The Pacific Ocean is the largest, deepest, and most marginal sea in the world island The largest ocean. It is located in... Asia , Oceania , Antarctica And North and South America Between. The longest north-south is about 15,900 kilometers, the widest is about 19,000 kilometers, the total area is 181,344 million square kilometers, the average depth is 3,957 meters, the maximum depth is 11034 meters. ^[1]

Chinese name: Pacific
Foreign name: Pacific Ocean
Average depth: 3957 m
Sea water temperature: 0℃ to 30℃
Area product: 181344000 km²

Innermost part: The Mariana Trench (11034 m)
Mean salinity: 34.62 ‰ ^{[4
]}
Littoral state: China , Japan , America , Australia , Canada Etc.
Climatic type: Since the Frigid zone to tropics
Major organization: Apec (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) , Alliance of Pacific Rim Universities Etc.

catalogue

Origin of name

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EDITOR

Pacific coast

The term Pacific Ocean first appeared in the 1520s by the Great Voyagers Magellan And its fleet was first named. On September 20, 1519, voyager Magellan command An expedition of 270 sailors from Spain Set sail, West Ferry Atlantic They're holding it up Stormy seas After much suffering, he reached the southern tip of South America and entered a strait. The strait, later named after Magellan, was even more sinister and full of them Fierce wind and huge waves And dangerous reef beach. After another 38 days of hard fighting, the fleet finally arrived The Strait of Magellan At the west end, however, there were only three ships left in the fleet, and the crew loss Half of it.

After another three months of hard sailing, the fleet crossed from South America Guam , come to The Philippines Islands. There was no more wind and waves during this voyage, and the sea was so calm that the fleet had entered The equatorial calm zone . The crew, who had suffered from the previous great waves, said happily, "This is really the Pacific Ocean!" Since then, people have called the ocean between America, Asia and Oceania the "Pacific Ocean".

Historical evolution

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EDITOR

Pacific

There have been many important events in the Pacific during prehistoric times migrate The most notable was the migration of Austronesian peoples (more specifically Polynesians) from the Asian coast to Tahiti, then to Hawaii and New Zealand, and then again Easter Island .

The Pacific Ocean was first seen by Europeans in the early 16th century and was first crossed Isthmus of Panama The Spanish navigator Balboa Vasco Nunez de Balboa (1513) and later Magellan (1519-22), who crossed the Pacific Ocean in his circumnavigation of the globe.

The name "Pacific Ocean" comes from the Latin "Mare Pacificum", meaning "calm sea", which was named by Magellan, a Portuguese navigator employed by Spain. In October 1520, Magellan led five ships from the Atlantic Ocean to find a southwest exit (later known as the Strait of Magellan) westward, after 38 days Stormy seas After reaching a calm ocean, he called it the Pacific Ocean.

Geographical environment

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EDITOR

Geographical extent

Pacific (4 photos)

Pacific Ocean, north The Bering Strait 65°44 'north, south Antarctica 85°33 'south, 151° across latitudes. East to West longitude 78°08 ', west to East longitude 99°10 ', across 177 degrees of longitude. It is about 15,900 kilometers long from north to south and about 19,900 kilometers wide from east to west. From the coast of Colombia in South America to Asia Malay Peninsula The longest is 21,300 kilometers from east to west. The volume including the sea is 714.41 million cubic kilometers, and the volume excluding the sea is 696.189 million cubic kilometers. With an average depth of 3,939.5 m including the sea and 4,187.8 m excluding the sea, the maximum known depth is 11,033 m, located in The Mariana Trench Inside. It is bounded to the north by the Bering Strait, which is only 102 km wide, and to the southeast by the Drake Strait between Tierra del Fuego in South America and Graham Land in Antarctica Atlantic Communicate; The boundary between the southwest and the Indian Ocean is: from Sumatra the Java Island to Timor It then travels across the Timor Sea to Cape Londonderry, Australia, and then from southern Australia Bass Strait , due to The island of Tasmania Right down to the Antarctic continent.

climate

The Pacific Ocean has a favorable climate due to its vast area and uniform water Planetary wind system Formation, especially in the South Pacific. The situation in the North Pacific is different, the difference between the east and the west is great Russia The contrast between harsh winters on the East Coast and mild winters in British Columbia, Canada, is most stark. The trade wind belt is located between the center of the subtropical high between 30° N and 40° N in the eastern Pacific Ocean and the equatorial calm belt.

The pearl of the Pacific Ocean - Hawaii Island

Mid-latitudes, westerlies and Polar easterly zone The convergence forms the subpolar low. There is a great difference in temperature and humidity between the two wind belts, and the polar easterly front is very fierce, especially in winter. In the western Pacific (latitude 5° ~ 25° N) east of the Philippines, the South China Sea and the East China Sea, between summer and autumn, under high temperature and high humidity conditions, an ultra-low pressure center is generated, forming a violent tropical storm, that is, a typhoon. In summer, the Asian continent is a low pressure, and the North Pacific air flow moves to the mainland, and the winter situation is completely the opposite, forming a broad Monsoon climate region . The North Pacific Ocean is warmer than the South Pacific because the waters of the South Pacific are larger and influenced by icebergs and cold water masses in the Antarctic region. The salinity of the water in the trade wind zone is lower than that in the equatorial zone. Salinity near the equator is less than 3.4%; The northernmost sea has the lowest salinity, less than 3.2%. The Pacific Ocean currents move from east to west under the influence of trade winds, forming the South and North equatorial warm currents.

The central axis between the north and south equatorial warm currents produces an opposite equatorial countercurrent, flowing from the eastern coast of the Philippines to the western coast of Ecuador. The North Equatorial warm current turns north near the Philippines and flows to the east of Japan, known as the Kuroshio; A tributary of the North Equatorial Warm Current enters the Sea of Japan through the Tsushima Strait, known as the Tsushima Warm Current. The Kuroshio turns to the east near 160° E and is called the North Pacific Current. The North Pacific Current moves east and turns south to the west coast of North America, said the report California cold snap . This creates the North Pacific gyre. In addition, the Bering Sea current flows south, known as the Kamchatka Cold Current, also known as the Honey Tide, flows east of the Japanese island of Honshu, and meets the Kuroshio near latitude 36° N. South Equatorial Current After reaching the Solomon Islands, the south current becomes the East Australian Warm Current, turning east to drift into the west wind, to the west of South America, 45° south latitude into two branches, one east through the Drake Passage into the Atlantic Ocean; The other turns north, i.e Peru cold current . This creates the South Pacific gyre.

landform

The andesite line The andesite line is the most important dividing line in the topography of the Pacific Ocean, separating the volcanic mafic rocks in the deeper layers of the central Pacific basin from the semi-sedimentary volcanic quartz rocks along the continental margin. The Andesite line runs along the western end of the islands of California, the southern end of the Aleutian Islands, the eastern end of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Kuril Islands, the Japanese Islands, the Mariana Islands, the Solomon Islands, and directly to New Zealand; It also extends northeast to the western end of the Andes, South America, and Mexico, before returning to California. Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, New Guinea, New Zealand and other parts of the Australian mainland and the eastern extension of the Asian mainland are all outside the Andesite line.

terrene

The largest land mass entirely in the Pacific Ocean is the island of New Guinea - the second largest island in the world. Almost all the smaller islands in the Pacific lie between 30 degrees north and 30 degrees south, stretching from Southeast Asia to Easter Island; The rest of the Pacific Ocean is almost completely covered with water.

The Polynesian Triangle, which connects Hawaii, Easter Island and New Zealand, encompasses a number of islands: the Cook Islands, the Marquesas Islands, Samoa, the Society Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuamotu, Tuvalu and Wallis and Futuna Islands.

North of the equator and west of the International Date Line are many Micronesian islands, including the Caroline Islands, Marshall Islands, and Mariana Islands.

In the southwest corner of the Pacific Ocean lies Melanesia, headed by New Guinea. Other important islands in Melanesia are the Bismarck Islands, Fiji Islands, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands and New Hebrides.

There are four types of islands in the Pacific: continental islands, alluvial islands, coral reefs and volcanic islands. The landside islands are located beyond the Andesite line, including the island of New Guinea in New Zealand and the islands of the Philippines and Taiwan, which are connected to the nearby mainland. Many of the volcanic islands, such as Bougainville, Hawaii and the Solomon Islands, have active volcanoes.

island

There are about 10,000 islands in the Pacific Ocean, with a total area of more than 4.4 million square kilometers, accounting for about 45% of the world's total island area. Continental islands are mainly distributed in the west, such as the Japanese Islands, Kalimantan Island, New Guinea Island, etc. There are many scattered ocean islands in the middle ( Volcanic island , Coral island ).

The Pacific Islands are numerous, mainly distributed in the western and central seas, divided by nature Continental island and Oceanic island Two broad categories. Continental islands are generally geologically connected to the mainland, such as Japanese islands , Taiwan Island , Philippine Islands , Islands of Indonesia And the world's second largest island New Guinea Let's wait. The ocean islands are divided into volcanic islands and coral islands. There are three archipelagoes in the west-central Pacific Ocean: Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. among Melanesia Most of the islands are continental islands, Polynesia archipelagic Hawaiian Islands Known as a volcanic archipelago, Micronesia is almost entirely coral islands.

Submarine topography

It can be divided into central deep water area, marginal shallow water area and Continental shelf Three big parts. The deep-sea basin below approximately 2,000 meters accounts for about 87% of the total area, the marginal portion between 200 and 2,000 meters accounts for about 7.4%, and the continental shelf within 200 meters accounts for about 5.6%. There is a huge sea basin in the northern half, a number of islands in the west, and a deep trench outside the island arc. The northern and western marginal seas have broad continental shelves, and the central deep waters are more than 5,000 meters deep. The Hawaiian and Line Islands divide the central deep water into the Northeast Pacific Basin, Southwest Pacific Basin The Northwest Pacific Basin and the Central Pacific Basin. There are numerous volcanic cones on the ocean floor. The water depth of the marginal shallow waters is more than 5000 meters, and the area of the sea basin is small.

Volcanic earthquake

About 85% of the world's active volcanoes and about 80% of the world's earthquakes are concentrated in the Pacific region. The American Cordillera mountain system on the eastern coast of the Pacific Ocean and the colorful Islands on the western margin of the Pacific Ocean are the most intensely volcanic areas in the world, with more than 370 active volcanoes. Pacific ring of fire "Said, frequent earthquakes.

Current tide

The Pacific current is roughly bounded by 5 ~ 10° north latitude, and is divided into two major north-south circulations: the northern circulation runs clockwise and is composed of the North Equatorial warm Current, the Japan Warm Current, the North Pacific Warm Current, and the California cold Current; The southern circulation moves in a counterclockwise direction and consists of the Southern Equatorial Current, the Eastern Australian Current, the westerly drift, and the Peruvian cold Current. Between the two gyres is the equatorial countercurrent, which runs from west to east at a velocity of 2 km/h.

The tides are mostly irregular semi-diurnal, with a range of 2 to 5 meters.

The temperature of the Pacific Ocean varies with latitude, from near freezing at the poles to around 25 to 30 ° C at the equator. The salt content of the sea is higher in the mid-latitudes: water near the equator rains heavily throughout the year, and water near the poles evaporates less because of the cold, so that the salt content is lower in both places. Overall, the Pacific Ocean is warmer than the Atlantic Ocean. In the Northern Hemisphere, the surface water of the Pacific Ocean flows mainly in a clockwise direction (the North Pacific Vortex), and in the southern hemisphere it flows in a counterclockwise direction. North Equatorial Current Along 15°N, it moved westward, driven by trade winds, and turned north near the Philippines, where it joined the Japan Current (also known as the Kuroshio).

At about 45°N, the Kuroshio divides into two branches. A reentry to the south North equatorial current . The other flows north into the Aleutian Current, which pushes the Bering Strait in a counterclockwise direction as it approaches North America, and south into the cold, slow California Current.

The South Equatorial Current flows west along the equator and turns southeast at New Guinea, completely turning due east at about 50°S. The current flows from the west along the South Pacific in this section, which is part of the Antarctic circumpolar circulation. By the time it reaches the coast of Chile, the current splits into two branches: one flows into the Atlantic through Cape Horn, and the other flows north as the Peru Current.

Ocean formation

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EDITOR

Lunar separation theory

The formation of the Pacific Ocean The Pacific Ocean is the largest on Earth today Building unit , with the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and The Arctic Ocean In contrast, it has many unique and unusual evolutionary histories, such as earthquakes around the Pacific Ocean Volcanic belt , widely developed Island arc - Significant differences in the history of the trench system and geological structures on both sides of the ocean...... This has led many people to believe that the Pacific Ocean may have a unique cause. Scientists have long proposed many hypotheses about the origin of the Pacific Ocean, most notably in the mid-19th century, George Darwin (1879) proposed the "separation of the moon".

Darwin It is believed that the early Earth was in a semi-molten state, its rotation rate was much faster than it is today, and there were tides under the gravitational pull of the sun. If the tidal oscillation period is the same as the earth's Natural vibration If the period is the same, it will happen Resonance phenomenon The amplitude is getting larger and larger, and eventually it may cause local rupture, so that some objects fly away from the Earth and become the moon, and the crater is then developed become The Pacific Ocean. Due to the density of the moon (3.341g/cm³) and the density of the Earth's shallow material (inclusive mantle The top of peridotite inward lithosphere The average density of the Earth is approximately 3.2 to 3.3g/cm³, and it is indeed observed that the Earth's rotation rate is faster and earlier phenomenon This has given George Darwin's "moon separation theory" a lot of support. However, some researchers have pointed out that in order for objects on Earth to fly, the rotation of the Earth must be faster than 4.43 radians per hour, which means that the duration of a day and night must not exceed 1 hour and 25 minutes. Could the early Earth have spun so fast? This is obviously hard to believe. Moreover, if the moon did fly from the Earth, its orbit would be on the Earth's equatorial plane, which it is not. Also, most of the moon rocks have much older ages (4 billion to 4.55 billion years), while the oldest rocks found on Earth are only 3.8 billion years old, which apparently contradicts the fly-out theory. Finally, people abandoned this view. Since the 1950s and 1960s, due to the progress of astrogeological research, people have found that the Earth's nearest neighbor seleno , Mars , Venus , Mercury Meteorite impact craters are widely developed, and some are quite large. This can't help but make people think that the Earth could have suffered the same impact. ^[2]

Meteor impact theory

In 1955, the Frenchman Timochel first proposed that the Pacific Ocean may have been formed by the former Alpine age It was a meteor impact. And he thinks the meteor may have been an Earth satellite, almost twice the diameter of the moon. Pity not to be able to Put forward Enough evidence. It is well known that there is no active tectonic activity on the Moon, and meteorite impacts are Lunar crust The main driving force of evolution. Mare selenis It is a nearly circular depression formed by the intense bombardment of small bodies early on the moon, with a dark underside that later ejected Moon Sea basalt The filling. The largest moon sea -- Oceanus procellaris It covers an area of 5 million square kilometers. Comparing the Pacific Ocean with the lunar Sea, we can see the following common features:

1. The distribution of the lunar sea on the Moon is uniform, concentrated in the northern hemisphere of the moon. The Pacific Ocean is also tilted towards Earth, reflecting the randomness of the early impact.

2. The moon sea has a circular outline and is on average 2 ~ 3 km lower than the moon land. The Pacific Ocean is also roughly circular and on average 3 to 4 kilometers lower than the continents.

3. Earth's continents are made up of older, less dense siliceous rocks, while the oceans are made up of younger, denser basaltic rocks, as are the moon's oceans basalt Make up.

4. The crust on Earth is relatively thick, between 30 and 50 kilometers thick, Oceanic crust Relatively thin, generally 5 ~ 15 km; Something similar happens on the moon, Lunar continent The shell is generally 40 to 60 km thick, and the moon shell is generally less than 20 km.

5. Gravity measurements show that the lunar sea has obvious positive anomalies. The Pacific Ocean is more complicated, but has higher gravity values than the surrounding continents.

6. There are mountain chains around the moon Sea, and there are mountain chains around the Pacific Ocean.

Seven. Marginal and central ridges are found at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean, while levee-shaped bulges are also visible in some of the larger lunar seas. Be distributed among Mare selenis Center and edge.

8. The eastern Pacific Ocean is characterized by Island arc The transition zone from the oceanic crust to the continental crust is composed of the marginal sea, and the so-called "transition zone" can also be seen in some lunar sea margins. Selenoid sea "The transition zone. Of course, compared to the lunar Sea, the Pacific Ocean has some other things that the Lunar Sea does not trait . Such as tectonic magmatic activity, reflect Sea floor spreading There are also distinct polycyclic fold structures and granitic magmatic activity in mountain chains around the Pacific Ocean, which are absent on the Moon.

Such differences are attributed to the fact that the Earth has a much larger mass and volume than the Moon. To sum up, the Pacific Ocean was in the early days of the Earth form The giant impact basin. But in the long period of geological history, it has undergone many transformations. ^[2]

subzone

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EDITOR

1. East: America Cordillera The Cordillera ranges from Alaska in the north to Tierra del Fuego in the south, with the exception of the northernmost and southernmost groups of islands along the fjord coast and deep into the mainland Gulf of California In addition, the coast is flat, the continental shelf is narrow, and important trenches include the Acapulco Trench to the north and the Peruvian-Chile Trench to the south.

2. Western Region: The part of Asia has a complex structure with a zigzag coast, a prominent peninsula on the eastern edge of the continent, and a series of island arcs off the coast, forming numerous marginal seas. From north to south lies the Bering Sea, The Sea of Okhotsk , Sea of Japan The Yellow Sea, The East China Sea and The South China Sea . There are a series of trenches on the outer edge of the island group, the Kamchatka Trench in the north, The Kuril Trench , Japan trench , a South has The Tonga Trench And the Kermadec Trench.

3. The central Pacific Ocean is a broad sea basin, is the most stable crustal structure in the region, the depth of the sea water is generally about 4570 meters. East of longitude 150° west is the Eastern Pacific Basin, and south of the line from the Central American Isthmus through the Cocos Ridge to the Galapagos Islands is the Peruvian-Chile Basin and the Southeast Pacific Basin. Further south across the Southeast Pacific Sea Rise is the Pacific-Antarctica Basin. The area between this basin and longitude 150° west is the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge. West longitude 150° ~ 180°, from east to west there are the Central Pacific Basin, Mariana Basin and Philippine Basin; Between New Zealand and eastern Australia is the Tasman Basin, and to the south is the Macquarie Ridge, the underwater boundary between the Pacific and Indian oceans.

Natural resources

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EDITOR

Economic characteristics

The Pacific Rim region is rich in natural and economic diversity. In terms of economic development, the United States, China and Japan, the top three countries in the world in terms of GDP, have been extremely dynamic. Japan, South Korea and West coast As an important technical source; Russian Far East Canada and Australia are rich in natural resources. China, Mexico and Brazil are rapidly industrializing; China has abundant human resources; The United States, Chile and New Zealand have highly productive agriculture, and Australia and New Zealand have developed animal husbandry. Economists predict that in the future, the economic center of the world will shift from the traditional Europe and eastern North America to the Pacific Rim.

Marine resources

Pacific growing animals, plants, both phytoplankton Or sea floor plants and fish and other animals are more abundant than other oceans.

Fisheries The shallow sea fishing area of the Pacific Ocean accounts for about 1/2 of the total area of shallow sea fishing in the world's oceans, and the Marine catch accounts for more than half of the world's catch, Peru, Japan and China Zhoushan Islands The Northwest coast of the United States and Canada are world famous fishing grounds. Rich in herring, cod, salmon, mackerel, trout, skipjack, sandin, golden gun, comparison and other fish. In addition, the hunting and crabbing of sea animals (seals, walruses, sea bears, sea otters, whales, etc.) also play an important role.

Mineral resources The offshore continental shelf is rich in oil, natural gas and coal, the deep sea basin is rich in nodules (containing manganese, nickel, cobalt and copper four kinds of metal reserves than the land dozens of times to a thousand times), in addition to the seabed sand tin, rutile, zirconium, titanium, iron and platinum placer reserves are also very rich.

The Pacific Ocean is vast and contains extremely rich natural resources, which have been developed and utilized mainly Aquatic resources And mineral resources. There are nearly 100,000 species of animals and plants in the Pacific Ocean, mainly living in the ocean surface, especially the edge zone, only 4% to 5% of the total number of animals and plants existing in the waters below 2000 meters, only 800 species of animals and plants living in the waters below 5000 meters, only 500 species in the waters below 6000 meters, and 200 species in the depths of 7000 meters. By 10,000 meters there are only 20 species left. At the same time, the species of Marine organisms decreased with the increase of latitude, but the distribution density of each species of animals and plants was higher in high latitudes than in low latitudes, and there were more dominant species in high latitudes. Thriving on the surface of the ocean Planktonic algae And zooplankton. Inshore submarine plants, occurring in temperate zones antler Algae and Quinciaceae algae (mainly kelp), brown algae, green algae and a variety of fine algae in the tropics. Coastal zone distribution Mangrove forest . Numerous algae provide sufficient feed for coastal animals, reproduce a variety of mollusks, mollusks, crustaceans and echinoderms, as well as coral polyps, and produce a large number of fish and crabs. The islands and coastal zones are home to seabirds. There are many animals in the ocean, such as whales, seals, dolphins, seal , fur seals, sea otters, etc.

Fisheries production in the Pacific Ocean has led the world's oceans since the mid-1960s. Production in 1980 was 35.45 million tonnes, more than half of the world's total catch (64.576 million tonnes). There are two main fishing grounds: one is Northwest Pacific Fishing grounds; The other is the Southeast Pacific fishery. Northwest Pacific fisheries include The Bering Sea A part of The Sea of Okhotsk , Sea of Japan The Yellow Sea, The East China Sea and Taiwan Strait . piscatorial Continental shelf It covers an area of 2.19 million square kilometers, the sea is shallow, sunlight can penetrate into the bottom, many rivers bring a lot of inorganic salts, and cold and warm currents bring cold and warm plankton It provides suitable conditions for plankton nourishment and fish growth and has become one of the world's major fishing grounds. In 1980, the fishing output was 18.78 million tons, ranking first in the world's major fishing areas, including Japan Hokkaido fishing grounds Mainly produces herring, salmon, trout and other fish. The Bering Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk are dominated by sea animals, including whales. Kamchatka Peninsula The coast is home to the world's largest crab fishery. Coastal China Zhoushan Islands The area to catch large yellow croaker, small yellow croaker, hairtail, pomfret, moray eel, squid mainly. The Southeast Pacific fishing grounds include Peru, Chile, Ecuador Fishing grounds. Here Continental shelf Narrow, only 160,000 square kilometers, but because of strong Peru cold current Environmental conditions such as flowing through and coastal upwelling, inorganic salts are also quite rich and suitable for plankton reproduction, and fish are very rich, becoming an important fishing ground.

Fishing ground

The Pacific is richer in plant and animal life, whether phytoplankton or bottom plants or fish and other animals, than any other ocean.

The shallow fishing area of the Pacific Ocean accounts for about 1/2 of the total area of shallow fishing in the world's oceans, and the Marine catch accounts for more than half of the world's catch. Peru, Japan, China's Zhoushan Islands, the northwest coast of the United States and Canada are all world famous fishing grounds. Rich in herring, cod, salmon, mackerel, trout, skipjack, sardines, tuna, flounder and other fish. In addition, the hunting and crabbing of sea animals (seals, walruses, sea bears, sea otters, whales, etc.) also play an important role.

mineral

Resources Offshore continental shelf oil, gas, coal It's rich. Deep sea basins are rich Manganese nodule seam include manganese , nickel , cobalt The metal reserves of four minerals, copper, are dozens of times to a thousand times more than on land), in addition to the seabed sand tin Ore, rutile, zirconium , titanium , iron and platinum Gold placer deposits are also abundant.

The exploration of mineral resources mainly focuses on oil and gas on continental shelf, coastal placer and deep sea basin Polymetallic nodule And so on. Major oil-producing areas include the coast of California, Kuunyi Bay, the Western shelf of Japan, the shelf of Southeast Asia, the coast of Australia, the west coast of South America, and the continental shelf of China. The distribution range of coastal placer is: gold, platinum sand is mainly distributed in the Pacific East coast from Oregon to California coast, as well as the Bering Sea and Alaska coast; Tin ore is mainly distributed in the coastal areas of Southeast Asian countries, including Thailand and Indonesia. The coasts of India and Australia are rich in diamonds, rutile and ilmenite. There are more than ten placer belts along the coast of China, with many kinds of placer resources such as diamond, gold, zircon and rutile. In addition, there are undersea coal fields on the continental shelves of Japan, China and Chile. There are abundant polymetallic nodules in the deep sea basin, which are mainly concentrated in the vast area southeast of Hawaii. Total reserves are estimated at 1.7 trillion tons, accounting for half of the world's total reserves.

transportation

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EDITOR

Sea transport

There are also many important straits in the Pacific Ocean, such as the Bering Strait, Soya Strait, Tsugaru Strait, Korea Strait, Taiwan Strait, Bashe Strait, Balintang Strait, Makassar Strait, Sunda Strait, Lombok Strait and Malacca Strait, which are important maritime choke points. The channel network, which consists of the Strait of Malacca, the Bering Strait, the Strait of Magellan and the Panama Canal, connects the Pacific Ocean with the Indian Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic Ocean, forming many important international shipping routes and strategic maritime passages.

There are three main routes across the Pacific Ocean in the north, middle and south of the Pacific Ocean: First, the North Pacific route, for the United States and Canada's west coast through the Bering Strait into the northern Pacific Ocean to reach China, Japan and other countries, the route is concentrated in the north latitude of 40° north to the Aleutian Islands near, is the shortest route across the Pacific Ocean, a voyage of about 4200 ~ 4500 nautical miles. The second is the Central Pacific route, which is a route from the West coast of the United States through the Hawaiian Islands and Guam to China, Japan and Southeast Asia, and the route is concentrated between 20° to 25° north latitude, with a voyage of about 6,000 to 8,000 nautical miles. The third is the South Pacific Route, which extends from the west coast of South America to Southeast Asia through New Zealand and Australia, with a voyage of about 10,000 nautical miles. In addition, in the western Pacific, there are several shipping routes from north to south (mainly along the eastern waters of Asia) (one of which is connected to the Arctic Ocean through the Bering Strait), which are connected with the three trans-Pacific shipping routes, and through different straits and islands, to the west through the northern Indian Ocean or along the southern edge of the South Asian subcontinent. It runs to the Middle East or connects with the Eurasian route to Europe and other places (the Suez Canal route). Specifically, there are mainly East Asia - North America, East Asia - Guam - Panama Canal, East Asia - Southeast Asia - Panama Canal, East Asia - Australia, Australia - North America, Australia - Panama Canal and other international routes.

The 180° longitude across the Pacific Ocean is" International date Line "When ships cross this line from west to east, subtract one day from the date; Instead, a day is added to the date. Submarine cable The first submarine cable in the Pacific Ocean was laid by the British in 1902.

The Pacific is rich in resources. west-Pacific Sea of Japan , The Sea of Okhotsk It's an important fishing ground, production Herring , codfish , tunny Crabs, etc. The Columbia River on the west coast of North America Salmon Famous. There are a lot of manganese nodules on the seafloor, and sea water can extract sea salt, bromine , magnesium Let's wait. The continental shelf is one of the most oil-rich areas in the world, such as the southern waters of California, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, Indonesia, southeast Australia and other seas. The western Pacific coast has long been a highly cultural region. But it was not until the 16th century that Europeans began to explore the ocean. They sought the so-called "land of the South" - Australia - to gain access to the Pacific islands. In 1513, the Spanish occupier Vasco Nunez de Balboa saw the vast Pacific Ocean from the top of Darien on the Isthmus of Panama. After that, the Portuguese navigator Magellan Sailing around the world, across the Pacific. It was discovered by Dutch navigator Abel Tasman in the 17th century The island of Tasmania , NZ and Fiji . In the 18th century, the British navigator Kirk, the French navigator Bougainville (Louis-Antoine de Bougainville) and other voyages in the Pacific. In the 19th century, the British naturalist Charles Darwin sailed around the world on the "Beagle" from 1831 to 1836, and he made great contributions to natural science by exploring the Pacific region.

Pacific island

The Pacific starts from the Antarctic region in the south to the north The North Pole It extends to Asia and Australia in the west and South and North America in the east. Covering about a third of the Earth's surface, it is the largest ocean in the world. Its area, excluding the adjacent sea, is about 165.25 million square kilometers. It is twice the area and more than twice the water capacity of the second largest ocean, the Atlantic Ocean. It's bigger than all the land on Earth, including Antarctica. Average depth (excluding sea) 4187.8 m. The Western Pacific has many subordinate seas, from north to south are the Bering Sea, the Okhotsk Sea, Sea of Japan , The Yellow Sea , The East China Sea and The South China Sea . Great rivers of East Asia Amur River , The Yellow River , Yangtse River , the Pearl River and Mekong River They all flow into the Pacific Ocean. East of longitude 150° W, the ocean floor is gentler than the west.

In the Western Pacific, ridges above 600 meters of water form archipelagos in some places. Extending from the Aleushin Ridge in the northwest Pacific south to the Kuril Islands, Ogasawara, Mariana, Yap, and Palau; Extending east from Palau to Bismarck, the Solomon Islands and Santa Cruz; Finally from Samoa south to Tonga, Kermadec, Chatham and Macquarie. Due to the higher ratio of land to sea in the north than in the south, and the influence of the land ice sheet in Antarctica, water temperatures in the North Pacific are higher than in the South Pacific. The salt content of the water in the calm and variable wind zones near the equator is lower than that in the trade wind zones. The biggest influence on the Pacific vertical current is the cold water generated around the Antarctic continent. The dense water around the poles sinks and then spreads north to form most of the bottom of the Pacific Ocean. Deep cold water flows in the Western Pacific in relatively distinct currents from near Antarctica northward toward Japan. Tributaries of this deep-sea main stream carry cold water eastward and then to the poles in both hemispheres. Deep sea circulation is influenced by the sinking of surface water in the adjacent convergence area of ocean currents. In the Pacific, the tropical convergence zone is between 35° and 40° north and south latitude, and the deeper the water sinks the farther away from the equator, the most important convergence zone is between 55° and 60° south latitude.

area	181.344 million square kilometers
Average depth	3957 m
Maximum depth	11034 m
Maximum width	19,000 km
Maximum length	15,900 km
shoreline	135,663 kilometers
Annual evaporation	114 cm
Annual exchange capacity	13 cm
Annual land intake	6 cm

shipping

The Pacific Ocean is of great importance in international traffic. There are many important sea and air routes connecting Asia, Oceania, North America and South America through the Pacific Ocean; eastern Panama Canal The Strait of Malacca, to the southwest, is a shortcut to the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean, respectively, and the world's main shipping lane.

Shipping routes mainly include East Asia-North America West Coast route, East Asia-Caribbean Sea, North America East Coast route, East Asia-South America West Coast route, East Asia coastal route, East Asia-Australia, New Zealand route, Australia, New Zealand - North America East coast route and so on. There are numerous ports along the Pacific coast.

The 180-degree longitude across the Pacific Ocean is the International Date Line, which ships cross from west to east and subtract one day from the date; Instead, a day is added to the date. The use of man made over the Pacific Communication satellite Make contact.

Communication facility

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EDITOR

The first submarine cable in the Pacific Ocean was laid by the United Kingdom in 1902, and the United States also laid a submarine cable in the Pacific Ocean in 1905. There are submarine cables between Canada and Australia, between the United States and the Philippines, Japan and Indonesia, between Hong Kong and the Philippines and Vietnam, and between the coastal countries of South America. Satellite communication began over the Pacific Ocean. ^[3]

Main port

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EDITOR

(From north to south, counterclockwise order, bold for important ports)

Asia

Russia (Russian: LSD) : (Russian: LSD) : Magadan (Russian: Manna; English: Magadan), Nakhodka (Russian: "n. X o doga"; English: Nakhodka), Vladivostok (formerly known as Vladivostok, Russian: Burgeondobechia)

North Korea : Chongjin (Korean: 청진; English: Chongjin), Golden Strategy (Korean: 김책시), Toshihara , Wonsan , Sinuiju (Korean: 신의주특별행정구) , Anju, Nampo (Korean: 남포특별시) , pinery , Haeju (Korean: 해주)

Korea (Korean: 대한민국; English: South Korea) : Seoul (Korean: 서울; English: Seoul) , Incheon (Korean: 인천; English: Incheon) , Suwabara (Korean: 수원시), Hwaseong, Karatsu , mountains (English: kunsan), Mokpo (Korean: 목포시, English: Mokpo), Suncheon , Masan (Korean: 마산 시), Chinhae (Korean: 진해구), Busan (Korean: 부산, English: Busan) , Gyeongju (Korean: 경주시; English: Gyeongju), Gangnung (English: Kangleung)

Japan (Japanese: にほんこく; English: Japan) : Sapporo (Japanese: さっぽろ) , Hakodate (Japanese: はこだて), Niigata (Japanese: にいがたけん), Fukuoka (Japanese: ふくおかけん), Kumamoto (Japanese: くまもとけん), Kagoshima (Japanese: かごしまけん), Naha (Japanese: なはし), Nagasaki (Japanese: ながさきし), Hiroshima (Japanese: ひろしま), Osaka (Japanese: おおさか; English: saka) , Nagoya (English: Nagoya; Japanese: なごやし), Yokohama (Japanese: よこはま), Tokyo (Japanese: とうきょう; English: T not ky not ), Sendai (Japanese: せんだいし)

China : Dalian , Yingkou , Huludao , Qinhuangdao , Tangshan (in Hebei Province) , Tianjin , Huang Hua , Yantai, Weihai, Qingdao , sunshine , Lianyungang , Yancheng , Nantong , Shanghai , Ningbo , Zhoushan, Wenzhou, Fuzhou (capital of Fujian Province) , Quanzhou, Xiamen (in Fujian Province) , Taipei , Kaohsiung , Shantou, Hong Kong , Shenzhen , Guangzhou , A surname , Zhuhai , Macau , Zhanjiang, Haikou , Sanya , Beihai , Samsa , Port of Keelung , Port of Kaohsiung , Port of Taipei , Port of taichung , Suao Port , Hualien Port , Anping Port

Vietnam (English: Vietnam; Vietnamese: Vi t Nam) : Haiphong (Vietnamese: Thanh phố H thong i Phong/Carbohan: Cheng 庯 Hai Phong) , Thanh Hoa (Vietnamese: Thanh phố Thanh Hoa), hue (Vietnamese: Thanh Phố Hu/Chinese character: Cheng 庯 Hua), Da Nang (Vietnamese: Thanh phố d a Nẵng/ Chinese character: city 庯 tuo 㶞), Hoi An, Quy Nhon (Vietnamese: Quy Nh foon), Nha Trang (Vietnamese: Thanh phố Nha Trang) , Vtau Tau (Vietnamese: Thanh phố Vũng Tau/city 庯淎艚), Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnamese: Thanh phố H renchi Minh/ Khans: City shop Ho Chi Minh; Ho Chi Minh City)

Cambodia (Cambodia) : Kampot , Sihanoukville Sihanoukville (English: Sihanoukville), Koh Gong (Gao Jin: កោះកុង; English: Koh Kong)

Thailand (Thailand) : Chanthaburi, Rayong (Thai: Confound, English: Rayong), Chon Buri (English: Chonburi; Thai language: the Lord forbid forbid forbid forbid forbid forbid forbid forbid forbid), Bangkok (Thai: to commit suicide, to commit suicide, to commit suicide, to commit suicide, to commit suicide; English: Bangkok) Biburi (Thai: G 'Ai Dai Yu Yu Yu Yu; Phetcha Buri), Bashu (a county in Sichuan Province) (Thai: The "homeland invasion"), Surat Thani (Changwat Suratthani), (Thai: Taiwan ฎ duplicated duplicated Duplicated Duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated duplicated Nakhon is samarat (Thai: "Say yes", "say no", "say no", "say no"; Nakhon Si Thammarat), butalam (Thai: the Lord and the Lord and the Lord and the Lord), Songkhla (Thai: Stigmas; English: Songkhla) , Pattani (Thai: "solicited solicited solicited solicited solicited solicited solicited solicited solicited solicited"), Narathiwat (Thai: "Zhe Zhe Zhe Zhe zhe zhe Zhe Zhe Zhe Li")

Malaysia (Malay, English: Malaysia) : Kota Baru (Malay: Kota Baru), The Guaranon Movement (Malay: Kuala Dungun), Kuantan (Malay: Kuantan), Tan Son (Malay: Johor Bahru), Malacca (Malay: Bandar Melaka) , Penang (English: Penang; Malay: Pinang) , Kuching (Malay: Kuching), Kota Kinabalu (Malay: Kota Kinabalu)

Singapore (English: Singapore) : City of Singapore (English: Singapore City)

Brunei (English, Malay: Brunei) : Bandar Seri Begawan City (Malay: Bandar Seri Begawan)

Indonesia (English: Indonesia) : Palembang (Indonesian: Palembang), sirloin (Indonesian: Serang), Jakarta (Indonesian: Jakarta) , Semarang (Indonesian: Kota Semarang) , Pontiam (Indonesian: Pontinank), Sanmalinda (Indonesian: Samarinda), Gorontalo Corontalo; Indonesian: Gorontalo), Kendari (Indonesian: Kendari), Ujung Pandang (Indonesian: Kota Makassar) , Denpasar (Indonesian: Kota Denpasar), Matalan (Indonesian: Mataram), Ternate (Indonesian: Ternate), Manado (Indonesian: Manado), Ambon (Indonesian: Kota Ambon), Jayapura (Oceania, Indonesian: Jayapura)

East Timor (English: East Timor) : Dili (Portuguese: Dili)

The Philippines (Philippines) : Labag Laoag SAN Fernando , Manila (Manila) , batangas , Davao (Davao) , Kabalogan , Tacloban , calcareous

Oceania

Papua New Guinea : Port Moresby

Solomon Islands : Honiara

Palau : Melkeok

Federated States of Micronesia : Palikir

The Marshall Islands : Majuro

Vanuatu : Port Vila

French Polynesia : Noumea

Nauru : Aaron

Fiji : Suva

Australia : Brisbane , Darwin , Sydney , Melbourne , Hobart , Adelaide

NZ : Auckland , Tauranga , Wellington , Christchurch , Dunedin , Invercargill

South America

Chile : Punta Arenas , Puerto Montt , Concepcion , Valparaiso , La Serena , Antofagasta , Iquique

Peru : Callao , Lima , Trujillo, Tumbes

Ecuador : Machara , Guayaquil , Portojuijo , Esmeraldas

Colombia : Buenaventura , Tumaco

Panama : Panama City , Chitre

North America

Costa Rica : Puntarenas

Nicaragua : Miramar , Corinto

Honduras : The new Pueblo

El Salvador : Launion , Lalibertad , Akajutra

Guatemala : SAN Jose , Champerico

Mexico : Salina Cruz , Puerto Escondido , Acapulco , Manzanillo , Puerto Vallarta , Mazatlan , Guaimas , La Paz

America : San Diego , Los Angeles , SAN Jose , San Francisco , Olympia , Seattle , Honolulu ( Honolulu ) , Juneau

Canada : Victoria , Vancouver , Richmond

warfare

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EDITOR

warfare
Name of a campaign
World War II
Pacific War
Pearl Harbor attack
Battle of the Coral Sea
Battle of Midway
Battle of the Philippines
Naval Battle of Leyte Gulf

World record

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EDITOR

The largest ocean in the world: The Pacific Ocean, the largest ocean on Earth, covers about 46% of the surface of the Earth and about 32.5% of the total surface area, with an area of 155.6 million square kilometers. (Guinness World Records)

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