qionglianfang,
Yang Youhe
, Yang Yunfeng, Xue Yanqiu, Hu Shufang,
Chen Shufang
,
Xu Qianyun
,
Jing Hua
Yang Shuying; Zhengsheng Chen Danran, Situ Huicong; buffoon
Zhou Qihe
,
Liu Chengji
,
Zhou Yuxiang
Chen Jinbo, Li Wenjie, Wu Sheng
Peng Haiqing
. There's also a drummer
Wang Guanfu
,
Su Mingqing
Let's wait.
[15]
Wei Minglun Theatre
The theatre hall is located
Buxi River Cultural Exposition Park
Inside, surrounded by green mountains and green water, covering an area of nearly ten acres, it is a modern Sichuan opera art exhibition hall in the style of classical courtyard architecture. On the lake, there are giant copper statues with changing faces, which is a typical symbol of Sichuan Opera, and "Changing Faces" is also Wei Minglun's representative work.
[31]
"Selling pictures", "Cutting clothes", "Wu Song killing Sister-in-law", "Ma Fang Fangkui", "Wutai Hui Brother", "Flower field writing fan", "White Snake", "Liu Yin", "Royal River Bridge", "Yan Yan", "Red Plum Gift to the family", "Wang Xifeng", "Husband and wife Bridge", "Jiang Jie", "Tian Jie and Zhuang Zhou", "Red House", "Mountain Master", "Liu's four Niang", "Wencheng Princess", "Torrent House", "Youth Niniang Nirvana, Desire for Sea Frenzy, Red Plum Blossom, Twelve Bridges at Dawn, Double Ninth Day of the Year, Water in front of Horses, Dust Settling, Xue Baochai.
[16]
The repertoire of Sichuan Opera is so varied that it has been said as early as "three thousand in Tang Dynasty, eight hundred in Song Dynasty, and countless three kingdoms". Among them, the Gaoqiang section has the richest heritage,
Artistic characteristics
Also the most significant, traditional plays include"
Five robes
"(")
The Azure Gown
"Yellow Robe", "White Robe", "Red Robe", "Green Robe"), "Four Pillars" (" Touching Tianzhu ", "Touching Tianzhu")
Crystal pillar
"Firebrand column", "Five elements column"), as well as "18 books in Jianghu", and the "four major books" recognized by the Sichuan opera circle (" Four books ").
The Story of Pipa
"The Golden Seal" "
The Red Plum
", "Investment Notes"), many for other kinds of plays lost. After 1949, after finishing, a number of excellent Sichuan opera plays appeared, such as "Sichuan Opera".
The Shade of the Willow
""
A tale of Jade Clasp
"And" Color floor "and so on.
Like the Chenhe Opera, there are 48 Mulian operas in Sichuan Opera, including Dafa Chang (including the "Hanxin" and "Hunting the Cold Forest") 1 book and 9 books, and Buddha's Scroll (the story of Sakyamoni's enlightenment, a "Yellow Robe", one of the so-called "five robes and four pillars" in Sichuan Opera) 1 book and 20 books
"Journey to the West" (Tang monk scripture story, from the "Hongjiangdu" Tang monk born, including Wei Zheng cut the dragon, Geng family hanged. Liu Quan entered the melon, learned the story) 4 books 97 out
"Guanyin" (Guanyin got the way, and the Ming legend "Fragrant Hill" content is roughly the same), 3 books 74
"Sealing God" (the story of the sealing of gods, with abridgement) 12 books 283
-- The above describes the sources of the gods
"East Window" (the story of Jingzhong biography, this "Said Yue All Biography", the purpose is different from the original book) 12 books 293 out - talk about the underworld
The story of Xiao Yan, Emperor Wu of Liang, and Xi's wife in Taicheng. Collect Ding Miao two concubine, trapped Taicheng dead Wudi stop. According to two people for the eyes of the parents of the past life, there are even the eyes of the great-grandfather Fu Tiandou smell Wu emperor died withholding army food story. Three books and 65 books
"Mu Lian", with Zheng Zhizhen's"
Eye even save mother advised good drama
Much the same. 12 books, 251
(The following content is from "Sichuan Mulian Opera data Collection", Chongqing Sichuan Opera Research Institute, 1990)
In 1979, Zigong Sichuan Opera Art Center created a large-scale legendary Sichuan opera"
daredevil
"Won the first prize of literary and artistic creation in Sichuan Province and the National Excellent Screenplay Award.
[27]
Zigong Sichuan Opera Troupe in 50 years for the "Yifeng drama Club", later changed its name to "Zigong Sichuan Opera Experimental Improvement Club". In 1954, Zigong Sichuan Opera Troupe was established. In 1959, it merged with "Sichuan Theater of Da 'an District" to establish "Zigong Sichuan Theater", which was changed into a troupe in 1979 and changed its name to "Zigong Sichuan Theater Art Center" in August 2012.
[28]
More than 1,000 plays have been staged, more than 160 plays have been created, more than 20,000 performances have been performed, and the audience has reached 10 million people.
[17]
Suining Sichuan Opera Troupe
Established in 1986, the current staff of 84 people, including 2 second-class actors. The large-scale historical drama "Mawei Yi", which was independently written and directed, won six awards such as editing, directing and performing in the fifth session of the revitalization of Sichuan Opera, and was invited to participate in the second session.
China Art Festival
"Performance; The large-scale modern Sichuan opera "Qiongjiang Testifying" won the first prize of the eighth revitalization of Sichuan Opera and the "Five one Project" award of Sichuan Province; Sichuan Opera sketch "Bribe Picture Surprise Dream", in the ninth Sichuan Province sketch contest won the editing, directing, acting.
[18]
In terms of talent training, Chongqing Sichuan Theatre will further strengthen the construction of talent team, cultivate youth power, and create a "learning" academy.
[26]
In 2006, when people turned their attention to Sichuan Opera again, they found that it had been listed as endangered
Intangible cultural heritage List
Is about to disappear. As a result, a "revitalization of Sichuan opera" defense battle started again.
As early as the 1970s and 1980s, people began to shout the slogan of revitalizing Sichuan Opera. When something needs to be revived, it is already depressed. Although Sichuan theaters around Sichuan have made the industry envy with a number of national high-quality dramas and excellent repertoire such as "Gold", they still cannot escape "difficult problems" such as talent shortage, lack of new play creation, and scarcity of famous actors.
While the low income causes the outflow of talents in Sichuan Opera, it also makes it difficult to introduce talents. Sichuan opera stage is in urgent need of actors, "Sheng Dan net end ugly" five lines can not get together, the famous corner is even less. Because there are no young actors to cover the class, many old actors can not retire, and the current situation of talent gap is worrying.
Take local opera as an example. In the 1950s, there were 367 traditional operas in China, more than 100 of which had died out. Some of the most distinctive small operas have become historical data of the opera, and some have not even left any audio-visual materials. Even those that still survive, most face difficulties such as lack of successors, lack of funds, lack of theaters, and disappearance of performance skills.
[19]
innovate
Tongnan Opera Association maintained the performance of the traditional repertoire, and jointly created and premiered the "Tongnan Opera" with the county Procuratorate.
feelings
To "Sichuan opera anti-corruption", it is no less than a big creation. Tongnan County Party Committee and county government have inherited and innovated Sichuan opera as
Socialist spiritual civilization
The important content of construction and new rural construction is not only included in the cultural construction planning, but also the direction and requirements, willing to invest, and encourage innovation.
[20]
Exhibition and performance
On December 27, 2015, the Spiritual Civilization Office of Sichuan Province,
Culture Department of Sichuan Province
,
Education Department of Sichuan Province
Hosted by,
Sichuan Academy of Arts
Sichuan Sichuan Theatre, Sichuan Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection Center,
Chengdu Education Bureau
The "Sichuan Province's first primary and secondary school Sichuan Opera Popularization Exhibition" was held in Sichuan Sichuan Theatre.
More than 50 programs from more than 40 primary and secondary schools in the province were registered for this exhibition. After careful screening and evaluation by the expert judges of the organizing committee, 23 excellent programs from 22 schools were finally determined to participate in the performance. Finally, from the 23 programs, 7 first prizes, 8 second prizes, 6 innovation awards, 2 special awards and 40 instructor awards were selected.
Zhang Yue, president of Sichuan Academy of Arts, said that nowadays, primary and secondary school students have become an important subject in protecting, inheriting and disseminating excellent traditional culture.
[21]
save
In order to better inherit the art of Sichuan opera, the precious heritage of Sichuan opera repertoire can be inherited and preserved and passed on to future generations. The traditional plays of Sichuan Opera were sorted out, preserved and published. Among them,"
Sichuan Opera traditional repertoire integration
Since its publication in 2009, 15 volumes have been published. "Sichuan Opera traditional Repertoire Integration" has been selected
National Press and Publication Administration
"12th Five-Year Plan" period (2011-2015) key book publishing plan. In addition, Sichuan Opera Classics Folding Opera, Sichuan Opera Selected Plays of the Revolution of 1911, Sichuan Opera Essence and other Sichuan opera books have been published. A series of CDS, such as "Famous Sichuan Opera Masters and Famous Sections", has been published to preserve the traditional music of Sichuan opera.
Protection
Sichuan Academy of Arts was established
Intangible cultural heritage
Sichuan Opera Transmission and Display Base, awarded to 10 academies "National intangible Cultural heritage Sichuan Opera transmission and Display Base", so as to facilitate the inheritance and protection of Sichuan opera in a more comprehensive development in the whole Sichuan. The "Sichuan Opera river art rescue and protection" project was launched.
Sichuan Academy of Arts cooperates with various Sichuan opera troupes to organize various performances.
[22]
In November 2019, the List of National Intangible Cultural Heritage Representative Project Protection Units was announced, and Sichuan Academy of Arts and Chongqing Sichuan Theatre were granted the qualification of "Sichuan Opera" project protection units.
[23]
2022年2月，川剧（资阳河川剧艺术）、川剧（巴渠河川剧艺术）被列入四川“省级非物质文化遗产代表性项目保护单位名单”。
[24]
On October 31, 2023, the List of National Intangible Cultural Heritage Representative Project protection units was announced, and the project protection units of Sichuan Academy of Arts and Chongqing Sichuan Theater were assessed as qualified.
[33]
policy
On December 6, 2023, the fifth Joint meeting of the Standing Committee of the Sichuan Provincial People's Congress and the Standing Committee of the Chongqing Municipal People's Congress jointly assisted the construction of the Chengdu-Chongqing Twin City Economic Circle was held in Chongqing. At the meeting, it was learned that the Standing Committee of the Sichuan and Chongqing provincial and municipal People's Congresses initially reached a consensus that in 2024, the Regulations on the protection and inheritance of Sichuan Opera in Chongqing and the Regulations on the protection and Inheritance of Sichuan Opera in Sichuan Province will be formulated simultaneously. Through legislation, we should jointly strengthen the protection and inheritance of the intangible cultural heritage of Sichuan Opera and carry forward the era of Bashu culture
The value.
[34]
Sichuan Opera, a shining pearl in the treasure house of Chinese opera, has a history of more than 300 years. It has both the purity of the spring snow and the simplicity of the lower Liba people. (China News Review)
[30]
