Xiao Wutai Mountain

Located less than 200 kilometers from downtown Beijing, Xiaowutai Mountain is located in Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province Yuxian County , Zhuolu County South mountainous area, east adjacent to Beijing Mentougou south Baoding . The geographical coordinates are: 114°47'-115°30' east longitude, 39°50'-40°07' north latitude, 60 km long from east to west, 28 km wide from north to south, with a total area of 21,833 hectares. Xiao Wutai Mountain is located Taihang Mountains At the north end, the Luliang Movement period began to form the embryonic form of Taihang Mountain, Yanshan movement The Neocathaysian fold belt was formed during the Himalayan movement. Due to the dramatic uplift and strong fracture of the mountain, numerous peaks and valleys were formed with five prominent peaks in the east, north, middle, south and west ^[8] The altitude is 2882 meters, 2837 meters, 2801 meters, 2743 meters, 2671 meters, because Dongtai is the highest peak in Hebei, so Xiaowutai Mountain has the reputation of "the roof of Hebei".

Xiaowutai Mountain has complex structure, intersecting veins and ravines. Peak valley The drop is as high as 1800 meters, most of the north slope of the ridge is a fracture surface, and there is no road to find. The south slope is relatively gentle, with a large area of meadow extending to about 2200 meters above sea level.

Stone pool Lingtai - East - Middle - South - Tunnel mouth Ridge line From the northeast to the southwest, Zhuolu County and Yu County boundary, but also a lofty watershed Xiaowutai area is rich in water resources, and there are streams in the main valleys. West side of the divide, north side Water channel Huliu River inject Sanggan The east side and the south side of the water injection Juma River . Xiao Wutai Mountain by the mountain Yanshan movement It is a large anticlinal structure. In addition to Sedimentary rock Outside, there are plenty Igneous rock and Intrusive rock Fracture development, strong erosion, steep mountain potential, deep gully steep slope. The temperature is low, the temperature difference is large, the precipitation is concentrated in summer, the frost-free period is short, the freezing time is long, and the snow on the negative slope can not melt all the year round. The vertical variation of soil in Xiaowutai Mountain is obvious: below 1400 m Chestnut soil ; 1400 ~ 1700 m is Cinnamon soil , local loess distribution; From 1700 to 2100 meters Mountain brown soil ; Above 2100 meters, it is subalpine meadow soil.

Xiaowutai Mountain National Nature Reserve Located in the northwest of Hebei Province, it is a mountainous area in the west of Hebei Province. Its geographical coordinates are 114°47' -115 °30' east longitude and 39°50' -40 °07' north latitude. It is 60 kilometers long from east to west and 28 kilometers wide from north to south, with a total area of 21833 hectares. The reserve is located in Yu County, Zhuolu county, north distance Zhangjiakou City 150 km east with Peking The city Mentougou District Bordering, 125 km from Beijing city. The surrounding area stretches for 200 kilometers, involving more than 202 villages in 12 townships, with a total population of about 200,000.

National Highway 109 From east to west, National Highway 112 Crossing the protected area from north to south; Western neighbours Zhangshi Expressway The east Zhangzhuohigh-speed connection; Jing Pao, Keihara Railway North-south, convenient transportation, Geographical location It's very important. With Hebei Province The Capital Economic Circle The establishment of the reserve ushered in a new development opportunity.

Xiaowutaishan Warm temperate zone Continental monsoon mountain climate. The freezing period is long, the frost-free period is short, and the rainfall is heavy and concentrated in July. here Seasonal change Obviously, in late May every year, the snow in Taifeng thaws, and in June, the dead grass turns green, and spring begins. Spring in Xiaowutai is short, and the temperature difference between day and night is very large. In summer, Xiao Wutai is like a white cloud body Hanging garden Walk through it, relaxed and happy. Small mountain weather often makes you impossible to guard against, a hot sun, a dark cloud to avoid the sun, and a thunderstorm. Xiao Wutai in autumn is a colorful country, with red leaves flowing along the water, yellow grass smiling with the wind, and the most beautiful starry night in September. The Milky Way The sky, the constellations, you can curl up in the warm down Sleeping bag In, looking for their own constellation, let the cold autumn wind blowing over the brow.

Around November, Xiao Wutai began to snow, into the long winter. The temperature difference between day and night is great, the sunset wind rises, the cold is biting, and the night temperature on the top of the platform is lower than -40 degrees. However, in order to witness the true appearance of the small Wutai covered in snow and snow, enjoy icefall Hanging, rime diffuse branches The north Mountain scenery, a little pain in the ass. In winter, Xiaowutai Mountain is a snow-capped mountain climbing for northern mountain friends Technical training And the best route for physical training.

The vegetation is summer green Broad-leaved forest The floristic composition is complex, with a wide variety of plant species, reaching more than 670 species, vertical Obvious change : Above 2100 meters on the sunny slope wormwood Meadow; 2000 ~ 2100 meters Giant birch It is a subalpine of the main tree species scrub ; 1400 ~ 2000 m White birch , poplar , Chinese larch , Chinese pine and white birch, Red birch It is the main tree species Mixed coniferous broad-leaved forest : 1400 ~ 1200 meters for secondary Shrub bed , in order to sea-buckthorn , Tiger hazelnut , hazel Mainly, spiraea, etc.; Below 1200 meters is the crop area. In addition to the distribution height of the negative slope is different from that of the positive slope, it can be distinguished from the larch of North China and Larch of North China spruce Mainly coniferous forest belt and broad-leaved forest belt mainly birch and poplars. There are three state-owned forest farms.

typical Mountain climate Create this area Wild animals and plants The Promised Land. The vegetation types in Xiaowutai Mountain area are Summer green broadleaf forest Due to the height of the mountain, the vertical differentiation of the climate is significant, and vegetation, soil, Vertical band spectrum Relatively intact, vegetation Community type A lot. According to incomplete statistics, small Wutai Mountain has been discovered Higher plant 1,350 species, 137 terrestrial vertebrates, insect 1,500 species, microorganisms ( fungus 468 species, known as "natural. Gene pool And the natural "laboratory."

Xiaowutai The mountain has fir, pine, cedar, poplar, willow, maple, oak, Sichuan pepper, Cherry , Apple , Hazel, Honeysuckle , hawthorn , spiraea And other common species, there are A grasshopper's leg , hazelnut , Bulbus fritillariae Chrysanthemum, hedgehog, citric leaves, small Taiwan astragalus Small Wutai bupleurum and other endemic species, and cycad , Ginkgo biloba And other rare species. It's worth mentioning that there are also North China Rare natural juniper pure forest.

Xiao Wutai Mountain Animal resources It is also quite abundant, which is national wild Protect animals There are more than 20 species, provincial Special protected animals 41 species, especially owned internationally with Giant panda Equally famous First-class national protection of animals - Brown pheasant . brown pheasant It is placed on its emblem by the World Pheasant Association and is International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN Red book Set as "endangered" animals. Brown pheasant body is thick brown, head and neck is gray black, because there are two white ears Ear feather Some people call it "horn chicken" or "ear chicken", and the tail feathers hang out and hang down, resembling a horse tail, so it is also known as "horse chicken". The remaining brown pheasants can only be found in Xiaowutai Mountain in Hebei province and Luya Mountain in Shanxi Province.

The vast forests of Xiaowutai Mountain conserve soil and water, shelter rare birds and exotic animals, since ancient times Beijing-tianjin-hebei region territorial Natural barrier However, over the past two hundred years, the vegetation has been repeatedly destroyed. To this end, Hebei Provincial People's Government In 1983, the "Xiaowutai Mountain Nature Reserve" was established and vigorously protected Ecological environment . It was approved for provincial construction in 1993 Forest park , mainly including Jinhekou Yangjiaping two scenic spots, the total area of 14,739 hectares, the main scenic spots have more than 50. Golden river clear moon, Taishan dawn sun, green blanket in the sky, cool canyon, Seven colored stones Beach, oil urn flying pool, Tallinn Ruins, lion slope, Guigu Mountain, Songzhikou undercurrent and so on are full of praise The beauty of the world .

Small Wutai mountain male lying Taihang Mountains East side, genus Hengshan Mountain Afterpulse, located Hebei (Province) province Zhangjiakou Yuxian County , Zhuolu County South mountains, east neighbors Peking Mentougou south Baoding . Geographical coordinates It is 114°47'-115°30' east, 39°50'-40°07' north, 60 km long from east to west, 28 km wide from north to south, with a total area of 21,833 hectares. There are five prominent peaks in the east, North, middle, south and west. altitude It is 2882 meters, 2837 meters, 2801 meters, 2743 meters, 2671 meters, because Dongtai is the highest peak in Hebei, so Xiaowutai Mountain has the reputation of "the roof of Hebei".

Famous attractions: Xiaowutai Mountain Famous attractions are: Xiaowutai Huichuan scenic spot ^[11] The millennium pine arch Lingnan (thousands of miles to welcome visitors, a tree, the old man overlooking and the sky stand four ancient pines are the most famous), Foshan back Buddha Zen, coffin stone on the "official" "wealth" wang, Xishiping side of the "solid bag", "gun cliff" words "love", Bodhisattva top flowers such as the sea. ^[2]

Important place of Buddhism: Xiao Wutai Mountain is not only attractive with gorgeous mountain scenery, but also Zen culture Thousands of years of accumulation. The old small Wutai Mountain is also known as the East Wutai Mountain, according to legend, when Manjusri Bodhisattva became a monk and practiced Buddhism, he was attracted by the magnificent mountain, lush vegetation, and simple folk customs, and chose Taishan to build temples and meditate. Yet be situated Taihang Mountains Hengshan Mountain Yanshan Mountain The small Wutai Mountain in the intersection area has frequent geological movements, the mountain passes are dangerous, and the construction of temples and visitors are extremely difficult. Manjusri decided to move to the West Wutai Mountain where the terrain is gentle Go into overdrive A Buddhist ceremony.

Despite this, the Buddhist culture still spread in Zhuowei land, which is mainly due to the Ming Dynasty three Linzon (a branch of Zen Buddhism) Buddhist monks (the 24th generation of Zizhong Masako, the 26th generation of nature master and his disciple Chengxian Master) pay their respects, set up altars and preach, and promote the Dharma. What they built Golden River Temple , Dharma Cloud Temple and later Tielimsa A long time, the end Natural disaster Or it's all over the place.

Jinhe Temple on the top of the 72 towers, now only 4, scattered around the stone, brick and a plethora of stone tablets, Fa Yun Temple has been moved to the ground, the south cliff caves are empty, the past incense has long since dissipated, it seems that let the predecessors pained, the wind has not been able to withstand the vicissitudes of life.

Site of protected area Zhuolu County It is The hometown of Xuanyuan . According to... Shih Chi It reads:" Chiyou-warrior You don't need an order, so Yellow Emperor It was a war with Chiyou Zhuolu wild thus Catch and kill Chiyou ". From then on, the Yellow Emperor became Central Plains General Chief of the Regional Tribal Alliance, and in the present Zhuolu county Fanshan Town Built one of the earliest capitals in history Yellow Emperor City (The site remains today). Yan Emperor The Yellow Emperor and Chiyou tribes multiplied and mingled here, recuperated and developed into the later Huaxia nation . Zhuolu County has gathered the relics of Yan, Huang and Chi in a complete, centralized and original ecological way, and Zhuolu County is also known as "the most famous". Three ancestors culture "The birthplace.

Weizhou Basin has flat terrain, warm and humid climate and rich products, and has been the gathering place of ancestors since ancient times. The Shang Dynasty established a state here, and its capital was in Daiwang City ; After Qin Shi Huang unified China, he divided the whole country into Thirty-six counties , on behalf of a county; Han Dynasty Liu Bang Unify the whole country, delegate the country, establish brother Liu Zhong As a surrogate king. The Flying Fox Road , also known as foxpass, Taihang Baxing County One, it is the main road of Yanzhao and Hu in history, Weizhou is the important town of this business road, the place where business travel must pass through, here still retains the unique paper-cut, cycas , Gong Mi Snacks, etc. Deep history here Cultural deposits The rich natural remains of Mount Wutai form an ancient picture of the unity of opposition between man and nature. ^[3]

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, State of Zhao There is a fairy peak in the territory, all year round Clouds and mist wreathed the air There are cliffs everywhere. King of Zhao In the heyday of the reign, the weather was good every year in the area of Shenfeng, The five grains Bumper harvest. There is a babbling stream under the fairy peak, and the local people rely on it to water their crops and feed their livestock. One day, suddenly from the celestial peak flew a huge monster, huge teeth tusk Head long double horns, eat everyone, people are scared to close the door. The monster came to the stream and sucked it dry, Driving clouds And left. From then on, the fairy peak area grain seedling Dry, no harvest. People had to flee to other countries to save their lives.

Fairy peak under the Wu Nanzhuang there Wu Outside the old member, there is a female name Wu CAI, not only looks like a flower, but also can write and martial arts. After the stream was drunk by the monster, Wu CAI took the trouble to dig a well under the immortal peak. As a result, hoe Thirty-six were used out, ninety-nine Wells were dug, and not a drop of water was dug out. Just as Wu CAI was about to dig the hundredth well, suddenly the sky was covered with dark clouds, flying sand and stones, and the monster was approaching. She picked up Carrying pole "And hit the monster on the head. The monster could not dodge, was knocked off a horn, screamed and tried to escape. Wucai chase, will blame material split four and a half. By this time she, too, was exhausted and dying, and died standing.

Xiaowutaishan Nature Reserve is located in North China flora The central zone, so that the area not only has North China flora representative plants, but also northeast and Central China Flora of plants and some plants with tropical relatives.

Xiaowutaishan Nature Reserve is preserved in North China Natural vegetation One of the most complete areas. Wild plant There are 1350 species of higher plants in 106 families and 486 genera, accounting for 50% of the total in Hebei Province. Seed plant Up to 1292 species belonging to 383 genera in 94 families, of which herb 622 species; Woody plant 143 species, ferns 47 species, gymnospermia Eleven kinds. Fungi and myxomycete There are 468 species in 135 genera, including 7 new species and 36 newly recorded species in China. New combination Plant 1.

Many plant species are endemic to Xiaowutai Mountain Small five fleas Small five corydalis Small five saussurea 14 species, such as Xiaowutai bupleurum; State key protection plant removal Wild soybean , Manchurian catalpa , acanthopanax grass jute , Parlement , Rhodiola rosea Membranous pod astragalus , Astragalus mongolicus , Kiwi fruit In addition to equine, jute, walnut, etc orchid 16 kinds, such as handelwort , Paphiopsida bilobata , Cypripedium macroflorum , Cypripedium maculatus , Northern Red door orchid , Bog orchid , Bird's nest orchid , Small maculata orchid Etc.; Hebei key protection plants Picea picea , xanthocarp , Beautiful rose , peony , Pulsatilla pulsatilla ^[4] , anemone , trollflower , Chinese pine , Three seeds and two types of beans , Spiraea, Rhodiola rosea , Wild poppy , North China Rare plant Fetid fir , juniper , Picea picea More than 70 species, etc.

Resource plant Up to 16 classes, of which Medicinal plant As many as 713 species, such as Acanthopanax, codonopsis Platycodon grandiflorum, Gentiana officinalis , Adenophora adenophora , Mountain ash Hawthorn, equine jute, monad jute, live alone, Rhubarb, parsnip, atractylodes and so on.

Community of protected areas mammal 86 species, such as: leopard ^[5] , fox, mink Green sheep, etc. Birds Abundant, a total of 56 species. The main species are brown pheasant, starcrow , Liu Ying, tit , Ring-necked pheasant , Columba rubus , woodpecker Let's wait. amphibians There are Bufo chinensis , Rana chinensis . reptilia There are eremias , viper , Elaphis bipunctata , A tiger snake . There are 1500 species of insects in 16 orders, 130 families, including lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera The majority, accounting for 52% of the total trees. So rich Insect resources To study the distribution of insects, Species composition The adaptability of the ecological environment in the region and the breeding and screening of rare species all provide the material basis. The first class national protected animals in the area are: leopard, brown pheasant, Black stork ^[6] .

Brown pheasant: rare bird in the world, is unique in China. Only in the world Northwest of Shanxi And small Wutai Mountain has wild brown pheasant distribution, known as a national treasure. Brown pheasant has been endangered several times in history, and a French priest in the 19th century declared that "brown pheasant has been extinct in Hebei." In 1998 it was found to have a wide distribution, causing China animalia The general importance of people.

The establishment of Xiaowutai Mountain played an important role in protecting and gradually expanding the population of brown pheasant and saving this rare species. Among them, brown pheasant is galliniformes , Phasianidae . Body length 800-1000 mm, weight 5000 grams. The whole body is dark brown. Short beak. Tuft white, prominent with neck. 22 tail feathers, spread backward and erect. It lives at altitudes of 1800-2300 m Mixed forest Or pure Coniferous forest , broad-leaved forest. It feeds mainly on young roots, stems, leaves and seeds, but also insects. Entered in late March Breeding season Each clutch lays 4-8 eggs. Hatching period 27 days. for Resident bird ^[7] .

Xiao Wutai Mountain is located Yangqu county Northeast of the city, distance Taiyuan 38 km downtown. Dayun Highway, The Original Tai-Highway , Too good highway , North Tongpu Railway All with the small Wutai Mountain pass, the traffic is very convenient. The highest elevation of the mountain is 1,914 meters, and the top of the platform protected by the east, west, south, north and middle five rings is named Xiao Wutai.

Xiao Wutai Mountain peaks straight and steep cliffs, mountain flowers and weeds are colorful, precious medicinal materials compete for beauty, Wild animal In the forest, the octagonal pavilion Yuyu sky becomes a unique, and the essence of Tang Dazhong grottoes statues and cultural relics draw the spiritual spirit of Xiaowutai Mountain and contain the cultural connotation of Xiaowutai Mountain. Xiao Wutai Mountain is a famous Buddhist activity site and Manjusri Bodhisattva Dojo Is also the Great Yu to control the waters of the boat." Tie boat letter rain "Land.

Tie to Zhoushan Also known as Xiao Wutai Mountain, located in Yangqu county 20 kilometers northeast of the city. According to legend, the Great Yu river control system boat here, so the name is Zhoushan. Shanxi Ming Dynasty left political participation A surname When visiting the department of Zhoushan, the poem said: "The flood drowned the world, the holy virtue God's strength to relieve the difficulties." If you don't believe in the dark mat, please look at Zhoushan." This poem praises the virtue of Yu the Great in controlling the river, and also alludes to the tall and steep mountain of Zhoushan.

Xiao Wutai Mountain Scenic area Have been included in Taiyuan One of the city investment projects, investment RMB 135 million yuan to restore the construction of ancient temples, forests, flowers and plants, water features, animals, mountain leisure, fitness, ancient folk customs, Tang Buddha sculpture, tourism shopping, natural ecology and other 11 scenic spots, here will become another tourist attraction in Taiyuan.

Drive to Yangqu county Shiling Pass Below, you can see a vertical, lush mountains in the northeast, which is small Wutai Mountains. At the foot of the mountain is Fengdong Village. When climbing, the slope is steep, and the gravel mountain road is not difficult to climb, but it is less than five non-heroes to enter the ancient path of Panshan that has been lost for a long time and has no head of thorns. Underfoot, thick dead branches Rotted leaves Each step must open the heavy Shigepin, next to is the bottomless gully, then you can sigh: dare to ask where the road is.

There is the ruins of Wenshu Temple on the mountainside of Zhongtai. The temple was built on a 2-story stone base on the mountainside. When climbing the stone base, you can see Baiyun Cave. Baiyun Cave is also called hair cloud cave, it is said that white clouds often float out of the hole. This is a naturally generated cave, about 20 meters deep, in the cave there is a stone statue of Manjusri, which is said to be carved before the Tang Dynasty. There are 3 levels of stone steps at the entrance of the cave, and 3 pillars are distributed on both sides of the stone base. Obviously, there are original buildings at the entrance of the cave, and there are two precise structures under the steps flagstone And rod top stone, the roof of the cave and around the spread of several stone tablets, there are lettering on the stone cliff, mostly for the Ming and Qing era repair records, Baiyun Cave is the "boat letter rain" to get rain.

Turn around the white cloud Cave, it's three or four Stone kiln There is a door in which the plaque is engraved with the words of Wenshu Temple, and there is a depth of more than ten meters in front of the door Dry shaft It can be seen that the ancient temple was prosperous. There are 3 courtyards in the temple, surrounded by 2-story stone caves, and occasionally you can see piles of colored Buddha fragments and many incomplete stone tablets. There are forty or fifty stone kilns in Manjusri Temple, as far back as the Tang, Song and Ming dynasties, the incense was strong, at that time, the Buddhist meeting of Manjusri Temple was held on the fourth day of April every year, and the flow of people was endless during the day and night, but it gradually declined. A plaque on the monument with a thousand words: "This god of my hometown also, this should not make desolate if this......" Though desolate and dilapidated, there are still some glimpses of what it was like. The highest elevation of Xiaowutai Mountain is 1914 meters, and the top of the five platforms is like five giant pillars rising from the ground, standing majestically and proudly on the sky. Xiaowutai Mountain integrates humanistic history, classical stories, Buddhist wisdom, natural ecology, meaningful peaks, deep canyons as one Natural resources Very rich. According to local legends, Taiyuan is another name." Ryongson "The dragon horn is in the small Wutai Mountain, the Jin Dynasty great poet Yuanhao Question " Jinyang old town book thing There is a phrase in "You can't see the dragon's horn is bald".

Xiao Wutai Mountain, also known as Reading Mountain, according to the book Records of Yangqu County According to records, the father of Yuan Haowen, a great poet in the Jin Dynasty, read here. Mountain peak east village and Wenshu temple under the temple, about Ming Dynasty Jia Jing Rebuilt between years, yes Manjusri Hall , Dragon King Hall, Hall of Avalokitesvara Guanyin Guan Di Hall, stage, hallway Bell tower, ancient tower, monk's room, stone kiln and other buildings, some of which were damaged during the Japanese invasion. In that year, the incense was strong, and the rain seekers came from south to north.

Yangqu County is home to 66 "Chinese traditions. Cultural tourism Big county "one of the rich Humanistic resources And unique natural beauty awaits development, which in the county with Xinzhou At the border of the city, there is a well-known mountain range in history, which is called Zhoushan in mythology and is now called Xiaowutai Mountain.

In Hebei Xiaowutai Mountain National Nature Reserve In the wetlands, black storks were found as well cygnet , rock pigeon, Swan goose , mallard More than a hundred migratory birds gather to roost. In order to prevent human interference to them, strictly prevent illegal personnel to kill, forest in Hebei Province Public security bureau Xiaowutaishan Branch quickly arranged police to carry out emergency migratory bird protection action. The workers carried out the work along the wetland Detailed survey And alert, and developed a thorough protection action plan. The operation is expected to last until mid-April. ^[7]