Mount Song, The five Mountains The "middle mountain" of Qinling Mountains The eastern extension of the mountain system, ^[23] locate Henan Province The city of Zhengzhou Dengfeng City Its geographical coordinates are 34°23 '31 "-34 °35' 53" N, 112°56 '07 "-113 °11' 32" E, ^[23] From the east side of Luoyang Longmen in the west, the east gradually turns to the northeast and extends to the north of Xinmi, covering nearly 100 kilometers from east to west and about 20 kilometers from north to south. ^[8]

Songshan mountain series from west to east Wan Ansan , Anpo Mountain, Ma On Shan , Wufo Mountain , Blocking sun Mountain , Okzhai Mountain Songshan main peak (Junji peak), Five Finger Ridge And Jianshan Mountain, Songshan's main mountains are Taishi Mountain and Shaoshi Mountain. Songshan Mountain has 72 peaks, Taishi Mountain and Shaoshi Mountain have 36 peaks each. ^[33] Junji Peak is the main peak, 1492 meters above sea level. ^[32]

Chinese name: Songshan Mountain
Foreign name: Mount Song
Subordinate mountain system: Qinling Mountains
Geographical position: 146 Zhongyue Street, Dengfeng City, Zhengzhou ^[6]
Go to: East-west trend
Initial point: Luoyang Longmen east side
Terminal point: Xinmi North
Principal peak: Precipitate peak

Sea bulldog: 1492 m
Climatic condition: Monsoon continental climate in the north temperate zone
Opening hours: 08:00-17:00 all year round
Scenic spot level: Class AAAAA
Ticket price: 80 yuan (Shaolin Temple Scenic Spot)
Famous scenic spot: Shaolin Temple , Taishi towers , Shaoshi towers , Keimu Pass , Zhongyue Temple , Songyue Temple pagoda , Hoi Seon Temple , Songyang Academy , Dharma King Temple Tower
Range length: Nearly 100 kilometers
Range width: About 20 km

catalogue

Formation and evolution

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EDITOR

Songyang movement

" Songyang movement Due to Zhang Bosheng The professor created a name. It refers to a orogenic movement represented by the unconformity interface between Archean gneiss and Proterozoic Songshan Group. The time limit of this unconformity interface was previously thought to be about 2.5 billion years, but the latest research results show that in the area of Anpo Mountain, the Luohandong Formation unconformity of Songshan Group overlies the Lujiagou potassic feldspathite with an age of 2.176 billion years, so the time limit of this interface should be about 2.1 billion years. In this way, Songyang movement not only represents a late Archean orogeny, but also a comprehensive reflection of NeoArchean and Paleoproterozoic multi-phase tectonic movement, which represents the consolidation stage of Songshan granite-greenstone terrane. In a large area, "Songyang movement" is equivalent to "Wutai movement", but its time span is greater than "Wutai movement".

The metamorphic deformation of Songyang stage is mainly reflected in the strong transformation of granite-greenstone terrane. After removing the superimposed deformation caused by "Zhongyue movement", two strong metamorphic deformation stages of Songyang Stage can be identified in the terrane. The first act is the face-type plastic deformation occurring in the mid-deep tectonic environment, and the peak metamorphism reaches amphibolite facies. The second stage is the linear zonal ductile shear deformation in the medium and shallow tectonic environment, and the metamorphism is the retrometamorphism of high greenschist facies.

"Songyang movement" the first act of deformation

The deformation of the first act of the Songyang Movement occurred after the formation of neoarchaean greenstone, which was a strong tectonic deformation accompanied by collision and large-scale co-collision granitoid mass empositioning. The deformation causes the rocks to show metamorphic plastic characteristics, the low-limit melting veins appear in the rock mass, and the rheological deformation occurs together with the surrounding rock inclusions, so that the Dengfeng rock group rocks are generally mylonitic, and regional penetrating gneiss or structural schism is widely developed in the rock mass. Mylonitic foliation, schistosity, or gneiss in greenstone completely displaces the original bedding of the rock. The metamorphosis period is about 2.6 billion years ago.

"Songyang Movement" second act deformation

Most of the deformation planes are preexisting regional tectonic gneiss and mylonitic foliation (S1), which are mainly characterized by strong ductile shear regeneration in the middle tectonic environment, and the metamorphism degree of the rocks is high greenschist facies. The appearance (S2) of the second act of Songyang Movement is almost the same as that of the first act of Songyang Movement (S1), which goes towards the near north and south, mainly with a steep incline to the west, but it is obviously different from (S1) in spatial distribution. It is characterized by regional penetration, and (S2) is mostly linear spaced mylonitic zone and tectonic schistosity zone, which are superimposed on the structural gistosity and mylonitic foliation in the first act of Songyang Movement. In the second phase of the Songyang Movement, the rocks of Jinjiajian Formation and Laoyanggou Formation are generally mylonitized or tectonically stratified, and most of them have become blastic mylonitic and tectonically schist, and the early paleoproterozoic pegmatites are generally sausage-shaped or form asymmetric shear folds. There are also gneiss belts (tectonic gneiss belts) occurring at intervals among the neoarchean gneiss in the Beigou area of the northern Junzhao region, in which the blastoblastic mylonite is arranged in a dense linear pattern and distributed near south to north. There are also a large number of such spaced mylonite zones in the Qingyanggou metamorphic gabbro diorite body, which reflects the influence of the second act of Songyang Movement. According to the asymmetric characteristics of the shear folds of the pegmatite dike and the structural characteristics of the S-C group in the mylonite belt, the shear direction of the second act of Songyang Movement is still nappe from west to east. According to the age of Muscovite K-AR (potassium-argon method) in Jinyao pegatite Group, and the age of zircon PB-Pb (lead-lead method) in Lujiagou potassium-feldspar granite, 2.276 billion years ago (not affected by the second act of Songyang Movement), the deformation time of this period can be limited to about 2.2 billion years ago.

The oldest crystalline basement granite-greenstone terrane in Songshan area was consolidated after two intense metamorphic transformations during the Songyang Movement. Since then, although it is still affected by the "Zhongyue movement" and its metamorphic deformation, its overall structural framework and rock features have been finalized. ^[23]

Zhongyue movement

" Zhongyue movement Named by Professor Zhang Erdao, it refers to a fold orogeny movement represented by the unconformity interface of Wufo Mountain Group and Songshan Group in Songshan area, which occurred between the mesoproterozoic and Paleoproterozoic.

The unconformity interface caused by "Zhongyue movement" can be seen everywhere in the area. Due to the weak tectonic deformation in the area after the formation of the interface, and the deformation of the shallow structural level, it is difficult to destroy the interface characteristics, and the unconformable interface can be preserved intact.

The strata below the "mid-mountain movement" interface differ regionally. On the main ridge and north slope of Songshan Mountain, and on the south side of Songshan Mountain, the bottom conglomerate of Maanshan Formation unconformably covers different strata of neoarchean granite-greenstone and paleoproterozoic Songshan Group respectively. In the case of gneiss and basic dike as the basement, there are often 5-15 meters of ancient weathering crust near the interface. In the Songshan Group as the base, the occurrence of strata above and below the interface is very inconsistent. Generally, the bottom conglomerate of the overlying Ma 'anshan Formation has a dip Angle of 0-20 °, while the dip Angle of the underlying strata is more than 65°, and the strata have been strongly folded, which indicates that the "Zhongyue movement" is a powerful tectonic movement, followed by long-term erosion and denudation.

The "Zhongyue Movement" also includes a number of tectonic deformation scenes, the main tectonic deformation scenes about 1.8 billion years ago, roughly similar to the "Zhongyue Movement". Luliang movement "Or" Zhongtiao movement "Quite. Although the tectonic trace formed by the "Zhongyue Movement" was cut and swallowed by the Shijian mass with an age of 1.805 billion years, and the main curtain occurred about 1.8 billion years ago, the Songshan area is missing the Middle Proterozoic Xiong 'er Group and other stratigraphic units under the Wufoshan Group, so it can be considered that it may also include several tectonic events such as crustal movements in the middle proterozoic era.

"Zhongyue Movement" is the most important tectonic event in the geologic development and evolution history of Songshan area. It formed the unified basement in the area, marked the end of the basement evolution stage, the beginning of the sedimentary cover evolution stage, and also marked the formation of the unified mainland of North China.

In Songshan area, the "Zhongyan movement" is manifested not only by the strong deformation of Songshan Group, which caused the tight homoclinal horizontal fold and shear dislocation, but also by the superimposed transformation of neoarchean granite-greenstone terrane. The tectonic evolution stage of the Middle Mountain is dominated by strong folding, but the metamorphism is weak, and the Songshan Group only reaches the low greenschist facies. According to the observation of deformation characteristics of Songshan Group, especially the relation of facial displacement, three main tectonic deformation stages can be identified.

The first act formed the strongest in Songshan Group, and its structural traces can be seen everywhere. The main structural trace is the closed fold inclined to the near S to the north and the west, which is usually the homoclinal inverted recumbent fold group, and the secondary is the bedding ductile or brittle ductile shear deformation. In general, the fold morphology changes from west to east, and the fold scale becomes smaller, the axial plane inclination becomes slower and even recumbent. In the central and western regions, the axial plane of the fold in the first act of the "middle mountain movement" is not developed, while in the eastern region, the axial plane of the fold is very developed in the schist, and the very typical axial plane replacement of the original bedding or the late bedding replacement of the early bedding is common.

Near the "Songyang movement" unconformity interface, strong ductile shear deformation occurs along with the Songshan group fold due to the great difference in rock rigidity. The gneiss near the interface becomes tectonic schist, and the shear direction is mostly consistent with the relative displacement direction of the inverted fold at the same time.

The tectonic deformation of "Zhongyue movement" also caused the transformation of granite greenstone terrane. The terrane rocks near the "Songyang movement" interface generally have mylonite and tectonic schist zones of 5-15 meters.

The deformation and metamorphism of Laoyanggou formation near the "Songyang movement" interface showed strong ductile shear degeneration characteristics.

The second act of deformation is small in scale, but widely distributed, mainly a series of continuously distributed asymmetric closed folds, whose axes are inclined to the east and accompanied by dense axial plane cleavage. The second act of "Zhongyue movement" was formed by nappe shear from east to west. The structural level of deformation is relatively shallow, and the temperature and pressure conditions are obviously lower than the first act of "Zhongyue Movement".

The third act of the "Zhongyue Movement" is deformed, which is weak and only traces of it can be seen locally. The third act of deformation occurs at a shallower tectonic level and may have been close to the surface environment. It also reflects that the Zhongyue movement is a process of uplift in depressurization and cooling.

After the metamorphism of the three tectonic deformation stages of the "Zhongyue Movement" and the post-orogenic magmatic activities such as the Shijian kgranite sequence and the Zhuyuangou basic-dike group, the Songshan fold basement has consolidated and the unified continental crust has finally formed, thus entering a new stage of relatively stable cap deposition and platform tectonic evolution. ^[23]

Shaolin movement

" Shaolin movement Created by Professor Wang Yuelun, it is a tectonic movement that occurred in the late Precambrian period. In Songshan area, located in the southwest margin of the North China Platform, the movement is manifested as an obvious angular unconformity, and the bottom conglomerate of Xindji Formation under the Lower Cambrian Mantou Formation is an angular unconformity covering each group of Wofan Group. This angular unconformity interface can be seen everywhere in Shaoshi Mountain, Songshan Mountain north slope, Wuzhiling Mountain and Jianshan Mountain. In particular, the west mountain of Shaolin Temple is well exposed, the interface is clear and clear at a glance, so it is called this tectonic movement "Shaolin movement".

The "Shaolin Movement" caused the Wofan Group to form a gentle and open fold in the near east-west direction, accompanied by a parallel or nearly vertical fracture combination with the axis of the fold structure. As for the structural form formed by the "Shaolin Movement" in the Wufo Mountain area, due to the fault and warping of the southern basement block, under the control of gravity, the overlying strata underwent a complex development process of long-term flow, fracture and slide, and the surface sliding structure was formed. The underlying system of the sliding structure is Dengfeng Group, Songshan Group and Ma 'anshan Formation of Wufoshan Group. The Wufoshan Group is the main lubricating layer, and its bottom surface is the main sliding surface. Luotuopan Formation and Hejiazhai Formation belong to the sliding system. The gravity sliding structure gives rise to the unique "flying peak" and "structural window" in this area.

Due to the "Shaolin Movement" and the result of the Cambrian overburden, the upper Proterozoic is missing in the main peak area of Songshan Mountain. The Upper Proterozoic Sinian Luohuan Formation only appears sporadically on the north side of Zushi Temple in the westernmost part of Songshan Mountain Range. ^[23]

Caledonian movement

Early Caledonian Movement

Good morning Caledonian movement "Occurred from the end of the Early Ordovician to the beginning of the Middle Ordovician, equivalent to" Huaiyuan movement ", mainly manifested as the rise and fall of the crust. The Lower Ordovician and Lower Majiagou Formations are missing in the southern part of the area due to uplift. In the north, this group came into contact with the Upper Cambrian parallel unconformity (disconformity).

Caledonian Movement and Caledonian Movement

The Middle Caledonian Movement occurred in the late Middle Ordovician, while the late Caledonian Movement occurred in the early Silurian epoch End. They made the area rise and uplift in an all-round way, from the late Middle Ordovician to the late Devonian for a long time in the state of denudation, resulting in the absence of late Ordovician to Devonian deposits. ^[23]

The Warisi movement

Early "Varissy movement" occurred in Devonian epoch End. It kept the area in the overall upward state, missing the early Carboniferous deposits, and made the parallel unconformity of the Middle Carboniferous Benxi Formation overlying the top denudation surface of the Middle Ordovician (north) and Upper Cambrian (south). The Sino-Ricci movement (between Carboniferous and Permian) and the late Varisci movement (between Permian-Triassic) kept the area in a stable state of subsidence. Therefore, since the early Varissian Movement, the area has received continuous deposition from the Middle Carboniferous to the Triassic. ^[23]

Indochinese movement

Triassic period final Indochinese movement So that the area uplift denudation, lack of Jurassic, Cretaceous deposits. ^[23]

Yanshan movement

Yanshan movement It is the most important orogeny since Phanerozoic. This movement caused wide and slow east-west fold and severe fault activity in the cap layer, which laid the basic structural framework of the cap layer in this area. At the same time, a semi-graben-type fault basin was formed in the middle of the area, and the Paleogene and Triassic strata were in angular unconformity contact.

The cover layer in Songshan area mainly consists of Songshan major anticline and Yingyang-Ludian major syncline, which extend westward to the Near East and dip eastward. The anticline stretches from Pengpo Town of Yichuan County in the west to Xinmi Baizhai in the east, with a total length of more than 90 kilometers. The axis is located in the areas of Anpo Mountain, Shaoshishan Mountain, Songshan Mountain and Wuzhiling, composed of Dengfeng Rock group and Songshan Group. The northern flank of the anticline has complete and continuous exposure of Paleozoic strata, and the strata tilt to the north. The Indochin-Yanshan movement was the main tectonic movement that caused the fold and fracture of the cover layer in Songshan area, formed the zonal tectonic framework, and shaped the basin-range tectonic face after the Cenozoic tilting tectonic process. ^[23]

Himalayan movement

early Tertiary period Terminal premature Himalayan movement The unconformity between the Lower Pleistocene and the Middle Pleistocene was caused by the late Himalayan movement at the end of the Upper Pleistocene in Neogene. ^[23]

Location boundary

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EDITOR

Songshan Mountain is located Henan Province The city of Zhengzhou Dengfeng City Songshan is the eastern extension of the outer Fangshan of the Qinling branch. Its geographical coordinates are 34°23 '31 "-34 °35' 53" N, 112°56 '07 "-113 °11' 32" E. ^[23] From the east side of Longmen in Luoyang in the west, it gradually turns to the northeast and extends to the north of Xinmi, covering nearly 100 kilometers from east to west and about 20 kilometers from north to south. ^[8] The scenic area covers 159 square kilometers, ^[9] The geopark covers an area of 450 square kilometers. ^[29]

Songshan National Scenic spot

Geographical environment

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EDITOR

geology

stratum

Songshan belongs to the North China stratigraphic region, the west Henan subregion, the Songji community, the stratigraphic development is relatively complete. neoarchaean , paleoproterozoic , Middle Neoproterozoic, Paleozoic Era , Mesozoic The Cenozoic era has left rich stratigraphic remains, known as "five (seven) generations under one roof". ^[23]

Geological structure

Songshan Mountain

In the course of several billion years of geological evolution, the Songshan area not only formed various sedimentary rocks, magma intrusion and extrusive rock assemblages, but also was reformed by many crustal movements. Different geological and historical stages, different geographical locations and environments, rock or strata tectonic deformation characteristics are different, resulting in Songshan area geological structure features are diverse, deformation content is rich, constitute a complex structural image. From the macroscopic observation, the "Zhongyue movement" interface in Songshan area can be divided into two parts: basement structure and cover structure. Below the "Zhongyue movement" interface are the strong metamorphic basement rocks (rocks) in Songshan area, and the tectonic lines are mainly distributed near south to north, and the tectonic deformation is mainly a complex deformation structure pattern of plastic rheology, ductile shear and strong folding in the middle and shallow tectonic layers of the crust. Above the boundary is the sedimentary cover in Songshan area, which was folded and fractured under the influence of Yanshan Movement. The direction of the main structural line is nearly east-west. Therefore, the tectonic deformation of the strata (rocks) above and below the interface of "Zhongyue movement" not only reflects the difference in tectonic level, deformation mechanism and deformation degree, but also reflects the fundamental difference in the direction of crustal movement. The basic structural framework of Songshan area is that the near east-west structures formed by Yanshan Movement are superimposed on the near north-south structures of Zhongyue Movement and its predecessors, such as the elevated cross bridge. In Songshan area, there are also unique gravity sliding structures caused by "Shaolin movement" and "Yanshan movement". ^[23]

landform

The Songshan Mountains fanned out to the northeast, east and southeast. The terrain gradually decreases from west to east, and the mountains become scattered and fragmented, forming a low hilly landscape to the east. The lowest elevation is 350 meters, and the highest is 1512 meters. The terrain in the area is very undulating, and the landform types are complex and diverse. On the whole, the area of high hills and low hills is the largest, followed by deep hills and shallow hills, and the area of deep mountains and shallow mountains is smaller. The northern mountains and hills distributed in the north of Yinghe River, mainly Songshan mountains; The southern mountains and hills are distributed in the south of Yinghe River, with Skip Mountain as the main body.

Between Songshan Mountain and Skip Mountain, there is a wide valley belt extending east-west, called Dengfeng Wide Valley or Dengfeng basin. In the north there is Songshan foremountain diluvium-alluvial plain, with an elevation of 340-380 meters, sloping slightly to the southeast. Due to the recent crustal rise, the plane is eroded, the ground is undulating, and there are long ridges; On the south side of the basin, the Yinghe River flows from west to east, and the valley is wide, forming a gentle alluvial plane with an elevation of about 300 meters. There are relatively wide floodplains and three-level terraces along the Yinghe River. ^[23] ^[33]

climate

Songshan Mountain is located in the southern margin of the northern temperate zone. The mountain extends from west to east across the eastern part of the western Henan mountains. With a continental degree of 58.8°, it belongs to the continental climate of the northern temperate zone monsoon. Under the influence of Mongolian cold pressure, hot low pressure, polar continental high pressure, cold and warm air mass and Pacific subtropical air mass, the four seasons are distinct. It is hot and rainy in summer, cold and dry in winter, less rain and more wind in spring, warm days and cool nights in autumn. Light and heat resources are abundant. ^[23]

hydrology

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There are many rivers in Songshan area, and the density of river network is 0.32 kilometers per square kilometer. In the great river valley or in the piedmont plain, there is a lot of groundwater buried. Abundant surface water and groundwater provide necessary water supply conditions for industrial and agricultural production in the area.

From the perspective of watershed attribution, the rivers in the area belong to two major water systems, namely the Yellow River system and the Huaihe River system. Most of the mountains at the northern foot of Songshan Mountain belong to the Yellow River system, including Yi River, Luo River and Si River. Most of the mountains at the southern foot of Songshan belong to the Huaihe River system, including Yinghe, Jialu and Ruhe. Under the control of geological structure and landform, the main rivers and tributaries diverge from the west to the north, east and south. In the water system structure, the main rivers are mostly developed between parallel mountains, with numerous tributaries, uniform injection, and obvious asymmetry. Generally, the north bank tributaries are longer and the south bank tributaries are shorter, which makes the main stream channel more inclined to the right cliff. Therefore, the larger river terrace and valley plain are distributed on the left bank, forming an important agricultural production base. ^[23]

Main river

Yinghe River belongs to the Huaihe River basin, originating from the south side of Shaoshi Mountain, flowing from west to east into Baisha Reservoir and then flowing east through Yuzhou City. The basin covers an area of 1037.5 square kilometers, 57 kilometers long in Dengfeng, and the river flow is greatly affected by rainfall. According to the statistics of the hydrographic station, the average annual flow is 300 cubic meters/second, the maximum flow is 5131 cubic meters/second (June 1956), the minimum is cut off, the maximum flow rate is 8.2 meters/second, the flood peak period is generally in July and August of the year, the average decline is 1/260, 1/300. The river bed is 20-300 meters wide.

North Ruhe River for the territory of the past river, belongs to the Huaihe river system, originated from Songxian County Longchi Manshan north foot car village chestnut tree street village north. It flows through Ruyang, Ruzhou and Jiaxian to Kongmen in Xiangcheng County and into Shahe River, with a total length of 250 kilometers and 45 kilometers in Ruzhou City. It covers an area of 1573 square kilometers. The river slope is steeper than Ziluo Mountain Pass, which is 1/200-1/300, and slower than 1/350, so a large amount of sand and stones in the upper reaches are washed into Ruzhou.

Yi River is the largest river in the territory, originated in Luanchuan County Tao Wan Township Sanhe village, Smotun Ridge. From Song county Tianhu township into Yichuan by Longmen into Yanshi will Luo River.

Luohe originated in Luonan County, the southern foot of Huashan Mountain in Shaanxi Province, through Yanshi into Gong, the annual average sand content of the river is about 5 kilograms/cubic meters, which is clearer than the Yellow River, also known as "Qinghe". In Shenbei village into the Yellow River, the slope drops 0.5%. The width of the river is generally 200-300 meters, and the narrowest is about 100 meters at the Black Stone Pass. Luohe River bed is also increasing due to the elevation of the Yellow River bed and the influence of soil erosion in Luohe River basin. Xiaoyi Beach and Zhanjie Beach have traces of the former river course. The water depth of the Luohe River is 2-4 meters, with individual depths of 8-10 meters. The amount of water is very uneven, more abundant in summer, less in winter and spring. Annual flow of 50-60 cubic meters per second, the maximum greater than July 1, 1958 had reached 9,450 cubic meters per second.

The Si River in ancient times is called the Si River, which belongs to the Yellow River system. Originates from Tianzhong Bay in the northwest of Xinmi, north flow people Xingyang Jing, through the Luohe River, Erlang Temple to Miaozi, northwest through the reverse slope into Gongyi territory, into Xingyang, through the Longhai Railway to Wushui Town mouth into the Yellow River. It is 40 kilometers long and covers an area of 380 square kilometers. The minimum flow rate is 0.58 m3 / s and the maximum flow rate is 2.2 m3 / s. The annual average flow rate is 1.3 cubic meters per second.

The Jialu River has two tributaries in the Songshan area. The Suo River, originating from the Cui Miao Ling Village, bends from the south to the northeast, and the width of the river bed varies from several meters to ten meters. The annual flow rate is 0.3 cubic meters/second, the maximum flow rate is 3.17 cubic meters/second, the minimum flow rate is 0.2 cubic meters/second. The Jiayu River, originating from the northern foot of Qinglong Mountain, has an average flow of 0.5 cubic meters per second. ^[23]

soil

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The parent rocks in Songshan mainly include granite, quartzite, gneiss, schist, limestone, shale, sandstone, conglomerate, etc. Under the long-term physical, chemical, biological weathering and external forces, five types of residual parent material, slope parent material, diluvial parent material, alluvial parent material and loess parent material are formed in the area. The parent material of residual deposit and slope deposit is mainly the product of weathering of various rocks, and is distributed in mountain, fore-mountain high terrace and hilly land. The diluvial parent material is deposited by the flood and forms the main soil parent material type for the cultivated land in this area, mainly distributed in the gentle slope of the mountain front, the sloping flat of the mountain front, the diluvial fan, the diluvial pile, the gully beach and so on. Alluvial parent material is deposited by river and mainly distributed on both sides of river. The parent material of loess is the quaternary sediment of geological time. ^[23]

distribution

The horizontal distribution of soil in Songshan lies in the brown land zone of transition from brown soil to yellow brown soil. The complex and diverse mountain and hill landforms and the interleaved terrain of rivers form extremely rich soil types. The valley plain and the beach are mainly distributed in sandy soil, bizygous soil, flood soil, silt and other soil types of tidal soil, sand ginger black soil, paddy soil is very rare, and most areas are occupied by brown soil, with complex species and irregular distribution. The first and second class platform is polyluvial brown soil, brown soil subcategory, and the eastern and southern Pingchuan area is carbonate brown soil. The brown soil is mainly subtype, and the upper part of the mountain is all mountain brown soil.

The vertical distribution of soil in the region is obvious, from Junji Peak, Liantian peak to river valley, the soil distribution is bare rock, mountain brown soil, luvial brown soil, brown soil, carbonate brown soil, brown soil, tidal brown soil, sandy ginger black soil, paddy soil. ^[23]

species

According to the soil survey in 1985, there were 5 soil types, 12 subtypes, 39 soil genera and 139 soil species in Songshan area. ^[23]

Mountain relation

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EDITOR

Major mountain range

Songshan mountain series from west to east Wan Ansan , Anpo Mountain, Ma On Shan , Five Foshan, Block Yang Mountain, Okzhai Mountain Songshan main peak (Junji peak), Five Finger Ridge And Jianshan Mountain, Songshan's main mountains are Taishi Mountain and Shaoshi Mountain.

Yuzhai Mountain, also known as Shaoshi Mountain, is located in the southwest of the main peak of Songshan Mountain. The main peak of Songshan Mountain, called Taishi Mountain in ancient times, is located in the north of Dengfeng City. The winding Wuzhi Ridge is located in the northeast of the main peak of Songshan Mountain. ^[32]

Mountain range

Songshan Qinling Mountains The eastern extension of the mountain system, ^[23] The Qinling ranges from Lintao in Gansu Province in the west, through the southern part of Shaanxi Province in the east to Lushan in Henan Province. It is about 1,600 kilometers long from east to west and 300 kilometers wide from north to south. The main peak, Taibai Mountain, is 3,771.2 meters above sea level. ^[31]

Major peak

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Precipitate peak

Songshan Mountain has 72 peaks, Taishi Mountain and Shaoshi Mountain have 36 peaks each. ^[33] Junji Peak is the main peak, 1,492 meters above sea level, ^[32] Commonly known as Song Ding or middle top, also known as Taishi peak, Taishi peak, Huagui peak. Wu Zetian, Emperor Gaozong of Qing Dynasty Aixin Jueluo Hongli (Qianlong) made tablets on it, so Junji peak is also called "Imperial tablet peak". ^[33] Liantian Peak is located in the southwest of the main peak of Songshan Mountain, 1512 meters above sea level. ^[32]

Taiji thirty-six peaks

Taiji Mountain had 24 famous peaks before the Ming Dynasty. According to the preface of Song Louyi's Twenty-four Songs of Songshan, the name of the twenty-fourth peak comes from the book Daozang Wu Tianshi's Spiritual Trace. There are also the names of Shaoshi Thirty-six peaks and Taishi peaks in Tang poetry. Accordingly, Fengming was formed before the Tang Dynasty. During the Ming Dynasty, when Fu Mei, governor of Dengfeng County, wrote Song Book, he added the twelve peaks of Taishi Mountain, from now on Taishi has the name of thirty-six peaks, and the name of Shaoshi thirty-six peaks is opposite.

The thirty-six peaks of Taiji are: Junji peak, Sanhe peak, Jinhu peak, tiger head peak, Phoenix peak, cloud peak, jade mirror peak, long live peak, lion peak, encounter holy peak, Fusqiu peak, Huanggai peak, Qingtong peak, rooster peak, hanging peak, Zhoudao peak, spring peak, Sheng Guan peak, stone mantle peak, Songtao peak, Xuangui peak, will Xian peak, jade peak, jade woman peak, only xiu peak, product Cui peak, Wolong peak, Zi Jin peak, Taibai Peak, river belt peak, GUI wheel peak, vertical Falcon peak, Guanxiang peak, Wangdu peak.

Little room thirty-six peaks

Shaoshi Mountain has a total of 36 peaks, and its name was formed before the Tang Dynasty. "Say Song" Cloud its name from "Wu Tianshi Spirit trace" book. Tang Li Bai "gift Songshan coking master" word: "Son visit road little room, climbing thirty-six peaks." Bai Juyi "early spring title little room East rock" : "Thirty-six peaks clear, snow pin LAN Cui sheng." It can be seen that the name of Shaoshi thirty-six peaks has a long history.

The thirty-six peaks of Shaoshi are: Sun peaks and less YangFeng, meet XiaFeng, toward the YueFeng, bright moon peak, purple peak, peak, sandalwood, tiande peak, cinnabar peak, peak YuHua, Taurus, medicine hall peak, the white peak, ZhuoJianFeng, cool and refreshing, treasure column peak, crape myrtle, bao sheng peak, peak, violet GaiFeng, cui rui should be huafeng, Joan peak, peak, los peak green water, shicheng peak, peak, incense burner peak, stalagmites Ma Feng, bowls Meng Feng, Seven Buddha peak, Luohan Peak, Lingyin peak, Laixian peak, white deer peak, White cloud peak. ^[34]

Resource status

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EDITOR

Water resources

Songshan Mountain has a large topographic fluctuation, some mountain bedrock directly exposed surface, folds, faults and various permeable layers are very developed, which provides favorable conditions for groundwater recharge and storage. In the Pingchuan area covered by loose deposits of Tertiary and Quaternary systems, the thickness of such sediments gradually increases from the mountain to the Pingchuan, containing relatively rich groundwater, especially shallow groundwater buried more than 60 meters deep, easy to exploit, good water quality, suitable for farmland irrigation. Under 60 meters deep, there are confined aquifers, good water quality, but it is difficult to exploit.

Deep groundwater is relatively poor. The southern slope of Songshan runs from Ma 'anshan in the west, Wuzhiling in the east, and Yinghe River in the south. The deep groundwater is only 38 million cubic meters, and the deep groundwater is 310 million cubic meters according to geophysical analysis and coal geological exploration calculation. The source of water depends on atmospheric precipitation and field regression recharge, the water quality is light calcium carbonate or light magnesium carbonate type, the salinity is generally 13 to 19 mg per liter, the pH= 6-6.8, the turbidity is less than 10 is normal, the total hardness is 50-200 ml per liter, suitable for agricultural irrigation and drinking. ^[23]

Plant resources

In 2012, the vegetation coverage rate of Songshan reached 65%, and there were 147 families, 643 genera and 1540 species of vascular plants in Songshan.

Among them, there are 21 families, 36 genera and 70 species of ferns. Gymnosperms 5 families, 9 genera, 10 species; Angiosperms include 121 families, 598 genera and 1460 species. ^[2] There are 10 families including Compositae (50 genera, 121 species), Gramineae (61 genera, 108 species), Rosaceae (27 genera, 101 species), legumes (28 genera, 72 species), Cruciferae (23 genera, 44 species), Ranunculaceae (11 genera, 38 species), Seperaceae (9 genera, 36 species), and Polygonaceae (4 genera, 34 species). It accounts for about 40% of the total genera and 42% of the total species, and is the dominant family in Songshan flora.

Plant resources
Plant classification	Specific introduction
Timber plant	There are 338 species of woody plants, including 141 species of trees, which are the building species and dominant species of mountain forest vegetation, and also the main resources of wood plants. The distribution quantity is more, the storage quantity is larger mainly Cork oak , Hemp oak , Melt incense , short handle robe, Oriental white oak , Platycladus orientalis , acacia, Chinese pine , Koelreuteria koelreuteria , rosewood, hornbeam , Beech , Sophora japonica 47 kinds of things.
Wild fruit plant	There are 89 species of wild fruit trees. Be mainly distributed in Rose family , fagaceae , Moraceae , Vitis family , Kiwifruit family , Persimmon family and Elaeagnus family . Among them, wild hawthorn, Hawthorn of hubei , Chinese chestnut , Henan begonia , buckthorn The elaeagnus corymnus and the rose are widely distributed.
Ornamental plant	There are 316 species of ornamental plants. Among them, 43 species of ornamental ferns, 92 species of herbs and flowers, 44 species of ornamental trees, 98 species of ornamental shrubs, and 39 species of ornamental vines. There are 165 species distributed in large quantity and with high ornamental value in this area. Such as cuckoo Manshan Red, Hubei begonia, mountain Jingzi, Henan begonia, Cotinus, rhododendron plum, Mountain plum, Pearl plum , Spiraea trifid , collaterite , Euonymus reptilia Tianmu Qionghua, Whole split Delphinium, Qinling Delphinium, North China Columbine, fringe tree, lilac, Jade bell flower , milandine Let's wait.
Starch plant	There are 94 species of starch plants. It is mainly distributed in gramineae, Fagaceae, Polygonaceae, Liliaceae, Araceae and Moraceae. The starch of most plants is stored in the fruits and seeds, but the starch of rhizome, Polygonum multiflorum, Ulmus, turniflora, pueraria, liliaceae and araceae is mainly distributed in the roots. In Songshan, there are chestnut, cork oak, hemp oak, sandalwood, birchapple pear, Henan begonia, ground elm, fern, Kudu and gramineae.
Medicinal plant	There are 1046 species of medicinal plants in Songshan, including algae, fungi, bryophytes, ferns and seed plants. Among them, the whole grass medicinal plants are longtooth grass, artemisia annua, patchouli, mint, epimedium, Verbena , motherwort, meadow orchid, patrinia Etc.; Root and rhizome medicinal plants have Polygonum Radix ulmus, pinellia, Araceae, platycodon platycodon, sea cucumber, goat's milk, Codonopsis, etc.; Dermatophytes include Eucommia, Cortex albiziae Mulberry white skin, Xiangjia skin, earth bone skin, etc.; Leaf medicinal plants include mulberry leaves, platycypress leaves, mugwort leaves, Apocynum japonicum leaves, Chinese green leaves, smelly Chinese parasol leaves, etc. Flower medicinal plants include lilac daphne, two flowers, wild chrysanthemum, sophora rice and so on; Fruit and seed medicinal plants include aristolochia, forsythia, Schisandra chinensis Hawthorn, draba nemorosa, peach kernel, sour jujube kernel and so on. ^[3]

Animal resources

Below 800 meters above sea level, it is a low hilly area and a plain farming area with sparse vegetation. In most areas, human activities are frequent, vegetation damage is serious, and some have been reclaimed for arable land. The animals are only Mongolian rabbit, yellow weasel, bat, hedgehog, Apodemus agrarius, rattus norvegicus and house mouse. Birds such as magpies, sparrows, turtle doves, pigeons, grey-headed green woodpeckers, bald-nosed crows, pheasants, red-billed mountain crows, house swallows, kestrel falcons, partridge, wrens, thrushes, goldfinches, crested stonecrops, and stonecrops are common. Amphibious reptile species include: toad, toad, turtle, crab, eremara, black spotted frog, golden line frog, northern narrow mouth frog, black Browed snake, tabby snake, red spot snake, etc. Mountain stream salamander and giant salamander frequently appeared near Songyue Temple and Yilou River in the upper reaches of Shuangxi River, while herons, egrets, cormorants, wild ducks, night herons, northern red-tailed pigeons, long-toe sandpiper, sandpiper, common tern, grey wagtail, greenbird, white motail, white mergussa duck and grey geese appeared in Baisha Reservoir, Mahe Reservoir, Luohe Beach, Huanghe Beach and Ruhe Beach. There are many reports of otters under the Heishiguan Bridge in Gongyi and pigeons in Longmen Rock in Luoyang.

The altitude is between 800 and 1512 meters, in order to stay away from human activities, Songshan dense forest area, large and small Hongshan forest area is more distributed. Amphibious reptiles in mountain waters include toad, frog, turtle, Chinese turtle, etc., and snakes such as black snake, tabby snake, white snake, red spot snake, fire red chain snake and Wuzhan snake are often seen. Common birds are: gray magpie, black drongo, northern red-tailed pigeon, four-sound cuckoo, Great spotted woodpecker, grey-headed green woodpecker, Great Reed warbler, white crane pigeon, great tit, brown-headed crow, dark green bird, great cuckoo, Daeseng, large bill crow, bald nose crow, jackdaw, stone rooster, pearl-necked dove, rock pigeon, etc. Rare species include: long-banded shrike, tiger-striped shrike, Brown-back Shrike, red-billed blue Magpie, Collared Glaucidium, sericornis, star-headed woodpecker, grey-brown bird, Brown river bird, goldfinch, etc. Carnivorous beasts leopard and Wolf were often found before 1970. The number of weasels, badger and chipmunks is decreasing. After 1980, large areas of afforestation and afforestation were closed, and various birds and animals were increasing day by day. ^[23]

Mineral resources

In 2010, Songshan's peculiar geological structure, mainly coal , aluminum , iron , Medical stone And other mineral resources. ^[1]

Tourism resources

Shaolin scenic spot (9 photos)

Songshan Shaolin Scenic spot is the first 5A scenic spot announced by the National Tourism Administration. The cultural landscape in the scenic area is rich and the natural landscape is strange. Cultural attractions are concentrated in the core area of the scenic area within 2.18 square kilometers, mainly known as the "world's first temple" of Zen ancestral court and Shaolin martial arts birthplace Shaolin Temple It has the largest scale and the largest quantity in China Tallinn There is also the earliest extant stone Que in China Shaoshi towers And the martial arts hall, Dama Cave , Chuzu nunnery , Erzu Buddhist Temple , Ten directions Zen Yuan The Manna platform and other landscapes. The natural landscape is concentrated in Shaoshi Mountain Sanhuangzhai It integrates the famous "Songyang, Zhongyue, and Shaolin" three mountain and land building movements in the pre-Cambrian period, and is the best viewing place of Songshan World Geopark, representing more than 40 places such as monkey sky viewing, Yunfeng tiger noise, Yuzai sunset, and Shaoshi autumn scenery. ^[10]

History and culture

broadcast

EDITOR

Cultural relic

summarize

Songshan has 16 national key cultural relics protection units, 16 key cultural relics protection units in Henan Province, and more than 6,700 pieces of cultural relics and treasures. Songshan historical building group included in the "declaration of World Cultural Heritage", including 8 historical buildings with 11 historical buildings. ^[30] Adopted by the 34th Session of UNESCO's World Heritage Conference on 1 August 2010, the UNESCO World Heritage Conference will" Between heaven and earth Eleven historical buildings in eight places are listed as World Cultural Heritage Sites. Qimu Que, Taishi Que, Shaoshi que and Zhongyue" Three Que in the Eastern Han Dynasty ". ^[21]

name	introduce	picture
Shaolin Temple	少林寺始建于北魏孝文帝 Supreme harmony Nineteen years (495), is the Xiaowen emperor Yuan Hong in order to settle the Indian monk Bhada Luo Luo missionary and build a temple, because it was built in the jungle of the Shaoshi mountain, so the name - Shaolin Temple. In the third year of Xiaochang in the Northern Wei Dynasty (525), Bodhidharma, the 28th patriarch of the West Heaven, came to China from the southern Tianzhu country. He faced the wall in Shaolin Temple for nine years and pioneered Zen Buddhism. Shaolin Temple was then respected as "Zen Ancestral Court" by the world Buddhist circle, and Bodhidharma Patriarch was regarded as "the first patriarch of Eastern Zen Buddhism". In the early Tang Dynasty, the thirteen monks in Shaolin saved Li Shimin, the king of Qin, and won the reputation of "the first temple in the world". Shaolin Temple is the birthplace of Shaolin Kung Fu. There are seven courtyards in the central axis of Shaolin Temple, covering an area of about 36,000 square meters, and many buildings of Song, Ming and Qing dynasties are preserved. It is a cultural holy place where Zen and martial arts are combined. ^[11] On March 5, 2013, the ancient buildings of Shaolin Temple were announced by The State Council as the seventh batch of national key cultural relics protection units. ^[36]	Shaolin Temple
Shaolin Temple in Tallinn	Shaolin Temple Tallinn is located 300 meters west of Shaolin Temple, covers an area of more than 14,000 square meters, is China's largest existing scale, the largest number of ancient pagoda complex. There are 241 brick tomb towers in seven dynasties, Tang, Five dynasties, Song, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing. Because the tower is numerous, the size is uneven, the height is different, the thickness is different, the shape is different, the arrangement is scattered, it looks like the forest, so it is called "Tallinn", Shaolin Temple Tallinn collection of ancient brick architecture, sculpture, calligraphy, painting art, known as the "ancient pagoda art museum" by experts and scholars. ^[12] On November 20, 1996, Shaolin Temple Tallinn was announced by The State Council as the fourth batch of national key cultural relics protection units. ^[35]	Shaolin Temple in Tallinn
Chuzu nunnery	Chu Zu nunnery is a nunnery built in the Song Dynasty to commemorate the first Zu Dharma of Zen Buddhism to face the wall to obtain the true fruit, covering an area of more than 3,000 square meters. The main buildings of the central axis of Chu Zu Nunnery include the mountain gate, the main hall and the thousand-Buddha Pavilion, among which the main hall is one of the oldest and most valuable wooden structures in Henan, and has high research value in architecture. The main hall was built in the seventh year of Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty (1125), and although it has been repaired for many times, the main components are still original in the Northern Song Dynasty. ^[13] On November 20, 1996, Chu Zu Nunnery was announced by The State Council as the fourth batch of national key cultural relics protection units. ^[35]	Chuzu nunnery
Taishi towers	The Taishi Palace stands opposite each other on both sides of the central axis 500 meters in front of the Zhongyue Temple. The Taishi gate is divided into east and west, built with bluestones. The gate spacing is 6.75 meters, the east gate is 3.92 meters high, and the west gate is 3.96 meters high. The structure of the two que is exactly the same, consisting of three parts: the que base, the que body and the que top. Each que is divided into the positive que and the child que, the positive que and the child que que body into a whole, from the facade of the positive que high, the child que low; The right is inside and the child is outside. In addition to the inscriptions engraved on the stone surface of the body, the rest are carved portraits in stone units. The body is built with rectangular stones, a total of eight layers, the upper part of the tower is carved into four A top, the south is engraved with "Zhongyue Taishi Yangcheng" six seal characters, the west tower has a Li seal mixed inscriptions, describes the process of making the tower, the book "Yuan five years in April Yangcheng □ long Feng Xu ten thousand years Lu Changshi made this stone Que" and other words. More than 50 portraits of characters, chariot and horse travel, horse skills, sword dance and animals were carved by the method of reducing the ground flat carving on all four sides of the body, reproducing the life scenes of the nobility of the Han Dynasty, providing a good physical material for today's research. ^[17] On March 4, 1961, Taishi Palace was announced by The State Council as a national key cultural relic protection unit. ^[37]	Taishi towers
Keimu Pass	Qimu Palace is located at the foot of Songshan Mountain, 2 kilometers northwest of Dengfeng City, Henan Province, under the Wanwanfeng peak, is the Han Dynasty Qimu Temple in front of the Shendao Palace. 190 meters north of the Que, there is a cracking boulder, that is, Qimu stone, according to the document "Huainan Zi" records, in ancient times Da Yu was ordered to control the flooding of the river, three doors and not into, his wife Tu Shan into a boulder, the boulder from the north burst and born Qi. ^[21] On March 4, 1961, Qimu Palace was announced by The State Council as a national key cultural relic protection unit. ^[37]	Keimu Pass
Shaoshi towers	Shaoshi Palace is located in the west of Xingjiapu Village at the southern foot of Songshan Mountain, Dengfeng City, Henan Province, six kilometers away from the city under Shaoshi Mountain, built about the Eastern Han Dynasty Early Yuan Dynasty In five years to Enmitsu In the second year (118-123 years), it was the Shandao Palace of Shaoshishan Temple in the Han Dynasty. ^[14] On March 4, 1961, Shaoshi Palace was announced by The State Council as a national key cultural relic protection unit. ^[37]	Shaoshi towers
Zhongyue Temple	Zhongyue Temple, formerly known as Taishi Temple, had existed in the reign of Emperor Wudi of the Western Han Dynasty at the latest. It was originally a place to worship the Taishi mountain god of Songshan Mountain. With the disappearance of the system of offering sacrifices to mountains, Zhongyue Temple later became a place for Taoist activities, but it still retained the characteristics of ritual architecture. Zhongyue Temple is the most complete and largest building group among the five sacred Mountains, which basically retains the regulations after the restoration in the Qing Dynasty. In the temple, there are nearly 400 buildings such as 39 halls, palaces, buildings and pavilions. The total area is nearly 110,000 square meters, the total length of the central axis is 650 meters, a total of 7 into 11 floors of buildings, the buildings on the central axis are tall and majestic, the main hall Junji Hall is the largest temple in the five mountains. On both sides of the central axis, there are several groups of courtyards, such as the ancient god library, the four Yue Hall, the east and west gallery, the Fire God Palace, and the ancestral Master Palace, which are the places where Taoist priests respectively hold rituals and live. There are 73 ancient inscriptions in the temple, and more than 330 ancient cypress trees from the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty. The complete architectural layout makes Zhongyue Temple a huge architectural complex with distinct primary and secondary, well-arranged, compact layout and harmonious tone. ^[16] On June 25, 2001, Zhongyue Temple was announced by The State Council as the fifth batch of national key cultural relics protection units. ^[38]	Zhongyue Temple
Star observation platform	Stargazing platform was created in Yuan Solstice element Thirteen to sixteen years (1276-1279 years), with a history of more than 730 years, is a well-preserved astronomical observation instrument of the Yuan Dynasty. Its function is to "take the shadow of the sun in the day, watch the polar star at night, and take the morning and evening", that is, to determine the solar terms by observing the length and direction of the shadow of the sun, by looking for the law of the movement of the sun, the moon, the star and the Chen, as the basis for the formulation of the calendar. The Zhougong observation platform on the south side of the star observation platform is an instrument used by ancient ancestors to measure the shadow of the sun and verify the seasons. There are two parts: pedestal and pedestal, pedestal is called Kei, pedestal is called table. At noon on the day of the summer solstice, no shadow of the watch can be seen around the observation platform, so this platform is called the shadowless platform. And because there was no shadow, our ancestors thought this was the Earth. The star observation platform, Zhougong observation platform, Zhougong Temple and other buildings form a complete courtyard. In addition to the two astronomical science and technology buildings, the central axis also preserves the screen wall, the gate, the halberd gate, the Zhou Gong Temple, the Emperor Yao Hall and other Ming and Qing buildings. There are 12 inscriptions in the courtyard of the Observatory, as well as copied astronomical instruments, which are important historical relics related to astronomical observation. ^[15] On March 4, 1961, the Observatory was announced by The State Council as the first batch of national key cultural relics under protection. ^[37]	Star observation platform
Songyue Temple pagoda	Songyue Temple Pagoda, located at the southern foot of Songshan Mountain in Dengfeng, is the oldest extant brick pagoda with dense eaves, built during the Northern Wei Dynasty Masamitsu Four years (523). The plane of the tower is dodecagon, which is the only example of Chinese tower. 15 stories high, 40 meters. The bottom corner uses octagonal pillars, the lintel and the shrine have been used round arches, but the decoration is still foreign style. Dense eaves and overhangs are stacked, not using brackets. The chamber of the tower is octagonal straight well type and is divided into ten layers by wooden floor slab. The outer outline of the tower body has a soft division, a slightly convex curve, the tower brake is also composed of bricks, placed on the simple pedestal bowl, waist and lotus, and then overlapping phase wheel seven heavy and a treasure pearl. The distance between the dense eaves is shortened layer by layer, and the distribution is good with the external outline, so that the huge tower body appears stable and beautiful. The small window under the eaves not only breaks the monotony of the tower body, but also produces a contrast effect, which is also a better treatment technique. ^[18] On March 4, 1961, Songyue Pagoda was announced by The State Council as the first batch of national key cultural relics under protection. ^[37]	Songyue Temple pagoda
Temple of Dharma-king	Fa Wang Temple is located in Songshan Yuzhu peak, built in the Eastern Han Dynasty, has a long history, "the beginning of China's ancient temples". The Temple was founded in the fourfourth year (71) of Yongping of Emperor Ming of the Eastern Han Dynasty. It was a Sutras translating place built by Emperor Liu Zhuang of the Ming Dynasty for two eminent monks, Shimoteng and Zhu Faran. It was one of the earliest temples in China, three years later than the White Horse Temple in Luoyang and 424 years earlier than the Shaolin Temple. There are more than 40 rooms in the temple, with an area of about 5,000 square meters. There are many ancient pagodas, ancient trees and stone carvings preserved in the temple. Fa King Temple has one of the eight scenic Songshan "Song gate to the moon" scenery. ^[19]	Temple of Dharma-king
Hoi Seon Temple	Sui Kai Emperor years, Sui Wen emperor gave the name Huishan Temple. Huishan Temple is one of the most famous monasteries in Songshan area, and it is the center of the ancient monks in Songshan area. Together with Shaolin Temple, Fawang Temple and Songyue Temple, it is called the four major monasteries in Songshan. The famous monk Pu Shen, Jingzang, and the famous astronomer Monk Nanyi all come from Huishan Temple. When Wu Zetian visited Songshan Mountain, she visited Taoist monk Daoan in Huishan Temple and called him Lao An Guoshi. Later, Monk Nhat Hanh and Xuan Tong created a glass temple in Huishan Temple, which became one of the three major temples in the country and a monk ordination center at that time. The central axis of Huishan Temple has eight historical buildings, such as floodwall, mountain gate, main hall, and east and west rooms on both sides. The most historical and cultural values are the main hall of the Yuan Dynasty and the Jingzang Buddhist Pagoda on the west side of the temple. The Main Hall of Huishan Temple is the only existing wood structure building of Yuan Dynasty in Songshan area. It skillfully uses the principles of mathematics, mechanics and architecture, and is one of the few existing examples of Yuan Dynasty. Its architectural form and technology are of great significance to the study of Chinese architectural history. ^[20] On June 25, 2001, Zhongyue Temple was announced by The State Council as the fifth batch of national key cultural relics protection units. ^[38]	Hoi Seon Temple

religion

Buddhism

Songshan Mountain is a famous Buddhist mountain with rich and splendid Buddhist culture. Fa Wang Temple, founded in the Eastern Han Dynasty, is one of the earliest Buddhist temples in China, only three years later than Luoyang White Horse Temple, four hundred and twenty years earlier than Shaolin, according to "said Song" records, the White Horse Temple was originally to entertain four Yi guests, so it can be said that Fa Wang Temple is the beginning of the creation of Chinese Buddhist temples.

Because the Indian monk Bodhidharma first taught Zen here, and later Zen developed into an important sect in Buddhism, Shaolin is called the ancestral temple of Zen. Dharma, the founder of Zen Buddhism, left a story of "crossing the river with a reed" and "facing the wall for nine years" in the course of preaching, which established the practice of "clear mind and see nature, and everything is empty".

Other famous Buddhist temples are Huishan Temple, Songyue Temple, Yongtai Temple, Jin Qingliang Temple and so on.

The Buddhist monasteries in Songshan not only inherited and developed Buddhism, but also left many cultural masterpieces in the aspects of architecture, tablet art, calligraphy art, painting art, etc., which has accumulated profound Buddhist cultural connotation and is a precious cultural wealth.

Among the relics of Buddhist culture and art, the most prominent is the ancient pagoda group with a large number, different shapes and a long history. Songyue Pagoda is the earliest existing brick pagoda in China, the tower is about 40 meters high, the plane is an equilateral dodecagon, is a unique example of all kinds of famous tower buildings in China, after more than 1,400 years, it still stands firm, the shape of the tower has not changed; Fa Wang Temple Sui Dynasty Pagoda, for the four corners of the parabolic square pagoda, 15 stories high, about 40 meters; The pagoda of Yongtai Temple in Tang Dynasty is a brick pagoda with four corners square and dense eaves. The Tang Dynasty Jingzang Buddhist Pagoda in Huishan Temple is the oldest existing octagonal brick pagoda in China. Shaolin Temple Tallin has Tang, Song, Jin, Yuan, Ming, Qing dynasties brick tomb tower more than 200. Songshan Ancient pagoda Group is a comprehensive study of Chinese ancient masonry architecture and sculpture art room.

Inscriptions, calligraphy, painting art treasures are Liu Bei Temple statue tablet, North Qi Emperor Xuan Tianbao first year engraved, there are twelve relief warriors before and after the pedestal, large Buddha. The carving art is exquisite, and the calligraphy is majestic and powerful. Huishan Temple "Zhongyue Songyang Temple stele" engraved in the Eastern Wei Xiaojing Emperor Tianping two years. The head of the monument is carved with a coiling dragon and Buddha. Its fine carving, the beauty of the lines and the symmetry of the layout structure are rare in ancient stone carvings. There are also Shaolin Temple "Empress of the Tang Dynasty" stele, Tang "Ling Yun Zen Master Pagoda" stele, Yuan "Xiean Zen Master" stele, Ming "Shakya Tathagata to trace the spirit phase map" stele, Ming "Name Dharma face the wall" cursive stele, Huishan Temple "Northern Qi Statue stele", "Tang Religious atum Ring" stele, "Dao An Zen Master" stele, Tang Yan Zhenqing "Tian Shan" stele, Yongtai Temple "Datang Zhongyue Yongtai Temple" stele, Tang Gaocen's "Buddha Top Honoring Saint Doloni Mantra", Song Caijing's "Tower facing the Wall", Yuan Dongheng's "Dharma like Emperor Renzong's Praise", Qing Dynasty's "Dharma facing the wall", Tang Dynasty's "Emperor Songyue Shaolin Temple" stela and so on. ^[25]

Taoism

Songshan Mountain is a famous Taoist mountain. Zhongyue Temple was founded in the Qin Dynasty, formerly known as Taishi Temple, once had the reputation of "Fei Ying Day, Jie Pavilion united cloud". Zhongyue Temple is one of the sacred places of Taoism, known as the "sixth small cave of Taoism", the central axis of the building a total of eleven steps, a total length of 1.3 li, an area of more than 100,000 square meters, is the existing scale of the five Yue, preserved more complete ancient building group. The Four Yuedian table of Zhongyue Temple is unique among the five sacred mountains, permeating the religious concept of "five sacred mountains coexist and five elements are complete". Taiyi Temple, the predecessor of Chongfu Palace, was built in the first year of Yuanfeng of Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty, Daoism flourished and promoted Taiyi Temple to Chongfu Palace, which was not only the place where famous scholars gathered, but also the place where famous Daoists lived and preached. Such as Northern Wei Kou Qianzhi, Tang Dynasty Liu Daohe Dong Daoshen in the Song Dynasty, Qiu Changchun in the Jin Dynasty, etc., have left a reputation in the history of Taoism, and have presided over the Taoist temple in Chongfu Palace.

Songshan Taoist buildings and stone palaces are of high value. The Main hall of Zhongyue Temple was renovated in the six years of Song Zhen Zhong Xiang Fu, and has been rebuilt in successive dynasties. Nine wide, five deep, tall and majestic, very spectacular, is the largest temple in the Central Plains, but also the largest ancient building. There are also Taishi Que, Qimu Que and Shaoshi Que built in the Eastern Han Dynasty. They are engraved with various pictures, or engraved with inscriptions of praise. ^[26]

Confucianist

Songshan is a place of great influence of Confucian culture, which is rare among the famous mountains in China. In the long years, Confucian culture has experienced four stages, namely, the primitive Confucianism in the pre-Qin Dynasty, the deified Confucianism in the Western Han Dynasty, the theory of the Song and Ming Dynasties, and the modern neo-Confucianism. Songyang Academy, located in the southern foot of Songshan Mountain, is known as the four major academies in the early Song Dynasty, together with Suiyang Academy in Shangqiu, Henan Province, Yuelu Academy in Hunan Province and White Deer Cave Academy in Lushan, Jiangxi Province. Songyang Academy is one of the theoretical education centers of the Song and Ming dynasties, and occupies an important position in the history of Chinese culture. Nearby Chongfu Palace is the palace of famous scholars in the Song Dynasty who arranged inappropriate affairs. Fan Zhongyan, Sima Guang, Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao, Li Gang, etc., were awarded the post of "Guan Gou and promote" here.

Songyang Academy and Chongfu Palace were the places where famous Confucian scholars such as Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao, the founders of theory in the Song and Ming Dynasties, were active. Neo-confucianism of Song and Ming Dynasty, founded by Ercheng, was the dominant official philosophy in the late feudal society of China, so all the officials and famous scholars in the past dynasties have done something to restore Songyang Academy. During the reign of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, the famous scholar Geng Jie invested his assets to restore and expand Songyang Academy on a large scale, making it the dissemination center of the Luo School of Confucianism in the Qing Dynasty. To Songyang Academy visit, you can have a more profound understanding of Confucian culture, especially the theory of Song and Ming. Zhou Gong, Xu You, Chao Fu and Boyi, who lived in seclusion in the mountain of Pan, were all respected sages of Confucianism, and their records and legends are part of Confucian culture, although they lived long before the birth of Confucianism. Therefore, in terms of cultural connotation, Confucian culture in Songshan is enough to stand with Buddhism and Taoism. ^[27]

wushu

Shaolin martial arts is an important part of Chinese martial arts, with diverse forms, rich content, outstanding characteristics and unique style. It is famous at home and abroad because of its complete and exquisite technical system and wide social use. Shaolin Martial arts is a conventional technical school, which is produced on the basis of extensive absorption of traditional Chinese martial arts. After the establishment of Shaolin Temple in the 19th year of Taihe in Northern Wei Dynasty (495), Shaolin martial arts came into being and became a kind of amateur fitness activity that monks often participated in. ^[28]

Shaolin martial arts

education

Songyang Academy

Songyang Academy Named for its location on the Songshan Mountain, it has been a place of Buddhism and Taoism in history, but it has been the longest and most famous as a holy place of Confucianism. Songyang Academy and Suiyang District, Shangqiu City, Henan province Yingtian Academy Hunan Yuelu Academy Jiangxi White deer Cave Academy Be called together Four great academies of the Northern Song Dynasty .

Songyang Academy was founded in the eighth year of Taihe in the Northern Wei Dynasty (484), when it was a place for Buddhist activities, called Songyang Temple. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, it became a place for Taoist activities, and Tang Gaozong and Wu Zetian used it as their official residence twice. During the Northern Song Dynasty, it became a famous educational place, and famous scholars such as Fan Zhongyan, Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao and Sima Guang gave lectures here. Sima Guang's historical masterpiece "Zhi Zhi Tongjian" was partly completed in the academy. These lectures not only made Songyang Academy the first of the four major academies in the Northern Song Dynasty, but also made Songyang Academy one of the birthplaces of Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty.

The architecture of Songyang Academy was regulated by the Qing Dynasty, and the architecture was intact, preserving the architectural style of the traditional academy, and the site selection, layout and form of the architecture had the characteristics of both public buildings and residential buildings. The existing academy covers an area of more than 9,000 square meters, with five central axis buildings and 106 ancient buildings. Many of the existing stone tablets, Confucian buildings and ancient trees in the academy are masterpieces of the past dynasties and are closely related to the important activities of many famous historical figures. The academy education system was abolished at the end of the Qing Dynasty. As the cultural carrier of this disappeared system, Songyang Academy plays an important role in the study of ancient Chinese academy architecture, education system and Confucian culture. As a historical monument, its significance to modern education and culture is also significant and far-reaching. ^[22]

Myth and legend

Taishi mountain top "Sleeping Nuwa"

"Huainan Zi · Lanzhen" says: in ancient times, the four poles were wasted, Jiuzhou split; The world is covered, the ground is different; Fire will not be extinguished, water will not cease; Animals prey on the people, birds prey on the weak and the old.

So Nwa mixed five-colored stones to mend the sky, cut a clasp enough to erect four poles, killed the black dragon to help Jizhou, and collected reed ash to stop the water. Heaven fill, four poles is, the lewd water dry, Jizhou flat, Jiao Jiao dead, Zhuansheng, back square state, hold round day. And spring Yang summer, kill autumn about winter, pillow square bed rope.

Yin and Yang are obstructed by the situation of the body of the reason, the reverse qi, the object hurt the people's accumulation of never stop. In that way Nuwa Why mend the sky? "On Heng · Chat Tian" is described in this way: "The Confucian book says: 'Gonggong and Zhuanxu fight for the son of heaven, unable to win, anger and touch the mountain, so that the sky pillar bend, the earth is absolutely. Nwa sells and chains five-colored stones to make up the sky, and the broken claws are enough to erect four poles. The sky is short of the northwest, so the sun and moon move. Less than the southeast, so hundreds of rivers. This ancient text, the words of the world."

The legend of Our Lady of Kowloon

Songshan Taishi highest peak Junji Peak northwest of a peak, called Huagai peak. It is said that the Yellow Emperor once came to visit and worshipped Hua Gai as his teacher to formulate the calendar.

Hugai is said to be an able man who lives on that peak.

Because he often observed the sky, understood the operation of the sun, moon and stars, and felt the changes of the four seasons in spring, summer, autumn and winter, which was of great help to human life and plant growth, he was famous far and wide. Later, people called the mountain where he lived Huagai Peak according to the name of the Huagai star in the four astronomical images.

Yellow Emperor defeat Chiyou-warrior In the future, for the lives of the tribal people, in order to Yan Emperor Teaching people to plant grain on the basis of developing agricultural production, he personally led the minister to Mount Songshan to visit Huagai.

At that time, the trees on the mountain were thick, and there were many wolves, insects, tigers and leopards. They used bows and arrows to drive away wild animals and open the way, while calling to each other to gather various fruits in the forest.

They commuted a lot of mountains and valleys, and finally found the old man Hua Gai. He was an old man of more than 100 years old, very talkative, and was very honored to hear that the Yellow Emperor had come, and described the seven governments of the sun, moon, gold, wood, water, fire, Saturn and twenty-eight, four images, three walls, twelve divisions, etc., which had been observed for a long time, and talked about their relationship with people's lives and plant growth. Huang Di listened with great interest, and from time to time interposed questions or offered his own views. He asked his minister, Cang Jie, to write down what was important.

The old man was very happy, and the Yellow Emperor was also very satisfied. He thanked him again and again and left the mountain.

The Yellow Emperor returned to the bear capital, and immediately arranged the formulation of the calendar, so that Xi and account for the day, so that Chang Xi accounts for the month, so that the old area astrology, so that the big tickler for a son to record the day, so that the six laws and the formulation of the calendar. The year is divided into four seasons, spring, summer, autumn and winter, then divided into twelve months, and then divided into twenty-four solar terms. In this way, according to the changes of the four seasons, temperature, rainfall and phenology, crop planting and agricultural production have played a great role in the improvement and enhancement of people's lives.

Erlang takes up the mountain and drives the sun

At the southern foot of Songshan Mountain in the Middle Mountains, there is a knife-cut mountain called Dangyang Mountain. On the side of the mountain, there are three abrupt large rocks, which look like meteorites falling from the sky from a distance, and people call them "Erlang Stone" or "support pot stone". Below the mountain is a vast expanse of yellow sand, like scorched terra cotta, which the locals call "the Great Desert." When it comes to Dangyang Mountain, "Erlang Stone" and this "great desert", there is a magical legend.

According to legend, Pangu opens heaven and earth At that time, there were ten SUNS pouring out of the ground, the crops were scorched, the river was dried, the whole world was hotter than a steamer, and the people were in danger. There was a young man named Jiro. He is not only hardworking and brave, but also loyal and honest. His strength was so great that he could lift several mountains; He has a pair of flying tiger shoes, wear it can cross the mountains across the sea, a thousand miles a day. The people were convinced of him and liked him, so they elected him their leader.

Three emperors Yao Shunyu and Songshan Mountain

yao Ancient Chinese legend of the holy king, surnamed Yin Qi, number Fangxun. Because it was sealed in Tang Dynasty, it was called "Tang Yao". Tang Yao later years to Dengfeng mountain visit Xu you several times, Xu you because unwilling to accept the Zen let and Yingshui ear, skip mountain, Ying water, washing ear spring, drinking cow pit, Xuyou mound and other cultural relics in the interpretation of Xu you high moral and noble at the same time, but also highlight the virtue of Yao Emperor if thirsty, salute the virtuous. Later, Emperor Yao toured Yangcheng and died in Dengfeng Yangcheng at the foot of Songshan Mountain at the age of 100 years. He gave his life to Mount Songshan, and Mount Songshan became a monument of Zen virtue.

shun The legendary name of the ancient emperor, the leader of the tribal alliance in the late period of the patriarchal clan society. According to legend, because of the four mountains, Yao appointed him regent. He toured the four sides, including Gun, Gonggong, candied pocket and Sanmiao. After Yao passed away, he took the throne, consulted the Four Mountains, selected wise men to govern civil affairs, and selected Yu, who was successful in controlling the water, as his successor. Emperor Shun also left a lot of legends in the Songshan area, being abused by his stepmother and planting hemp seeds, doing business in Dengfeng, visiting the Great Yu in Songshan, his stories are deeply touching.

yu He is usually honored as Yu the Great, and together with Yao and Shun, he is the legendary ancient sage king. Da Yu used Dengfeng as the center of water control. As the son of Chong Bogun, his father's fiefdom was in Songshan, he was rooted in Songshan, grew up in Songshan, resided in Songshan, and built his capital in Songshan. When the flood was raging and the people were adrift, he bid farewell to his wife who had just been married for four days and resolutely devoted himself to the great cause of water control. In thirteen years, Da Yu passed through his home three times but did not enter, and later generations summarized his water control with a pair of couplets: "Thirteen years of external governance of Pingjiang River and Huaiji, three times through the house to waste Xin Ren GUI Jia." Qimushi Stone, Han Sanque and Wangchenggang are the clear evidence that Da Yu controlled the water and built the capital in Songshan Mountain, and Taishi Mountain and Shaoshi Mountain, the main body of Songshan Mountain, are also named because Da Yu's two wives Tu Shanjiao and Tu Shanyao lived under them respectively.

Historical record

Qing dynasty historians Gu Zuyu In... Read historical records "Recorded in: The show of the two, living in the square, the hole but special, square gas thick, so said high.

Lu Zhaogong Four years ago (538 BC), the state of Jin Sima Marquis said: Taishi, the danger of Kyushu also. Also Chu Jiaoju (namely Wu Ju), Wu Zixu His grandfather) said: King You of Zhou for The Alliance of Taiji The army is rebellious.

Emperor Wu of Han The middle Yuetata room. ^[4]

Jin Yongkang second year (397), ( The Rebellion of the Eight Kings ) The King of Zhao Sima Lun Usurp power, King of Qi Ceres sima From the Xuchang army to fight. Sima Lun fear, night makes people wear feathered Songshan, pretend to be immortal Wang Qiao , declarative destiny.

Yongjia three years (309 years), Liu Yuan A surname Liu Cong Such as the invasion of Luoyang, Liu Cong personally pray Songshan, leave the army around Luo, Luo attack Cong army, defeat.

During the eight years of the Northern Wei Dynasty (423), Northern Wei Ming Yuan emperor Tuoba Di Into Luoyang, make temple song high. In the twentieth year (496), 北魏孝文帝 Tuoba Hong The ceremony is high. In Yongping, choose Songshan Mountain, Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei Yuanque Set up a sinecure temple. 北魏孝明帝 Yuanxu The Second year of the Turtle (519), Empress Dowager Hu Be in high spirits. In the second year of Yongxi (533), 北魏孝武帝 Yuan Xiu Hunting in Songgao.

Yong Chunchu, Emperor Gaozong of Tang In the south of the mountain as the temple of worship. For four years (688), Empress Wu Zetian Feng Songgao for God Yue, zen little room. In the second year of the Holy Calendar (699), Wu Zetian visited Songshan Mountain. The following year (700), Wu Zetian returned to Songshan.

In the eighth year of Jiading Song Dynasty (1215), the Mongols attacked Jin Tongguan, but could not go down, but by the Song mountain path Ruzhou In the event of a mountain stream, it is often connected with an iron gun and locked as a bridge to cross, thus interesting Bianjing The Golden Man Earthquake. ^[5]

Tourist information

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Ticket information

Ticket price
Scenic spot name	Admission fee	remark
Shaolin Temple scenic spot	80	Shaolin Temple often hospitalized, Tallin, three emperor village, martial arts performance, the first ancestral nunnery, two ancestral nunnery
Yongtai Temple	60	/
Zhongyue Temple	30	/
Lu Ya Waterfall	50	/
Star observation platform	40	Free from 1st May 2017
Songyang Academy	30	/
Taishi Mountain	50	In addition to Songyang Academy, there are Taishi Mountain, Fawang Temple, Songyue Temple and Huishan Temple
Lotus Temple	30	/
Hoi Seon Temple	40	/
Reference materials: ^[24]

Traffic route

Traffic route
Starting point	Specific route
The city of Zhengzhou	Enter Zhengshao Expressway Navigation Link and drive 4.2 km Enter Zhenglu Expressway and drive 61.6 km Enter Dengfeng Avenue and drive 4.4 km Enter Sihai Line, travel 7.5 km From Xihai Line to Songshan Scenic parking lot, drive 100 meters
Luoyang City	Enter the Luoyan Express and drive 16.7 km From Luoyan Express to S320, travel 770 meters Enter S320 and drive 440 meters Enter Sihai Line, travel 29.9 km From Xihai Line to Songshan Scenic parking lot, drive 100 meters
Xuchang City	Enter Yongdeng Expressway and drive 46.9 km Enter Zhenglu Expressway and drive 11.8 km Enter Dengfeng Avenue and drive 4.4 km Enter Sihai Line, travel 7.5 km From Xihai Line to Songshan Scenic parking lot, drive 100 meters
Xinzheng International Airport	Enter Yingbin Avenue and drive 2.8 km Enter the airport Highway and travel 12.7 km Enter Southwest Expressway and drive 27.9 km Enter Zhenglu Expressway and drive 58.3 km Enter Dengfeng Avenue and drive 4.4 km Enter Sihai Line, travel 7.5 km From Xihai Line to Songshan Scenic parking lot, drive 100 meters
By bus from Xinzheng International Airport	By bus from Xinzheng International Airport Take the airport Line 3 bus to Zhengzhou Railway Station East Square Departures approximately 1 hour apart It takes about 40 minutes and costs 20 yuan Take the shuttle bus from Zhengzhou Central Station opposite the East Square of the railway station Departure: 07:00, 08:00, 08:50, 09:40, 11:00 It takes about 90 minutes and costs 28 yuan ^[7]

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