Collect
Check out my collection
0
Useful +1
The Federal Republic of Nigeria, also known as Nigeria, is located at 6° 27’n and 3° 24’e
West Africa
Countries in the southeast,
Africa
Gulf of Guinea
The apex of the West Bank, neighboring countries including the west
Benin
north
The Niger
, northeast across
Lake Chad
with
Chad
It shares a small border, east and southeast with
Cameroon
Adjoining, south of the Atlantic Ocean
Gulf of Guinea
With an area of 923,768 square kilometers,
Population 227 million (2024)
[11]
There are more than 250 ethnic groups, the capital Abuja, the country is divided into 1 Federal Capital Territory, 36 states.
Nigeria is an ancient civilization in Africa. In the 8th century AD, the Zaghawa nomads established the kingdom of Kanem-Bornu around Lake Chad, which lasted more than a thousand years. Beginning in the 10th century, the Yoruba established the kingdoms of Ife, Oyo, and Benin on the lower Niger River. Around the 11th century, the Hausa established seven castle kingdoms in the northern part of Nigeria, also known as the "Seven states of Hausa", and in the 16th century, the western part of the country
Songhai Empire
Conquered. The year 1472
Portugal
Invasion. Mid-16th century
Britain
Invasion. It became a British colony in 1914. Independence was declared on 1 October 1960 and became
The British Commonwealth
Member states. The Federal Republic of Nigeria was established on 1 October 1963.
[1]
Nigeria is Africa's largest oil producer and the world's sixth largest oil exporter
The United Nations
,
Non-aligned movement
,
Group of 77
,
World Trade Organization
,
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
,
African Union
and
Economic Community of West African States
Member of other international organizations, Nigeria is Africa's largest economy in 2022
Gross domestic product
477.3 billion dollars,
Gross domestic product per capita
At $2,237, GDP grew by 3.3%.
[1]
On May 29, 2023 local time, Bora Tinubu was officially sworn in as President of Nigeria.
[9]
- Chinese name
- Federal Republic of Nigeria [1]
- Foreign name
- The Federal Republic of Nigeria
- Abbreviated form
- Nigeria
- continent
- Africa
- capital
- Abuja [1]
- Major city
- Lagos Etc.
- National Day
- October 1, 1960
- National song
- Rise up, Nigerians Heed the Call.
- Country code
- NGA
- Official language
- English [1]
- currency
- Naira [1]
- Time zone
- UTC+1
- Political system
- federalism
- National leader
- Bora Tinubu [1] (President)
- Population number
- 227 million [11] (Year 2024)
- Major nationality
- Hausa-fulani, Yoruba, Igbo
- Major religion
- Islam , Christianity
- Land area
- 923800 km² [1]
- Water area ratio
- 1.4%
- Total GDP
- 390 billion dollars [11] (2023)
- Per capita GDP
- $1760 [11] (2023)
- International telephone area code
- 234
- International domain name abbreviation
- .ng
- Road access
- Drive on the right
- Largest city
- Lagos
- Leading institution
- University of Lagos, University of Ibadan, etc
catalogue
- 1Historical evolution
- 2Geographical environment
- ▪Regional location
- ▪landform
- ▪Climatic characteristics
- ▪Drainage distribution
- 3Natural resources
- 4Administrative division
- ▪regionalization
- ▪capital
- ▪Major city
- 5National symbol
- ▪Country name
- ▪flag
- ▪National emblem
- ▪National anthem
- 6Population nationality
- ▪population
- ▪nation
- 7political
- ▪regime
- ▪constitution
- ▪congress
- ▪judiciary
- ▪Political party
- ▪Federal executive council
- ▪dignitaries
- 8economy
- ▪narrate
- ▪Industrial and mining industry
- ▪agriculture
- ▪Finance and finance
- ▪foreign trade
title
In the 8th century AD, the Zaghawa nomads established the Kanem-Bornu empire around Lake Chad.
Beginning in the 10th century, the Yoruba people
Niger river
Downstream, the kingdoms of Ife, Oyo, and Benin were established. Around the 11th century,
Hausa
Seven castle kingdoms were established in the northern part of Nigeria, also known as the "Seven States of Hausa".
[1]
In the mid-16th century, England invaded.
In 1954, the Nigerian Federation gained internal self-government.
On 1 October 1963, the Federal Republic of Nigeria was established. It has happened many times since independence
Military coup
Long ruled by the military.
In November 1993, to
Abacha
Headed by a military junta that took over power, the Provisional Leadership Council and the Federal Executive Council were formed to exercise power
State power
.
Abacha died on June 8, 1998. 9, the Chief of Defense Staff
Abubakar
He took over as head of state and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, and formulated a plan to return power to the people.
In February 1999, presidential elections were held, with the candidate of the People's Democratic Party and former head of State
Obasanjo
He was elected President of the Fourth Republic and took office on 29 May. In April 2003.
Nigeria is located in the southeast of West Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean to the south, Niger to the north, Benin to the west, Cameroon to the east, and Chad across Lake Chad to the northeast. It covers an area of 923,800 square kilometers.
[6]
Natural scenery of Nigeria
Nigeria is a tropical grassland climate, the overall high temperature and rain, the whole year is divided into dry season and rainy season, the average annual temperature is about 26-27 ° C, the average annual temperature in coastal areas is 32.2 ° C, the northernmost up to 40.6 ° C. The minimum temperature is 21.1 ° C in the coastal areas and 12.8 ° C in the far north. Relative humidity gradually decreases from the coast to the inland, with relative humidity of about 80% in the southern region and less than 50% in the far north.
[6]
Nigeria has many rivers, the Niger River and its tributary Benue River as the main river, the Niger River in the territory of 1400 km long.
Nigeria is rich in natural resources, and 44 kinds of mineral resources with proven commercial exploitation value are mainly oil, natural gas, coal, limestone, marble, iron ore, zinc ore, tin, niobium, tantalum and uranium. Nigeria is Africa's largest oil producer, the world's 10th largest oil producer and the seventh largest crude oil exporter, has proven oil reserves of about 37 billion barrels, ranking second in Africa, the world's 11th, based on the current production calculation, can continue to exploit 50 years. Proven natural gas reserves reach 5.8 trillion cubic meters, ranking first in Africa and tenth in the world, and can be exploited for more than 100 years based on current production. Proven high-grade iron ore reserves of about 3 billion tons, natural bitumen reserves of 84 billion tons, high-quality coal reserves of 1.134 billion tons, is the only coal producing country in West Africa. Other mineral resources have yet to be exploited on a large scale.
[6]
Nigeria
talc
Reserves are estimated at over 100 million tonnes, mainly in the states of Niger, Ochon, Kozi, Kwara, Ogun, Taraba and Kaduna. Nigeria has only two medium-sized talc processing plants in operation, both located in Niger State. Nigeria talc color difference is large, divided into white, milky white and off-white. Talc can be used as a raw material for a variety of industrial products, therefore, the mining of talc in Nigeria will greatly meet the needs of the domestic and international markets.
[2]
Nigeria has more than 3 billion tonnes of iron ore, mainly in the states of Kozi, Enugu, Niger, Zamfara and Kaduna. What is being mined is located
Kojeju
The crystalline iron ore in the Itakpe area is mainly supplied to two large steel mills, Aladja and Ajaokuta. The oolitic iron ore deposits in Kozi and Enugu are still to be developed on a large scale.
[2]
The schist zone in western Nigeria has alluvial distribution
Gold ore
And primary gold deposits. Alluvial gold is being mined in some areas. Primary gold deposits suitable for large-scale commercial mining have been found in north-west and south-west Nigeria. These primary gold deposits are shallow and relatively high grade, with an estimated production cost of about $50 per ounce of gold.
[2]
Nigeria's natural asphalt is mainly distributed in Ondo State, about 42 billion tons, almost twice the country's crude oil reserves proved reserves, second only to
Venezuela
. If fully developed, it can not only meet the needs of the country's road construction, but also generate foreign exchange earnings. Technical analysis shows that Nigerian asphalt can be directly made into asphalt binder.
[2]
Salt springs are mainly found in
Plateau State
The Awe region, the Abakaliki region in Ebeni State and the Uburu region in Imo State,
halite
It is found mainly in Benue. According to statistics, Nigeria's rock salt reserves are 15 billion tons, but its salt,
Caustic soda
,
chlorine
,
Baking soda
,
Sodium hypochlorite
And the domestic demand for products such as chlorine peroxide exceeds 1 million tons. Nigerian tanneries, food factories, beverage factories, paper mills, bottlers and oil companies import a large amount of these chemical products every year.
[2]
Gypsum is produced
cement
Used as an important additive material, it can also be used in production
Plaster of Paris
(also known as burnt plaster) and chalk. It is estimated that Nigeria's gypsum reserves are about 1 billion tons.
[2]
Limestone is an important raw material in the production of cement and other construction products. Nigeria's proven reserves of limestone are 1.2 million tons, mainly distributed in
Benue State
,
Kwara State
,
Bauchi State
,
Sokoto State
,
Niger State
, Enugu State,
Anambra State
, Cross River State,
Oyo State
, Imo State and
Federal capital District
Etc.
[2]
bentonite
And barite bentonite, a clay formed by the decomposition of volcanic ash
barite
It is the main raw material of mud used in crude oil drilling operations. Nigeria has proven reserves of 700 million tons of bentonite and more than 7.5 million tons of barite. The specific gravity of barite produced in this country is about 4.3
kaolin
It can be widely used in the production of coatings, rubber, filter paper, cement, cosmetics, ceramics, sandpaper, emery and other abrasives. Nigeria's high-quality kaolin reserves are 3 billion tons (3.4 million tons of kaolin purity of more than 90%), mainly distributed in
Ondo State
And Ekiti state and 12 other states.
Coal Nigeria is the only coal producing country in West Africa, coal with low sulfur, low ash, environmental protection, rich in asphalt and other characteristics, the estimated reserves of about 3 billion tons, mainly distributed in Enugu state, Benue State, Koji State, Nazarawa state, Ebenyi State, Cross River State, Imo State, Anambra State, Delta State and Edo State 17 states
Mining district
. Proved reserves of more than 600 million tons. It is abundant in the Niger River basin
lignite
Formed in the geological tertiary system, it can be made into industrial briquette and civil briquettes.
[2]
Gem mining flourished for many years in Plateau, Kaduna and Bauchi states. Nigerian gemstones mainly consist of
Sapphire
,
ruby
,
aquamarine
,
Emerald
,
tourmaline
, topaz,
garnet
and
zircon
Such varieties.
Tantalum is mainly used in electronic products such as capacitors and other special alloy products. Large tantalum deposits are found in the states of Nazarawa, Gombe and Kozi and the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria. The pegmatite in these areas contains alluvial tantalite and primary tantalite.
Tin reserves of about 140,000 tons are mainly distributed in Nigeria's Plateau State, Bauchi State, Kaduna State, Kano State, Niger State and Benue State and other regions.
niobite
The reserves are about 20,000 tons, mainly distributed in the northern states of Nigeria.
Lithium is mainly distributed in the central AngwanDoka region and the southwestern Ijero and Egbe regions, where it can be used in the production of specialty alloys, lubricants, high-performance batteries and pharmaceutical products.
[2]
Marble is a metamorphic rock and can be used
unit
,
cement
,
lime
,
glass
and
Iron and steel industry
It is mainly distributed in Koji State, Kwara State, Plateau State, Oyo State, Kachina State and Niger State.
[2]
Salt phosphate is
Chemical fertilizer
,
Matches
and
explosive
The important raw materials are mainly distributed in
Ogun State
and
Abia state
Etc.
[2]
Silica sand
Can be used in construction and glass manufacturing, mainly distributed in
Kano State
,
Ondo State
,
Lagos State
,
Anambra State
,
Edo State
, Enugu State,
Rivers State
,
Delta
And Cross River State and other places.
[2]
Nigeria
diatomite
Mainly distributed in Baonuo and other places, can be used to produce absorbers, abrasives, filters, filling media, high temperature insulators, smoothing agents, pigments and coloring materials and other products.
[2]
clay
It can be used as an important raw material of mud for oil drilling operations, mainly distributed in
Federal capital District
Borno State, Edo State and other places.
granite
,
Perilla granite
,
gabbro
(Flying white Rock) and
gneiss
The above rocks have good beauty and texture and can be cut into stone of specific sizes, mainly distributed in Bauchi State, Kaduna State, Plateau State, Edo State and Ondo State.
[2]
Subdivisions of Nigeria
The 36 states are:
Abia state
, Akwa Ibom State, Adamawa State,
Anambra State
,
Bauchi State
,
Benue State
,
Borno State
, Cross Rivers State,
Delta
,
Edo State
,
Enugu State
,
Imo State
,
Jigawa State
,
Kaduna State
,
Kano State
,
Katsina State
,
Kebbi State
,
Kogi State
,
Kwara State
,
Lagos State
,
Niger State
,
Ogun State
,
Ondo State
,
Osun State
Voyo Oblast,
Plateau State
,
Rivers State
,
Sokoto State
,
Taraba state
, Yoby State,
Gombe State
,
Nasarawa State
, Zamfara State,
The state of Ebonyi
, Ekiti State,
Bayelsa State
.
Capital of Nigeria
Abuja
(Abuja) is located in
Niger State
Within the territory, there is a small tribe of Gwari people living in the place, for
Niger State
,
Kaduna State
,
Plateau State
Intersection with Kwarra, distance
Lagos
About 500 km, it is the geographical center of the country. It is located on the southwestern edge of the Central Plateau, a tropical savannah hilly area with sparse population, fresh air and beautiful scenery.
In 1975, Mohammed's military government proposed the construction of a new capital. In October 1979, the civilian government of Shagari officially approved the blueprints for the new capital, Abuja, and began the first phase of construction. It was officially relocated from Lagos in December 1991. It has a population of about 6 million. The average maximum temperature is 35 ° C and the average minimum temperature is 15 ° C.
Subdivisions of Nigeria
The economic capital Lagos
The Federal Republic of Nigeria is also known as Nigeria. Also translated as Nigeria.
Flag of Nigeria
It is a horizontal rectangle, the ratio of length to width is 2:1. From left to right, it consists of three equal vertical rectangles: green, white and green. Green symbolizes agriculture and white symbolizes peace and unity. In 1959, the Nigerian National flag design competition was selected, the flag was designed by a student. It became independent on 1 October 1960 and was adopted.
Coat of arms of Nigeria
My fellow citizens, rise up and answer the call of Nigeria to serve our country with love, strength and faith. The hard work of our heroic past will not be in vain, and we will do our best to build a free, peaceful and united nation. The Creator guides our cause to be noble, guides our leaders to lead correctly, helps our youth to learn the truth, to grow loving and honest, to live well in integrity and sincerity, to achieve lofty goals, and to build a nation of peace and justice.
Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa
In 2023, the population will be 222 million.
[1]
Nigeria is a multi-ethnic country, there are more than 250 indigenous ethnic groups, of which there are more than 20 large tribes, the largest tribes are Hausa, Fulani (known as Hausa-Fulani), Yoruba and Igbo, respectively, accounting for 29%, 21% and 18% of the country's population. In addition, there are small populations of British, Indian, Pakistani and Asian origin in Nigeria.
[6]
Nigeria has a federal presidential system. Carry out
Separation of powers
The legislative, judicial and executive powers are independent of each other and check and balance each other. In January 2012, the government announced its cancellation
Refined oil product
The subsidies sparked strikes and demonstrations across the country, which were quelled when the government moved to rein in fuel price increases. The political situation in the country is generally stable, but ethnic and religious conflicts, terrorist bombings occur from time to time, and the Islamic north
Religious extremism
Organization
Boko Haram
Several terrorist bombings have been carried out in the capital and other places, and the anti-government forces in the southern oil-producing region have from time to time caused terrorist incidents.
[3]
Since independence, Nigeria has had five constitutions: the 1960, 1963, 1979, 1989 and 1999 constitutions (the 1989 constitution was never enacted). The current constitution, which was amended on the basis of the 1979 Constitution, was promulgated on 5 May 1999 and came into force on 29 May of the same year when President Obasanjo took office. The main contents include: Nepal is an indivisible sovereign state with a federal system; Implement a political system of separation of powers, with the president as the chief executive and leading the Cabinet; The National Assembly, divided into two chambers, is the highest legislative body of the country; The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body; Both the President and the National Assembly are directly elected, and the President serves a four-year term with no more than two consecutive terms.
[6]
The National Assembly consists of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives, whose members are directly elected for four-year terms and can be re-elected. The tenth National Assembly will be elected in March 2023 and formally formed in June. The All Progressives Congress won 59 seats in the 109-seat Senate and 178 seats in the 360-seat lower house, while the main opposition People's Democratic Party won 36 and 115 seats respectively. Godswill Akpabio, Speaker of the Senate, and Abbas Tajuddeen, Speaker of the House of Representatives.
[11]
The Commonwealth has the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal and the High Court, the states have superior courts, and the local governments have district courts. The current Chief Justice, Olukayode Ariwoola, was sworn in in June 2022.
[6]
The party was banned in June 1998. In February 2020, Nigeria's Independent Election Commission deregistered 74 political parties that did not qualify for elections. At present, the CPN has 18 registered political parties, the main political parties are as follows:
(1) All Progressives Congress (APC) : The ruling party. Registered with the Independent Electoral Commission in August 2013, The former main opposition party, the Action Congress Of Nigeria (ACN), the Congress for Progressive Change (ACN) CPC and the All Nigerian People's Party (ANPP) were formed by a merger. On 13 June 2014, the party held its first National Congress, attended by nearly 7,000 party members. The meeting elected members of the National Executive Committee and adopted the Party constitution. On March 26, 2022, the party held a national congress and elected Abdullahi Adamu as the new National President. In July 2023, Adamu resigned as National President and Abubakar Kyari became acting National President.
(2) People's Democratic Party (PDP) : Opposition party. It was established in August 1998 and has been in power for a long time. The objectives of the party are: to preserve the unity, solidarity and sovereignty of Nepal; Advocates the harmonious coexistence of all peoples and the establishment of a free, equal and just society; To promote and consolidate the political, economic and social independence of Nigeria. In northern, central and southeastern parts of Nepal, the impact is greater. Current President: Iyorchia Ayu.
[6]
The Cabinet. Formed in August 2023 with 49 members, the chairman and Vice Chairman are respectively President Tinubu and Vice President Shettima, and President Tinubu is also the Minister of Petroleum Resources. The other members are: Hannatu Musawa, Minister of Arts, Culture and Creative Economy; Muhammed Badaru Abubakar, Minister of Defense; Tahir Mamman, Minister of Education; Housing and Urban Development Minister Ahmed Dangiwa, Budget and Economic Planning Minister Atiku Bagudu, Environment Minister Balarabe Lawal, Ezenwo Nyesom Wike, Minister of the Federal Capital Region, Joseph Utsev, Minister of Water Resources and Public Health, Abubakar Kyari, Minister of Agriculture and Food Safety, Interior Minister Olubunmi Tunji-Ojo, Foreign Minister Yusuf Maitama Tuggar, Coordinating Minister of Health and Social Welfare Ali Pate, Ibrahim Geidam, Minister of Police Affairs; Shuaibu A. Audu, Minister of Steel Development; Mohammad Idris, Minister of Information and National Publicity; Lateef Fagbemi, Federal Attorney General and Minister of Justice; Simon Lalong, Minister of Labour and Employment; Zaphaniah Jisalo, Minister of Special Duties and Intergovernmental Affairs; Bosun Tijani, Minister of Communications, Innovation and Digital Economy; Olawale Edun, Minister of Finance and Coordinating Minister of Economy; Uche Nnaji, Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation; Minister of Marine and Blue Economy Adegboyega Oyetola, Minister of Electricity Adebayo Adelabu, Minister of Solid Mineral Development Dele Alake, Lola Ade John, Minister of Tourism; Alkali Ahmed Sa'id, Minister of Transport; Doris Uzoka, Minister of Industry, Trade and Investment; Festus Keyamo, Minister of Aviation and Space Development; Abubakar Momoh, Minister of Development of the Niger Delta; Dave Umahi, Minister of Works; Youth Minister Jamila Ibrahim, Sports Development Minister John Enoh, Women's Affairs Minister Uju Kennedy-Ohanenye, Elperipe Ekpo, Minister of State for Natural Gas Resources; Heineken Lokpobiri, Minister of State for Petroleum Resources; Bello Matawalle, Minister of State for Defense; Yusuf Tanko Sununu, Minister of State, Ministry of Education; Ishak Salako, Minister of State, Environment; Mahmoud Mariya, Minister of State, Federal Capital Territory; Bello Muhammad Goronyo, Minister of State for Water Resources and Public Health; Aliyu Sabi Abdullahi, Minister of State for Agriculture and Food Security; Tunji Alausa, Minister of State, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare; Abdullahi Tijjani Gwarzo, Minister of State, Ministry of Housing and Urban Development; Imman Sulaiman-Ibrahim, Minister of State, Ministry of Police Affairs; Uba Maigari Ahmadu, Minister of State, Ministry of Steel Development; Nkeiruka Onyejocha, Minister of State, Ministry of Labour and Employment, and Ayodele Olawande, Minister of State, Ministry of Youth.
[11]
Bora Tinubu: The President. Born on 29 March 1952 in Lagos State, Yoruba, Muslim. He studied at the University of Chicago in the United States and worked for Andersen, Deloitte and Mobil Oil. He entered Nigerian politics in 1992 and was a senator and Governor of Lagos State. He was elected President in March 2023 and inaugurated on May 29.
Qasim Shettima: Vice President. Born on 2 September 1966 in Borno State, Hausa-Fulani ethnic group, practicing Islam. Bachelor's degree in Agricultural economics. He was a university lecturer and worked in several banks. He entered politics in 2007 and has served as Commissioner of Borno State government, Governor of Borno State and Senator. He was elected Vice President in March 2023 and took office on May 29.
[1]
Oil parks in Nigeria
Originally an agricultural country. It has been Africa's largest oil producer since the 1970s. In 1992, it was classified as a low-income country by the International Monetary Fund. In 1995, the government began to rectify the economy and achieved some results. It is currently the largest economy in Africa and will rank 28th in the world in terms of economic aggregate in 2022. Oil industry is a pillar industry, while other industries lag behind. Food is not self-sufficient and infrastructure is poor. In response to the COVID-19 epidemic, Nepal issued the 2020 Sustainable Economic Development Plan, implementing measures such as adjusting monetary policy and reducing non-essential spending. In September 2020, Nigeria announced the implementation of the Nigeria Agenda 2050 and Medium-Term National Development Plan (MTNDP), which aims to lift 100 million people out of poverty in the next 10 years. After President Tinubu took office in May 2023, he promulgated policies such as cancelling government fuel subsidies and implementing a unified exchange rate, resulting in rising prices of refined oil products and worsening currency depreciation.
Key economic figures for 2023 are as follows:
|
index
|
Numerical value
|
|---|---|
|
Gross domestic product
|
390 billion dollars
|
|
Gross domestic product per capita
|
$1760
|
|
GDP growth rate
|
2.9%
|
|
Currency name
|
Naira
|
|
Exchange rate
|
1 US dollar ≈889 naira
|
|
Inflation rate
|
25.1%
|
|
Source: International Monetary Fund
[11]
|
|
The petroleum industry is the backbone of the national economy. In 2022, 43% of federal government revenue and 12.9% of GDP will come from the oil sector. In December 2022, Nigeria's crude oil production rebounded to 1.35 million barrels per day, the highest in eight months. Due to the low domestic refining capacity, about 85% of domestic refined oil consumption depends on imports. In May 2023, Nigeria's Dangote Refinery was commissioned, with a designed processing capacity of 650,000 barrels of crude oil per day, making it the largest single refinery in the world. The existing installed power capacity of 12.5 million kilowatts, only less than 40 percent of households have electricity. There are three steel mills in the country, with an annual output of only more than 10,000 tons. Industries such as textiles, vehicle assembly, wood processing, cement, beverage and food processing are mostly concentrated in and around Lagos. The level of development of the manufacturing industry is low, and most industrial products still rely on imports.
[11]
After the Buhari government came to power, it proposed to develop a diversified economy, focusing on agriculture and solid mineral industry as the future economic development, in order to get rid of excessive dependence on oil. In 2020, Nigeria's mining output accounted for 0.43% of GDP, up 0.14% from 2019. Nigeria has a high level of illegal mining, with at least 4 trillion naira ($13 billion) lost to illegal mining every year.
[6]
In the early days of independence, many agricultural products such as cotton and peanuts were in a leading position in the world. With the rise of the oil industry, agriculture shrank rapidly and production plummeted. In recent years, with the Nepali government increasing investment in agriculture, crop output has rebounded, with an average annual growth of more than 7%. In 2021, agriculture will account for about 24% of GDP. 70% of the country's population is engaged in agricultural production. The arable land is 68 million hectares, and 34 million hectares have been cultivated. The main agricultural producing areas are concentrated in the north. The annual output of cassava is 40 million tons, ranking first in the world. Rice, flour and other grains cannot be self-sufficient, and 2 million tons of the annual rice consumption of 5 million tons depend on imports. From 2014 to 2018, Nigeria attracted a total of 7.9 billion US dollars of foreign investment in the agricultural sector, mainly in fertilizer, seeds, poultry industry, palm oil, rice production and other fields. The Economic Recovery and Growth Plan announced in 2017 called for efforts to achieve agricultural development and food security, increase investment in agriculture, and achieve wheat self-sufficiency in the fiscal year 2019/2020. In the first quarter of 2022, capital imports in the agricultural sector fell from $237.83 million in the fourth quarter of 2021 to $1.76 million, down 99.23%.
In 2020, Nigeria's agricultural output is estimated at 33.18 trillion naira (about $103.4 billion), accounting for 26.2% of GDP. Nigeria's food import bill has grown at an average annual rate of 11% in the past decade. Major agricultural products include: cassava, corn, sorghum, millet, rice, peanuts, palm, cocoa, cashew nuts, rubber and so on. Nigeria mainly imports wheat, rice, palm oil, sugar, fish, etc., and exports cocoa, cashew nuts, rubber, sesame, cotton and so on. Nigeria is the world's fourth largest cocoa producer and third largest exporter. The industry's major large enterprises include: Cargill (Carghill), Singapore's Olam intl (Olam intl), the United States Monsanto company (Monsanto) and so on.
[6]
Nigeria's fiscal revenue mainly depends on oil exports and taxes. Nigeria is a regional financial and business hub with the largest stock exchange in West Africa and 44 of the top 50 companies in West Africa are from Nigeria. Since the middle of 2014, with the decline of oil prices in the international market, Nepal's economy has been greatly impacted and its fiscal revenue has decreased. In 2017, international oil prices rebounded and the government's fiscal revenue increased. In November 2019, President Muhammadu Buhari signed the Amendment to the Contract Law on the Sharing of Oil Production in Deep and Inland Basins, which is expected to increase the government's fiscal revenue by $1.4 billion per year. In August 2021, President Muhammadu Buhari signed the Petroleum Industry Act, which provides a legal, governance, regulatory and financial framework for the petroleum industry in Nigeria, and is a major oil and gas sector reform in the past decade, aiming to completely change the way Nigeria shares oil resources with international oil companies and attract new oil and gas investment. In 2020, the federal government's total revenue for the fiscal year was 3.94 trillion naira, of which oil accounted for 38.6 percent, non-oil taxes for 32.5 percent, corporate income tax for 17.1 percent, and VAT for 4.9 percent. As of September 2022, Nepal has foreign exchange reserves of 37.09 billion US dollars and external debt of 39.66 billion US dollars, mainly from multilateral institutions such as the World Bank and the African Development Bank.
The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) is the supreme governing body of Nigeria's financial system, with 22 commercial banks operating throughout the country.
The supreme regulator of the Nigerian securities market is the Securities and Exchange Commission, under which the Nigeria Stock Exchange operates 14 stock trading venues throughout the country, in Lagos, Kaduna, Port Hackett, Kano, Ibadan, Onitsa, Abuja, Benin City, Uyo, Yola, Ilorin, Abecuta, Oweizi and Bauchi. The current delivery system is T+3. The Nigerian Stock Exchange is the second largest stock exchange in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2020, the Nigerian Stock Exchange All-Share Index gained 49.8% for the whole year.
[4]
The main export products are petroleum, cocoa, rubber and palm kernel, and the main import products are machinery and equipment, transportation facilities and consumer goods. In 2021, the foreign trade volume is 99.29 billion US dollars, and the export volume is 47.23 billion US dollars, the vast majority of which is oil export revenue. Imports were $52.06 billion. The main exporting countries are India, Spain, France and the Netherlands, and the main importing countries are China, the Netherlands, India, Belgium and so on. In January 2017, Nepal officially signed the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA), becoming the 107th country to formally accept the agreement. In August 2018, Nepal joined the International Cocoa Agreement. In July 2019, Nigeria signed the African Continental Free Trade Agreement.
[4]
Tourism resources are abundant. The main tourist attractions are: Osobo Forest in Osun State, Sukulu Cultural Heritage in Adamawa State, waterfalls in Kwara State and Plateau State, Lake Chad Monasteries in Borno State, ranches in Cross Rivers State, Lake Ogudu in Imo State, hot springs in Ondo State and Yangkari Safari Park in Bauchi State.
The main areas of foreign investment are oil, banking, manufacturing and construction. The main sources of investment are the United States, France and the United Kingdom. According to the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report 2020, Nepal ranks 116th out of 141 countries and regions in the world. According to the World Bank's Doing Business 2020 Report, Nigeria ranks 131st out of 190 economies in the world for ease of doing business, up 15 places from the previous year. Nigeria will attract $4.85 billion in foreign investment in 2021, double the previous year.
[4]
Major donor countries and international organizations are the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, the United Nations, the European Union and the World Bank. In April 2006, Nepal paid a total of $4.5 billion to the Paris Club, and received a debt reduction of $9 billion, and Nepal no longer owed the Paris Club. In February 2018, the United Nations launched the 2018 Humanitarian Plan in northeastern Nepal with $1.05 billion in assistance. The World Bank has 30 projects in Nigeria with a total investment of about $10 billion. The European Union ambassador to Nepal has pledged 150 million euros in EU aid to help the country improve electricity supply. In April 2020, the EU announced €50 million to support UN projects in Nigeria to combat COVID-19. In December, the World Bank approved a $1.5 billion loan package for Nigeria to support its post-COVID-19 economic recovery. In March 2021, the Federal Government of Nigeria received 4.02 million doses of Oxford/Astrazeneca vaccine through the Vaccine Assistance Implementation Program (Covax). In August, the United States donated 4.08 million doses of Modena vaccine to Nepal. In November 2021, during his visit to Nepal, US Secretary of State Blinken signed an agreement with Nepal on assistance for development goals for the next five years, pledging to provide $2.17 billion in economic assistance to Nepal. In December 2021, the World Bank approved a $700 million loan to Nepal for the Agro-Climate Resilience Project in the country's semi-arid landscape. In June 2023, the World Bank approved $450 million and $300 million in financing to Nepal through the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association, respectively, for projects related to electricity in Nepal.
[11]
As early as two thousand years ago, there was a relatively developed culture. The famous Nok, Ife and Benin cultures have earned Nepal the reputation as the "cradle of black non-culture". After independence, Nepal's modern art, folk literature, music, dance and painting all developed rapidly, producing a number of famous novelists, dramatists, poets and performing artists. In 1977, Nigeria hosted the second World Festival of Black and African Arts and Culture. 1986 Famous novelist, poet and dramatist Wole Soyinka won the Nobel Prize in Literature, the first sub-Saharan African writer to receive the honor. In 2009, the data released by UNESCO showed that Nigeria's film production exceeded "Hollywood" and became the world's second largest film producer after India, and the Nigerian film industry was called "Nollywood". In 2013, Nollywood produced an average of 50 films a week, and its entertainment industry accounted for 1.4% of Nepal's gross domestic product.
[1]
The official language of Nigeria is English. In addition, there are more than 500 tribal languages in Nigeria, the three main languages are Hausa, Yoruba and Igbo.
[6]
The main religions in Nigeria are Islam, Christianity and primitive fetishism. Among them, about 50% of the population believes in Islam, 40% believe in Christianity, and about 10% believe in primitive religions.
[6]
Nigeria has a five-day work week, with Saturday and Sunday as public holidays. Statutory holidays include: January 1, New Year's Day; The Friday before and Monday after Easter, Good Friday and Easter Sunday; May 1, Labor Day; June 12, Democracy Day; October 1, National Day/Independence Day; December 25th, Christmas Day; December 26, Gift Box Festival; Eid al-Adha, the time is not fixed; In addition, the Prophet Muhammad's birthday and Eid al-Fitr are Muslim holidays, the time of which is not fixed and notified in advance by the Federal Government of Nigeria.
[6]
Nigerians are straightforward, sincere, hospitable, polite and pay attention to etiquette. In social interaction activities, Nigerians call male guests Mr. And women Mrs., Ms. Or Miss. Nigerians have a clear sense of hierarchy, and subordinates often refer to their superiors by professional, academic or military titles. When foreigners address Nigerians, they usually refer to them as Mr., Miss, Mrs. And title before their last name. Before giving gifts, Nigerians always used to gently flick the other person's palm with their thumb before shaking hands. Nigerians in conversation, never look at each other, also taboo each other to look at themselves, because this is disrespectful behavior. They think that the left hand is unclean, and it is taboo to pass things or food with the left hand. Local people taboo "13", "13" is a symbol of bad luck and auspiciousness.
People of Islam are forbidden to eat self-dead things; Do not eat blood; It is strictly forbidden to eat animals that are not killed by Allah; Prohibit the consumption of birds and beasts of prey; Alcohol is strictly prohibited; It is prohibited to engage in business related to alcohol; Prohibited from attending banquets with alcohol; All narcotics and drugs are strictly prohibited.
[6]
Nigerians love to eat the traditional "five-colour plate", that is
Corn flour
(yellow), cassava noodles (light yellow), bean noodles (brown), vegetables (green),
Tomato
(red) a mixture of cake or paste made by firing. They like porridge and soup,
The Kanuri
Like to eat "Brabsco", that is, millet porridge, eat with cooked oil, attractive aroma; Hausa people like to eat "Tulive porridge", that is
Broomcorn millet
,
Kaoliang rice
,
Rice
It is cooked together and served with fish, meat and various vegetables mixed with sauce. As for the soup, the more popular is to use fried melon dried, gourd dried, tomato pieces, fish or chicken cooked together "Agusi soup", with minced meat and banana simmer made of "Akala soup", fragrant but not greasy, unique. They have a great interest in Chinese food, they are generally used to eating with their hands, and they also use knives and forks in social occasions. Muslims in Nigeria abstain from pork and the use of pig products.
We will pursue a strategic policy of combining deterrence and defense. Since 1985, the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces has been the head of State. The armed forces are composed of land, sea and air forces, joint task forces, militia and reserve units, with a total strength of about 193,000. The system of voluntary military service, conscription once a year. July 6 and January 15 are Army Day and Memorial Day, respectively.
[1]
The police force has a strength of about 300,000 people, with 1 police headquarters, 12 regional commands, 37 state commands (including the Federal Capital District), 132 regional commands, 1,130 sub-district commands, 1,600 police stations, 2,224 police stations, 1,591 village police stations and 11 police schools. The Police headquarters is headed by the Inspector General of Police, and the regional commands are headed by an Assistant Inspector General.
[1]
The transportation is mainly by road, supplemented by water and railway transportation. Transportation is tight.
Nigeria's existing railway total length of 3557 km, the country unified 1.067 meter gauge monorail line. Low operating capacity due to old disrepair. The National Railroad has 268 stations in 15 states. It carried 3 million passengers in 2006. At present, 70% of the country's locomotives are in need of repair and renewal. In August 2006, the Nepali government announced that it would take 25 years to complete the modernization of the railway, and planned to build 6,000 kilometers of new railway by 2043. Among them, the railway modernization project plans to start from Lagos city in the south, through the capital Abuja, north to the northern town of Kano city, a total length of 1315 kilometers, all for standard rail, after construction will run through the main north-south trade corridor. In July 2016, the first phase of the project from Abuja to Kaduna was put into operation, with a total length of 186.5 km. In June 2021, the second phase of the project from Lagos to Ibadan was opened to traffic, with a total length of 156 km. In July 2018, the first phase of Abuja Metro was put into operation, with a total length of 45 km. According to the National Bureau of Statistics, in 2022, the turnover of Nepal's railway transportation industry was 4.96 billion Naira, carrying 3,212,900 passengers and 118,500 tons of goods.
[6]
On January 24, 2023, the first electrified light rail in West Africa - Nigeria
Lagos LRT Blue Line
Phase I officially opened to traffic.
[7]
Roads are the lifeblood of transport in Nigeria, carrying 95% of the country's freight and 96% of passenger traffic. The total length of the national highway is 194,394 kilometers, of which the federal government is responsible for the construction of the first level of the main road length of about 32,980 kilometers, the state government funded the construction of the second level of roads length of about 31,040 kilometers, and the third level of simple roads built by local governments length of about 129,980 kilometers. The three level roads have basically formed a traffic network connecting the capital Abuja and the state capitals, and the utilization rate is more than 90%. Road transport accounts for 93% of domestic freight and 96% of passenger traffic respectively. Road sections in south-eastern and north-western Nigeria are in poor condition due to the impact of the rainy season and lack of maintenance, with serious road damage, especially in rural areas. An estimated 40 percent of federal roads are in a state of disrepair.
[6]
Nigeria is located in the southeast of West Africa, south of the Atlantic Gulf of Guinea, a coastline of 853 kilometers. The superior geographical conditions provide unique and superior conditions for its maritime development. Nigeria has eight major seaports, 11 oil terminals, and 102 terminal berths. In 2019, Nigeria handled 1.48 million TEU of containers, and seaborne trade accounted for about 68% of the West African region.
The inland waterway has a total length of 3,000 kilometers, and the main inland waterway is the Benue River and the Niger River. There are nine major seaports in Lagos, including Leki Deep Water Port, Apapa Port, Tinkan Port, Koko Port, Wari Port, Harcourt Port, Calabar Port and Sapelle Port. Lagos Port (including Apapa Port and Tinkan port) is the largest and busiest port in West Africa, handling about 70% of Nigeria's import and export cargo traffic. In January 2023, Lagos Laki deep-water Port was put into operation, the port depth of 16 meters, the annual handling capacity is expected to reach 1.2 million TEUs, is the largest deep-water port in West Africa. In 2018, the total cargo throughput of Nepal's ports was 186 million tons, an increase of 30.24% year-on-year.
[6]
Nigeria's national airline once operated a number of domestic and international routes, but due to poor management and serious losses, the Nigerian government privatised it in 2005. The industry is dominated by private airlines such as Aero Contractors, Arik Air, Air Peace, Azman Air, Dana Air, First Nation, Med-View and Overland. It mainly operates domestic routes and a small number of international routes. There are 24 foreign airlines operating in Nepal, such as Air France, British Airways and Lufthansa, and the international routes are basically monopolized by these companies. There are 37 airports in the country, mainly in the Federal Capital Territory and state capitals, including 5 international airports in Lagos, Abuja, Kano, Port Harcourt and Calabar. Nepal has aviation agreements with 65 international airlines. In 2021, about 253,000 flights took off and landed at Nepal Airport, transporting 15.8 million passengers. In July 2022, Nigeria's Air Peace launched direct flights from Lagos to Guangzhou.
There are 5,000 kilometers of pipelines connecting refineries to some ports, oil Wells and oil storage.
According to the Human Development Index published by the United Nations Development Programme's Human Development Report 2022, Nigeria ranks 163rd. According to the African Development Bank's 2018 Nigeria Economic Outlook report, about 152 million Nigerians, or 80% of the country's population, live on less than $2 a day. According to the National Bureau of Statistics, the number of unemployed people in Nigeria has reached 33.3%, ranking second in the world after Namibia. Unemployment was highest among young people aged 24 to 35, with 750,000 unemployed, or 37 per cent of this group in the Labour market. In March 2019, the Nigerian Senate passed a bill to raise the national minimum monthly wage to N30,000. Medical care is poor. There are about 20,000 doctors and 100,000 beds in the country, and the ratio of patients to doctors is 4,400:1. As of December 2018, Nigeria had more than 4.1 million people living with HIV, the second highest number in the world, of whom fewer than 500,000 were receiving treatment. Malaria accounts for 25 per cent of cases and 19 per cent of deaths worldwide. AIDS infection rate is 3.17%. Life expectancy is 55 years, ranking third from the bottom in the world. Nigeria's population growth rate is 2.7%, and there are about 150 million mobile phone subscribers. There are about 100 million Internet users, ranking first in Africa.
[11]
On July 14, 2023, the Russian satellite news agency reported in Moscow that Nigerian President Dele Arak said that due to the food security crisis, Nigerian President Tinubu declared a national state of emergency.
[10]
The Nigerian government attaches great importance to scientific research and popularization, and requires scientific research to serve economic development, and has set up the Ministry of Science and Technology since 1979. However, due to the low starting point and low investment, Nigerian science and technology is still at a low level.
[6]
Primary education has been free since 1976 and fee-paying since 1985. In September 1999, the Nepali government introduced the National Basic Education Plan and restored free compulsory primary education. The school system is 6 years in primary school, 3 years in junior high school, 3 years in senior high school, and 4 years in university. As of 2016, there are 143 universities in the country, including Ahmed Bello University, the University of Lagos, the University of Ibadan, the University of Nigeria and the University of Ifay. There are nearly 100 technical colleges and universities, 14,555 senior high schools, 19,244 junior middle schools and more than 85,286 primary schools. Most schools have outdated teaching facilities and insufficient teachers. The illiteracy rate is 40%. According to UNICEF data, the number of out-of-school children in Nigeria in 2021 is about 10.5 million, and the out-of-school rate of school-age children is about 33%, the highest in the world.
According to the United Nations, 10.5 million Nigerian children aged 5-14 were not in school in 2019. Only 61% of children aged 6-11 attend primary school regularly, while only 35.6% of children aged 36-59 months are enrolled in early childhood education. More than half of girls in the North-East and north-west are not in school.
[6]
In recent years, Nigeria's medical and health conditions have improved, but the problem of lack of medicine is still serious. In 2019, Nigeria had around 74,000 registered doctors, 120,000 nurses, 100,000 hospital beds and a patient-to-doctor ratio of 10,000 to 3. Medical equipment, especially CT machines and ventilators, are scarce, with only a few hundred ventilators in Nigeria. National health coverage: 39% of the urban population and 27% of the rural population.
Nigeria spends far less on health per capita than recommended by the World Health Organization. According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, Nigeria's national recurrent health expenditure accounted for 3.7% of GDP in 2019, and the per capita recurrent health expenditure was 215.2 US dollars based on purchasing power parity. In 2019, average life expectancy at birth was 54.69 years. Nigeria has a high risk of infectious disease, with a high incidence of malaria and an AIDS disaster zone.
The main types of infectious diseases are food - and water-borne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhoea, hepatitis A - E, cholera and typhoid. Vector-borne diseases such as mosquitoes: malaria (incidence 35%, seventh in the world), dengue fever and yellow fever; Water-exposed diseases: leptospirosis and schistosomiasis; Respiratory diseases: meningitis; Atomized dust or soil contact diseases: Lassa fever; Animal contact diseases: acute hepatitis E, monkeypox, rabies.
[6]
Journalism and publishing are well developed. There are hundreds of periodicals and magazines, more than 20 newspapers, and nearly 100 radio and television stations. The federal and cantonal governments have information departments in charge of publicity. Major newspapers are: Today, Guardian, Daily Letter, New Nigerian, Daily Times, Bashing, Vanguard, etc.
News Agency: The News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) is the official news agency, established in October 1978. It has 300 correspondents in 36 provinces, bureaus and correspondents in six countries, and news exchange or sales agreements with more than 10 news agencies, including Xinhua News Agency, Reuters, Agence France-Presse, TASS, and the Associated Press. The work of the Pan-African News Agency's West African regional bureau is also undertaken by the Nigerian News Agency.
Radio Station: Federal Radio of Nigeria (FRCN) : Formerly known as the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation, it changed its current name in 1990 and is under the direction of the Information and Communications Department of the Federal Government. Mainly responsible for internal broadcasting, the language is English. Each state has its own radio station in the local language or in English. Voice of Nigeria (VON) : Formerly known as the External Broadcasting Department of the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation, it was officially separated from the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation in 1990 and changed its name to its current name, which is mainly responsible for daily external broadcasting in eight languages including English, French, Swahili, Hausa and Arabic.
Television: The Nigerian National Television (NTA) was established in 1962 under the direction of the Federal Government's Department of Information and Communications. It is based in Abuja. The country is divided into six television zones. There are two programs with an average daily running time of 15 hours. Television stations in all states transmit national television programming via satellite. There are currently 45 television stations in the country, 13 of which are private cable and satellite stations. Television stations in some states are still black and white.
[1]
African sports power, football is very popular. In the past 10 years, the Nigerian youth football team has won the World Youth Football Championship three times. The national football team won the gold medal of the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games, the second place of the 2000 Africa Cup of Nations, the third place of the 2002 Africa Cup of Nations, 2004 and 2006, the second place of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, the champion of the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations, the third place of the 2016 Rio Olympic Games, Brazil, and the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations. The national women's football team has won 10 of the 12 African Cup of Nations women's football tournaments held so far. In addition, there are also certain advantages in track and field, weightlifting and other events. At the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, Nigeria won two MEDALS, one silver and one bronze, in wrestling and track and field.
[1]
Famous players are
Laval
,
Yechini
,
Martins
,
Canu
,
Okocha
,
Amokachi
,
Mikel
Let's wait.
[3]
As of the end of 2019, there were 1,394 post offices and 3,159 postal agents in Nigeria. In 2001, the privatization of Nigeria's telecommunications industry gave a strong impetus to the rapid development of mobile phone services. There are 10 mobile phone network operators in Nigeria, which cover almost the whole country. According to the Nigeria Communications Commission (NCC), in 2020, the number of active telephone subscriptions in Nigeria reached 204 million, and the communication density reached 107.18%.
Internet access in Nigeria relies on undersea cables, wireless and satellite technology. According to the statistics of the Nigerian Communications Commission, as of August 2021, the number of broadband users in Nigeria is 78.26 million, and the broadband penetration rate is 41%. There are a large number of Internet service operators in Nigeria, mainly MTN, GLO, AIRTEL and 9Mobile.
[6]
Nigeria's electricity supply is very poor. It is estimated that Nigeria's peak electricity demand reached 28.85 million kilowatts, but the national total installed power generation is only 13.01 million kilowatts, the actual daily peak power generation is about 5 million kilowatts, the trough is about 3.5 million kilowatts, and the power demand gap is huge. Nigeria's power grid has little connectivity with neighboring countries; In April 2020, Nigeria's grid had a maximum transmission capacity of 8.1 million kilowatts, and the lack of transmission capacity has become a major bottleneck in electricity supply.
About 70% of Nigeria's existing power generation comes from thermal power, 30% from hydropower, and most of the power generation equipment is old, lack of due maintenance and maintenance, while also facing a lack of natural gas supply, serious problems such as stealing electricity. Due to the shortage of power supply, most of Nigeria's government organs, public institutions and more than 97% of enterprises have to prepare their own generators for power generation, and the contradiction between power supply and demand has become one of the main problems hindering Nigeria's economic development.
[4]
We will pursue a foreign policy of achieving good relations extensively, actively participating in international affairs and promoting peace and cooperation. We have long pursued an Africa-centered diplomatic strategy and sought to play the role of a major regional power. Actively advocate South-South cooperation and North-South dialogue. We attach importance to developing relations with the West and major developing countries. China attaches great importance to protecting the interests of overseas Chinese, and has arranged overseas evacuation operations during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Ukraine crisis and the outbreak of armed conflicts in Sudan. Actively participating in UN affairs and participating in UN peacekeeping operations. It has established diplomatic relations with more than 100 countries and set up 105 diplomatic missions abroad. It is a member of international organizations such as the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Group of 77, the World Trade Organization, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, the African Union and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). From June 2019 to September 2020, Tijani Mohammad-Bandi, Permanent Representative of Nigeria to the United Nations, served as President of the 74th session of the United Nations General Assembly. On 15 February 2021, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, a Nigerian candidate and former Minister of Finance, was elected Director-General of the World Trade Organization. In July 2023, President Tinubu was elected Chairman of ECOWAS for one year.
[3]
Relations with China
People's Republic of China
Relations with the Federal Republic of Nigeria were established on 10 February 1971. Bilateral relations have been developing smoothly since the establishment of diplomatic ties. In 2005, the heads of state of China and Nepal reached consensus on establishing strategic partnership between the two countries. The two countries held their first strategic dialogue in 2009.
China and Nepal have signed agreements on trade, economy, technology, scientific and technological cooperation and investment protection, and set up a joint economic and Trade committee, which has held seven meetings so far. Nigeria is China's largest project contracting market, second largest export market, third largest trading partner and major investment destination in Africa. In 2023, the bilateral trade volume between China and Nepal will reach 22.56 billion U.S. dollars, of which China's exports will reach 20.18 billion U.S. dollars. The value of imports was US $2.38 billion, up 49.3% year on year. The main export commodities are mechanical and electrical products, textiles and clothing, and imports of crude oil and liquefied natural gas. By the end of 2022, a total of US $152.24 billion worth of contract projects had been signed by Chinese enterprises in Nepal, with more than 20 major contractors including China Soil Corporation, China Overseas, Huawei and ZTE, mainly involved in the fields of railway, highway, housing construction, power station, water conservancy, communications and well drilling.
In April 2018, the People's Bank of China and the Bank of Nigeria signed a bilateral currency swap agreement between China and Nigeria in Beijing. May 2021, renewed for three years. In July 2019, China and Nigeria signed the Protocol on Phytosanitary requirements for Nigerian feed sorghum exported to China.
[12]
China and Nepal have signed the Agreement on cultural cooperation and the Protocol on university cooperation. The University of Nylagos and the University of Azikiwe have each set up one Confucius Institute. In 2010, the fourth and ninth programs of CCTV were launched in Nepal. In March 2012, China and Nepal signed an agreement to set up cultural centers in each other's country. In May, the Nigerian Cultural Center was established in Beijing. In September 2013, the Chinese Cultural Center was established in Abuja, the capital of Nigeria. In May 2019, Chairman of the National Arts and Culture Commission of Nigeria, Rensaivi, came to China to attend the Conference on Dialogue of Asian Civilizations.
Since 1964, China has provided government scholarships to Nepal and has received a total of 1,701 government scholarship students. A total of 5,664 students are enrolled in the 2021-2022 academic year, of which 331 are scholarship students. Since 2010, 20 Chinese college and graduate students have been studying Hausa language or conducting research on African issues in Nigeria's Bayu University and other universities. Soochow University and the University of Lagos have been selected as partners in the "20+20 China-Africa University Cooperation Program" by the Ministry of Education of China. In 2008, China opened two Confucius Institutes at the University of Namdi Akchiwe in Nigeria and the University of Lagos in Lagos. China has sent a total of 231 Chinese teachers and 108 volunteers.
Military-to-military exchanges between China and Nepal began in the 1980s. In September 2001, General Chi Haotian, Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission, State Councilor and Minister of National Defense, visited Nepal. In July of the same year, Nepal's Minister of State for Defense Adraja led a delegation to China. In May 2004, Nigerian Defense Minister Kuancouiseau led a delegation to China. In April 2007, Nepali Defense Minister Ironsi visited China. In June 2008 and July 2009, Nepali Defense Minister Mustafa visited China twice. In April 2009, Nepali Navy Commander Ibrahim visited China. In November 2010, Chief of Staff of Nepal's Air Force Umar visited China. In July 2013, Chinese State Councilor and Minister of National Defense General Chang Wanquan met with Nepali Acting Minister of Defense Abdul Rahim Obada, who was accompanying President Jonathan on his visit to China. In May 2014, the 16th Chinese naval escort taskforce visited Nepal and held joint exercises with the Nepali Navy. In May 2018, the 28th Chinese naval escort taskforce Yancheng visited Nepal and participated in the second International Maritime Conference and regional maritime joint exercises. In October 2018, Chinese State Councilor and Defense Minister Wei Fenghe met with Nigerian Defense Minister Dan Ali, who is in China to attend the 8th Xiangshan Forum in Beijing. In July 2023, the 43rd Chinese naval escort taskforce visited Nepal.
[3]
[8]
Relations with the United States
Since the establishment of diplomatic ties in 1960, the two countries have enjoyed close relations. In the 1990s, the United States imposed sanctions on Nepal after the Abacha military government annulled the election results and executed human rights activist Saro Wiwa. Relations between the two countries improved rapidly after Obasanjo's democratically elected government came to power. In February 2018, USAID announced a new $89 million grant, bringing the total U.S. government assistance under the Five-year Development Goals Assistance Agreement to $808.5 million. In April 2018, President Buhari visited the United States. In September, President Buhari went to New York to attend the 73rd session of the United Nations General Assembly and met with US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo. In November, US Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Najib visited Nepal. In June 2019, Vice President Osinbajo visited the United States and met with U.S. Vice President Mike Pence. In February 2020, Foreign Minister Oniyama visited the United States and attended the meeting of the national Bilateral Commission of the two countries. In April, President Muhammadu Buhari had a phone conversation with US President Donald Trump on COVID-19 at invitation. In September, Foreign Minister Onyama had a phone conversation with US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo at invitation. In November, President Buhari tweeted his congratulations to Biden on his election as president of the United States. In April 2021, US Secretary of State Blinken visited Nigeria "online" and had a video meeting with President Buhari. In November, US Secretary of State Blinken visited Nepal. President Buhari met with him and Vice President Osinbajo and Foreign Minister Onyama held talks with him respectively. In September 2022, Vice President Osinbajo visited the United States and met with U.S. Vice President Harris and U.S. Special Envoy on Climate Change John Kerry respectively. In the same month, President Buhari went to the United States to attend the 77th session of the United Nations General Assembly. In December, President Buhari went to the United States to attend the US-Africa Leaders' Summit and met with US President Joe Biden. In September 2023, President Tinubu went to the United States to attend the 78th session of the United Nations General Assembly.
[3]
Relations with Britain
After independence, the two countries had close ties, and Britain was the largest investor in Nigeria. Nigeria has about one million expatriates in Britain. In the 1990s, Britain imposed sanctions on the regime and pushed for the suspension of Nepal's membership in the Commonwealth. After Obasanjo's election as president, the two countries resumed cooperation. Queen Elizabeth II, Prime Ministers Tony Blair and David Cameron have all visited Nigeria. In May and July 2018, President Buhari went to the UK on medical leave. In August, British Prime Minister Theresa May visited Nepal. In November, Britain's Prince Charles of Wales visited Nepal. In March 2019, British Foreign Secretary Jeremy Hunt visited Nepal. In November, President Buhari made a private visit to the United Kingdom. In January 2020, President Buhari attended the first UK-Africa Investment Summit in the UK and met with British Prime Minister Boris Johnson. In August 2021, President Buhari traveled to the United Kingdom to attend the Global Education Summit. In September 2022, Vice President Osinbajo went to the United Kingdom to attend the funeral of Queen Elizabeth II. In November, President Buhari met with King Charles III during a routine medical visit to the United Kingdom.
[1]
Relations with France
During Abacha's military regime, France suspended economic aid and military cooperation to Nepal. In 1999 and 2000, President Chirac and President Obasanjo exchanged visits. In April 2016, French Defense Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian visited Nepal. In May, French President Francois Hollande visited Nepal and attended the second regional Security Summit. In December 2017, President Buhari went to France to attend the "One Earth" Summit. In July 2018, French President Emmanuel Macron visited Nepal. In November, President Muhammadu Buhari went to France to attend the first Paris Peace Forum. In April 2021, French Foreign Trade Minister Riest visited Nepal. In May, President Buhari went to France to attend the African Economies Financing Summit and held talks with French President Emmanuel Macron. In June 2023, President Tinoubu attended the summit of the New Global Financing Compact in France.
[3]
Relations with Russia
In 1961, Nepal and the Soviet Union established diplomatic relations, and the two countries signed cooperation agreements on military trade, economy, culture and education. Since the Obasanjo government took office, bilateral exchanges and cooperation have increased. In March 2001, President Obasanjo paid an official visit to Russia, during which the two sides signed a joint Statement on Friendship and Partnership and decided to strengthen bilateral cooperation in military technology and trade. In June 2009, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev visited Nigeria. In 2003, Russia launched its first satellite. In 2011, Russia launched the second Earth exploration satellite and another test satellite for Nepal. In May 2017, Foreign Minister Oniyama paid a working visit to Russia. In November 2018, the two countries signed a bilateral treaty on judicial assistance in criminal matters. In October 2019, President Buhari went to Russia to attend the Russia-Africa Summit and met with Russian President Vladimir Putin. In 2023, Vice President Shettima went to Russia to attend the second Russia-Africa Summit.
[1]
[11]
Relations with Germany
In June 1993, Germany joined the European economic sanctions against Nepal. After Nepal returned to power in 1999, the two countries resumed economic and trade cooperation. In December of the same year, President Obasanjo paid a state visit to Germany. In September 2015, President Buhari met with German Chancellor Angela Merkel on the sidelines of a series of summits marking the 70th anniversary of the United Nations. In 2016, President Buhari visited Germany; German President Joachim Gauck and Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier visited Nepal. President Buhari also sent a letter of condolences to German Chancellor Angela Merkel on the Munich shooting. In August 2018, German Chancellor Angela Merkel visited Nepal. In April 2020, Germany donated 5.5 million euros to the Nigerian Humanitarian Fund to help fight the COVID-19 pandemic. In September 2021, President Buhari had a telephone conversation with German Chancellor Angela Merkel. In October 2023, German Chancellor Martin Schulz visited Nepal.
[1]
[11]
Relations with South Africa
Nigeria had long supported the people of South Africa in their struggle against apartheid. The two countries established diplomatic relations in 1994. After the execution of human rights activist Saro-Wiwa by the Niabacha junta in 1995, South African President Nelson Mandela called for sanctions. In 1999, the two countries established a bilateral cooperation committee to institutionalize the meeting between the vice presidents of the two countries. In 2015, South African President Jacob Zuma attended the inauguration ceremony of President Buhari. President Buhari will attend the Johannesburg Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation in South Africa. Vice President Osinbajo visits South Africa. In March 2016, South African President Jacob Zuma visited Nigeria. In July 2018, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa visited Nigeria. In October 2019, President Buhari visited South Africa and met with his South African counterpart Cyril Ramaphosa. In December 2020, President Buhari met with the visiting Special Envoy of the President of South Africa and Minister of Mines, Resources and Energy of South Africa Mantashe. In November 2021, President Buhari went to South Africa to attend the opening ceremony of the second African Commodities Fair. In December, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa visited Nepal and the two countries held the 10th meeting of the bilateral Cooperation Committee. In August 2023, Vice President Shettima went to South Africa to attend the Dialogue between Chinese and African leaders.
[1]
[11]
Relations with Cameroon
Armed conflict broke out between the two countries in the 1990s over the Bakassi peninsula, which lies on the border between the two countries, and Nigerian troops occupied most of the island. In October 2002, the International Court of Justice ruled that Cameroon had sovereignty over Ba Island. Nigeria refused to accept it. Under the mediation of UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, the two heads of state agreed to establish a follow-up committee to implement the ICJ ruling. In August 2006, according to an agreement between the two sides, the Nepali side withdrew its troops from the Bakassi Peninsula. In August 2008, Nigeria handed over the management of the Bakassi Peninsula to Cameroon. In July 2011, the 28th meeting of the Nepali Joint Commission was held in Nepal, which called for the demarcation of the border between the two countries to be completed as soon as possible in order to resolve the remaining issues related to the dispute over the Bakassi Peninsula. In May 2012, the two countries announced plans to complete the border monument within this year; In October, the government officially renounced the decision of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) that the peninsula belonged to Cameroon. After taking office, President Buhari reiterated on many occasions that he will abide by the ruling of the International Court of Justice, recognize the Bakassi Peninsula as the territory of Cameroon, and stressed that he will step up the completion of the border demarcation work between Nepal and Nigeria.
[1]
Relations with other countries
However, in August 2019, the Nigerian government closed land border ports with Niger and Benin to protect the development of its rice, textile and other industries, which caused dissatisfaction among neighboring countries. At the end of 2020, Nigeria approved the reopening of land borders to Niger and Benin. There are disputes with Benin, Chad and other countries over territorial or territorial waters. China has worked hard to play a leading role in African and sub-regional affairs and actively mediated hotspot issues such as Liberia, Darfur, Sierra Leone and Cote d 'Ivoire. During his presidency of ECOWAS in 2009 and 2010, he urged ECOWAS to intervene in the military coup in Guinea, the political crisis in Niger and the electoral crisis in Cote d 'Ivoire. In March 2011, Nigeria, as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, voted in favor of the resolution imposing a no-fly zone over Libya. Following military coups in Mali and Guinea-Bissau in 2012, Nigeria participated in ECOWAS peacekeeping operations in Guinea and Mali. In 2018, President Buhari visited Morocco, attended the African Union Summit in Addis Ababa, attended the 61st anniversary of Ghana's independence in Accra, attended the 31st African Union Summit in Mauritania, attended the 53rd ECOWAS Summit in Lome and was elected as the rotating Chairman of ECOWAS, and attended the 60th anniversary of Niger's independence in Niger. Vice President Osinbajo attended the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting in Davos and the ECOWAS Leaders' Extraordinary Summit in Lome. Gambia's President Barrow, Equatorial Guinea's President Obiang, Liberia's President Weah, Sierra Leone's President Bio, Togo's President Farey, AU Commission Chairman Faki, Guinea-Bissau's President Vaz and others visited Nigeria. In 2019, President Buhari attended the 32nd African Union Summit in Ethiopia, multilateral summits in Japan, Russia, Saudi Arabia and Burkina Faso, and the inauguration ceremony of President Macky Sall in Senegal. Vice President Osinbajo visited Germany and the United States. President Akufo-Addo of Ghana visited Nigeria, and heads of State or Government from Chad, Mauritania, Rwanda, Liberia, Congo (Brazzaville), Ghana, Zimbabwe, Senegal, Gambia, Niger and Uganda were invited to attend Nigeria's first Democracy Day celebration. In April 2020, President Buhari attended a special video conference of ECOWAS Heads of State and Government. In 2020, President Buhari went to Ethiopia to attend the 33rd AU Summit and attended multilateral meetings by video link, including the ECOWAS Special Meeting on COVID-19, the UN high-level Meeting on COVID-19 and Financing for Development, and the G5 Sahel Alliance on International Affairs. President Macky Sall of Senegal, President Embalo of Guinea-Bissau, President Akufo-Addo of Ghana, President Kabore of Burkina Faso and President Barrow of Gambia visited Nigeria. In 2021, President Buhari attended the 58th ECOWAS Summit and the 34th African Union Summit by video, attended the 59th ECOWAS Summit in Ghana, President Talon of Benin, new President Bazoum of Niger, President Embalo of Guinea-Bissau, Chairman of the Military Transitional Council of Chad, and Special Envoy of President Tangara of Zambia visited Nigeria. In 2022, President Buhari will attend the 35th African Union Summit in Ethiopia, the 50th anniversary of the United Nations Environment Programme in Kenya, the 15th session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Cote d 'Ivoire, the African Union Summit on Industrialization and Economic Diversification in Niger, where he will meet with visiting Ethiopian President Sheikh Ahmed. He attended the African Union Special Humanitarian Summit in Equatorial Guinea. In 2023, President Tinubu attended the African Union Mid-Year Coordination Meeting in Kenya, the 63rd ECOWAS Summit in Guinea-Bissau and chaired the ECOWAS Special Summit on Niger.
[5]
Lagos
The beaches of Victoria Island and Takwa Bay, yes
Lagos
The tourist attraction. The National Museum here contains a rich collection of Nigerian cultural heritage and attracts a large number of tourists.
Calabar
Calabar
It is the port city of Nigeria and the capital of Cross River State. At the southeast end of the border, on the shore of the Calabar River, 64 kilometers from the mouth. Natural harbor, can accommodate the draft of 6 meters of vessels. From the 15th to the 19th centuries, slaves were transported from this place. It was the capital of Southern Nigeria from 1900 to 1906. It is now a trade, processing center and export port for rubber, palm oil, palm kernel and copra. Offshore fishing is strong, with fish processing and cement, sawmilling, and shipbuilding. There are Calabar University, teachers college and so on. There is an air station.
Carnot
Kano is a historical city in Nigeria, located in the northern part of the border, located on the plateau of the upper reaches of the Haddeja River, where the West African camel caravan across the Sahara desert trade traffic fortress, known as the "desert port", is now a major industrial and commercial town and cultural, transportation center in northern Nigeria. There are many places of interest in the city, the climate is cool and pleasant, flowers and trees contend, every dry season, tourists have come to this summer tour.
The mud wall of the old city of Kano, in an irregular oval shape, is 24 kilometers long, about 4 meters high, with 14 gates, so far basically preserved. There are many places of interest in the city, located in the central position of the old city, the Emir's palace, covers a vast area, magnificent architecture, simple appearance, luxurious interior, is the most famous ancient building in Kano. Every major Islamic festival, the emir (also known as the king or chief) dressed in colorful national costumes, surrounded by horses and guards holding ancient weapons to attend an assembly or parade, a huge lineup, majestic, mighty, attracting the attention of all. The central mosque spire is towering, the prayer hall inside the temple is spacious and gorgeous, the square in front of the temple is very large, the whole building is dark yellow, the temple inside and outside the temple can accommodate more than 100,000 people worship at the same time, is the most majestic building in the old city. Kumir Market is one of the oldest markets in Africa, a stop for camel caravans entering and leaving the Sahara Desert from the early 16th century, and one of the important trading places between the Atlantic and the Nile. The whole old town is divided into 100 neighbourhoods, each with a mosque and a traditional market.
